Family roles. The social role of the parent

23.07.2019

T-115 - Social roles of the family and classification

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. Social roles in the family 6

1.1. Family Roles and Intrafamily Role Structure 6

1.2. Classification of social roles in the family 12

Chapter 2. Research on the social role of the family 22

2.1. Description of the research method 22

2.2. Analysis and processing of research results 25

Conclusion 28

List of used literature 30

Appendices 32

Introduction

The relevance of research... The family is a blood-related unit of society, in which practically the entire gamut of social relations is represented: legal, social, economic, cultural and spiritual. Such completeness, representation of all types of relations, allows the sociologist to conduct a deep and complete analysis of the distribution and execution of roles that occur between people.

The concept of social role is central to the analysis of social interactions. The study of social roles in the family allows us to identify the social changes taking place in it, to concretize the issue of the functions of the family and the social conflicts associated with them.

In social psychology, the concept of social role is interpreted as “position, ie the position that a person occupies in a particular social system. " In the family group, positions are held by mother, father, wife, husband, children, grandmother, grandfather, etc. The successful fulfillment of its functions by a family largely depends, on the one hand, on how conscientiously each family member occupying a certain position fulfills his social role, and on the other hand, how much "role behavior" corresponds to the "role expectations" of family members in relation to to each other .

In addition, the relevance of the study of the institution of the family and its social roles is due to the cardinal changes in the entire Russian society, which most directly affected its foundations and traditional foundations. Of course, this aggravates the social position of the family, causing crisis situations and a drop in the importance of the family as a whole. However, excessive dramatization of the situation does not contribute to an objective analysis of the changes taking place in the modern family. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on identifying and studying the potential for its adaptation in the face of changes and the influence of the external environment while maintaining internal stability.

The degree of elaboration of the topic... The systematic study of the family as a social phenomenon began with the study of primitive forms of marriage and is associated with the names of I. Bahoven, J. Lebbock, L. Morgan, M. Kovalevsky, N.G. Yurkevich and others.

The concepts explaining the specifics of the family as a social institution were developed in the works of E. Burgess, E. Westermark, E. Durkheim, J. Madoc, W. Ogborn. In the scientific works of these authors, much attention is paid to the analysis of the socio-cultural functions of the family, their historical transition to other social institutions, the narrowing of the range of functions carried out by the family itself.

W. James, F. Znanetsky, C. Cooley, J. Piaget, W. Thomas, S. Freud began to study the family as a socio-psychological group. The relationship between personality and society was considered by them at the level of primary, interpersonal relations.

The authors whose works on the problem of studying the formation of the family and the system of functional-role interaction are the most significant Antonov A.I., Golod S.I., Matskovsky M.S., Kharchev A.G. and others. Authors such as Nye F.I., Plec J., Scanzoni J. and others, consider the distribution of roles as the core of gender-role differentiation in the family.

In the studies carried out by Goldberg N., Scanzoni J., Focke G.L. et al. show the negative consequences of the traditional role model for both women and men; Rappoport R., Berger M. et al. demonstrate the difficulties faced by families that have adopted an egalitarian role model. However, to date, the issue of social role relationships of the family remains poorly studied, and a specific classification of the social roles of the family has not been determined.

Purpose of the study - study of the role functioning of the family and the relationship of parents to various aspects of family life.

Research objectives:

1. Explore family roles and intrafamily role structure

2. Analysis of the parameters of family role interaction.

3. Highlighting the classification of the social roles of the family.

4. Investigation of the factors characteristic of a particular family-role model in the context of sociocultural changes.

Research object performed by married couples, with different length of life together, only 30 people.

Subject of study: features and patterns of the role structure of the family.

Research methods: basic methods of collecting primary information: test "What is your role in the family", mathematical methods of analysis and data processing.

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that this work will expand and deepen information about the social roles of the family, in particular, the study of the formation and implementation of ideas about family role interaction.

The practical significance of the work... The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of the psychological services of the population in terms of taking into account the specifics of role behavior in the organization of sex-role education and solving psychological problems associated with this area.

Chapter 1. Social roles in the family

1.1. Family roles and intrafamily role structure

Social roles is a term actively used by both social psychology and sociology. It focuses on the universal, universal requirements for the behavior of a person in a certain social position. The scientific discipline or theoretical direction that has studied this problem in more detail than others is called the theory of roles.

The concept of the family role in domestic science is based on the ideas of domestic authors about the social role. The social role is understood, first of all, as a function of the social system, "a model of behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of objective or interpersonal relations."

A role is "a social function of a person, corresponding to accepted norms, a way of people behaving depending on their status, or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations."

Each family is built on mutual obligations, a sense of duty, responsibility. Any person during his life learns to play a variety of roles: a child, school pupil, student, father or mother, engineer, doctor, member of a certain social stratum, etc. Role-based learning is necessary to learn the following:

Perform duties and exercise rights in accordance with the role played;

Acquire attitudes, feelings, and expectations appropriate to the given role.

The social functions of the family have two main sources of their origin: the needs of society and the needs of the family organization itself.

Both the one and the other factor change historically, therefore each stage in the development of the family is associated with the withering away of some and the formation of other functions, with a change in both the scale and nature of its social activity. However, with all these changes, society at any stage of its development needs the reproduction of the population, therefore it is always interested in the family as the mechanism of this reproduction.

In order for family functions to be successfully implemented in the process of interaction, family members must fulfill certain roles.

If the functions of the family determine, first of all, the content of family roles in general, then the role structure is characterized primarily by the distribution of roles, i.e. what responsibilities each family member performs in the family and on what principles role relationships are built (cooperation or division of functions, etc.).

When describing the role structure of the family, an important problem is the allocation of roles. The main attention of the researchers is directed to the study of the roles corresponding to the household and educational functions. These are the roles of the organizer of everyday life, or the owner / mistress, educator of children, as well as the role of financially supporting the family, or the breadwinner.

Nature and society prepares every man to become a husband and a father, and a woman to become a wife and mother.

In the most general terms, the relationship between a man and a woman in the family is determined by the economic structure of society. Matriarchy had its own economic basis, patriarchy its own. However, in both cases, the family was authoritarian. The superiority of one sex over the other permeated all family life. At the same time, the existence of a family, where two levels of leadership are exercised - maternal and paternal, all issues are resolved by the spouses together.

At each new stage in the development of society, when there is a reassessment of values, interest in the problems of creating and functioning of the family increases.

The modern family is the object of close attention from various branches of science. Many problems lie at the intersection of the socio-psychological and sociological aspects of studying the family. One of these aspects of family life is family roles.

The very concept of the family role as a concretization of the social roles of a husband, wife, mother, father, children, etc. is essentially sociological. Based on it, social psychologists can investigate the “personality coloration” that family roles acquire in a particular manifestation.

The transformation of role relationships in the family is the most important aspect of the modern restructuring of marriage and family relations. Uncertainty of the norms that currently regulate marriage and family, including role relationships, poses a number of socio-psychological problems for the modern family. The most important of them are the problems of “choice” by each family of the way of role interaction and the formation of the attitude of family members to different aspects of role behavior in the family.

The process of the emergence of the role structure of the family is one of the main aspects of its formation as a social and psychological community, the adaptation of spouses to each other and the development of a style of family life. Given the existence of different norms and patterns of role behavior, this process is closely related to the interpersonal relationships of spouses and their attitudes. At present, the quality of interpersonal relations between spouses is determined primarily by how the spouses themselves perceive them, how well-off and successful they consider them. However, to date, the question of how young people perceive their created marriage, and what place their role relationships occupy in this, remain poorly studied.

We can say that the possibility of including members of a couple in joint activities appears in the form of such a combination of personal and behavioral characteristics, which B. Murstein, the author who gained popularity in the field of research of the development of emotional relations in the theory of "stimulus - value - role", called role correspondence. It is about the correspondence between the interpersonal roles assumed by the members of the pair and the availability of a base for joint interaction with other people, social systems or the objective world. This base is seen by the author in a certain combination of personal characteristics of the members of the couple, for example, the need for dominance in one of the partners, combined with the need for submission in the other.

In foreign psychology, consideration of family roles is made up of the concepts of sex roles, sex-role system, sex-role differentiation. By sex roles, most authors understand a system of cultural norms that determine acceptable behaviors and personal qualities based on gender. This system is sometimes referred to as the sex-role system.

Sex-role systems are cultural expectations about social roles, social activities that are appropriate for men and women. The main line of differentiation of the roles of men and women in Western culture is the line "home - work". Traditionally, a man is required first of all to become a professional, employed in a permanent, well-paid job. The family should be viewed by him as something subordinate, secondary to work. The woman is responsible for the home, family, children, professional activity is allowed, but as something secondary to the family to the extent that it does not interfere with the main purpose of the woman. This differentiation of the roles of men and women is often called sex-role differentiation. From the division of the social roles of men and women, the pattern of the distribution of family roles follows directly. The man is responsible for the material support of the family, the woman is responsible for raising children and managing the household. Most foreign researchers adhere to this role model.

For the socio-psychological analysis of roles in the modern family, the conclusion of domestic and foreign researchers about the uncertainty of the norms currently regulating marriage and family, including role relationships, is of paramount importance. This situation poses a number of social and psychological problems for families. Each partner in the family as a whole has to "choose" some model of role interaction from a variety of existing ones.

The problem of choice and acceptance by a family of a particular role model is inseparable from the formation of the attitude of family members to this model, to their role in the family and to the performance of roles by other family members.

Both domestic and foreign researchers indicate that the rules of role behavior and role relationship in the family are established in the process of family life, in close relationship with interpersonal relationships and communication of family members.

Here is the classification of the main roles in the family, described by Yu.E. Aleshina:

1. Responsible for the material support of the family.

2. The owner is the hostess.

3. The role of the infant caretaker.

4. The role of the educator.

5. The role of the sexual partner.

6. The role of the entertainment organizer.

7. Organizer of the family subculture.

8. The role of the person in charge of maintaining family ties.

Speaking about the psychological roles of family members, it should be noted that one role can exist only in interaction with other roles. For example, in order to fulfill the role of father or mother, someone must fulfill the role of son or daughter. Family roles must create a system that approaches consistency and can satisfy many psychological needs. However, it should be noted that such a complex system of family roles cannot but be contradictory. It is important to determine how destructive the inconsistency of family roles is and to what extent the family itself regulates it. The essential point is to what extent the family member's opinion of his role coincides with the perception of it by others.

There are a number of circumstances that make the problem of intra-family role structure especially relevant for the modern family. What is the traditional and egalitarian family, what are their differences? These are, first of all, two different systems of distribution of intrafamily roles. Thus, a traditional family is a family where certain roles are assigned to the spouses in accordance with their gender - the wife plays the role of mother and mistress, the husband is mainly responsible for material support and sexual relations.

In an egalitarian family, virtually all roles are divided between husband and wife, mostly equally. Between the traditional and the egalitarian family lies a number of transitional forms, which also have their own specific structure of family roles. Such, for example, is a marriage-matrimony, where the wife, although performing primarily the roles of mother and mistress, also pays great attention to playing the role of a friend (psychotherapist) in relation to her husband.

It should be noted that recently, certain changes have taken place in the structure of the modern family: the size of the family and the number of children in it have decreased, the importance of the older brother and sister has decreased, the roles of various family members in general have become less differentiated.

1.2. Classification of social roles in the family

The family is a blood-related unit of society, in which practically the entire gamut of social relations is represented: legal, social, economic, cultural and spiritual. Such completeness, representation of all types of relationships, allows the sociologist to conduct a deep and complete analysis of the distribution and execution of roles that occur between people.

Consider the classification of the social role in the family group:

1) matrimonial (husband, wife), parental (mother, father),

Social partner,

Sexual partner,

Breadwinner,

Socializer (discipline, father of his children).

A housewife,

grandparents

Granny

Granddad

3) child

In the role-playing set of husband and wife, there are four main roles in each. The husband's status includes such roles as social partner, sexual partner, breadwinner, socializer. In the structure of the role-playing set of the “Wife” status, we see practically similar roles - social partner, sexual partner, housewife, socializer. The difference between the two role sets lies in the two roles - breadwinner (husband) and housewife (wife). Let us express the role-playing set, or, as one might also say, the role structure, of both statuses visually (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Two statuses - husband and wife, split into four roles

The ratio or relationship of social roles of family members in relation to each other is called the family system. In our case, it includes four key roles. In the first place are the roles of sexual partners, because most marriages in modern society are concluded in order to satisfy sexual needs in a legal way. It is possible that in other historical types of society in the first place was, for example, the economic function (breadwinner-housewife) or some other.

In second place is the economic role of earning a livelihood and preserving the family - the breadwinner. The function of the housewife is symmetric to the function of the breadwinner. The next important role is the social partner. Both wife and husband act as social partners. The last important role is socialization or parenting.

If a role is a model of behavior and these models of behavior exist in society, then they must somehow be regulated by norms, laws, customs, mores, and traditions.

Sexual partner. The role of a sexual partner implies a model of behavior that corresponds to the unwritten norms of behavior and psychological expectations of the subject of the status with which this status is associated.

The sexual partner is the primary role for which marriage arises. A man and a woman marry primarily for the sake of playing the role of a sexual partner. What norms should define and limit the role of a sexual partner? Foremost among them is adherence to marital fidelity. If this rule is violated, then the marriage falls apart. In different cultures and even in different families, a certain degree of adjunct is allowed, they turn a blind eye to something, but a mass stereotype of behavior presupposes adherence to marital fidelity.

No one else has the right to interfere with sexual relations between husband and wife, even close relatives, for example, mother-in-law or children. And no one else can control or dictate to them how they should behave as sexual partners. Although in some societies, ideological institutions tried to control marital relations. For example, in the USSR, the party committee summoned her husband in order to sort out an intra-family conflict and force him not to change his family. This is a dysfunctional intervention. Marital status had a decisive influence on the issue of a citizen's departure abroad, especially among diplomats. Likewise, a mother-in-law should not keep track of where her daughter's husband went after work. Although in everyday life this rule from the unwritten code of human relations is now and then violated. Ultimately, spouses must solve their problems on their own, without outside help.

Marital fidelity in some societies remains in the set of unwritten norms, in others it is legalized and goes into the register of formal rules. So, if you go to court with a request to dissolve your marriage due to adultery, the court will satisfy your desire.

Thus, sexual partnership implies:

a) a ban on physical treason,

b) a ban on moral or spiritual betrayal.

Adultery implies both.

A breadwinner and a housewife. The social essence of the pair of economic roles "breadwinner-housewife" is the requirement that the husband provide the "living wage", and the wife - the acceptable comfort of the home.

Biological and social evolution secured a certain division of labor for a man and a woman: a man hunted outside the house, and a woman worked around the house, where it was easier for her to raise and care for children.

The division of labor between men and women leads to the acquisition of different skills. For most of life, these differences form the basis of the traditional differentiation of roles in marriage. Some occupations are directly regarded as "female occupations", others as "male occupations." Even in those families where a woman works full time, she also runs a household and takes care of children at home.

Society defines family roles in different ways. The law obliges a man to financially support his wife and children, but a wife is not obliged to support her husband. Therefore, the first must necessarily have a job for which he receives money and fills the family budget with it. For a wife, employment is a matter of free choice in the event that the family lives financially well.

In decision-making in the family in all countries, the material factor plays the main role: the spouse who earns more has more power in the family. Since the higher the qualifications, and therefore the level of education, the higher the earnings, the man finds himself at the top of the family pyramid according to three criteria at once: high educational and professional status, as well as high income.

Wives usually have a lower income; after having children, they become dependent on their husbands, since in the event of a divorce, they themselves will have to support the family. If a woman works, this does not automatically equalize their chances in the family. Paternity has a higher social status in society. Human society is arranged in such a way that the final decision is expected from the stronger sex. With their social authority, husbands “add to” their wives, forcing them to do housework in addition to work.

The breadwinner function is determined by those who bring more money to the family. Another component of this function or role is the social prestige of the main occupation of the breadwinner, primarily the husband. The husband's highly qualified profession determines the social and economic position of the family as a whole.

If the roles of breadwinner and housewife are correctly distributed between husband and wife, then there is a high probability of achieving harmony in the marriage.

Social partner. The role of the social partner is equally important. The content of the “social partner” role includes such social actions as communicating with family and friends, receiving guests, renovating an apartment, etc.

Particularly striking evidence of social partnership in marriage are such facts, or behavioral models as:

1. the ability not to talk about intra-family matters in front of guests;

2. not to contradict, but even to support the partner, even if he is not quite right;

3. the ability to treat his friends or relatives as his own.

Social partnership implies a model of behavior of a husband and wife as representatives of a given society or a given social group. This model should be different in different societies and different groups:

1.the upper class (large businessmen);

2. middle class (intelligentsia);

3. lower class (workers).

Each class has its own social circle and its own repertoire of social partnership. On a visit, everyone tries to demonstrate what is valued in a given society. In the upper class, the reception of guests sometimes turns into an exhibition of "achievements of the national economy": in front of the guests they boast of a luxurious mansion and a car, a collection of expensive things, and prestigious acquaintances. Here, the party serves as a means of establishing new and strengthening existing business ties.

In the middle class, especially among the intelligentsia, the purpose of the party is to have a heart-to-heart talk, to be frank, to get advice, to discuss the correctness of one's own or other people's actions, etc. The meeting turns into a kind of self-confession and absolution. The main purpose of spiritual communication is to get approval for your actions from significant others (especially friends or colleagues). The confessional and therapeutic functions of the conversation are closely related. Both of them contribute to another important process - the cohesion and solidification of a friendly community. Friends are a reference group that serves as a benchmark for assessments.

A man and a woman at the time of marriage have a different social circle. Having married, they unite them: the husband's friends become the wife's friends, and vice versa. The principle of unification: treat my friends the same way I treat yours. This is one of the most important axioms of social partnership between two people, united not by blood, but by marriage.

A similar rule applies to the spouses' relatives. When two kindred clans unite, each of the spouses has exactly twice the range of responsibilities. But the difference in attitudes towards new relatives remains. If the "grinding" of the two clans took place, then after the divorce, friendly relations are noted between them. But often after a divorce, the relatives of a husband and wife are sworn enemies.

Solving most family issues, for example, choosing a tutor, a university, a place of work, a marriage partner for a child, allocating the family budget and determining the order of purchases, helping relatives, etc. - all these are elements of social partnership. In other words, specific forms of social interaction.

Socializer. Both spouses alternately play the role of socializer or educator of children (the family essentially begins with children, not spouses). To have a family and children is a deep desire and need of every woman. Sometimes this comes to the fore and replaces the first of the considered roles - sexual partnership. Different women view marriage differently. Some consider the husband only a means of acquiring children, others pay attention to marital relations, and see children as a burden.

Functional (correct) education is one in which the father and mother pass on to their children those value orientations, rules of behavior and traditions that are assigned to them by society. The father transfers his status, financial situation, professional skills to his children, provides social protection, develops intellectual abilities. The mother should prepare the child for family life (pass on housekeeping skills), psychological skills of relationships between people; humanistic, moral values. She provides emotional support to children throughout their lives, fosters aesthetic feelings, conveys professional qualities (knitting, sewing).

In raising children, spouses have different responsibilities. It is more in women and less in men. This disproportion is explained partly by the greater employment of men in production, partly by the dominance of patriarchal vestiges, which allow the husband not to be burdened with household chores, and overburden his wife with them.

In many cultures, the level of the family's relationship with the grandparents is quite high. This even applies to American families, in which early separation from the parental family is accepted and the life of elderly parents is separate from the family of adult children ("empty nest"). The role of grandparents can be especially important in the case of single-parent families (every fifth child in the United States now lives in such families) and if the mother is forced to work (this is the situation in fact in every second family with children under 3 years old.

In Russian families, the role of the “third generation” (and sometimes great-grandmothers) is especially great. In Russia at this time, 12% of single-parent families, the majority of women work. In many families, nominally (according to registration and, accordingly, according to the population census), which are nuclear, there is, as it were, an "institution of arriving grandmothers" who play the role of nannies (for preschool grandchildren) and governesses (escorting to schools and helping grandchildren in preparing lessons -school children). We can say that in many families grandmothers play the role of "family holder". In particular, this situation can be traced in destroyed, “eroded” families with broken up or failed marital links (for example, in the case of illegitimate births to underage mothers).

By the term "family holder" we mean the family member who feels and bears the greatest responsibility for the prospects of the family and the future of children. Such a role is played by rural grandmothers in relation to their grandchildren, who are already born to urban mothers - their daughters or daughters-in-law. This is most clearly manifested in the case of eroded (in terms of structure) families (which are disadvantaged in the performance of their functions). The ancestor (usually a grandmother, sometimes a great-grandmother) takes care of grandchildren, takes responsibility for him and his future, interacts with external organizations (registration of guardianship, interaction with the school, municipal authorities, etc.). In the event of illness or death of such a grandmother who is the holder of the family, the grandchildren find themselves in one way or another under the care of the state, since none of the other family members (mother or illegitimate father) is able to take care of the child. But this is an extreme case, and usually grandmothers play a positive role in the family, helping a working mother raise a child.

American psychologists note that the functions of grandparents are usually different from those of parents, and they have a slightly different relationship of attachment with grandchildren and granddaughters. Progenitors are more likely to show approval, sympathy, and sympathy, provide support, and less often punish grandchildren. Sometimes these relationships are more playful and relaxed. Grandmothers are more likely to tell their grandchildren about their childhood or about the childhood of their parents, which contributes to the formation of a sense of family identity and tradition in children

Russian authors point to the great importance and diverse opportunities of grandparents in the family. This is psychotherapeutic (emotional) support for the mother during pregnancy, and help with advice in case of conflicts in the family, and games with grandchildren, and regulation of the relationship between grandchildren (support for the first child when the second child is born), and preparation for school for the grandson, and, of course , helping the student, etc.

Pankova L.M. points out the difference in attitudes towards grandchildren on the part of the mother's parents and the father's parents: “If the relationship with the daughter-in-law does not work out, the relationship with the son becomes complicated, and the grandchildren from the son's side often step aside. The grandchildren are closer from the side of the daughter, and they are forever. " In the event of a divorce, the mother's parents begin to help her even more with childcare. “This is how completely absurd concepts are formed in a child -“ own grandmother ”or“ real grandfather ”. The author writes that in some families the "fair grandmother" on the father's side agrees to help in caring for one grandson from her son and daughter, but she is removed from the care of raising her second child. It can be said that the parental family from the mother's side does not have the same possibility of internal and behavioral "demobilization" from grandchildren.

Czech authors write about the positive role of grandparents, about their mutual love and affection for grandchildren, pointing out that when parents divorce, one should not interrupt the relationship of the older generation with their beloved grandchildren, whom they raised. Divorce is often much more difficult for the parents of the divorcing spouse than for themselves.

A.I. Zakharov dwells on the negative influence of grandmothers in the family, considering a sample of families with sons 7-8 years old, experiencing learning difficulties in the first grade. “It should be noted the special role of grandmothers, who reduced the activity of children to a minimum with their annoying instructions, orders and prohibitions. They authoritatively implanted their understanding, their way of life. Their conviction that they were right did not succumb to logical persuasion. By their characterological characteristics, they were authoritarian women, with a certain paranoia and anxiety.

The status of children is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be deferential to the latter.

When grown-up children have a life of their own and they consult less with their parents, they perceive the change in behavior as a sign of alienation, although it really does not exist. Roles and behaviors have simply changed.

Subsystem "brothers - sisters". Attention is focused on the relationship of children, the peculiarities of the social role of each child, the division of responsibilities established in the family between brothers and sisters.

Relationships between children in a family are an irreplaceable experience of communication and interaction of a long-term nature, when the distribution of responsibilities, tolerance, the ability to resolve and prevent conflicts, share the care and attention shown to them by adults, and much more are required. For most children, these relationships for a long period acquire the character of the most significant.

Chapter 2. Study of the social role of the family

2.1. Description of the research method

Of particular importance in family counseling is the question of the choice of methods for obtaining information about a particular married couple, since the diagnosis, the choice of the direction of correctional work and its effectiveness depend on the accuracy and completeness of the information. The nature of marital relations largely depends on the degree of consistency of the family values \u200b\u200bof the husband and wife and the role representations of who and to what extent is responsible for the implementation of a particular family sphere. The adequacy of the role behavior of the spouses depends on the correspondence of the role expectations (the attitude of the husband and wife to the active fulfillment of family responsibilities by the partner) to the role claims of the spouses (the personal readiness of each partner to fulfill family roles).

We will study the social role of the family according to the method “What is your role in the family”.

Purpose of the research: To understand what place the subject occupies in the family structure so that it can be changed if desired, as well as to understand by what rules the subject's family lives and what role is assigned to the subject himself.

The text of the methodology is presented in Appendix 1.

Processing of results:

Most. AYou seem to be a real support for your loved ones, a person who carries everything on his shoulders and supports everyone. Your family members most likely think that you have enough strength to ensure a good mood for everyone. Someone experiencing heartache or financial difficulties? You are always there to comfort and encourage. Your main advantage is your ability to listen and understand. Even when your relatives quarrel, you do your best to reconcile them, and your amazing ability to empathize allows you to find the right words for everyone.

Where did you get this deep desire to strengthen everything? Perhaps the very thought of a disunited family is intolerable to you. Your ideal is a peaceful home where everyone is happy. It is good to understand why the tension in the relationship hurts you so much. Maybe you can't stand family conflicts because they overlap with some other, long-standing events?

Most. B. You have a difficult role: you protect others and cover up other people's mistakes. But at the same time, loved ones tend to accuse you of all sins: you need to suffer and sacrifice yourself so that others feel good. Maybe in childhood you were told that you interfere with everyone, or even reproached that you were even born into the world. This setting could be the reason why you lack self-confidence. You can end up in a vicious circle where endless reproaches only fuel your passivity. Perhaps you are unconsciously hoping by agreeing to endure undeserved oppression. That you will be more sorry and loved.

Most. IN.The place you occupy in the family makes you think you are a strong person. You know how to make you reckon with your desires, or even impose them on other family members. This is often the behavior of younger children, who, compared to the older ones, enjoyed privileges and are more prone to rebellion. Your deep need for justice fuels your desire to eliminate ideas and attitudes inherited from previous generations from family life. But “ventilating the room” is not always easy: the tight door creaks and creaks ...

Perhaps you want to create a fairer family. Do you have a feeling that your place among your loved ones fell to you with a fight? You may feel that those you love will pay attention to you only if you are constantly ready to fight.

Most. G. You exist as if at some distance from your own family. Every time you have to participate in a common event, you perceive it as a compulsion. You prefer to think that you don't need anyone.

Meanwhile, in your answers, there is an old insult that it would be useful for you to admit. Perhaps, too domineering or, conversely, too indifferent parents predetermined your marginal position in the family. You have found a way to protect yourself, like a child hiding from adults in a garden gazebo. The distance that allows you to live better does not mean that the ties are broken, because you continue to communicate from time to time.

2.2. Analysis and processing of research results

Based on the methodology presented in clause 2.1. we conducted a study of 15 families. As a result of this study, the following results were obtained.

Using the test "What is your role in the family" for each of the spouses, we will determine their role in the family. After processing the test, the following results were obtained.

Table 1 - Test results for the wife

# Of the interviewee	Value

Based on Table 1, we can conclude that 6 out of 15 wives have a difficult role: they protect others and cover up other people's mistakes. But at the same time, loved ones tend to blame them for all sins. They can fall into a vicious circle where endless reproaches only fuel their passivity. Perhaps, by agreeing to endure undeserved oppression, they unconsciously hope that they will be more pitied and loved.

In this case, you need to try to learn to love yourself and listen to yourself in order to become more confident; learn to assert yourself without guilt. You can make a list of invaluable virtues to live with your head held high and confront your family circle, in which everyone must learn to take responsibility for themselves. These people run the risk of upsetting the family balance, based on the fact that they have always played the role of a victim, so do not hesitate to seek psychological help and support.

After processing the tests of each spouse, the following results were obtained.

Table 1 - Test results for husband

# Of the interviewee	Value

Based on table 2, it can be concluded that 3 out of 15 spouses have the letter A prevailing, which characterizes them as a real support for their loved ones, as a person who carries everything on his shoulders and supports everyone. Their relatives, most likely, think that he has enough strength to ensure a good mood for absolutely everyone. Someone experiencing heartache or financial difficulties? They are always there to comfort and cheer. Their main advantage is the ability to listen and understand. Even when their relatives quarrel, they do their best to reconcile them, and their tremendous ability to empathize allows them to find the right words for everyone.

12 out of 15 spouses have the majority of values \u200b\u200bof B and C. That says about a difficult role: to protect others and cover up other people's mistakes. And also the place they occupy in the family makes you think that they are a strong person. They know how to make them reckon with their desires, or even impose them on other family members. Younger children often behave in this way, who, compared to the older ones, enjoyed privileges and are more prone to rebellion. Their deep need for justice fosters a desire to eliminate ideas and attitudes inherited from previous generations from family life.

This behavior of the spouses makes others think about their place in the family and ask themselves many questions. When a family rethinks itself, that's good. But the role of the rebel can be a mask behind which lies the desire for more faith in you on the part of others. It is not far from here to chronic self-dissatisfaction. It is necessary to learn to selectively accept family heritage.

In the study of both spouses, the letter "G" is not present.

Conclusion

The family is a community of people, standing in the first place among all other communities created by people, since it is the most natural, primary in relation to all other communities, including the people and the state, which gives the family a special place among these communities.

The life cycle of a family is a sequence of social and demographic conditions on a continuous time axis from the moment of formation until the moment it ceases to exist. The demographic events that form the cyclicality are as follows - marriage, the birth of the first child, the birth of other children, the termination of marriage.

During the life cycle of a family, roles change within it: their distribution becomes different at each stage, some roles disappear, others appear, some roles previously performed by one family member are now performed by several, etc. In marriage, a man and a woman initially perform the functions of spouses, social and sexual partners, domestic and industrial workers. With the advent of children, the roles of parents, educators and socializers are added to them. The father plays the role of a professional mentor, the mother is the object of emotional attachment, both of them are advisers on vital issues. In old age, parents have concerns about raising their grandchildren. As children grow up, part of the economic burden is transferred from parents to them. Children begin to play the role of household helpers, and the mother goes to work, and she has a new role of a worker.

Many family roles persist throughout the cycle, but their content and outward manifestation change. The role of a caring mother changes its content as children grow up, in the sense that tight control and guardianship give way to the role of counselor and partner. Over time, the style of performing the continuing role changes. In the early stages, the father could adhere to an authoritarian style in education, which can later change to a democratic, and then to a conniving one.

This is the dynamics of intrafamilial roles. It is significantly influenced by changes outside family roles, which appear in a person partly independently of the family, and sometimes in direct connection with it. The promotion of a husband up the career ladder can significantly improve the financial situation of the family by giving the wife the opportunity to leave work. At the same time, the desire to improve the situation of the family could act as an incentive for career advancement.

Behavioral patterns inherent in the same role, as the transition to a new stage of the life cycle, can not only change, but also contradict each other. The mother discovers that she is literally torn between opposite standards as her son matures. She wants to see him as an adult and a child at the same time, to show increased demands and to take care of him, to consider him independent and at the same time dependent. She understands that an adult son or daughter may already have secrets that are hidden from parents, but at the same time, the mother still wants to be confidant in all their secrets, as in childhood. When grown-up children have a life of their own and they consult less with their parents, they perceive the change in behavior as a sign of alienation, although it really does not exist. Roles and behaviors just changed.

List of used literature

Andreeva T.V. Family psychology: Textbook. allowance. - SPb .: Rech, 2004 .-- 244 p.

Antonov A.I. Microsociology of the family (methodology for studying structures and processes) manual for universities. - M .: Publishing House "Nota Bene", 1998. - 360 p.

Golod SI Family stability: socio-demographic aspects. - SPb, 2004 .-- 252 p.

Efimova N. Psychology of mutual understanding. Psychological workshop St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2004. - 176 p.

Zakharov A.I. Neuroses in children and psychotherapy. M .: EKSMO-Press, 2000 .-- 448 p.

Kravchenko A.I .. Sociology: General course: Textbook for universities. - M .: PERSE; Logos, 2002.-640 p .: ill.

Craig G. Developmental Psychology. SPb: "Peter" - 2002. - 992 p.

A Brief Dictionary of Sociology. / Ed. D.M. Gvishiani, N.I. Lapin. M., 1989 .-- 394 p.

Minukhin S., Fishman Ch. Family therapy techniques / per. from English - Moscow: Class, 1998 .-- 296 p.

Pankova L.M. Raising grandchildren. SPb .: Peter. - 1998 .-- 288 p.

Psychology: Dictionary. / Ed. A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky. M., 1990 .-- 477 p.

Semenova V.V. Grandmothers: family and social functions of the ancestral generation // Fates of people: Russia of the XX century. Biographies of families as an object of sociological research / Institute of Sociology RAS. M., 1996.S. 326-354.

Stepanov S.S. Psychological tests. - M .: EKSMO, 2003 .-- 185 p.

Shilov I.Yu. Family Studies (Psychology and Pedagogy of the Family) Workshop. SPb: "Petropolis". - 2000 .-- 284 p.

Schneider LB Psychology of family relations. Lecture course. - M .: April-Press, EKSMO-Press, 2000. - 512s.

Churkin I.Yu. Sociology and modern society. Textbook.- Part 3. - Novosibirsk, 1999. - 236 p.

Applications

Attachment 1

Test "What is your role in the family"

1. Your parents quarrel loudly.

A) You beg them to stop: you simply do not have the strength to endure it.

B) You are wondering why, in fact, they create so much noise.

C) You are subscribing to this mutual settlement of accounts.

D) You leave: if they so want, let them sort things out without your participation.

2. Your mother fell off an unstable ladder and was taken to the hospital.

C) You told her to be careful, but she didn't want to listen to anything.

A) You are very upset, and spend whole days in the hospital with her.

D) Yes-ah, that's really really out of luck!

B) It's just awful. ... Now everyone will say that it's all your fault ...

3. A big family reunion is coming.

D) You have no desire to participate in a sacred ritual.

B) You call your relatives back to confirm that you are free on this day.

C) You are being ironic: again everything will be as usual, even the solemn menu!

A) You compose invitations for all family members.

4. You organized a vacation trip for the whole family, but at the last moment it fell through due to the fault of the travel agency.

B) Your relatives will destroy you, so let it ...

D) You ask the agency to inform your family about the cancellation of the trip.

C) You will go to another place, it will be a surprise for them.

A) What a horror, we must quickly find another option!

5. When in childhood you were scolded for some trifle ...

B) it was customary: after all, you were a "whipping boy (girl)."

A) you tried with all your might to restore peace.

C) you "took a hit" and defended your case.

D) you were hiding in your room.

6. When you announced to your relatives that you were going to live separately, they answered:

D) "You will come to visit us sometimes, won't you?"

B) "We will have one less concern",

C) "You know what you are giving up, but you do not know what you are gaining ..."

A) “Do you feel bad with us? Stay! "

7. You met your (s) chosen one (tsu). When is the best time to introduce him / her to your family?

D) On the wedding day.

B) When they finally ask for it ...

C) When your "half" wants it herself.

A) During a family holiday, when everyone will be there.

8. This is the first time you invite your parents to your home. You will prepare:

D) something simpler so as not to spoil the dish.

A) their favorite dish: they will absolutely love it!

B) a dish that will take your whole day ...

C) hamburgers with fries: they will be surprised!

9. Your distant relative, with whom you are not familiar, invites the whole family to the wedding.

D) You refuse: such events annoy you.

B) You will go there, because in the future he may become your friend.

C) You won't go: you don't even know him!

A) You are extremely happy: this will help strengthen family ties.

10. It seems to you that your parents were not enough ...

C) fair.

D) supporting you.

A) friendly.

B) loving.

11. You came to visit your parents. One of them reproaches you for something.

A) You accept the reproach: the main thing is not to complicate the situation.

B) You are crying.

D) You'd better come back to yourself, the house is calmer.

C) You are using an excuse to express what you think to their faces.

12. In your opinion, to start a family, you need ...

B) be confident in your choice.

D) respect everyone's personal space.

A) be able to adapt so that everyone is happy.

C) be able to admit your mistakes.

The family, as a social object, is a kind of organization with its own set of statuses and roles.

The definition of "status" gives information about the position that a person occupies in society, and the definition of "role" - a certain model of behavior.

Whether we like it or not, every person in the family has a role and status, which implies certain responsibilities and requirements from other family members.

The family, as an association of close people, is characterized by paired roles and statuses.

Husband-wife status. This is a marital status, confirmed by a marriage certificate issued by the registry office.
Parent-child status. This is a status between parent and child, for example, "mother-daughter".
Children's statuses. For example, "brother-sister".
The status of the clan is "grandmother-grandson", "aunt-nephew".

The listed statuses cannot be non-paired, because there can be no “mother-daughter” status in the absence of a child, nor can there be a “husband-wife” status, in the absence, for example, of a husband.

Unfortunately, in some cases, a man has to take on the role of a wife - cook dinners, raise children, but he cannot completely replace a woman. Or in case of divorce, a woman has to take on some of the functions performed by a man, but she is also unable to replace her father. Often scandals and disagreements in the family occur due to the wrong role of one of the spouses. This distorts the family system, makes it vulnerable and unstable, so it is very important to stick to your roles.

An adult plays the role of a child... It is very strange to watch families where the wife constantly plays the role of a little failed girl. The husband, accordingly, assumes the role of her parent - indulges her whims, calms, lifts her spirits, and in every possible way shows his guardianship over her.

It is even stranger to see a picture where a man took the role of a child and a woman the role of his mother. Nowadays, there are more and more such marriages, which are more like adoption. Of course, some women themselves bring the family to such a state, some have an irresistible desire to take someone under their wing, to protect them from storms and misfortunes, in general, to patronize in every possible way.

And sometimes a man has a "sick" need for maternal support, which he finds in a woman. But think for yourself, in the family there is a man-core, the head of the family, and what will happen if he becomes completely infantile and unable to both provide for the family and make the right decisions?

The child takes on the role of an adult. Such situations most likely appear with the birth of the youngest child. The elder takes on the role of an adult, takes care of the baby to the best of his ability, teaches him to distinguish colors and draw, read and write recipes. If the parents allow it, who, of course, take on most of the child's care, then this situation is not so bad.

What's wrong with children getting closer to each other, talking, spending time together, learning to learn about the world together. Strengthening fraternal relations will certainly have a beneficial effect on intra-family relations. Another thing is when the older child (usually a boy), when the parents divorce, takes on the role of a man and a breadwinner in the house.

In such a situation, we see a double-edged sword. Of course, it's very good that the guy wakes up responsibility not only for himself, but also for his family. This is a good school of life in which a boy becomes a real man. The negative aspects include the fact that early growing up can lead to such troubles as disappointment in family life, or fatigue from the worries assigned to him, which can be transferred both to the family he created and to the future as a whole.

Ersatz parent. This term means the assumption of the responsibilities of a parent by a grandmother, grandfather, or, for example, a nanny. Of course, every family has its own situation and its own vision of this role. For some parents, career is the main goal in life, and the child can grow without their participation.

Here, some hire nurses and nannies, and some enlist the support of relatives - grandparents. And there are other situations - the grandmother, for example, takes on unnecessary obligations to care for the baby, despite the resistance of the mother.

Nowadays, no matter how hard it is to say, many do not play their role in the family. It is worthwhile to calmly analyze and figure out whether this happens on purpose, and you completely control the process, or these are forced measures, or they have imposed this role on you.

It should be remembered that the fulfillment of a role that is not one's own, unfortunately, leaves an indelible imprint on the psyche of both the child and the adult. Likewise, the wrong roles can lead to discord and conflict in the family. Therefore, it is important to stop yourself in time and make out whether you have occupied the right niche.

So, you have taken apart everything to pieces, and in the course you found out that the role you take in the family is not yours. Undoubtedly, you must take certain measures. What should be the next steps?

Determine the reason why you ended up in this role. Think about how it happened, is it a necessary measure, or is it imposed on you from the outside?
Assess the positive and negative aspects of your role. For example, for a woman living with an alcoholic, the undoubted disadvantage is that her man is no longer the head of the family, he harms and harms her. And a possible plus for her is a clear superiority over him, the ability to control his actions.
Consider, if you do not play a distorted role, whether you can get what you get from the current one.
Try to change your behavior and your niche in the family. Of course, before doing this, it is necessary to conduct a global analysis of the situation, to find motivation in oneself for further change. Take your pluses and minuses out of the situation, always remember that the experience you have gained is an undoubted investment in your future life.

This article discusses the main options for statuses and roles. Of course, atypical cases are possible that need to be considered in particular. If your family no longer has an idyll, if you are increasingly quarreling over trifles, think, perhaps this is because you are “out of place” in the family, and it is very important to realize this as soon as possible, while there are no serious consequences.

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Introduction

The family is a cell (small social group) of society, the most important form of organizing personal life, based on marital union and family ties, i.e. relations between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters, and other relatives living together and leading a common household on the basis of a single family budget. Family life is characterized by material and spiritual processes. Through the family, generations of people are replaced, a person is born in it, the race continues through it.

The family, its forms and functions directly depend on social relations as a whole, as well as on the level of cultural development of society. Naturally, the higher the culture of the society, therefore, the higher the culture of the family. The family as the primary unit is the educational cradle of humanity. The family mainly brings up children. In the family, the child receives the first work skills. He develops the ability to value and respect the work of people, where he gains experience in caring for parents, relatives and friends, learns the rational consumption of various material goods, accumulates experience of dealing with money.

The best example is that of parents. In most cases, children are a reflection of their parents. The role of the family in society is incomparable in its strength with any other social institutions, since it is in the family that a person's personality is formed and develops, and he takes over the social roles necessary for the painless adaptation of the child in society. The family acts as the first educational institution, a connection with which a person feels throughout his life. Statistics show that the transition to a market economic system has a very painful effect on the state of the family as a social institution. Demographers record a catastrophic drop in the birth rate, sociologists note an increase in the number of asocial families and predict a decline in living standards, a decline in the moral foundations of family education. Throughout the centuries, the family has felt the need to receive support in raising their children. History shows that when people lived in large families, the necessary knowledge and skills of family life, family life, were passed from generation to generation naturally and everyday. In modern industrial society, when family ties between generations are broken, the transfer of the necessary knowledge about forming a family and raising children becomes one of the important concerns of society.

The deeper the gap between generations, the more tangible is the need for parents to receive qualified assistance in raising their children. At present, the need for help to parents in raising children from professional psychologists, social workers, social educators and other specialists is becoming more and more clear. Research shows that not only dysfunctional, but also quite prosperous families need advice from these specialists. The modern situation in which our society finds itself demanded a search for a new model of social education of the individual in an open social environment, which is carried out today not only by parents, but also by their assistants - a social teacher, educators, teachers, the public.

1. Sociology of family and marriage

A family is an association of people based on marriage or blood relationship, connected by a common life and mutual responsibility. As a necessary component of the social structure of any society and performing multiple social functions, the family plays an important role in social development.

"The social order, - emphasized F. Engels," under which people of a certain historical epoch and a certain country live, are determined ... by the stage of development, on the one hand - labor, on the other - the family. " Through the family, generations of people are replaced, a person is born in it, the race continues through it. In the family, the primary socialization and upbringing of children takes place, and also, to a large extent, the obligation to take care of old and disabled members of society is realized. The family is also a unit in the organization of everyday life and an important consumer unit.

The basis of the family is the marriage union between a man and a woman in various forms sanctioned by society. It is not reduced, however, to the relationship between them, even legally formalized, but presupposes the relationship between husband and wife, parents and children, which gives it the character of an important social institution. This is determined, first of all, by the fact that the family owes its origin, existence and development, first of all, to social needs, norms and sanctions that instruct spouses to take care of their children. At the same time, the family is viewed as a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, the members of which are linked by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance.

The essence of the family is expressed through concepts such as the function of the family, its structure and the role behavior of its members.

1.1 Functions of the family and their relationship.

The main purpose of the family is to meet social, group and individual needs. As a social unit of society, the family satisfies a number of its most important needs, including the reproduction of the population. At the same time, it satisfies the personal needs of each of its members, as well as general family (group) needs. From this follow the main functions of the socialist family: reproductive, economic, educational, communicative, leisure and recreation organization. There is a close relationship, interpenetration and complementarity between them.

The reproductive function of the family consists in the reproduction of life, that is, in the birth of children, the continuation of the human race. This function includes elements of all other functions, since the family participates not only in the quantitative, but also in the qualitative reproduction of the population. This is primarily due to the introduction of the new generation to the scientific and cultural achievements of mankind, with the maintenance of its health, as well as with the prevention of reproduction of various kinds of biological anomalies in new generations.

The family participates in the social production of livelihoods, restores the strength of its adult members spent in production, runs its own household, has its own budget, and organizes consumer activities. All this taken together constitutes the economic function of the family.

Closely related to the economic function is the problem of family management, that is, the issue of headship in the family. As noted, the Soviet family is less and less inherent in the features of autocracy. Families where the husband has undivided power are rare, but families have appeared where the wife is the head.

Here in the hands of the mother (for various reasons) the family budget is concentrated, she is the main educator of children, the organizer of leisure. Such a situation cannot be considered normal either: an unreasonable burden falls on the shoulders of a woman, she cannot replace the father for children, the psychological balance in the family is disturbed.

Both adults and children are brought up in the family. Its influence on the younger generation is especially important. Therefore, the educational function of the family has three aspects. The first is the formation of the child's personality, the development of his abilities and interests, the transfer of social experience accumulated by society by adult family members (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother, etc.); the development of their scientific outlook, a highly moral attitude to work; instilling in them a sense of collectivism, the need and ability to be a citizen and owner, to comply with the norms of socialist society and behavior; enrichment of their intelligence, aesthetic development, promotion of their physical improvement, health promotion and the development of skills in sanitary and hygienic culture.

The second aspect is the systematic educational influence of the family collective on each of its members throughout his life. The third aspect is the constant influence of children on parents (and other adult family members), encouraging them to actively engage in self-education.

The success of this function depends on the educational potential of the family. It is a complex of conditions and means that determine the pedagogical capabilities of the family. This complex combines material and living conditions, the size and structure of the family, the development of the family team and the nature of relations between its members. It includes the ideological and moral, emotional, psychological and work atmosphere, life experience, education and professional qualities of parents. The personal example of father and mother, family traditions are of great importance. It is necessary to take into account the nature of communication in the family and its communication with others, the level of pedagogical culture of adults (primarily mother and father), the distribution of educational responsibilities between them, the relationship of the family with the school and the community. A special and very important component is the specificity of the very process of family education.

The family brings together people of different ages, often gender, with different professional interests. This allows the child to show his emotional and intellectual potential to the fullest.

The family has the most active influence on the development of spiritual culture, on the social orientation of the individual, on the motives of behavior. Being for the child a micro-model of society, the family is the most important factor in the development of a system of social attitudes and the formation of life plans. For the first time, social rules are realized in the family, the cultural values \u200b\u200bof the society are consumed through the family, cognition of other people begins with the family. The range of family influence on child-rearing is as wide as the range of social influence.

Sociologists have attached and continue to attach increasing importance to the communicative function of the family. The following components of this function can be named: mediation of the family in contact of its members with the media (television, radio, periodicals), literature and art; the influence of the family on the diverse connections of its members with the natural environment and on the nature of its / perception; organization of intra-family communication.

If a family pays sufficient attention to the performance of this function, then this significantly enhances its educational potential. Often, activities aimed at creating the psychological climate of the family are associated with the communicative function.

1.2 Types of family relationships

Confrontation as a type of family relationship is a confrontation between spouses, a clash of their views. The issues of raising children are often at the center of clashes.

Coexistence is characterized by the fact that outwardly families live quite decently: adults work, children study. But everyone lives their own life. The main feature of such a relationship is non-interference in each other's affairs. Even parents prefer not to interfere in the affairs of their children.

Both of these types of relationships are inherently vicious. They do not form collectivists, negatively affect the development of the personality of the growing person, interfere with the achievement of happiness by adults, inhibit development or bring the family to the brink of disaster. Naturally, such families cannot be considered collectives. A completely different picture in families, which are characterized by a relationship of commonwealth. They are characterized by unity or closeness of views, aspirations, interests, mutual assistance, solidarity. And how many people should there be in the family for this type of relationship to become possible? Let us turn to the point of view of the psychologist A. V. Petrovsky: “... it would be a mistake to consider the size of the family as its only and even defining characteristic. Everything is ultimately decided by its moral climate, the goals that it sets for itself, the general strategic line of its development. It's just that in a large family the processes of collective formation are easier, individualism is overcome, and conditions are created for the development of humane relations. "

2. Family roles and intrafamily role structure

A role is "a social function of a person, corresponding to accepted norms, a way of people behaving depending on their status, or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations."

Each family is built on mutual obligations, a sense of duty, responsibility. Any person during his life learns to perform a variety of roles: a child, a school pupil, a student, a father or mother, an engineer, a doctor, a member of a certain social stratum, etc. Role-based learning is necessary to learn the following:

* perform duties and exercise rights in accordance with the role played;

* acquire attitudes, feelings and expectations appropriate to the given role.

The social functions of the family have two main sources of their origin: the needs of society and the needs of the family organization itself.

In order for family functions to be successfully implemented in the process of interaction, family members must fulfill certain roles.

Nature and society prepares every man to become a husband and a father, and a woman to become a wife and mother.

In the most general terms, the relationship between a man and a woman in the family is determined by the economic structure of society. Matriarchy had its own economic basis, patriarchy its own. However, in both cases, the family was authoritarian. The superiority of one sex over the other permeated all family life. At the same time, the existence of a family, where there are two levels of leadership - maternal and paternal, all issues are resolved by the spouses together.

At each new stage in the development of society, when a reassessment of values \u200b\u200boccurs, interest in the problems of creating and functioning of a family increases.

The modern family is the object of close attention from various branches of science. Many problems lie at the junction of the socio-psychological and sociological aspects of studying the family. One of these aspects of family life is family roles.

We can say that the possibility of including members of a couple in joint activities appears in the form of such a combination of personal and behavioral characteristics, which B. Murstein, the author who gained popularity in the field of research of the development of emotional relations in the theory of "stimulus - value - role", called role correspondence ... It is about the correspondence between the interpersonal roles assumed by the members of the pair and the availability of a base for joint interaction with other people, social systems or the objective world. This base is seen by the author in a certain combination of personal characteristics of the members of the couple, for example, the need for dominance in one of the partners, combined with the need for submission in the other.

In foreign psychology, consideration of family roles is made up of the concepts of sex roles, sex-role system, gender-role differentiation. By sex roles, most authors understand a system of cultural norms that determine acceptable behaviors and personal qualities based on gender. This system is sometimes referred to as the sex-role system.

The problem of choice and acceptance by the family of one or another role model is inseparable from the formation of the attitude of family members to this model, to their role in the family and to the performance of roles by other family members.

Here is the classification of the main roles in the family, described by Yu.E. Aleshina:

1. Responsible for the material support of the family.

2. The owner is the hostess.

3. The role of the infant caretaker.

4. The role of the educator.

5. The role of the sexual partner.

6. The role of the entertainment organizer.

7. Organizer of the family subculture.

8. The role of the person in charge of maintaining family ties.

There are a number of circumstances that make the problem of intra-family role structure especially relevant for the modern family. What are the traditional and egalitarian family, what are their differences? These are, first of all, two different systems of distribution of intrafamily roles. Thus, a traditional family is a family where certain roles are assigned to spouses in accordance with their gender - the wife plays the role of mother and housewife, the husband is mainly responsible for material support and sexual relations.

It should be noted that in recent years certain changes have taken place in the structure of the modern family: the size of the family and the number of children in it have decreased, the importance of the older brother and sister has decreased, the roles of various family members in general have become less differentiated.

3. Classification of social roles in the family

The family is a consanguineous unit of society, in which practically the entire gamut of social relations is represented: legal, social, economic, cultural and spiritual. Such completeness, representation of all types of relations, allows the sociologist to conduct a deep and complete analysis of the distribution and execution of roles that occur between people.

Consider the classification of the social role in the family group:

1) spousal (husband, wife), parental (mother, father):

Social partner,

Sexual partner,

Breadwinner,

Socializer (discipline, father of his children).

A housewife,

2) grandparents:

Granny,

Granddad.

3) child:

In the structure of the role-playing set of the “Wife” status, we see practically similar roles - social partner, sexual partner, housewife, socializer. The difference between the two role sets lies in the two roles - breadwinner (husband) and housewife (wife).

The ratio or relationship of social roles of family members in relation to each other is called the family system. In our case, it includes four key roles. In the first place are the roles of sexual partners, because in order to meet their needs in a legal way in modern society, most marriages are concluded. In second place is the economic role of earning a livelihood and preserving the family - the breadwinner. The function of the housewife is symmetric to the function of the breadwinner. The next important role is the social partner. Both the wife and the husband act as social partners. The last important role is socialization or parenting.

If a role is a model of behavior and these models of behavior exist in society, then they must somehow be regulated by norms, laws, customs, mores, and traditions.

The sexual partner is the primary role for which marriage arises. What norms should define and limit the role of a sexual partner? Foremost among them is adherence to marital fidelity. If this rule is violated, then the marriage falls apart. In different cultures and even in different families, a certain degree of adjunct is allowed, they turn a blind eye to something, but a mass stereotype of behavior presupposes adherence to marital fidelity.

Thus, sexual partnership implies:

a) a ban on physical treason,

b) a ban on moral or spiritual betrayal.

Adultery implies both.

A breadwinner and a housewife. The social essence of the pair of economic roles “breadwinner-housewife” is the requirement that the husband provide the “living wage”, and the wife - acceptable comfort of the home.

In making decisions in the family in all countries, the material factor plays the main role: the spouse who earns more has more power in the family. Since the higher the qualifications, and therefore the level of education, the higher the earnings, the man finds himself at the top of the family pyramid according to three criteria at once: high educational and professional status, as well as high income.

The breadwinner function is determined by those who bring more money to the family. Another component of this function or role is the social prestige of the main occupation of the breadwinner, especially the husband. The husband's highly qualified profession determines the socio-economic position of the family as a whole.

If the roles of breadwinner and housewife are correctly distributed between husband and wife, then there is a high probability of achieving harmony in marriage.

Particularly striking evidence of social partnership in marriage are such facts, or behavioral models as:

1. the ability not to talk about intra-family matters in front of guests;

2. not to contradict, but even to support the partner, even if he is not quite right;

3. the ability to treat his friends or relatives as his own.

Social partnership implies a model of behavior of a husband and wife as representatives of a given society or a given social group.

This model should be different in different societies and different groups:

1.the upper class (large businessmen);

2. middle class (intelligentsia);

3. lower class (workers).

In many cultures, the level of the family's relationship with the grandparents is quite high. This even applies to American families, in which early separation from the parental family is accepted and the life of elderly parents is separate from the family of adult children ("empty nest"). The role of grandparents can be especially important in the case of single-parent families (every fifth child in the United States now lives in such families) and in the event that the mother is forced to work (this is the situation in fact in every second family with children under 3 years old.

In Russian families, the role of the “third generation” (and sometimes great-grandmothers) is especially great. In Russia at this time, 12% of single-parent families, the majority of women work. In many families, nominally (according to registration and, accordingly, according to the population census), which are nuclear, there is, as it were, an "institution of arriving grandmothers" who play the role of nannies (for preschool grandchildren) and governesses (escorting to schools and helping grandchildren in preparing lessons -school children). We can say that in many families grandmothers play the role of "family holder". In particular, this situation can be traced in the destroyed, "eroded" families with broken up or failed marital links (for example, in extramarital births to underage mothers).

By the term "family holder" we mean the family member who feels and bears the greatest responsibility for the prospects of the family and the future of children. This role is played by rural grandmothers in relation to their grandchildren, who are already born to urban mothers - their daughters or daughters-in-law. This is most clearly manifested in the case of eroded (in terms of structure) families (which are disadvantaged in the performance of their functions). The ancestor (usually a grandmother, sometimes a great-grandmother) takes care of grandchildren, takes responsibility for him and his future, interacts with external organizations (registration of guardianship, interaction with the school, municipal authorities, etc.). In the event of illness or death of such a grandmother who is the holder of the family, the grandchildren find themselves in one way or another under the care of the state, since none of the other family members (mother or illegitimate father) is able to take care of the child. But this is an extreme case, and usually grandmothers play a positive role in the family, helping a working mother raise a child.

Pankova L.M. points out the difference in attitudes towards grandchildren on the part of the mother's parents and the father's parents: “If the relationship with the daughter-in-law does not work out, the relationship with the son becomes complicated, and the grandchildren from the son's side often step aside. The grandchildren are closer from the side of the daughter, and they are forever. " In the event of a divorce, the mother's parents begin to help her even more with childcare. “This is how completely absurd concepts are formed in a child -“ own grandmother ”or“ real grandfather ”. The author writes that in some families the "fair grandmother" on the father's side agrees to help in caring for one grandson from her son and daughter, but she is removed from the care of raising her second child. It can be said that the mother's side of the mother does not have the same possibility of internal and behavioral "demobilization" from grandchildren.

A.I. Zakharov dwells on the negative influence of grandmothers in the family, considering a sample of families with sons 7-8 years old who experience learning difficulties in the first grade. “It should be noted the special role of grandmothers, who reduced the activity of children to a minimum with their annoying instructions, orders and prohibitions. They authoritatively implanted their understanding, their way of life. Their conviction that they were right did not succumb to logical persuasion. By their characterological characteristics, these were authoritarian women, with a certain paranoia and anxiety.

The status of children is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be deferential to the latter.

Conclusion

married spouse

The separation of the institution of the family from other institutions of society and its careful study is not accidental. It is the family that is recognized by all researchers as the main carrier of cultural patterns inherited from generation to generation, as well as a necessary condition for the socialization of the individual. It is in the family that a person learns social roles, receives the basics of education, behavior skills. It is known that the rules, principles, customs and traditions of family life are unique and specific for each society. Moreover, it seems to everyone that it is in his society that the structure of family life, family customs and foundations are the best and only possible. Thus, family life is most often viewed from the point of view of ethnocentrism. But if the family is such an important part of society, why can't humanity develop uniform patterns of family life that would be best suited to meet human needs?

The presence of personal needs in the family and children, personal desires and attractions for marriage and family is a very important circumstance, showing that the existence of a family and society is possible only because millions of people feel the need for a family lifestyle and the need for children, and only because of this there is a reproduction of the population. If we imagine, imagine other forms of social organization of population reproduction, based not on personal motives of people, but on coercion, then these forms can no longer be considered a family in the usual socio-cultural sense, relevant to all types of family known from history.

Thus, we see that the family is the basis of all social institutions, and speaking about the development of the family, we mean the development of society as a whole.

List of references

1. Gabdullina K. Sociology: A textbook for students of higher educational institutions / Gabdullina K., Raisov E. - Almaty. "Nur-press", 2005 - 202s.

2. A Brief Dictionary of Sociology. / Ed. D.M. Gvishiani, N.I. Lapin. M., 1989 - 394s.

3. Kravchenko AI. Sociology: General course: textbook for universities. - M .: PERSE; Logos, 2002 - 640s.

4. Semenova V.V. Grandmothers: family and social functions of the progenitor generation // Fates of people: Russia of the XX century. Biographies of families as an object of sociological research / Institute of Sociology RAS. M., 1996, p. 326-354.

5. General Sociology: Textbook. allowance / Under total. ed. prof. A.G. Efendieva. - M .: INFRA-M, 2007 - 654s.

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Family roles

For understanding the family as a social institution, the analysis of role relationships in the family is of great importance. The family role is one of the types of social roles of a person in society. Family roles are determined by the place and functions of the individual in the family group and are primarily divided into marital (wife, husband), parental (mother, father), children (son, daughter, brother, sister), intergenerational and intragenerational (grandfather, grandmother, elder , junior), etc. The fulfillment of the family role depends on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, first of all, on the correct formation of the role image. An individual must clearly understand what it means to be a husband or a wife, the eldest or the youngest, what behavior is expected of him, what rules and norms are expected of him, what rules and norms are dictated to him by this or that behavior. In order to formulate the way of his behavior, the individual must accurately determine his place and the place of others in the role structure of the family. For example, can he play the role of the head of the family, in general, or, in particular, the main steward of the material wealth of the family. In this regard, the consistency of this or that role with the personality of the performer is of no small importance. A person with weak volitional qualities, although older in the family or even in role status, for example, a husband, will not be far from the role of head of the family in modern conditions.

For the successful formation of a family, sensitivity to the situational requirements of the family role and the associated flexibility of role behavior, which manifests itself in the ability to leave one role without any particular difficulty, to be included in a new one immediately, as the situation requires, is also of no small importance. For example, one or another wealthy family member played the role of the material patron of other family members, but his financial situation has changed, and a change in the situation immediately requires a change in his role.

Role relationships in the family, formed during the performance of certain functions, can be characterized by role consent or role conflict. Sociologists note that role conflict most often manifests itself as:

1) conflict of role models, which is associated with their incorrect formation in one or more family members;

2) inter-role conflict, in which the contradiction is inherent in the opposite of role expectations emanating from different roles. Such conflicts are often observed in multigenerational families, where the second generation spouses are both children and parents at the same time and must accordingly combine opposite roles;

3) intra-role conflict, in which one role includes conflicting requirements. In a modern family, this kind of problem is most often inherent in the female role. This applies to cases where the role of a woman involves a combination of the traditional female role in the family (housewife, educator of children, etc.) with the modern role, which presupposes equal participation of spouses in providing the family with material means.

The conflict can deepen if the wife occupies a higher status in the social or professional sphere and transfers the role functions of her status into intra-family relations. In such cases, the ability of the spouses to switch roles flexibly is very important. A special place among the prerequisites for role conflict is occupied by difficulties with the psychological mastering of the role associated with such characteristics of the spouses' personalities as insufficient moral and emotional maturity, unpreparedness for the performance of marital and, especially, parental roles. For example, a girl, having married, does not want to shift the household chores of the family onto her shoulders or give birth to a child, tries to lead the same way of life, not obeying the restrictions imposed on her by the role of a mother, etc.

In modern society, there is a process of weakening the family as a social institution, a change in its social functions, non-role family relations. The family is losing its leading position in the socialization of individuals, in the organization of leisure and in other important functions. The traditional roles in which a woman ran the household, gave birth and raised children, and the husband was the owner, often the sole owner of the property, and ensured the economic independence of the family, were replaced by role roles, in which the vast majority of women in countries with Christian and Buddhist cultures began to participate in production. , political activities, economic support of the family and take an equal, and sometimes leading, participation in family decision-making. This significantly changed the nature of the functioning of the family and led to a number of positive and negative consequences for society. On the one hand, it contributed to the growth of a woman's self-awareness, equality in marital relations, on the other hand, exacerbated the conflict situation, influenced demographic behavior, leading to a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in the death rate.

The social roles and norms included in a social institution determine the appropriate and expected behavior that is focused on meeting specific social needs.

The family is analyzed as an institution when it is especially important to clarify the correspondence (or inconsistency) of the family's lifestyle and its functions to modern social needs. The model of the family as a social institution is very important for predicting family changes and trends in its development. When analyzing the family as a social institution, researchers are primarily interested in the patterns of family behavior, family role, the peculiarities of formal and informal norms and sanctions in the field of marriage and family relations.

Each family is a kind of world based on continuity, traditions, certain values, feelings and emotions.

The family plays a huge role in social progress. Thanks to her, the direct succession of generations is carried out. The family prepares the future wife and mother from the girl, from the boy - the husband and father.

Consider the classification of the social role in the family group:

1) spousal (husband, wife), parental (mother, father):
- - social partner,
- - a sexual partner,
- - breadwinner,
- - socializer (discipline, father of his children).
- - a housewife,
2) grandparents:
- - Granny,
- - granddad.
3) child:
- - brothers,
- - sisters.

The ratio or relationship of social roles of family members in relation to each other is called the family system. In our case, it includes four key roles. In the first place are the roles of sexual partners, because in order to meet their needs in a legal way in modern society, most marriages are concluded. In second place is the economic role of earning a livelihood and preserving the family - the breadwinner. The function of the housewife is symmetric to the function of the breadwinner. The next important role is the social partner. Both the wife and the husband act as social partners. The last important role is socialization or parenting.

If a role is a model of behavior and these models of behavior exist in society, then they must somehow be regulated by norms, laws, customs, mores, and traditions.

Thus, sexual partnership implies:

a) a ban on physical treason,
b) a ban on moral or spiritual betrayal.

Adultery implies both.

The breadwinner function is determined by those who bring more money to the family. Another component of this function or role is the social prestige of the main occupation of the breadwinner, especially the husband. The husband's highly qualified profession determines the socio-economic position of the family as a whole.

If the roles of breadwinner and housewife are correctly distributed between husband and wife, then there is a high probability of achieving harmony in marriage.

Particularly striking evidence of social partnership in marriage are such facts, or behavioral models as:

1. the ability not to talk about intra-family matters in front of guests;
2. not to contradict, but even to support the partner, even if he is not quite right;
3. the ability to treat his friends or relatives as his own.

Social partnership implies a model of behavior of a husband and wife as representatives of a given society or a given social group.

This model should be different in different societies and different groups:

1.the upper class (large businessmen);
2. middle class (intelligentsia);
3. lower class (workers).

In many cultures, the level of the family's relationship with the grandparents is quite high. This even applies to American families, in which early separation from the parental family is accepted and the life of elderly parents is separate from the family of adult children ("empty nest"). The role of grandparents can be especially important in the case of single-parent families (every fifth child in the United States now lives in such families) and in the event that the mother is forced to work (this is the situation in fact in every second family with children under 3 years old.

In Russian families, the role of the “third generation” (and sometimes great-grandmothers) is especially great. In Russia at this time, 12% of single-parent families, the majority of women work. In many families, nominally (according to registration and, accordingly, according to the population census), which are nuclear, there is, as it were, an "institution of arriving grandmothers" who play the role of nannies (for preschool grandchildren) and governesses (escorting to schools and helping grandchildren in preparing lessons -school children). We can say that in many families grandmothers play the role of "family holder". In particular, this situation can be traced in the destroyed, "eroded" families with broken up or failed marital links (for example, in extramarital births to underage mothers).

Pankova L.M. points out the difference in attitudes towards grandchildren on the part of the mother's parents and the father's parents: “If the relationship with the daughter-in-law does not work out, the relationship with the son becomes complicated, and the grandchildren from the son's side often step aside. The grandchildren are closer from the side of the daughter, and they are forever. " In the event of a divorce, the mother's parents begin to help her even more with childcare. “This is how completely absurd concepts are formed in a child -“ own grandmother ”or“ real grandfather ”. The author writes that in some families the "fair grandmother" on the father's side agrees to help in caring for one grandson from her son and daughter, but she is removed from the care of raising her second child. It can be said that the mother's side of the mother does not have the same possibility of internal and behavioral "demobilization" from grandchildren.

The status of children is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be deferential to the latter.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Social roles in the family

1.1. Family roles and intrafamily role structure

1.2. Classification of social roles in the family

Chapter 2. Study of the social role of the family

2.1. Description of the research method

2.2. Analysis and processing of research results

Conclusion

List of used literature

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Family roles