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How paper is made for preschoolers. Research project "how to make paper at home by hand". What books and paper were made of in antiquity
















The Chinese rubbed the bark of trees, chips, and rags in water for a long time until they got a porridge without lumps, then they poured this mixture onto trays, at the bottom of which there were long narrow strips of bamboo. When the water drained off, the soft sheets were laid to dry on a flat surface. For this purpose, bamboo and old rags were used. Later, someone figured out how to improve the quality of paper by adding starch to it.


We made paper by hand, using the most primitive technique. They received no more than 100-120 kilograms per day. With the development of book printing, more and more paper was required. The rags, which were collected by thousands of people, were in short supply. And then we decided to try wood. The experiment was a success - the wood was split into separate fibers and turned into paper pulp. Since then, paper has been produced from wood.


Once the Arabs defeated the Chinese army and took prisoners. They learned the method of making paper from the Chinese prisoners. Once the Arabs defeated the Chinese army and took prisoners. They learned the method of making paper from the Chinese prisoners. Trade caravans from distant countries came to China for goods and, as the greatest value, bought paper. The Chinese strictly kept their secret and for 800 years no one could find out it.





















Now paper is made in much the same way, only machines do it all. Paper machines release paper strips several meters wide at a speed of meters per minute.


Paper in our life. Properties of paper. CONCLUSION: My assumption was wrong, paper is made not from dry leaves of trees, but from wood and other materials; in the course of work, I made paper at home, researched the properties of various types of paper; has mastered new ways of obtaining information.














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Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the presentation options. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

The purpose of the lesson:

  1. To acquaint children with the history of the appearance of paper;
  2. Draw the attention of preschoolers to the importance and variety of paper in our life;
    1. tell about its purpose and manufacture;
    2. to develop research activities, to foster interest in the knowledge of the surrounding world;
  3. Develop memory, attention, thinking, speech;
  4. Pay attention to the need for careful use of paper, to the connection between forest conservation and our daily life.

Material for the lesson: Examination paper samples, napkins, water, PVA glue, starch, non-woven napkins (towels), modeling boards, peas (or any other material as a press)

Course of the lesson

The teacher enters and brings Pinocchio holding an envelope with a letter in his hands.

Educator: Guys, today we have a guest, say hello to him. (Children greet, Buratino answers them).

Educator: But Buratino came to us for help. He received a letter from the school, in which there are pieces of different paper and only one question is written: "What is it for?" Let's look at these pieces and try to help Pinocchio.

Children look at the papers and voice their suggestions.

Educator: What do you think, if a person did not come up with paper, what could replace it? (Children's assumptions.)

Educator: Well done, they came up with a good idea. Indeed, (we start to watch the presentation)

Slide 2: Man invented writing material long before paper appeared.

First they wrote on raw clay tablets. Our distant ancestors dried them in the sun or burned them in a fire to fix the text. After that, the tablets could be sent to each other, including over very long distances. But these tile letters were very uncomfortable (heavy and fragile) and very time consuming to make.

Slides 3 and 4: In ancient Greece and Rome, people wrote on wooden boards covered with wax. This was already a significant progress, since a layer of wax made it possible to erase the old one and write new text on the same tablet. In Russia, such planks covered with wax were called ceres.

Slide 5: But our Slavic ancestors put their texts on birch bark, that is, on the outer layer of birch bark. Their ancient letters are called birch bark letters.

Slide 6: The ancient Egyptians took stems of papyrus (a native plant) about 4,000 years ago, peeled them off and straightened them. Then the papyrus strips were laid crosswise and pressed so that they would stick together. A dried sheet of papyrus made good writing material.

Slide 7: The book of that time was a papyrus scroll. When reading, the papyrus tape was gradually rolled from one side to the other so that two columns were simultaneously in the field of view, and the rest of the scroll was rolled

Slide 8: In the 2nd century BC in Asia Minor in the city of Pergamum, material for writing was made, but not from papyrus, but from the skins of young animals processed in a special way - calves, lambs, goats, donkeys. After the name of the city, this material began to be called parchment. Unlike papyrus, parchment was much stronger, more elastic, more durable, it was easier to write on it, moreover, on both sides, and if necessary, the text could be easily washed off and a new one applied. Despite these advantages, parchment was laborious and expensive to make.

Slides 9 and 10: Before the invention of paper in China, people wrote on either bamboo tablets or silk. But silk was always very expensive, and bamboo was very bulky and heavy. On one tablet, an average of 30 hieroglyphs were placed. It is easy to imagine how much space such a bamboo "book" should have taken. It is no coincidence that they write that a whole cart was required to transport some of the compositions.

Slide 11: But the paper itself was invented in China by Tsai Lun. He found a way to make paper from the fibrous inside of the bark of a mulberry tree.

Slide 12: Traders from China traveled far to the north and west, and came to the city of Samarkand. There, the Arabs adopted the secret of papermaking and brought it to Spain. From there, the art of making paper spread throughout the world.

Slide 13: Over time, all sorts of methods were discovered and different machines for releasing paper were created. One of the most important was the machine, which made it possible to make long and very thin sheets of paper. It was invented in France in 1798.

Slide 14: Currently, paper is made from shredded wood. First, trees are cut down in the forest. The logs are being taken to the factory. Here they are cleaned of bark and ground into small pieces - crushed in a machine (crusher). The resulting crumb is mixed with a special liquid, turning it into a soft mass. She goes to paper making. But the tree grows for a long time, and people need a lot of paper. In addition, trees and other plants are needed to purify the air we breathe. People are trying to protect forests, so they came up with machines that make new paper from used paper (waste paper).

Would you like to try making paper yourself? (Answers of the children, we are going to make paper, the material is taken from the book "Scientific Experiments").

Pinocchio (after putting the paper to dry): Thank you guys. Today I learned a lot of new things, but I haven't learned all the new names yet. Let's repeat it again ... (Buratino asks questions about the viewed material, the children answer, the teacher helps if necessary.) Then Buratino says goodbye, asks permission to come again.

DIY paper making

1. We take 2-3 napkins as a basis, grind them (you can tear them into small pieces with your hands or cut with scissors, the smaller the better)

2. Fill these scraps with water, preferably warm.

3. Add a teaspoon of PVA glue and a tablespoon of starch to our mixture so that the sheet is elastic and can bend.

4. Stir this mixture, you get a liquid porridge.

5. We spread our porridge on the mesh from under the children's mosaic (we spread it in a thin, even layer). To do this, it is best to pour water into the container on which the screen (tray, baking sheet, etc.) stands, so that it covers the mesh with the mass. We level the porridge and then drain all the water.

6. After that we blot our “sheet” of paper with a towel until it becomes almost dry.

7. It is time for the final drying. We leave the sheet under pressure (peas) so that it does not warp.

8. After final drying we have got very beautiful handmade paper.

PROJECT PAPER ORIGIN AND PRODUCTION HISTORY

MALKOVSKY ARTEM ALEKSEEVICH

PUPIL 3 "B" CLASS

SCHOOL №54

SUPERVISOR:

KASIANYCHEVA ANNA ALEXANDROVNA

SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER

Objective of the project

1) Get acquainted with the history of the appearance of paper and its

production these days.

2) Tell others what you have learned.

  • The meaning of the word paper.

    • 2. Who, where and when invented paper?

  • Technological process for the production of paper.
  • Waste paper.
  • Output.
Paper

Paper. She accompanies us everywhere and everywhere. Modern man

does not think of himself without her. We write, read, draw, cut and look at pictures ... Quite sometimes and without hesitation, we spend an infinite amount of it.

What does paper mean? Who invented it and where? What, how did they make it

before and is being produced now? What interesting facts about paper can you find out, is there a connection between the use of paper and the state of the environment?

The purpose of my work is to establish and prove that the invention of paper

this is the greatest achievement of humanity. Let us prove that the use of paper has a negative effect on

state of the environment.

Invention of paper

The Chinese invented paper. They began to make it from soaked

plant fibers. Paper reached Europe between 1000 and 1100.

Gradually, paper began to be produced here as well. It turned out that it can be

do not only from plants. They began to make paper from wood, rags and even ...

from old paper. So it turned out that the paper could be used

Paper was invented in China by an important official at the Emperor's court - Chai Long.

This discovery was important not only for China, but for the whole world. The name Chai Lun is rightfully one of the names of the greatest inventors in the history of mankind.

Paper making today

The paper is produced in paper mills.

The main raw material for production

paper is wood pulp.

Pulp is obtained from forest species:

mostly spruce, pine and birch, but

also use eucalyptus, poplar,

chestnut and other trees.

At the factory, machines rip off the bark from the trees and grind them into chips.

The most economical way to produce wood pulp is mechanical: in a woodworking enterprise, timber is crushed into crumbs, which are mixed with water. Paper made on the basis of such cellulose is fragile and is most often used for the production of, for example, newspapers.

Higher quality paper is made from chemically produced cellulose. This wood pulp is used to make paper for books, brochures and fashion magazines, as well as durable wrapping materials.

In this case, the chips are sorted by size on special sieves and sent to cooking. The wood is boiled in special machines, where acid is added.

Peeled and boiled wood is filtered and washed to remove impurities.

Waste paper can be added to the processed paper pulp, but only after removing the ink. At this stage of production, the processed pulp, consisting of wood fibers and water, is called paper stock.

Then, on a special processing machine, the shape and structure of the paper fibers are changed. For this, additional substances are added to the paper raw material. For example, adhesives - their presence in writing paper repels moisture. Or resins - thanks to them, written on paper with water-based ink does not spread and is easily recognized by the human eye. The paper used for printing does not require the same sizing as writing paper because the printing ink is not water-based and does not run.

The paper is then dyed in a mixer, where dyes or pigments, such as finely divided coating agents, are added. For example, kaolin additives make the paper white and opaque.

The pulp, turned into gruel, enters the paper machine.

First, the slurry is poured onto the wire mesh of the paper machine. This mesh is stretched over two shafts and rotates all the time, carrying the paper pulp forward. On the netting area, the formation of a paper web, called sheet forming, begins. This is due to the removal of water from the fibrous material. As the pulp moves along the conveyor belt, some of the water contained in it flows out through the mesh openings, and the paper fibers begin to intertwine with each other, forming the so-called roll belt.

The damp paper tape passes through a series of rollers. Some rollers squeeze out water, others, heated from the inside by steam, dry it, and still others polish it.

At the end of the netting section, the still green paper web is transferred to a pressing section, which is also called "wet pressing". There the paper web is mechanically dewatered and compacted even more.

Finally, an even white tape exits the machine and is wound onto a huge roll.

Then these rolls are sent to printing houses or cut into sheets.

So, going from car to car, the tree turns into white and clean paper.

Paper application

Made of paper : newspapers, books, money, notebooks, napkins, cardboard and many other goods.

Stages of making paper from waste paper:

1. Soak an old newspaper in a bowl.

2. Drain the water.

3. Using a mixer or a wooden spoon, turn the soaked paper into a homogeneous mass.

4. To obtain colored paper, add a little paint to the mass.

5. Transfer the mixture to another bowl and add water.

6. Dip the wire mesh into the bowl, on which the future paper will settle.

7. Place a piece of fabric on a smooth, flat surface. Quickly and carefully transfer the net with paper pulp onto it and lay down with the mass down.

8. Press the mesh firmly and carefully remove it. The pulp should remain on the fabric.

9. Cover the mixture with a second piece of cloth and press firmly.

10. Cover with plastic wrap, put the load on top.

11. After a few hours, when the mass becomes already paper, carefully remove the resulting sheets and spread them on newspapers to dry completely.

12. Dried paper can be used.

Waste paper - waste from the production, processing and consumption of all types of paper and cardboard, suitable for further use as a fibrous raw material.

Recycling of waste paper is of great importance, since its use saves wood raw materials.

One ton of waste paper replaces 4 cubic meters of wood (40 - 50 pieces of large Christmas trees and pines).

Waste paper- protects our forests !!!

Olga Kulbaeva
Lesson summary + presentation "Where did the paper come from?"

Software content:

Give children knowledge about how to do it paper: paper is made from trees, trees grow for a very long time, for production paper labor of many people is expended.

Material: items made of wood. Different kinds paper.

Stroke classes... The teacher draws the attention of children to the objects on his table.

What are the items that are on my table. (Children list items)

All objects are different, but tell me, what unites them all? What do all these items have in common? (If the children find it difficult, the teacher asks them to say what material all the objects are made of.)

Yes, all of these items are made of wood. But why among the wooden objects lies paper? This is what you will learn today.

Today I want to tell you about where did the paper come from... You will find out which way you have come paper before you become who you see it.

So why do we say that paper is made of wood? Of course, paper do not grow on trees, and yet the life of any leaf paper starts in the woods... From wood to paper long way.

Early in the morning, lumberjacks walk into the thicket. There, behind the ravine, is a section of taiga where trees are marked with an ax. They need to be cut down. The chainsaw buzzes in the skillful hands of a lumberjack (saw with a gasoline engine) and one by one the trees fall to the ground.

A tractor is hurrying along a forest road to help a lumberjack. They chop off branches, knit them tightly and tie the trunks with iron ropes. The forest all-terrain vehicle will shudder, puff up and pull a heavy load to the river.

Blue road. The river is the widest road for the forest. Like huge fish, logs float along it downstream. It seems as if the whole river is dammed up with forest. Sometimes the logs collide, cling to each other. They form jams (a place on the river where a lot of logs are collected and they do not go further, and so that there are no jams, raftsmen are vigilantly watching the movement of the forest (workers who float timber down the river)... They swim in motor boats to the place of the congestion, use long gaffs with sharp points to push, and disperse the interlocked logs. And so they again continue their journey along the blue wide road.

The blue road will lead the trunks on paper mill... Here the logs walked from workshop to workshop. The trees there are sawn, crushed into sawdust and even boiled to obtain a mass similar to batter. It is kneaded and poured into molds. All this is done by machines. They spill, roll paper dough into long wide strips, and then it turns out from the strips paper... An endless ribbon creeps out paper out of the car and rolls into huge paper rolls. Paper ready.

Did you find out how long it takes paper until it hits store shelves. Whose work is invested in preparing each leaflet paper? What professions of people do you remember? (Lumberjacks, rafters).

Soon you will go to school and will read not only fairy tales, stories, but also different textbooks, from which you will learn a lot of interesting things. You will not only draw, but also write. Never forget how many people worked so that you have books, notebooks, treat them with care.