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Features of the national dress of different peoples of the world. National costumes of different countries of the world Folk costumes of European countries

What is friendship of peoples? We live in a huge world in which there are many countries and peoples with their own customs and traditions. Each nation has its own unique history and roots. For many centuries and even millennia, people strove for progress, strove to subjugate the whole world.

In pursuit of civilization, people began to forget their history - their great past. Advanced technology helped to conquer the world and improve life, but not to preserve age-old customs. The world is changing rapidly, including traditional clothing.

You will no longer meet, as before, a person in embroidered national clothes, for a long time preference has been given to convenient and practical things. Modern advanced technologies make it possible to quickly and efficiently manufacture a product of any complexity at a reasonable price. You no longer need to spend a lot of time on tailoring, hand-made fabrics and decorative trimmings.

Of course, making a national costume is not an easy job, especially since each nation has its own unique style. And it's not about the beauty and complexity of tailoring, but about the details of the costume, thought out to the smallest detail. National dress carries a special magical meaning, a special ritual. A common man in the street does not understand the interpretation of the main elements of a folk costume. Each of them strictly protects the peace of the owner, and also carefully preserves the memory of centuries and events.

Miss commonwealth

In our city every 2 years a wonderful competition is held: "Miss Commonwealth", in which girls, representatives of national public organizations of Udmurtia, take part. Once again, I had the opportunity to take part in this colorful show, as a jury member and an expert in fashion history. 12 lovely participants, each representing their own nation, diligently prepared for the competition. For 1.5 months, the girls learned songs, dances, sewed dresses, national costumes and came up with images.

Participants' creative numbers

Germany:

Chuvash Republic:

Mari El Republic:

Republic of Udmurtia:


Azerbaijan:

Republic of Tatarstan:

Handmade gifts by girls for their mothers.

In fact, it was very difficult to evaluate the performances of the girls, since each one adequately represented the culture of her people and each one deserves the title of "Miss Commonwealth". There cannot and should not be competition between nations. How can you prioritize the culture of a particular country? We did not invent history, and even more so we cannot change or judge it.

We can only accept it favorably, admire it, respect and share it. It does not matter who is in the championship now, it is important to preserve peace between peoples and equality. It must be remembered that each person (no matter what race he is) is unique and has his own gift, his own special meaning.

National costumes. Defile

I was especially pleased that all the participants are incredibly devoted to their culture and their origins. Love for nationality helped them to enter the stage and show others their commitment to values. Through such contests, there is a strengthening, trust, respect and understanding between racial groups. But most importantly, all this allows you not to forget your origin and the traditions of your ancestors.

National costume of a German girl.

Stylized Russian folk costume.


Stylized traditional Belarusian outfit.

The stylized national dress of a Mari girl.

Leather boots with decorative embroidery for the Tatar traditional costume.

Traditional costume of a Tatar girl.

The national dress of an Armenian girl.

Udmurt national costume.

There are 251 countries and about 2,000 nationalities on the globe; nations are gradually disappearing or merging with others. It is difficult to accurately calculate the number of ethnic groups due to the mixing of peoples. Just imagine how much information these groups contain and how quickly they are forgotten. To honor and remember the traditions of your relatives is a sacred matter, and to carry them through the centuries is a feat!

Many of us do not know our kind, tribe, native language. They do not know who their ancestors were, what kind of people they were and what contribution they made to society. What can you say about the history of your country and your people? Start studying history right now, read books, watch films, look for your roots. When you study your history, keep moving on, study the history of the world, then you will easily begin to understand people.

Then don't forget to leave your comments below.

Always yours, Maria Novikova

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The traditions and life of different nationalities are different. This is influenced by a large number of factors: climate, location, development history. Each nation is interesting in its own way; it has its own characteristics in food, in everyday life and in clothing. The article tells about what kind of national dress is in different nations.

The traditional clothing of the peoples of Asia is based on four elements: loose pants and a shirt, a robe and a headdress. Each nation has a different name for them, they have a certain color, material, and the art of decoration also differs.

Tajik

Previously, Tajikistan was located at the intersection of trade routes, so the local population had more opportunities to diversify their wardrobe. Depending on the ethnic group, only the details of the Tajik national dress were different. Different areas had their own embroidery, color and decoration, the basis for all was:

  • Kurt;
  • Ezor;
  • Chapan;
  • Toki-kallapush;
  • Jurab, choruk or makhsi.

Kurta is a tunic-cut cotton shirt. It is one-piece, consists of one piece. A piece of fabric was folded in half, so that the fold was at the top, the shoulder line and the upper part of the sleeve were indicated. In the middle of the fold, a neck was cut out, the excess was cut off from the bottom so that the sleeves came out. The front and back parts were connected along the sleeves and on the sides, hemmed to the desired length.

Ezor was the name given to pants that were wide at the top and narrowed at the bottom. Kurt was put on over the trousers and girded with a scarf (rumol) folded diagonally, which was both a belt and a pocket at the same time. By the waist it was possible to determine the level of prosperity of a young man: the common people wore ornamented cotton scarves, while the wealthy preferred velvet with gold embroidery and brocade.

Chapan (open striped dressing gown) was worn on top. In summer it was sewn from cotton fabric, in winter - from woolen fabric with a wadded lining. The chapan collar was decorated with embroidery or traditional patterns. They wore a skullcap (toki-kallapush) on their heads. It had a different shape - hemispherical (arakhchin), square (the most common variant, especially among Tajik women), flat-bottomed. But an obligatory attribute of each was an ornament, most often a vegetable one. They put on jurab - high colored socks and soft boots (choruk) on their feet. Residents of Tajikistan from the highlands wore high boots (makhsi), into which they tucked their trousers. Especially for horse lovers, they sewed mahsi with a heel and a pointed toe.

The female national costume differed little from the male one. The same trousers, skullcap, but the kurta is bright, much longer, with a large number of colored patterns. Chapan was optional, because in the cold season, Tajik women stayed at home, but if the need arose, they wore several dresses and a robe at the same time. In some settlements, with the adoption of Islam, women wore a burqa - a cape that covered their face and figure from prying eyes. Others wore a thin embroidered bright scarf over their skullcaps. Tajik women have massive jewelry, mostly made of silver, forged or chased. These are earrings and beads, pendants and necklaces, as well as large brooches for headdresses.

Despite the modern fashion, Tajik national clothes are still worn by residents of the countryside on weekdays and on holidays. For a wedding, a young Tajik must wear at least a chapan, even if combined with classic trousers.

Kyrgyz

For more than seven hundred years, the Kyrgyz national dress has remained unchanged. The ancient Kyrgyz are a nomadic people raising livestock. The climate of the country is quite cool with an abundance of winds, so the clothes are insulated with cotton wool and animal skins.

The main elements of men's clothing:

  • Koynek - underwear;
  • Shym - wide underpants (leather or suede trousers - zargak shim, kandagay, chalbar);
  • Kementai - a thin felt robe (a quilted robe made of camel or sheep wool - chepken, ichik; a fur coat made of fox, arctic fox, lynx - tone);
  • Topu - skullcap (felt hat - kalpak, fur hats - malakai, tebetey);
  • Kemer, ilgich - belt, belt;
  • Otuk, kepich, maasy, charyk - footwear, mostly boots made of various leather.

Women's clothing was slightly different:

  • The longer bed was decorated with embroidery, and an embroidered collar was worn on top - enour, jaca;
  • Above the wide trousers - shim, a swing skirt for married women - beldemchi was fixed, along the bottom it was trimmed with fur or embroidery;
  • Together with Kementai, Chepken, Ichik and Tone, the women also had a vest - a chyptama and a short-sleeved robe - Kemesel;
  • A cap with red braid - takya was put on their heads, and then married Kyrgyz women wound a white turban - elechek, which was decorated with feathers and stones; the bride was put on yyokule - a cone-shaped hat resembling a helmet, embroidered with colored threads;
  • Shoes for women were not sewn, they bought colored (red or green) boots, sometimes they were supplemented with embroidery;
  • Chachpak - special strips of fabric, sewn in the form of a pipe, in which the braids were hidden;
  • Jewelry was used more often silver, from coral, coins, mainly as protective amulets.

At present, the national clothes of the Kyrgyz are worn only for holidays and important events, for rituals.

Mongolian

The main attribute of the Mongolian national dress was Deel. It is a robe with high puffs on the shoulders and wide cuffs, which was girded with a sash - a piece of fabric up to five meters. On holidays, a khantadze was worn on top - a wide vest made of silk or brocade, embroidered with patterns. Men wore tsabun - a red cloak with side slits and yellow edging along the collar, shelves and sleeves. As footwear, gutuls were worn - boots with pointed toes.

The headdress resembled a hemisphere with a pike on the crown, the top of which was decorated with a ball, and ribbons were attached at the back. Mongolian men shaved part of their heads, leaving a pigtail in the middle, women wore two braids, tucking the upper part into a special shirevger cover or tying it in an arc.

Sewing of national clothes was carried out from:

  • Sheep furs, skins of wild and domestic animals, leather, suede, which were pretreated with fat, milk, kneaded with a leather grinder;
  • Imported silk and wool;
  • Cotton;

The color was imparted to the raw materials using natural dyes. The national dress of the Mongols is associated with their lifestyle and climatic conditions of the area. Cold winter and hot summer obliged to have both summer deel without padding and winter quilted with cotton wool or fur insulation. Slits in cloaks are provided for the convenience of riding, peaks of headdresses and unusual hairstyles - to intimidate the enemy, an abundance of jewelry as talismans and amulets.

Uzbek

The basis of the national dress of Uzbekistan is also Islam, where a wide cut of elements is welcomed to protect from prying eyes. A distinctive feature of Uzbek clothing from other peoples of Asia was skillful embroidery with gold threads on silk or velvet, as well as the use of rich fabrics, for example, velveteen. The main colors are all bright, black is excluded, it is believed that it can attract trouble. The same cut was used for men, women and children, but there were significant differences.

The clothes of Uzbek men consisted of:

  • A wide deaf shirt - kuilak or swing - yachtak, trimmed with braid around the collar, and trousers narrowed to the bottom - ishton, tied with a belt scarf, which were everyday underwear elements of clothing;
  • Chapana - a vertical striped dressing gown without buttons, with side slits to the waist to make it more comfortable to sit on the floor;
  • Headdress - duppi - square cap - skullcaps with embroidery.

The Uzbek woman had the following wardrobe:

  • Kuilak was sewn like a floor-length dress, with very long sleeves, worn with wide trousers - lozim, trimmed with braid along the bottom - jiyak;
  • A long loose robe - a mursak, a fitted robe - rumcha, or a vest - nimcha was worn over it;
  • The Uzbek women had smaller duppies, but in bright colors, sometimes they covered their heads with kerchiefs, one covered their foreheads, and the other tied them on top;
  • Ornaments as amulets from the evil eye were obligatory elements for women and children.

Uzbek, Kazakh, and also Turkmen national clothes are rarely used in the modern world. Men in cities wear a skullcap only on significant holidays, but in rural areas you can still find elderly Uzbeks wearing chapan.

Vietnamese

In Vietnam, all the attention went to women's clothing. Men are content with only white silk or cotton trousers and brown loose-fitting shirts, in a complex reminiscent of pajamas - aobaba, aokan. The head is wrapped with a piece of cloth - khandong or a hat - nonla, conical in shape is put on. They wear ordinary bamboo sandals on their feet. At important events, they wear a long dress, the side seams of which are connected only to the waist, and a black or brown silk turban.

Flip-flops are a completely different matter, their wardrobe is very diverse in terms of elements and colors:

  • Ao dai - a long tunic-like dress with slits above the waist, is currently worn, and tourists order ao dai sewing for themselves as a souvenir from Vietnam;
  • Kvipao - a set of a fitted tunic and silk or satin wide trousers;
  • Aotythan is another women's national dress of Vietnam, consisting of four parts: the first is a light brown dress with four slits, the second is light yellow, the third is pink, and the fourth is a special apron - yem, which is thrown over the shoulders; all parts were fastened together with buttons, and layering remained in the collar area;
  • If a fifth insert in the front was attached to the aotytkhan and buttoned up, the dress was called aongutkhan;
  • From the scorching sun, the Vietnamese covered their heads with a cone-shaped straw hat - nonbaitho, on which beautiful poems and messages were often written.

For decoration, Vietnamese outfits were decorated with beads and coins. Currently, the national costume has not lost its relevance, it has slightly changed, but to this day it remains the most convenient and practical type of clothing for the local population.

  • In Russia;
  • In the Caucasus and South Russia.

The mountainous area of ​​the Caucasus is the home of the people who are always ready to fight, this moment could not but affect the national dress. It is comfortable, versatile, does not restrict movement, and is an element of protection. A feature of the Caucasian national dress is not only the special cut of the caftan - fitted on top and wide from the waist, allowing you to run and ride freely on a horse, but also the presence of special chest pockets - gazyrs used to carry gunpowder (one pocket - one shot). The belt also not only fulfilled a direct duty, but was also adapted to fasten a dagger. Nevertheless, the national dress of the Dagestanis, Avars and other highlanders is very elegant and sophisticated, despite its practicality. The population of the Caucasus and South Russia is diverse, each nation has its own characteristics.

  • Dagestanis - a distinctive element of the wardrobe was a papakha - a large fur hat, a symbol of honor and dignity; the main colors of the clothes of the peoples of Dagestan are red, white and black, with gold ornaments; a Dagestani woman wore a tunic-like dress, from under which pants, decorated with fringe or braid, were visible. The head was covered with a scarf, chukhta or turban;
  • Avars are the most numerous people of the Caucasus; Avar men's clothing consisted of a loose shirt and trousers, a Circassian, beshmet or a sheepskin fur coat was worn on top. An Avar woman dressed in a strict closed dress and trousers, on her head she formed a chokhto - an elongated cape with an elegant forehead;
  • Adygs or Circassians - they preferred to use monochromatic clothes, at the same time they combined no more than three colors; an important element in the national dress of the Circassians was the Circassian - a kind of fitted caftan without a collar, with an open chest and wide sleeves; an Adyghe vest or a cloak made of sheep's wool - a burka, was considered an integral part, saved from winds and rains, from the sun, served as a pillow and blanket on campaigns;
  • Balkars and Kabardians wore beshmet - a fitted caftan with a stand-up collar and straight trousers with an insert in the middle, a Circassian and a hat, similar to other inhabitants of the Caucasus. In cold weather, the national dress of the Kabardians and Balkars was complemented by a kurpei fur coat, sewn in the likeness of the Circassian, but with a standing collar;
  • Chechens' clothes are filled with details and accessories, and it is in them that the peculiarities of life are reflected. In the women's wardrobe there are many different shawls that serve as headdresses or belts. In the male, the dagger is considered an important element, which in modern times has lost its direct function and is used as an indicator of status. Currently, the Chechen national dress is widely used by the bride and groom at weddings;
  • The clothes of the Ossetians are rich in a wide variety of embroidery; local fabrics and exclusively female hands were used for sewing;
  • Life in the Mongol Khanate left its imprints, Kalmyk clothing reminds of the heroic past of their ancestors - men wore caftans with slits on the sleeves, reminiscent of a Mongol robe; headdresses - fur hats or lamb's earflaps were decorated with red tassels, for which the Kalmyks received the nickname red-earflaps.

Severyan

The main supplier of raw materials for the production of national clothes for the Evenks, Buryats, Karelians, residents of the Komi Republic and others were deer. From the skins of these animals, most of the elements of the wardrobe were sewn by the northerners, and by cut they were not divided into male and female

That is, they were swinging and deaf (worn over the head on long trips), the difference was only in the number of jewelry. Women embroidered their sheepskin coats with beads, each nation had its own patterns.

The clothes of the Nenets consisted of fur malitsa, the fairer sex wore yagushki, and pimas and tobaks on their feet. The Evenk caftan had a peculiarity - a braid of goat wool was sewn over the shoulders so that raindrops could roll down it. Evenk shoes - high fur boots are excellent for the taiga expanses, they are used by the Nenets, Buryats and other peoples of the north. High fur boots are sewn from rovduga, cloth, leather, kamus (skins from a deer's leg), they are short or to the full height of the leg, in winter they wear socks or knee-highs made of fur under the bottom.

In the summer, the northerners wore robes of various cut. A feature of the Buryat summer suit was a raglan sleeve. The colors were used bright, mostly unnatural, in order to be more noticeable among the natural landscape. Interesting: all children under the age of thirteen shaved baldly, they were left with a little hair on the crown, which was braided into a braid. The national dress of the Buryats began to differ from the moment the child reached the age of fifteen - girls could already be recognized by two pigtails at their temples. And at sixteen, a special decoration, similar to horns, was installed on their heads - soot, which meant that the beauty was preparing for marriage.

Inhabitants of Central Russia

There are quite a few republics in Central Russia: Mordovian, Chuvash, Udmurt, Bashkir, Mari and others, where they wore similar wide-cut, voluminous, warm clothes. Since the main business of these peoples was the maintenance of livestock, their skins and fur were processed and the entire wardrobe was made. The peoples of Southern Siberia, as well as the Khanty, Mansi and the peoples of the Amur, besides warm ones, had light outfits: dresses, shirts, dressing gowns.

  • The national Udmurt dress was a robe - shortdarem, white, gray, ocher or red;
  • Mordovian clothes were made of dark cloth. For shoes and hats, they also did not use bright colors, only colored embroidery, as a decoration, caught the eye;
  • The Bashkir clothing consisted of a fitted suit with lined sleeves and a blind fastener - Kazakin, blue, red, black, green, brown or yellow. It was worn by residents of both sexes, as well as by military personnel;
  • The clothing of the Mari is traditionally white, decorated with rich embroidery;
  • The Chuvash clothes were white and red, which meant purity and life. A white Chuvash shirt with bright red braid was always worn on holidays;
  • The permanent clothes of Tuvans included: a robe - tone, a belt - chickens, a headdress - a side, vests - kandaazyn, shegedek, khurekteesh, a jacket - persimmon, pants - chuvur, shoes - idik, socks - uk, knee pads - deshki, muff - chuldurguush and decorations - kaastalga. The Tuvan people wore a long robe, quilted men's and women's coats, fur coats, sheepskin coats, dressing gowns buttoned on one side - tone, which were tied with a belt - chickens;
  • Khanty and Mansi clothing was distinguished by the use of adornments made of small pieces of colorful fur, like a mosaic.

 Mordovia Udmurts
Bashkiria
Mari of Chuvashia
Tuvans
Khanty and Mansi

In Siberia and the Far East

The main occupations of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East were:

  • Reindeer husbandry;
  • Hunting;
  • Fishing;
  • Marine hunting;
  • Cattle breeding.

Therefore, the material for sewing clothes was the skins of game animals - deer, elk, seal, as well as sheepskin, skins of birds, fish, intestines of sea animals. Shoes and hats are still worn by many residents of this area.

According to the functional purpose, the national clothes of the Yakuts, other peoples of Siberia, including the Chukchi, were subdivided into:

  • Everyday;
  • Commercial;
  • Road;
  • Festive and ceremonial (wedding, funeral);
  • Cult (shamanic, Buddhist worshipers).

Among the Yakut and Chukchi peoples, the wardrobe was not divided according to the seasons, as well as into linen and coats, everything was the same. In the warm season, they wore an old, thinning winter wardrobe.
Far east outfit Siberia

In Europe

Ukrainian national clothing originated in Kievan Rus, and even then its main elements were clearly manifested. The men's suit consisted of a white linen or cotton shirt trimmed at the collar with a colored geometric pattern; red or blue woolen trousers, as well as a wide satin belt - sash; in winter they put on a fur coat made of sheep's wool. They wore red boots with low heels on their feet. Women's dress is traditionally white, with a bright collar and cuffs, as well as hand-embroidered at the bottom. Married ladies were required to wear a scarf on their heads, a zhupan - a vest, as well as three types of outfits:

  • Derga - work clothes, gathered in lush folds at the back;
  • Spare wheel - a dress with laces, consisting of two halves - elegant in front, simple in the back;
  • Plakhta - festive, made of brocade or silk fabric, later appeared woolen in a cage.

Ukrainians wore an elongated, colorful skirt - inevitably, and an apron with bright trim on top. The highlight of the traditional costume of a young Ukrainian woman was a lush floral wreath with long multi-colored ribbons at the back.

In Great Britain

In Great Britain there is no folk costume as such, there are elements that distinguish the British style from others.

  • In Scotland, for example, the most famous is the kilt - a woolen men's pleated skirt in a cage. A shirt, a vest and a tweed jacket were worn on top. On the head is a checkered beret with a pompom. The colors of the Scottish national dress indicated belonging to a particular clan. Each locality had its own pattern of fabric for sewing a kilt. The Scottish woman's wardrobe included a plaid pleated woolen skirt below the knee, a white blouse, and a tweed vest, a large scarf or plaid covered in cold weather;
  • The indigenous Irish could be recognized by the lane - this is a kind of Irish shirt, which resembles a tunic in cut; checkered trousers - trus, as well as long cloaks fastened with a brooch;
  • Residents of Wales wore a flannel skirt and an apron, a swinging frock coat on top, or a red shawl, a scarf or a black hat on their heads.

Estonian clothing was not particularly sophisticated: just a tailored shirt with wide sleeves was sewn from waste fabric. Instead of a skirt, they were wrapped in a piece of dense fabric, which was secured with a belt. The men's outfit was even simpler - a thick shirt, dark trousers, the fabric for which was made by themselves in each family, on the feet of bast shoes.

The Bulgarian national dress was sewn from self-woven fabric, exclusively by the fairer sex at a strictly specified time. Bulgarians wore a woolen sundress with a deep neckline and a trapezoidal skirt - sukman. The headdress resembled a Russian kokoshnik; it was decorated with painting, coins, beads, and special metal strips. The other elements of the outfit were also decorated, therefore, when walking, a kind of rustling sound was emitted, this was a feature of the inhabitants of Bulgaria. Men's national dress was divided into two categories:

  • Chernodreshna - dark, modest, sad;
  • Belodreshna is bright, festive and cheerful.

It consisted of pants trimmed with a colored strip of fabric, a strap or scarf, a shirt, and a vest. All details have been elegantly finished.

The Spanish national dress for women is much brighter than that of men. It consisted of a bright, long, voluminous, layered skirt with lace and frills, or a sundress with a corset. There is a veil on the head, which was supported by a special hair clip - a paintet. Often, Spanish women used hooded capes. The clothing of the Spanish men was called a "short suit" and consisted of a small jacket, high-waisted trousers, a shirt, a colored belt and a wide-brimmed hat. Do not forget about the sights of Spain - Carida, or rather the matadors. Their clothes were completely trimmed with gold embroidery, a fitted jacket and trousers with cropped legs and sleeves, dark shoes and an interesting black hat.

In ancient times, German clothing was made from skins and fur. In the fifteenth century, wool and flax appeared. By the quality of the costumes of the Germans, everything was clear about their material wealth, type of activity, area of ​​residence. The basis of the traditional female dress was:

  • Blouse;
  • Corset;
  • Gathered skirt with a petticoat;
  • A lace apron with embroidery, the ties of which indicated the status of a woman (on the left side - unmarried, on the right - married, in the middle - a widow).

Traditional men's suit: vest, jacket, double-breasted frock coat or jacket, wide cropped trousers (under which one had to wear light, more often blue stockings) or leather pants, some used suspenders, a tie. Feather hats are an integral part of the outfit. German clothing did not require special care, it was reliable and practical, which is typical for this people. The colors used are restrained - gray, white, brown. Shoes were closed, often leather, because of the humid climate in the country.

Moldovan national clothes are distinguished by skillful embroidery of various ornaments of natural themes. There were many factories in the country for the production of fabrics, sewing all elements of the wardrobe. The main colors were black, red and white, a little blue and green. The Moldavian man was dressed in a loose-fitting white shirt, linen trousers in summer, woolen in winter, and a pointed headdress. On top of everything, they wore vests with leather inserts, light long raincoats, and fur coats. The women of Moldavia wore a beautiful light tunic with embroidered motifs, a woolen skirt - katrintse, tied with a belt or scarf. Summer shoes were woven from natural material; for the elderly and children, woolen booties were knitted or felt boots.

Norwegian traditional clothing is called bunad in many sources and is considered festive. Norwegians could be recognized by:

  • Long pants, the belt of which resembled a corset;
  • Vest with motifs and buttons on the front;
  • Jackets;
  • Thick woolen knee-highs with geometric patterns;
  • A wide white shirt, the sleeves of which were pinned at the wrist.

Women combined blouses with skirts or sundresses, an apron, a woolen vest or scarf, a cape or a cloak. The wardrobe of the fairer sex is more abundantly decorated and brighter. Germany Bulgaria
Estonia Spain
Moldavia
Norway

African peoples

African national clothes are colored, mostly natural, warm shades. A feature of the men's wardrobe is a shortened tunic - dashiki or long - gran bubu, as well as wide trousers with ties. Previously, instead of ordinary clothes, a piece of woven fabric was often used, it was not sewn, but wrapped in several layers, tied with a knot on the shoulders, armpit or belt. In the same way, raffia was used, the long fibers of which were wrapped around the body from the waist to the knees (men) or at the level of the chest (women).

In South Africa, to this day, women wear clothes made from unstitched pieces of fabric: one is fastened around the chest, the other around the hips, over the traditional loincloth. These are "kente" among the Ashanti peoples, "dam" among the Malagasy, "shamma" among the Amhara.

Traditional Moroccan clothing is considered to be a voluminous tunic with a hood - djellaba, a headdress - a fez, or a kufi hat, which allows the accessory to be shaped in various forms. Indigenous African women wear loose-fitting batwing dresses, often with open shoulders. Ornaments like large, but flat, rounded, often made of yellow metal. Supplement with bones of small animals, teeth of predators, corals, shells, stones, feathers of birds.

In America

  • This country does not have its own rich history, all traditions were brought by other peoples and mixed with each other. The situation is similar with national dress;
  • Brazil is famous for its carnivals and incredibly attractive costumes. The society of the country is formed by many nationalities. Germans, Japanese, Italians, Chinese, Africans, Arabs and other peoples brought in a piece of their culture, which could not but reflect on the traditional dress of the inhabitants of Brazil. Men wear wide shirts without tucking them into trousers, silk turbans - torso, and wooden sandals - tamanko on their feet. The clothing of a Brazilian woman consists of many skirts, the lower ones are usually a little shorter, always starched, the upper ones are bright and straight. Above they wear loose-fitting blouses - cotton wool, fastened to the shoulder with a brooch or knot, decorated with a flower. Pano da costa is a wardrobe item for cool weather, it is a woolen coat in which it is customary to wrap. On the head of the Brazilian woman, they construct colored turbans of various shapes, decorating them with feathers, beads, corals, and dummies of exotic fruits. The clothes of the Brazilians are bright, colorful, like a carnival, suitable for bold, confident extravagant personalities.

Mexico is a country with Latin American roots. Hot Mexicans in traditional dress are presented like this:

  • Sombrero - a wide-brimmed straw hat with upward-rounded edges;
  • The poncho is a brightly colored cape trimmed with fringe. It is a square piece of cloth with a hole in the middle for the head;
  • Mustache is a required attribute that gives status;
  • Near a cactus, in the hands of a guitar.

In fact, the national costume of a resident of Mexico consists of a black jacket and trousers, with a silver pattern - charro, the same color of a wide-brimmed hat and a red scarf in the form of a bow around the neck. Famous local Mariachi musicians perform in this traditional outfit to this day. In ancient times, black charro was worn at special events, and in white, with silver trim, young guys usually met girls. Women's dresses surprise with their diversity and abundance of patterns. Floor-length, twelve-wedge skirts, blouses or dresses are full of floral embroidery and ornaments. The look is completed by a Mexican woman with bright red shoes and a scarf of the same color.

Canada is a rather cold country, it is not for nothing that most of the local population is fond of hockey, because it is winter there for eight months of the year. The national costume of Canadians for men consists of warmed, often white, or with black and red ornaments, leggings and dark short pants, reminiscent of breeches, just below the knee, decorated with buttons on the side; white shirt; striped red and black vest; jacket with a standing collar. On the head is a black hat, on the feet are closed shoes with a buckle. The women's suit is also modest and strict: a dark, ankle-length skirt; white long apron trimmed with lace on top; a white shirt with long sleeves, over which a vest is like a corset, often red; tight tights or stockings, massive closed shoes. There are no decorations as such, there is trim around the edges of all items of clothing. The main colors in the wardrobe of the indigenous people of Canada are red, white, black.

In Australia

There are thousands of tribes on the continent, but despite this, the national dress of Australia is simple and monotonous. Before the arrival of the first Europeans, the Australians did not think about covering their naked bodies, they walked as they were and were not shy about anything, it was natural. The men wore a loincloth made of human hair with a shell between their legs. The women had a kind of skirt-like apron made of plant fibers. The tribes were distinguished by the patterns on the body, some were dominated by white, others by red. This coloring served as a kind of national costume. Despite minimalism in clothing, Australians love accessories, they are happy to wear coral or pearl beads, necklaces from animal teeth, other trophies, and earrings. And not only in the ears, but also in the nose. The head is tied with a piece of colored cloth or painted with white paint. To avoid sunstroke, try not to be in the open sun. In a country with a similar climate, the local population puts on the minimum amount of clothing.

Middle Easterners:

  • Traditional Armenian clothing consists of a shirt with a low collar and wide trousers, gathered at the bottom with a ribbon. A long jacket is put on top - arkhalukh, Circassian, belted with a scarf or scarf. The head is covered with capes fixed with a rim (women), or fur hats (men). As footwear - leather boots with a pointed toe. Finishing with embroidery or gold and silver jewelry on all items of clothing;
  • In Iran, they love multi-layered clothing, the base is like everywhere else: harem pants and a tunic, women have a long one that resembles a dress, over which a coat is put on. In some areas, an Iranian woman in public was credited with wearing a chadur - a black, sleeveless, semicircular cape. Which was fixed with an elastic band or held by hands;
  • Clothes for the Turks were sewn from muslin, silk, velvet, taffeta, brocade, decorated with ribbons, embroidery, where national motives were widely used. In Turkey, a woman before leaving the house, over a shirt, wide trousers and a camisole, put on a feraja and chador - capes without fasteners, hiding the head and body from prying eyes, some important persons additionally hid their faces;
  • The national dress of Azerbaijanis is also multi-layered, it has all the components of the Caucasian wardrobe: wide trousers, a shirt, a hat, a Circassian coat with many decorations. For the ladies, a chador and rubend were additionally provided - a curtain covering the face;
  • Georgian national dress for women consisted of a kartuli - a dress with a tight, richly decorated top, and a very fluffy, long skirt, which was worn without fail with a velvet or silk belt; lechaki - a light veil, which was fixed with a spear - a rim, and a baghdadi - a dark scarf was worn on top. There was amber in the jewelry. A special feature was the use of black coloring pigments for hair and eyebrows, as well as blush. The national dress of Georgia is known in the world of fashion - especially the men's chokha costume - black, trimmed with gold embroidery of a Circassian coat, with gold gazers, a belt and a dagger;
  • The UAE, or the United Arab Emirates, is a religious country with its own traditions and climatic characteristics. This could not but leave an imprint on the traditional clothing of the people. Men wear a white tunic - kandura. Despite the impractical color, the Arab never walks in dirty clothes, he changes clothes three or four times a day. The head is adorned with an openwork hat - hafia, and on top of a white scarf - gutra, fixed with a rim - ikal. Traditionally, the women's national dress of the UAE includes colored dresses with long sleeves - kandur, with wide trousers - sirval. Above there is a black cape embroidered with gold and pearls - abaya. Headdress - shella - a thin black shawl;
  • In Israel, the local residents are Jews (Jews), the traditional clothing of Jews (Jews) men consists of a simple black frock coat and a cape - tallit katan. It is a rectangular piece of fabric with a cut-out in the middle for the head, trimmed at the corners with eight-strand tassels. A Jewish woman wears colored dresses, blouses with skirts, and a white apron that acts as a talisman.
Georgia
Israeli costume
United Arab Emirates

From time immemorial, representatives of an amazingly strong, hardy and mysterious people lived on the territory of modern America. These people believed that all life on earth is endowed with a soul. They say they knew how to talk with animals and plants. And the souls of their ancestors always remained with them in the breeze, in the flickering of sunlight and the quiet rustle of trees. These people hunted not for profit, but for food, respectfully protecting their land and the gifts it gave them. And for communication, they used sign language and all kinds of signals more often than voice. Now this people is called the general term "Indians", but in the old days there were several hundred separate tribes. In North America alone, there were about 400 of them. They differed from each other in traditions, culture, way of life. Some of them were hunters, some were brave warriors, and some were raising livestock and farming. The clothes of the American Indians were also different.

Some Indian tribes

Indians - this is a common name And all because when Christopher Columbus discovered these places, he mistakenly considered them the lands of India. Ottawa and Ojibwe lived in the northern part. Closer to the East - the Iroquois and Mohicans. The southeast was inhabited by the Cherokee and Seminole, Central America by the Maya and Aztec peoples. The Incas hunted in South America, and the Apaches and Navajo hunted in the deserts of the Southwest.

Indian Warrior Clothes

The clothes of the Indians (photos are presented in the article) were different depending on the situation and weather conditions. On ordinary days, going on a hunt, they dressed simply and comfortably. But for rituals, in solemn moments or during the period of courting girls, the Indians dressed up richly and colorfully. consisted of either leggings and moccasins. Usually men preferred to walk with a naked torso. These people did not attach much importance to the wardrobe, as is customary among the Europeans. Going out to hunt, men pulled on leggings on their ankles, reminiscent of modern leggings. The Prairie Indians wore white shirts adorned with the scalps of their enemies. In cold weather, a buffalo-skin cloak was thrown over the shoulders, fur to the body. Gradually, the Indians began to prefer sheep wool capes. The clothing of the Northern Indians was supplemented with mittens and a shirt made of deer and antelope skin. They also wore blanket-like cloaks made of cotton. When hunting, some tribes wore wide leather belts or sleeveless jackets to protect them from injury. Only in the 19th century, imitating rich Europeans, the Indians began to use velvet, chintz, silk, satin ribbons for sewing outfits. Quechua loved to wear a poncho - a cloak made of two pieces of rectangular cloth with a hole for the head in the middle, sewn from sheep's wool. In the warm season, the cloak was folded in half and worn in the form of a scarf.

What did women wear

The clothing of the female Indians was less conspicuous and simpler. Residents of the southern regions wore only skirts, while others wore a shyness belt tied at the waist with lacing. In the center of America, women covered their private parts with pieces of fur, later replacing them with cotton fabric. In cold weather, women wore a sheep wool shawl. On the back, it could be tucked up and put into the resulting space any burden or even a child. Prairie women wore long, straight shirts made of suede. But they were all skilled weavers. On improvised machines, they made shirts, dresses, raincoats, ponchos and bedspreads. Women embroidered with beads and threads, sewed on fringe and braid, made the body and face of girls were often painted with tattoos. The noble representatives of the tribe had their faces and hands covered with elaborate patterns; women from the common class applied only a few lines to the skin. In some tribes, drawings on the face indicated a low position in society, and on the hands, on the contrary, about a high status.

Indian Child Clothes

Children under 5-6 years old went completely naked. It was believed that they were worthy of wearing adult outfits only when they learned the rules of behavior and learned the necessary skills. It was in childhood that they began to outline the body with the first patterns. Old and respected women did this with the help of fish bones or cactus spines.

Hats

The Indians did not cut their hair. Therefore, even men had gorgeous hair, intercepted from behind with a wide ribbon, headband or belt. In some tribes, to intimidate the enemy, their heads were shaved, leaving a comb or a thin pigtail. Or they smeared their hair with grease, giving it unthinkable shapes. The national dress of the Indians was rather an adornment, an opportunity to show off, than a necessity. On the head they wore feathers, variously colored and trimmed, on the body - an otter, fox or other animal. The number of feathers and the type of fur were determined by military rank or special services to the tribe. For example, the skin of a panther could only be worn by the most outstanding warrior. On weekdays, the Indians wore hats made of bark or straw, which protected them from the hot sun. Plains tribes built a crown of feathers. The southern population used hair nets, and a red thread with shells and beads strung on it was attached to the forehead.

Shoes

On their feet, the Indians wore soft moccasins. It was a piece of leather tied at the top with a cord that was pulled into holes along the edges. Such shoes allowed them to silently approach the prey or the enemy. But at the same time, she protected from numerous poisonous snakes and insects. Going on a hunt, a man took several pairs of moccasins with him in reserve. There were shoes with soft or stiffer soles, high and low. The Prairie Indians richly decorated moccasins with porcupine quills.

Decorations

The style of the Indians in clothing was distinguished by peculiar ethnic ornaments. Drawings, embroidery were applied to leather goods, fringes, beads, shells were attached. Feathers were a special attribute. Both men and women loved bracelets not only for hands, but also for legs, earrings. Necklaces were made from feathers, fruit seeds, deer hooves, shells, grizzly claws, shells, and animal teeth. Later, they began to make jewelry from copper, silver and brass. The more massive they were, the higher the position in society a person occupied. The Indians were very fond of putting tattoos on the body, especially for the peoples of the South. But men mostly used war paint, which was washed off to look intimidating in the hunt and war.

The clothes of the Indians did not at all indicate their belonging to a particular tribe. Often, after winning a battle, many of them took trophies for themselves and wore them with pride. Women adorned shirts obtained in battle by men with beaded embroidery and ocher. And it was already impossible to guess which tribe's representative the outfit belonged to. In addition, warriors could wear the hats of slain rivals to confuse the enemy.

Accessories

The clothing of the Indians was not as important as other items that complement the outfit. Men always had a tomahawk - a small hatchet, which was a symbol of the honor and valor of a warrior. Its handle was made of antler or wood, and the blade was flint or metal. The tomahawk was intended for close combat, it was decorated with a suede fringe and protected.

It is still considered a sacred subject for the few descendants of the Indians. It was originally a symbol of fertility. It was lit in a circle, in turn, to make it rain. The smoke symbolized the clouds. Later, the pipe was smoked with Europeans to seal peace agreements. Eagle feathers were the decoration of the pipe of peace.

Indians still live in America. Now the clear boundaries of the division of the people by tribes have practically disappeared. But, despite the fact that there are very few purebred Indians left, they still managed to preserve their culture and individuality, and they continue to deeply honor the memory of their ancestors.

Folk costumes from around the world

Our world is inhabited by a huge number of peoples who have their own traditional costumes. We know about many of them, but we have never heard of others, for example, tribes. But, it is by their side that one can determine to which people certain people belong.

Take, for example, Georgia - there the traditional costume is chokha, in India it is, in China - qipao. From a suit, you can learn a lot about a person, his attitude to religion, financial condition and status.

Features of folk costumes

All folk costumes in the world have their own characteristics. For example, the Georgian national costume was formed in Tbilisi, the capital. The main feature of the Georgian people is the ability to dress exquisitely. Despite the position in society, the nation adhered to a single style, so it doesn't matter if a girl of a noble family or the daughter of an ordinary artisan - the costume had to be elegant and emphasize grace. The female costume consisted of a long, fitted dress with a flared skirt. The sleeves were usually up to the elbow, under which the original hand-embroidered armbands were worn. A fabric belt was tied at the waist of a woman, which was decorated with beads, embroidery, pearls and gold threads. Also, all women had to cover their heads.

Japan, the land of the rising sun, is also famous for its original sophisticated outfits. The traditional dress from the second half of the 19th century is the kimono. The kimono hides not only all the flaws in the figure, but also the advantages. The Japanese believe that the fewer the bulges, the more ideal and more beautiful the body constitution looks.

The Chinese folk costume is qipao. This outfit is distinguished by its grace, as it emphasizes feminine attractiveness and femininity. The dress has a fairly simple cut, but the peculiarity of the outfit is the presence of a stand-up collar. The edges of the dress are trimmed with a gold ribbon, and the main decoration is the presence of a traditional ornament.

As you can see, each nation has its own traditions that also apply to clothing. In the gallery below you can get acquainted with the outfits of different peoples of the world.

The most typical folk dress in Argentina is the costume.GAUCHO ( GAUCHO). Gaucho is a rural dweller (peasant) living in the plains of Argentina (as well as countries such as Uruguay, Brazil (southern zone), Chile), engaged in cattle breeding - the most typical image of Argentine folklore.

Origin of the word "GAUCHO" it is not known exactly. It is believed that it comes from the word "quechua"(" huachu "," huajcho " ), which means "orphan", "homeless".The Spanish settlers converted the term "orphans" into "gaucho" (vagabond, homeless), i.e. the word had a negative connotation.In southern Brazil, they are often called "Gaudério" or "Gaucho".



There is also an assumption that Creoles and mestizos began to pronounce the word"GAUCHO" by modifying the word "chaouch" introduced by the Spaniards, which means "animal shepherd" in Arabic. The first gauchos appeared in the Pampas of Argentina around 1600. They have Spanish roots.

They are very revered in modern Argentina, as they have repeatedly defended the country in various military conflicts, in particular in the war of independence. There is even an official holiday, GAUCHO Day, which is celebrated annually on December 6.

The modern gaucho is like the Latin American "version" of the cowboy. Yes, in the type of work - to breed and graze livestock, while being an excellent rider - they have similarities, but it is in clothing that South American and North American cowboys have significant differences. The gaucho image is inseparable from his clothing.

SUIT MAN - GAUCHO

In the pictures above : components of GAUCHO clothing

In the central provinces, the gaucho costume is characterized by the fact that it consists of a white shirt, long trousers tucked into black boots with spurs, a short jacket (corralera)or a vest with side pockets so that there is somewhere to put tobacco and coca leaves;

a leather belt with metal decorations and a fastener, a long woven belt (faja) is also worn, it can be 2m 80cm long, 18cm wide. It is wrapped around the waist several times and can reach the chest line. Attached to it is a dagger and another gaucho instrument.

In addition to traditional boots, the so-called "botas de potro" are worn - shoes made of leather removed from the lower part of the horse's hind leg.

Silk scarf ( pañuelo) is tied around the neck with the so-called republican knot (usually a scarf is red, black or sky-blue). This scarf can also serve as protection from midges when it is worn under a hat and covered with it around the neck.

The costume is complemented by a hat with a narrow brim, trimmed with leather (this hat is a small but very reliable shelter in the rain or scorching sun of the Cordillera). The hat is secured to the chin with a strap ( barbacho) so that it does not fall off during operation. The "boina" beret is very common among the gaucho. In cold weather, the most important attribute of clothing is a woolen poncho cape, which covers the rider in the colder season. There is also a less dense cloak - pala, which is sewn from cotton, fine wool, silk. Wear this cape in summer. There is also a poncho-pala-demi-season outerwear.

In other Argentine provinces, traditional black or dark brown leather boots and a wide belt are also typical, but the trousers are wider ( bombachos) and resemble bloomers.

Chiripas ( chiripas) - a piece of dense fabric, usually woolen, woven, which is passed between the legs in a certain way and fixed on the belt. For work, chiripas are sewn from denser fabrics, for holidays - from light fabrics.For work, it can also be made of thin leather.

As underwear - calzoncillos- white cotton (linen, woolen) trousers, decorated with tassels, frills, embroidery on the bottom. They peek out from under the trousers and give the clothes a special chic.

Costume history specialists point out several stages in the evolution of GAUCHO clothing. This is how it looked in the 19th century.

Raimundo Quinsac Monvoisin,
Soldado Sentado, óleo sobre cuero, (1842).

CLOTHING OF THE WOMAN-GAUCH

Paisana (gaucha) and gaucho. 19th century photo

SUIT OF THE WOMAN OF GAUCH ( also called "paisana", "china" "guaina" (en el norte litoraleño), "gaucha", "prenda".) is very simple and consists of a long double-layer skirt (palleta) that reaches almost to the heels, a white blouse with a full sleeves, often without sleeves, a jacket, a neckerchief, a hat like a man's; shoes are black patent leather boots.

Horse riding can dress like men. This costume was typical until the end of the fifties, now it can be seen mainly during folk celebrations.