Penicillin range of antibiotic drug names. Penicillin - instructions, use, indications, contraindications, action, side effects, analogs, dosage, composition.
As a rule, doctors with angina immediately prescribe a course of antibiotics. This helps not only to alleviate the symptoms and condition of the sick person, but also to avoid severe complications, which this disease is fraught with. Angina is bacterial disease and is usually severe.
Why antibiotics are prescribed for angina
Popular drugs from this group:
- Strepsils;
- Septolet;
- Faringosept;
Important!
It is necessary to rinse at least 5 times a day, and only after the procedure use lozenges for sucking.
Summarize
Bacterial sore throat can only be treated with antibiotics. If they are not applied, given view can cause serious complications. Thus, angina is treated with antibiotics if it belongs to the bacterial species. The rest can be completely cured after 5-10 days without the use of potent drugs, but only under the strict supervision of the attending physician.
This video provides a classification and review of drugs for angina:
The composition of drugs that relate to groups penicillins , depends on what kind of medicine we are talking about.
The use of four groups is currently practiced:
- natural penicillins;
- semi-synthetic penicillins;
- aminopenicillins, which have an extended spectrum of action;
- penicillins with a broad antibacterial spectrum of influence.
Release form
Preparations for injections are produced, as well as penicillin tablets.
Means for injection are produced in glass vials, which are closed with rubber stoppers and metal caps. The vials contain different doses of penicillin. It is dissolved before administration.
Also produced are penicillin-ekmolin tablets intended for resorption and for oral administration. Sucking tablets contain 5000 units of penicillin. In tablets for oral administration - 50,000 IU.
Penicillin tablets with sodium citrate can contain 50,000 and 100,000 units.
pharmachologic effect
Penicillin - This is the first antimicrobial agent that was obtained using the waste products of microorganisms as a basis. The history of this drug begins in 1928, when the inventor of the antibiotic Alexander Fleming isolated it from a strain of a fungus of the species Penicillium notatum... In the chapter describing the history of the discovery of penicillin, Wikipedia testifies that the antibiotic was discovered by accident, after entering the culture of bacteria from the external environment of the mold fungus, its bactericidal effect was noted. Later, the formula of penicillin was determined, and other specialists began to study how to get penicillin. However, the answer to the questions, in what year this remedy was invented, and who invented the antibiotic, is unambiguous.
The further description of penicillin in Wikipedia testifies to who created and improved the drugs. In the forties of the twentieth century, scientists in the United States and Great Britain worked on the process of producing penicillin in industry. For the first time, the use of this antibacterial drug for the treatment of bacterial infections occurred in 1941. And in 1945, for the invention of penicillin, the Nobel Prize was received by its creator Fleming (the one who invented penicillin), as well as the scientists who worked on its further improvement - Flory and Chain.
Speaking about who discovered penicillin in Russia, it should be noted that the first samples were obtained in the Soviet Union in 1942 by microbiologists Balezina and Ermolyeva... Further in the country began industrial production antibiotic. In the late fifties, synthetic penicillins appeared.
When this drug was invented, for a long time it remained the main antibiotic used clinically throughout the world. And even after other antibiotics without penicillin were invented, this antibiotic remained important drug for the treatment of infectious diseases. There is a statement that the medicine is obtained using cap mushrooms, but today there is different methods its production. Currently, the so-called protected penicillins are widely used.
The chemical composition of penicillin indicates that the agent is an acid, from which various salts are subsequently obtained. TO penicillin antibiotics relate Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) and others. The classification of penicillins involves their division into natural and semi-synthetic.
Biosynthetic penicillins provide a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms. They act on some gram-positive bacteria ( Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheria), some gram-negative bacteria ( Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae), on anaerobic spore-forming rods ( Spirochaetaceae Actinomyces spp.) and etc.
The most active of the penicillin drugs is ... Resistance to the influence of Benzylpenicillin is demonstrated by strains Staphylococcus spp.that produce penicillinase.
Penicillin is not effective remedy in relation to bacteria of the entero-typhoid-dysentery group, causative agents of tularemia, brucellosis, plague, cholera, as well as whooping cough, tuberculosis, Friedlander, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and viruses, rickettsia, fungi, protozoa.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
The most effective method is intramuscular injection. After this application active ingredient very quickly gets into the patient. The highest concentration of the agent is observed 30-60 minutes after application. After a single injection, only trace concentrations are determined.
It is quickly determined in muscles, wound exudate, in joint cavities, in muscles.
It is observed in the cerebrospinal fluid a small amount of. Insignificant amount will also enter the pleural cavity and abdominal cavity, therefore, if necessary, a direct local action of the drug is required.
Penetrates the fetus through the placenta. It is excreted from the body through the kidneys, so about 50% of the drug is excreted. Also, part of it is excreted in the bile.
If the patient takes penicillin in tablets, he needs to take into account that when taken orally, the antibiotic is poorly absorbed, and part of it is destroyed under the influence of gastric juice and beta-lactamase, which is produced intestines .
Indications for use
Antibiotics of the penicillin group, the names of which will be suggested directly by the attending physician, are used to treat diseases provoked by microorganisms sensitive to penicillin:
- pneumonia (croupous and focal);
- empyema of the pleura;
- septic endocarditis in acute and suborbital form;
- sepsis ;
- pyemia;
- septicemia;
- in acute and chronic form;
- infectious diseases of the biliary and urinary tract;
- purulent infectious diseases of the skin, mucous membranes, soft tissues;
- erysipelas;
- anthrax;
- actinomycosis;
- gynecological purulent-inflammatory diseases;
- ENT diseases;
- eye diseases;
- gonorrhea, , blenorrhea.
Contraindications
Tablets and injections are not used in such cases:
- with high sensitivity to this antibiotic;
- at, , and others;
- with the manifestation in patients of high sensitivity to sulfonamides, antibiotics, as well as to other drugs.
Side effects
In the process of application, the patient must understand what penicillin is, and what side effects he can provoke. Allergy symptoms sometimes appear during treatment. As a rule, such manifestations are associated with sensitization of the body due to more early application these drugs. Also may occur due to prolonged use of the medication. When the drug is first used, allergies are less common. There is a possibility of fetal sensitization during pregnancy if a woman is taking penicillin.
Also, during the course of treatment, the following side effects may develop:
- Digestive system: nausea, , vomiting.
- Central nervous system
: neurotoxic reactions, signs of meningism, cerebrospinal meningitis, etc. a special scheme is prescribed by the doctor.
Instructions for the use of penicillin tablets
The dosage of penicillin tablets depends on the disease and on the treatment regimen prescribed by the attending physician. As a rule, patients are prescribed 250-500 mg, the drug must be taken every 8 hours. If necessary, the dose is increased to 750 mg. It is recommended to take tablets half an hour before a meal or two hours after a meal. The duration of treatment depends on the disease.
Overdose
It should be borne in mind that when taking large doses of penicillin, an overdose may occur, which may cause unpleasant symptoms as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea ... But this condition is not life-threatening.
With intravenous administration of potassium salt in patients suffering from renal failure , can develop hyperkalemia .
With the introduction of large doses of the drug intraventricularly or intravenously, epileptic seizures may occur. But such a symptom appears in adult patients only after the introduction of at least 50 million units. medicines. In this case, the patient is prescribed to take barbiturates or benzodiazepines.
Interaction
Taking an antibiotic may slow down the elimination process from the body due to inhibition of its tubular secretion.
Terms of sale
The drugs are sold by prescription; the doctor writes the patient a prescription in Latin.
Storage conditions
You need to store at a temperature not exceeding 25 degrees, in a dry place.
Shelf life
The shelf life of penicillin is 5 years.
special instructions
Before using penicillin, it is important to test and determine antibiotic sensitivity.
Medication is carefully prescribed to people who have impaired renal function, as well as to patients with acute heart failure , people who have a tendency to allergic manifestations or severe sensitivity to cephalosporins .
If, 3-5 days after the start of treatment, there is no improvement in the patient's condition, it is important to consult a doctor who will prescribe other antibiotics or a combination treatment.
Since in the process of taking antibiotics there is high probability manifestations fungal superinfection It is important to take antifungal agents during treatment. It is also important to consider that when using subtherapeutic doses of a drug or with an incomplete course of therapy, resistant strains of pathogens may appear.
When taking the drug inside, you need to drink it with plenty of liquid. It is important to clearly follow the instructions on how to dilute the product.
In the process of treatment with penicillins, it is necessary to very accurately follow the prescribed treatment regimen and not to miss doses. If the appointment has been missed, the dose should be taken as soon as possible. You can not interrupt the course of treatment.
Since expired medicine can be toxic, it should not be taken.
Analogs
Matching ATX level 4 code:
There are a number of penicillin preparations, the most optimal antibiotic is determined by the doctor individually.
With alcohol
For children
It is used to treat children only after a doctor's prescription and under his supervision.
Penicillin during pregnancy and lactation
It is advisable to prescribe an antibiotic during pregnancy only if the expected benefit outweighs the likelihood of negative effects. Lactation for the period of taking the drugs should be stopped, since the substance enters the milk and can provoke the development of severe allergic manifestations in the child.
How does penicillin affect the disease-causing cell?
Penicillin prevents the cell from producing a substance ( peptidoglycan), of which this cell consists. Thus, the pathogen cannot be renewed and dies.But the cunning learned to defend themselves against penicillins, producing a special substance - beta-lactamase... And scientists in response to this have developed new types of penicillins, which are also called protected penicillins. Such penicillins themselves are able to destroy beta-lactamases.
If penicillins destroy bacterial cells, maybe they also destroy cells in the human body?
". The question is quite legitimate, because all living things are composed of. But in our body there is practically no peptidoglycan. So destroy anything seriously penicillin's human body can not. In the same way as in the organisms of other warm-blooded animals.Now more about what penicillins are. Naturally occurring penicillins include benzene penicillin, which, more often than not, is simply called penicillin, benzylpenicillin procaine, phenoxymethylpenicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin... As you can see, there are not so many natural penicillins and their use is rather limited. But there are much more semisynthetic ones, and their names are probably well known to you. These are amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin. Now it is necessary to name the very protected penicillins that can help you cope with even the most complex and insidious infectious agents: ampicillin / sulbactam, amoxicillin / clavulanate, ticarcillin / clavulanate and piperacillin / tazobactam... In these titles goes first the name of the antibiotic, and the second is the name of the substance that binds beta-lactamase.
What microbes are destroyed by different types of penicillins?
Almost all types of penicillins can kill the same germs. You will be surprised and ask why then invent more and more new types of penicillins?And then, the more perfect the drug, the more effectively it kills pathogenic microbes. The treatment is faster and more effective.
Natural penicillins are not very effective against, because they are just very active in producing beta-lactamases. But on the other hand, this drawback was overcome with the invention of protected penicillins.
The causative agents have also already adapted to the "old" penicillins. Of the entire group of penicillins, it is very effective. Today this penicillin has a very widespread use. Even not so long ago opened helicobacter pylori sensitive to amoxicillin.
When treating with penicillins, be sure to use (biologically active additives) with lactic acid bacteria to avoid digestive upset.
Features of the use of penicillins.
Why can some types of penicillins be used both as tablets or syrups and in the form of injections, and some only in the form of injections?
It turns out that penicillin itself, as well as ureidopenicillins and carboxypenicillins almost completely destroyed by the acid in the stomach. Therefore, these penicillins are used only in the form of injections.
Antibiotics penicillin series possess bactericidal properties, low toxicity, a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action. In addition, these drugs are available and cheap.
Benzylpenicillin sodium salt is included in the category of "penicillin antibiotics". The drug is acid-resistant and is destroyed under the influence of intestinal p-lactamases (enzymes that completely or partially block the activity of antibiotics). The use of the medication is intravenous, intramuscular, endolumbar. Dissolve the drug immediately before administration. The drug has a high penetrating ability in relation to the mucous membranes of the heart, kidneys, intestinal wall, synovial and pleural fluid. Poor passage through the BBB (blood-brain barrier) is noted. The duration of action of the drug is from three to four hours. Shows activity mainly in relation to gram-positive microflora (cocci), causative agents of diphtheria, syphilis, anthrax and others. The drug is indicated for pneumonia, purulent-septic infections, abscesses, diphtheria, syphilis, meningitis and other pathologies.
Benzylpenicillin potassium salt has all of the above properties. It differs from sodium salt in the limited methods of administration (only intramuscularly).
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (smallpox, penicillin-Fau) also belongs to the category of "penicillin antibiotics". It differs from previous preparations in acid resistance. In addition, the drug is characterized by a high long-term concentration in the blood, as well as good absorption. This antibiotic is indicated for infectious diseases in mild forms, provoked by pathogens sensitive to penicillins.
Bicillin also belongs to the category of penicillin antibiotics. This long-acting drug is intended only for intramuscular use... The medication is indicated for the prevention of surgical infections, relapses of rheumatism, as well as in therapeutic purposes with syphilis, pneumonia and other pathologies.
Penicillin also includes drugs with a wide range of effects.
One of these medicines is Ampicillin. The drug is acid resistant. It is able to be absorbed into the blood quickly, penetrate into body fluids and tissues, with the exception of cerebrospinal fluid.
Ampiox has a wide range of antimicrobial effects, as well as a bactericidal effect on the penicillinase-producing staphylococcus. This medication is prescribed for purulent-septic and ENT infections, infections of the respiratory organs, urinary and biliary tract, sepsis, abscess, meningitis, peritonitis and other diseases.
The drug Carbenicillin also has a wide range of effects. The medication is very effective against infections provoked by gram-negative bacteria, acid-resistant. Not resistant to β-lactamases (blocking enzymes). The drug is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, therefore its use is only intravenous or intramuscular.
Amoxicillin is a broad spectrum of action. Bioabsorption of the drug is more than 90%. Amoxicillin tablets can be dissolved, swallowed, or chewed.
It should be noted that, as a rule, penicillin drugs are well tolerated by patients. Possible mild side effects in the form of allergic skin rashes, vomiting, nausea, stool disorders.
Often they suppress not only pathogenic microflora, but also useful.
Some pathogenic bacteria are resistant to many drugs. Therefore, scientists are creating more modern antibiotics that affect new strains.
ANTIBIOTICS OF THE PENICILLIN GROUP
According to modern classification antibiotics of the penicillin group are divided into short-acting biosynthetic penicillins (benzylpenicillin sodium salt, benzylpenicillin potassium salt, benzylpenicillin novocaine salt, phenoxymethylpenicillin), biosynthetic penicillins long acting (bicillin-1, bicillin-5, benzathine benzyl-penicillin), semisynthetic penicillins: aminopenicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampiiillin, penamicillin, tymentin), isoxazolylpenicillins (cloxacillin, flloxacillin) , piperidilline).
AZLOCILLIN (Azlocillin)
Synonyms: Securopen, Azlin.
Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic of the acylureidopenicillin group.
Pharmachologic effect. Has a bactericidal (destroying bacteria) effect on big number pathogenic (pathogenic) gram-negative, indole-positive and gram-positive microorganisms. Not resistant to beta-lactamases (enzymes secreted by microbes and destroying penicillins). Synergism (enhancement of the effect when used together) has been proven with aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Indications for use. Urogenital infections (infectious diseases of the urinary and genital organs), septic conditions (diseases associated with the presence of microbes in the blood) of various origins, infections of bones and soft tissues, respiratory ( respiratory tract), biliary, gastrointestinal intestinal infections, serositis (inflammation of the membrane lining the body cavity, for example, the peritoneum), infected (infected with microbes) large areas of burns, etc. For local washing in the form of drainage (introduction through a tube into the cavity of an organ or tissue), the drug is prescribed for osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone tissue), pleuroempyema (accumulation of pus between the membranes of the lungs), the presence of purulent cavities, fistulas (formed as a result of the disease, the channels connecting the body cavities or hollow organs with external environment or among themselves).
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. The drug is administered intravenously, rarely intramuscularly. The average daily dose for adults is from 8 g (2 g -4 times) to 15 g (5 g 3 times), with severe
infections, the appointment of 20 g per day is allowed (5 g - 4 times). Premature babies weighing 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5 kg of the drug is administered in a single dose of 50 mg / kg 2 times a day. The average daily dose for newborns is 100 mg / kg of body weight 2 times; for infants under the age of 1 year - 100 mg / kg 3 times; for children aged 1 to 14 years - 75 mg / kg 3 times. Duration of treatment - at least 3 days after temperature normalization and disappearance clinical symptoms... Apply as 10% aqueous solution, injected intravenously (jet or drip) at a rate of 5 ml / min, for 20-30 minutes.
Patients with impaired renal function require dose adjustment of azlocillin. Children with creatinine clearance (the rate of blood cleansing from the end product of nitrogen metabolism - creatinine) less than 30 ml / min require a 2-fold decrease in the daily dose of the drug. For adult patients with creatinine clearance of more than 30 ml / min, the drug is prescribed 5 g every 12 hours. With creatinine clearance less than 10 ml / min, the initial dose of the drug is 5 g, then 3.5 g is prescribed every 12 hours. With concomitant liver dysfunction these doses should be further reduced.
Side effect. Possible nausea, vomiting, flatulence (gas in the intestines), loose stools, diarrhea (diarrhea); transient (transient) increase in the concentration in the blood of hepatic transaminases and alkaline phosphatase (enzymes); rarely - an increase in the concentration of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood. Sometimes - skin rash, itching, urticaria, rarely - drug fever (a sharp rise in body temperature in response to the administration of azlocillin), acute interstitial nephritis (inflammation of the kidney with a predominant lesion of the connective tissue), vasculitis (inflammation of the walls of blood vessels). IN individual cases - anaphylactic shock; leukopenia (a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood), thrombocytopenia (a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood), pancytopenia (a decrease in the content in blood of all formed elements - erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, etc.). These side effects disappear when the preparation is discontinued. Disturbances of taste and smell (these effects occur when the rate of administration of the solution is exceeded 5 ml / min). Rarely, erythema (limited redness of the skin), soreness or thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the vein wall with its blockage) at the injection site. In some cases, hypokalemia (a decrease in the level of potassium in the blood), an increase in the concentration of creatinine and residual nitrogen in the blood serum. With the introduction of higher doses of the drug, due to an increase in its concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid), convulsions may develop.
With prolonged or repeated use of azlocillin, superinfection may develop (severe, rapidly developing forms of an infectious disease caused by microorganisms resistant to the drug that were previously in the body, but did not manifest themselves).
Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to penicillins and cephalosporins.
Release form. Lyophilized (dehydrated by freezing in a vacuum) powder for preparation of an injection solution in vials of 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 g in packs of 5 and 10.
Storage conditions. List B. In a dry, cold and dark room.
AMOXICILLIN (Amoxicillin)
Synonyms: Amine, Amoxillat, Amoxicillin-Rati ofarm, Amoxicillin-Teva, Apo-Amoxy, Gonoform, Grunamox, Dedoxil, Isoltil, Ospamox, Taysil, Flemoxin solutab, Hikontsil.
Pharmachologic effect. Bactericidal (destroying bacteria) antibiotic from the group of semi-synthetic penicillins. Has a wide spectrum of action, including gram-positive and gram-negative cocci, some gram-negative rods ( colibacillus, shigella, salmonella, klebsiella). The drug is resistant to microorganisms that produce penicillinase (an enzyme that destroys penicillins). The drug is acid-resistant, absorbed quickly and almost completely in the intestine.
Indications for use. Bacterial infections: bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), tonsillitis, pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis tissue), urethritis (inflammation urethra), colienteritis (inflammation of the small intestine caused by Escherichia coli), gonorrhea, etc., - caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug.
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Doses of the drug are set individually, taking into account the severity of the infection and the sensitivity of the pathogen. Adults and children over 10 years old (weighing more than 40 kg) are prescribed 0.5 g 3 times a day; in severe infections, the dose can be increased to 1.0 g 3 times a day. Children aged 5-10 years are prescribed 0.25 g 3 times a day. Children aged from
2 to 5 years are prescribed 0.125 g 3 times a day. Children under 2 years of age are prescribed in a daily dose of 20 mg / kg of body weight in 3 divided doses. It is advisable to prescribe the drug in the form of a suspension (suspension in a liquid) for children under the age of 10. When treating acute uncomplicated gonorrhea, prescribe
3 g once, preferably 1 g of probenecid at the same time. When treating gonorrhea in women, it is recommended to repeat the indicated dose.
Side effect. Allergic reactions: urticaria, erythema (limited redness of the skin), Quincke's edema, rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the outer membrane of the eye); rarely - fever (a sharp increase in body temperature), joint pain, eosinophilia (an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood); extremely rarely - anaphylactic (allergic) shock. The development of superinfections (severe, rapidly developing forms of an infectious disease caused by microorganisms resistant to the drug that were previously in the body, but did not manifest themselves) is possible, especially in patients with chronic diseases or reduced resistance (resistance) of the organism.
Contraindications. Increased sensitivity to penicillins, infectious mononucleosis (acute viral disease, proceeding with a high rise in body temperature, an increase in palatine lymph nodes, liver).
The drug is prescribed with caution to pregnant women; patients prone to allergic reactions. In patients with hypersensitivity to penicillins, crossover allergic reactions with cephalosporin antibiotics.
Release form. Film-coated tablets of 1.0 g; capsules of 0.25 g and 0.5 g; forte capsules; solution for oral (through the mouth) use (1 ml - 0.1 g); suspension for oral administration (5 ml - 0.125 g); dry substance for injection 1 g.
Storage conditions.
AUGMENTIN (Augmentm)
Synonyms: amoxicillin potentiated with clavulanate, Amoxiclav, Amoklavin, Clavocin.
Pharmachologic effect. Broad-spectrum antibiotic. It has a bacteriolytic (destroying bacteria) effect. Active against a wide range of aerobic (developing only in the presence of oxygen) and anaerobic (able to exist in the absence of oxygen) gram-positive and aerobic literate microorganisms, including strains that produce beta-lactamase (an enzyme that breaks down penicillins). Clavulanic acid, which is part of the drug, ensures the resistance of amoxicillin to the effects of beta-lactamases, expanding the spectrum of its action.
Indications for use. Bacterial infections caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug: upper respiratory tract infections - acute and chronic bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), lobar bronchopneumonia (combined inflammation of the bronchi and lungs), empyema (accumulation of pus), abscesses (abscesses) of the lungs; bacterial infections skin and soft tissues; urinary tract infections - cystitis (inflammation bladder), urethritis (inflammation of the urethra), pyelonephritis (inflammation of the tissue of the kidney and renal pelvis); sepsis (infection of the blood with microbes from the focus of purulent inflammation) during abortion, infection of the pelvic organs, syphilis, gonorrhea; osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone tissue); septicemia (a form of blood poisoning by microorganisms); peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum); postoperative infections.
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Doses are set individually, depending on the severity of the course, the localization of the infection and the sensitivity of the pathogen.
For children under the age of 1 year, the drug is prescribed in the form of drops. Single dose for children under 3 months. - 0.75 ml, for children from 3 months. up to a year - 1.25 ml. In severe cases, intravenous single dose for children aged 3 months. up to 12 years old is 30 mg / kg of body weight; the drug is administered every 6-8 hours. Children under 3 months of age are given a single dose of 30 mg / kg of body weight: premature babies and children in the perinatal period (on the 7th day of life of newborns) - every 12 hours, then every 8 hours. Treatment the drug should not be continued for more than 14 days without revising the clinical situation.
Children under the age of 12 are prescribed the drug in the form of a syrup or suspension. A single dose depends on age and is: for children aged 7-12 years - 10 ml (0.156 g / 5 ml) or 5 ml (0.312 g / 5 ml); for children aged 2-7 years - 5 ml (0.156 g / 5 ml); children aged 9 months. before
2 years old - 2.5 ml of syrup (0.156 g / 5 ml) 3 times a day. When severe infections these doses can be doubled.
Adults and children over 12 years old with mild and moderate infections are prescribed 1 tablet (0.375 g) 3 times a day. In severe infections, a single dose is 1 tab. 0.625 g each or 2 tab. 0.375 g each
3 times a day. Intravenous administration of the drug in a single dose of 1.2 g every 6-8 hours is also possible. If necessary, the drug can be administered every 6 hours. The maximum single dose is 1.2 g, the maximum permissible daily dose for intravenous administration is 7.2 g.
Patients with impaired excretory function kidney of moderate or severe degree requires correction of the dosage regimen of the drug. With creatinine clearance (the rate of blood cleansing from the end product of nitrogen metabolism -: creatinine) more than 30 ml / min, no change in the dosage regimen is required; at 10-30 ml / min - the initial dose of the drug is 1.2 g intravenously, then 0.6 g every 12 hours.When creatinine clearance is less than 10 ml / min, the initial dose of the drug is 1.2 g, then 0.6 g every 24 hours Augmentin is excreted during dialysis (a method of purifying blood). In the case of using the drug in patients on dialysis, an additional intravenous administration of the drug is prescribed at a dose of 0.6 g during and 0.6 g at the end of the dialysis procedure.
Augmentin should not be mixed in the same syringe or dropper with aminoglycoside antibiotics, as the latter are inactivated (lost). The drug should not be mixed with blood products and protein-containing (protein-containing) fluids.
Side effect. Rarely - dyspepsia (digestive disorders). The severity of dyspeptic side effects may decrease when the drug is taken with meals. Individual cases of liver dysfunction, the development of hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice (jaundice associated with stagnation of bile in the biliary tract) are described. There are isolated reports of the development of pseudomembranous colitis (intestinal colic, characterized by bouts of abdominal pain and discharge a large number mucus with feces). Rarely - urticaria, Quincke's edema (allergic edema); very rarely - anaphylactic (allergic) shock, erythema polyformis (an infectious-allergic disease characterized by reddening of symmetrical skin areas and a rise in temperature), Stevens-Johnson cider (a disease characterized by redness and hemorrhage in the mucous membranes of the mouth, urethra, and conjunctiva / outer /), exfoliative dermatitis (redness of the skin of the whole body with pronounced flaking). Rarely candidiasis ( fungal disease) and other types of superinfection (severe, rapidly developing forms of an infectious disease caused by microorganisms resistant to the drug that were previously in the body, but did not manifest themselves). In some cases, it is possible to develop phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) at the injection site.
Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to drug components.
Intravenous administration should be used with caution in patients with severe liver dysfunction. If urticaria or erythematous rash appears, treatment should be discontinued.
It is not recommended to use the drug during pregnancy (especially in the first trimester) and breastfeeding.
The drug should be administered with caution to patients with an indication of a history of allergic reactions (medical history).
Release form. Tablets of 0.375 g (0.25 g of amoxiiillin and 0.125 g of clavulanic acid); tablets of 0.625 g (0.5 g of amoxicillin and 0.125 g of clavulanic acid). Syrup in vials (5 ml contain 0.156 g / 0.125 g of amoxicillin and 0.03125 g of clavulanic acid / or 0.312 g / 0.25 g of amoxicillin and 0.0625 g of clavulanic acid /).
Dry substance for suspension preparation (1 scoop contains 0.125 g of amoxicillin and 0.031 g of clavulanic acid) and forte suspension (1 scoop contains 0.25 g of amoxicillin and 0.062 g of clavulanic acid). Dry substance for the preparation of drops (1 ml of drops contains 0.05 g of amoxicillin and 0.0125 g of clavulanic acid). IN dosage forms for oral (oral) administration, amoxicillin is in the form of trihydrate, and clavulanic acid is in the form of potassium salt.
Powder for injection 0.6 g (0.5 g of amoxicillin and 0.1 g of clavulanic acid) in vials. Powder for injection 1.2 g (1.0 g amoxicillin and 0.2 g clavulanic acid). In dosage forms for intravenous use, amoxicillin is in the form of sodium salt, and clavulanic acid is in the form of potassium salt. Each 1.2 g vial contains approximately 1.0 mmol potassium and 3.1 mmol sodium.
Storage conditions. List B. In a dry, cool place.
CLONACOM-X (Clonacom-X)
Pharmachologic effect. Combined preparation containing semi-synthetic penicillins. The combination of amoxicillin with penicillinase-resistant (resistant to the action of an enzyme that destroys penicillins) cloxacillin broadens the spectrum and, in some cases, enhances the effect of each drug separately. Amoxicillin has a broad spectrum of action, is active against most gram-negative (with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (except for penicillinase-forming / forming an enzyme that destroys penicillins - penicillinase / staphylococci). Not resistant to the action of penicillinase. Cloxacillin is similar in its spectrum of action to benzyl-penicillin, but differs in resistance to penicillinase.
Indications for use. Infectious diseasescaused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug: upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), pneumonia (pneumonia), urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, infections gastrointestinal tract, infections of bones and joints, gonorrhea.
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Adults are advised to take 1 capsule every 6-8 hours, depending on the severity of the disease. In case of impaired renal function, a dose reduction is necessary.
Side effect.
Contraindications. Infectious mononucleosis (an acute viral disease occurring with a high rise in body temperature, an increase in palatine lymph nodes, liver). Hypersensitivity to penicillin antibiotics. The drug should be administered with caution to patients with an indication of a history of allergic reactions (medical history).
Release form. Capsules in a package of 100 pieces. One capsule contains amoxicillin trihydrate and sodium cloxacillin in amounts corresponding to 0.25 g of amoxicillin and 0.25 g of cloxacillin.
Storage conditions. List B. In a dry, dark place. ... ...
Ampicillin (AmpiciUinum)
Synonyms: Pentrexil, Abetaten, "Acidocyclin, Anilin, Acrocilin, Agnopen, Albertsilin, Amil, Amecillin, Ampen, Ampexin, Ampifen, Ampilin, Ampiopenil, Amplenil, Amplital, Bactipen, Biampen, Binotitsilin, Dominicilin , Domipen, Eurocillin, Fortapen, Grampenil, Isticillin, Lificillin, Maxibiotic, Maxipred, Morepen, Negopen, Opicillin, Oracilina, Penberin, Penibrin, Pentrex, Polycillin, Riomycin, Ultraxillin, Vampexilin, Vambencillin , Vidopen, Zimopen, Apo-Ampi, Mencilin, Standacillin, Dedoompil, Campitsilin, etc.
Pharmachologic effect. ampicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic obtained by acylation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid with an amino-phenylacetic acid residue.
The drug is not destroyed in acidic environment stomach, is well absorbed when taken orally. Active against gram-positive microorganisms, which are affected by benzylpenicillin. In addition, it acts on a number of gram-negative microorganisms (Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia / Friedlander's bacillus /, Pfeiffer's bacillus / influenza bacillus /) and therefore is considered as a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is used in diseases caused by mixed infections.
On penicillinase-forming (forming penicillinase - an enzyme that destroys penicillins) staphylococci, resistant to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin does not work, as it is destroyed by penicillinase.
Indications for use. Ampicillin is used to treat patients with pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), bronchopneumonia (combined inflammation of the bronchi and lungs), with abscesses (abscesses) of the lungs, tonsillitis, peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), sepsis (infection of the blood with microbes from the focus of purulent inflammation), intestinal infections, postoperative soft tissue infections and other infections caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to it. The drug has high efficiency with infections urinary tractcaused by E. coli, Proteus, enterococci or mixed infection, as it is excreted unchanged in the urine in high concentrations... In large quantities, ampicillin also enters the bile. The drug is effective in the treatment of gonorrhea ..
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Assign ampicillin inside (regardless of the intake of food). A single dose for adults is 0.5 g, daily - 2-3 g. Children are prescribed at the rate of 100 mg / kg. The daily dose is divided into 4-6 doses.
The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the disease and the effectiveness of therapy (from 5-10 days to 2-3 weeks and more).
Side effect. In the treatment of ampiillin, allergic reactions may occur in the form of skin rash, urticaria, Quincke's edema, etc., in rare cases - anaphylactic shock (mainly with the introduction of ampicillin sodium salt).
In case of allergic reactions, it is necessary to stop the administration of the drug and carry out desensitizing (preventing or inhibiting allergic reactions) therapy. If signs of anaphylactic shock appear, they should be taken urgent measures to remove the patient from this state.
When long-term treatment ampicillin in debilitated patients may develop superinfection (severe, rapidly developing forms of an infectious disease caused by microorganisms resistant to the drug, which were previously in the body, but did not manifest themselves), caused by microorganisms resistant to the drug (yeast-like fungi, gram-negative microorganisms). It is advisable for these patients to simultaneously prescribe B vitamins and vitamin C, if necessary, nystatin or levorin.
Contraindications. The drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to penicillin. In case of liver failure, it is used under the control of liver function; at bronchial asthma, hay fever and others allergic diseases only if absolutely necessary. At the same time, desensitizing agents are prescribed.
Ampicillin enhances the effect of oral anticoagulants (taken by mouth drugsthat prevent blood clotting).
The drug should be administered with caution to patients with an indication of a history of allergic reactions (medical history).
Release form. Tablets and capsules 0.25 each. g in a package of 10 or 20 pieces. Powder for preparing a suspension (suspension) in orange glass jars of 60 g (5 g active substance). Powder white with a yellowish tinge (sweet in taste), with a specific smell (contains sugar, vanillin and other fillers). It is taken orally in the same dose as ampicillin based on the content of the active substance. The powder is mixed with water or washed down with water.
Storage conditions.
AMPIOX (Ampioxum)
Combined preparation containing ampicillin and oxacillin. For oral administration, ampiox is produced, which is a mixture of ampicillin trihydrate and oxacillin sodium salt (1: 1), and for parenteral use, ampiox sodium (Ampioxum-natrium), which is a mixture of sodium salts of ampicillin and oxacillin (2: 1).
Pharmachologic effect. The drug combines the spectrum of antimicrobial action of ampicillin and oxacillin; acts on gram-positive (staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus) and gram-negative (gonococcus, meningococcus, Escherichia coli, Pfeiffer's bacillus / influenza coli /, salmonella, shigella, etc.) microorganisms. Due to the content of oxacillin, it is active against penicillinase-forming (forming penicillinase - an enzyme that destroys penicillins) staphylococci.
The drug penetrates well into the blood when taken orally and parenterally (bypassing digestive tract) administered.
Indications for use. Used for infections of the respiratory tract and lungs (bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi, pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs, etc.), for tonsillitis, cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts), cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), pyelitis (inflammation of the renal pelvis), pyelonephritis (inflammation of tissue kidney and renal pelvis), cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), infected wounds, skin infections, etc. It is especially indicated in cases of severe disease: sepsis (blood poisoning by microbes from the focus of purulent inflammation), endocarditis (inflammation internal cavities heart), postpartum infection, etc. With an unidentified antibioticogram (spectrum of activity of an antibiotic, characterizing the sensitivity of pathogens to it) and an unselected pathogen, with a mixed infection caused by staphylococci or streptococci and gram-negative bacteria sensitive and insensitive to benzylpenicillin, infections with gram-negative bacteria, burns ... It is used to prevent purulent postoperative complications at surgical operations and for the prevention and treatment of infections in newborns.
In the treatment of gonorrhea, ampiox is used in cases caused by resistant (resistant) to benzylpenicillin strains of gonococci.
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Ampiox sodium is administered intramuscularly or intravenously (micro-jet or drip), and ampiox - inside.
For parenteral administration, a single dose of ampiox sodium for adults is 0.5-1.0 g, the daily dose is 2-4 g.
Newborns, premature babies and children under 1 year of age are administered in a daily dose of 100-200 mg per 1 kg of body weight; children from 1 to 7 years old - 100 mg / kg per day; from 7 to 14 years old - 50 mg / kg per day; children over the age of 14 are prescribed an adult dose. In severe infections, the dose may be increased by 1.5-2 times.
For the preparation of solutions for intramuscular injection add 2 ml of sterile water for injection to the contents of the ampiox sodium vial (0.1; 0.2; 0.5 g).
The duration of treatment is from 5-7 days to 3 weeks. and more.
For intravenous (jet) administration, a single dose of the drug is dissolved in 10-15 ml of sterile water for injection or isotonic sodium chloride solution and injected slowly over 2-3 minutes. For intravenous drip injection for adults, the drug is dissolved in 100-200 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 5% glucose solution and injected at a rate of 60-80 drops per minute. For drip administration, children use 5-10% glucose solution (30-100 ml) as a solvent. Intravenously administered for 5-7 days, followed by the transition (if necessary) to intramuscular administration. The solutions are used immediately after preparation; mixing them with other medicines is unacceptable.
When taken orally, a single dose of ampiox for adults is 0.5-1.0 g, the daily dose is 2-4 g. Children from 3 to 7 years old are prescribed 100 mg / kg per day, from 7 to 14 years old - 50 mg / kg per day, over 14 years old - at the dose of adults. The duration of treatment is from 5-7 days to 2 weeks. and more. The daily dose is divided into 4-6 doses.
Side effect. Possible side effects: with parenteral (bypassing the digestive tract) administration of ampiox sodium - pain at the injection site and allergic reactions, in rare cases - anaphylactic (allergic) shock; when taking ampiox inside - nausea, vomiting, loose stools, allergic reactions. If necessary, prescribe desensitizing (preventing or inhibiting allergic reactions) agents.
Contraindications. Ampiox and ampiox sodium are contraindicated if there is a history (medical history) of data on toxic-allergic reactions to drugs of the penicillin group.
Release form. For parenteral administration, ampiox sodium is produced in vials of 0.1; 0.2 or 0.5 g with indication on the label "Intravenous" or "Intramuscularly". For oral administration, ampiox is produced in capsules of 0.25 g in a package of 20 pieces.
Storage conditions.
Ampicillin sodium salt (Ampicillinum-natrium)
Synonyms: Penbritin, Penbrock, Polycillin, Am picide.
Pharmachologic effect. Semisynthetic broad-spectrum penicillin. It is active against coccal microorganisms (staphylococci that do not form penicillinase / an enzyme that destroys penicillins /, streptococci, pneumococci, gonococci and meningococci) and most gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus mirabilis, H. influenzae and some strains. pneumoniae).
It is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, penetrates into tissues and body fluids. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys. It does not possess cumulative properties (the ability to accumulate in the body). Low toxicity (does not have a pronounced damaging effect on the body).
Indications for use. Inflammatory diseases respiratory tract: pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx), etc.; urological diseases: pyelonephritis (inflammation of the tissue of the kidney and renal pelvis), cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), intestinal infections: dysentery, salmonellosis, enterocolitis (inflammation of the small and large intestine), septic endocarditis (inflammation of the internal cavities of the heart due to the presence of microbes in the blood), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes of the brain), erysipelas, etc.
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. It is used for intramuscular and intravenous (jet or drip) administration. With both routes of administration, a single dose of the drug for adults is 0.25-0.5 g; daily - 1-3 g. In severe infections, the daily dose can be increased to 10 g or more. With meningitis - up to 14 g per day. The frequency of introduction is 6-8 times. For newborns, the drug is prescribed in a daily dose of 100 mg / kg, for children the rest age groups - 50 mg / kg. In severe cases of an infectious disease, the indicated doses can be doubled.
The daily dose is administered in 4-6 doses at intervals of 4-6 hours.
The solution for intramuscular administration is prepared ex tempore (before use) by adding 2 ml of sterile water to the contents of the bottle (0.25 or 0.5 g). injection. The duration of treatment is 7-14 days or more.
For intravenous jet injection, a single dose of the drug (no more than 2 g) is dissolved in 5-10 ml of sterile water for injection or isotonic sodium chloride solution and injected slowly over 3-5 minutes (1-2 g for 10-15 minutes). At a single dose exceeding 2 g, the drug is administered intravenously. For intravenous drip administration, a single dose of the drug is dissolved in a small volume of sterile water for injection (7.5-15.0 ml, respectively), then the resulting antibiotic solution is added to 125-250 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 5-10% glucose solution and injected at a rate of 60-80 drops per minute. For drip administration, a 5-10% glucose solution is used as a solvent for children (30-50 ml, depending on age). The solutions are used immediately after preparation; the addition of other drugs to them is inadmissible. The daily dose is divided into 3-4 administrations. The duration of treatment is 5-7 days, followed by a transition (if necessary) to intramuscular injection.
Side effect. Allergic reactions.
Contraindications. Allergy to penicillin drugs, liver dysfunction.
The drug should be administered with caution to patients with an indication of a history of allergic reactions (medical history).
Release form. In vials sterile powder complete with solvent 0.25 g, 0.5 g each; powder, 5 g in a vial for suspension; discs of 10 mcg, in a package of 100 pieces.
Storage conditions. List B. In a dry, dark place at room temperature.
Ampicillinum trihydras (Ampicillinum trihydras)
Synonyms: A-Pen.
Pharmachologic effect. Same as ampicillin and its sodium salt. It differs from ampicillin by the presence in the structure of 3 molecules of crystallized water.
Indications for use. The same as for ampicilin.
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Inside, 0.5 g every 4-6 hours, for severe infections, up to 10 g or more per day; children under 13 years old - 0.1-0.2 g (kg / day). The course of treatment is 7-14 days or more.
Side effects and contraindications are the same as for ampicillin.
Release form. Tablets of 0.25 g in a package of 24 pieces; capsules of 0.25 g in a package of 6 pieces.
Storage conditions. List B. In a dry, dark place at room temperature.
CLONACOM-P (Clonacom-P)
Pharmachologic effect. Combined preparation containing semi-synthetic penicillins. The combination of ampicillin with penicillinase-resistant (resistant to the action of an enzyme that destroys penicillins) cloxacillin broadens the spectrum and, in some cases, enhances the effect of each drug separately. Ampicillin has a broad spectrum of action, is active against most gram-negative (except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (except for penicillinase-forming / penicillinase-forming enzyme that destroys penicillins / staphylococci). Not resistant to the action of penicillinase. Cloxacillin is similar in its spectrum of action to benzylpenicillin, but differs in resistance to penicillinase.
Indications for use. Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug: upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), pneumonia (pneumonia), infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft tissues, gastrointestinal tract, bones and joints, gonorrhea.
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Adults are recommended to take 1 capsule every 6-8 hours, depending on the severity of the disease.
In case of impaired renal function, a dose reduction is necessary.
Side effect. Allergic reactions, skin rash; diarrhea, nausea, vomiting are possible; in some cases, pseudomembranous colitis may develop ( intestinal colic, characterized by bouts of abdominal pain and the release of a large amount of mucus in the feces).
Contraindications. Infectious mononucleosis (an acute viral disease occurring with a high rise in body temperature, an increase in palatine lymph nodes, liver). Hypersensitivity to pennyillin antibiotics.
The drug should be administered with caution to patients with an indication of a history of allergic reactions (medical history).
Release form. Capsules in a package of 100 pieces. One capsule contains 0.25 g of ampicillin and 0.25 g of cloxacillin.
Storage conditions. List B. In a dry, dark place.
SULTAMICILLIN (Sultamicillin)
Synonyms: Sulaiillin, Betamp, Unazin.
A combined preparation containing ampicillin-sodium and sulbactam-sodium in a 2: 1 ratio.
Pharmachologic effect. Sulbactam sodium does not have a pronounced antibacterial activity, but irreversibly inhibits (suppresses the activity) beta-lactamase (an enzyme that destroys the beta-lactam core of penises). When used together with penicillins, sulbactam protects the latter from hydrolysis (decomposition with the participation of water) and inactivation (partial or complete loss of biological activity). Unazine (a combination of sulbact with ampicillin) is a highly effective drug that acts on gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes (microorganisms that develop only in the presence of oxygen) and anaerobes (microorganisms that can exist in the absence of oxygen), including penicillin-resistant strains.
Indications for use. Unazine is used for pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), otitis media (inflammation of the ear cavity), sinusitis (inflammation of the paranasal sinuses), purulent surgical infections (abscesses - ulcers, phlegmon - acute, clearly not delimited purulent inflammation, osteomyelitis - inflammation bone marrow and adjacent bone tissue, etc.), peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), urological (urinary tract) and gynecological infections, for the prevention of postoperative purulent complications, with gonorrhea and other infections.
Method of administration and dosage. Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is advisable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Adults are prescribed 375-750 mg (1-2 tablets) 2 times a day, including the elderly.
For children with a body weight of less than 30 kg - 25-50 mg / kg per day in 2 divided doses, depending on the severity of the infection and at the discretion of the doctor. With a body weight of 30 kg or more - the same as for adults, i.e. 375-750 mg (1-2 tablets) 2 times a day. For children, the drug can be prescribed in the form of a suspension (suspension).
The course of treatment is usually 5 to 14 days, but can be extended if necessary. After the temperature has returned to normal and the main pathological symptoms, treatment continues for another 48 hours.
In the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea, sultamicillin can be prescribed as a single dose of 2.25 g (6 tablets of 375 g). To prolong the residence time of sulbactam and ampicillin in blood plasma, in
1 g of the sample should be prescribed as a concomitant agent.
In patients with gonorrhea with suspected syphilis, microscopic tests should be performed during treatment and monthly serological tests should be performed for at least 4 months.
When treating any infection caused by hemolytic streptococci, for the prevention of rheumatism or glomerulonephritis (kidney disease), it is recommended to carry out antibiotic therapy for 10 days.
In patients with severely impaired renal function (creatinine clearance / rate of blood cleansing from the end product of nitrogen metabolism - creatinine / less than 30 ml / min), the dynamics of the release of sulbactam and ampicillin is exposed to the same effect, therefore, the ratio of one to another in plasma will remain constant. For such patients, a dose of sultamicillin is prescribed with large intervals in accordance with the usual practice of using ampicillin.
After dilution, the suspension should be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 14 days.
Side effect. The most common side effect is diarrhea (diarrhea), nausea, vomiting, pain in the epigastric region (the area of \u200b\u200bthe abdomen located just below the convergence of the costal arches and sternum), abdominal pain and colic. As with the treatment with other antibiotics of the ampicillin series, enterocolitis (inflammation of the small and large intestine) and pseudomembranous colitis (intestinal colic, characterized by bouts of abdominal pain and the release of large amounts of mucus in the feces) are rare. Rash, itching, and other skin reactions. Drowsiness, malaise, headache... In rare cases - anemia (a decrease in the hemoglobin content in the blood), thrombocytopenia (a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood), eosinophilia (an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood) and leukopenia (a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood). These effects disappear after stopping treatment. Perhaps a transient increase in the level of enzymes alanine transferase and asparagine transferase. With intramuscular injection, pain at the injection site is possible. In isolated cases - the development of phlebitis (inflammation of the vein) after intravenous administration of the drug.
Contraindications. History of allergies to any of the penicillins (formerly).
The drug should be administered with caution to patients with an indication of a history of allergic reactions.
Release form. Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration of 0.75 g in 10 ml vials (ampicillin sodium 0.5 g, sodium sulfabactam 0.25 g). Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration of 1.5 g in 20 ml vials (ampicillin sodium 1.0 g, sodium sulfabactam 0.5 g). Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration of 3 g in 20 ml vials (ampicillin sodium 2.0 g, sodium sulfabactam 1.0 g). Tablets of 0.375 g of the drug. Powder for suspension preparation (5 ml - 0.25 g of the drug).
Storage conditions. List B. In the dark place.