Project work “Formation of the need for a healthy lifestyle in children with disabilities in educational work, in a boarding school of the VIII type. Formation of the need for a healthy lifestyle
work done:
Yusupova N.V. biology and geography teacher,
classroom teacher,
GBOU Pestrechinsky boarding school
for children with disabilities of type VIII;
scientific director:
Takhtamysheva Gulnara Chingizovna,
Associate Professor of IRO RT
Analysis of the effectiveness of the educational institution
Project concept
“Health is a treasure, and moreover
the only one for which really
it is worth not only not to spare time, effort,
works and all sorts of benefits, but also to donate
for him a particle of life itself,
as life without it becomes
intolerable and humiliating."
Michel de Montaigne
The current state of health of all children, and even more so the mentally retarded, causes serious concern. Only 5% of school graduates are practically healthy, 40% of schoolchildren are chronically ill, 50% have morphophysiological abnormalities, instead of acceleration there is deceleration (a 20-fold increase in the number of short people), annually up to 300 thousand young men do not go to military service for medical reasons. Up to 80% of children suffer from various neuropsychiatric disorders.
In the Concept of health protection forvillages of the Russian Federation in the transitional period of reformeconomy and social sphere, one of the priority tasks is to change the behavior of the population. This is due not only to diseases that lead to premature death of adults, but also to the growth of socially caused diseases in adolescents.According to the conducted studies, the prerequisites for behavior related toconsidered with a health risk are laid at the age of 18 years. Soin the Concepts of education and health protection, great importance is attached to strengthening thehealthcare cooperation with institutionsyami educationand first of all in institutions of a closed type (boarding schools).This is especially true for auxiliary schools of the 8th type, since they have a special mode of life. But, taking into account the peculiarities of physical development, the state of the nervous system and the health of pupils of these schools, the regimen formust be protective. Therefore, the work of the teacher and educator should be aimed at strengthening the physical condition of children, their nervous system and health.
Of course, the reasons for the decline in the level of health are diverse: these are aggravated heredity, environmental problems, and a social crisis. The modern school, with its increased physical and mental stress, often has a sharp negative impact on the weakened body of children, causing maladjustment, provoking the growth of diseases. The choice of a healthy lifestyle for a child should be conscious. That is why any educational institution should become a "school of a healthy lifestyle" for pupils, where any of their activities (educational, sports, leisure, as well as eating, physical activity, etc.) will be of a health-improving and pedagogical orientation, and contribute to the education of children habits, and then the needs for a healthy lifestyle, the formation of skills for making independent decisions regarding the maintenance and strengthening of one's health.
The relevance of the project -
The relevance of a healthy lifestyle (HLS) is caused by both an increase and a change in the nature of stress on the body in the conditions of modern life, which is associated with an increase in environmental, psychological and technogenic risks. Stress, malnutrition, physical inactivity, telemania, passion for computer games, "bad" habits accompany the life of a modern person.
The concept of "healthy lifestyle" has not yet been clearly defined. Representatives of the philosophical and sociological direction (P. A. Vinogradov, B. S. Erasov, O. A. Milshtein, V. A. Ponomarchuk, V. I. Stolyarov and others) consider a healthy lifestyle as a global social problem, an integral part of the life of society as a whole. In the psychological and pedagogical direction (G. P. Aksenov, V. K. Balsevich, M. Ya. Vilensky, R. Dittles, I. O. Martynyuk, L. S. Kobelyanskaya, etc.), healthy lifestyle is considered from the point of view of consciousness, human psychology, motivation. There are other points of view (for example, biomedical), but there is no sharp line between them, since they are aimed at solving one problem - improving the health of the individual.
Health - the category of reserves of life, the viability of a person as an integral being in the unity of his bodily and mental characteristics. Such reserves, viability are formed in the process of education. And this is the area of pedagogy. So, health is a pedagogical category. Health is either strengthened or lost in the process of raising a person in the family and school.
From the foregoing, we can conclude that the current situation is complex and requires immediate action. In order to preserve the health of the child, it is necessary to unite the efforts of all adults surrounding him (parents, teachers, educators, doctors, etc.) in order to create an atmosphere around him filled with the needs, traditions and habits of a healthy lifestyle. Thus, a certain culture of behavior and an appropriate lifestyle is formed from an early age.
And if the solution to the problem of healthy lifestyles is not addressed today, then there will be “probably” no one to think about it tomorrow. The priority areas in the work of the teaching staff were: maintaining and strengthening the health of schoolchildren, educating the internal need to lead a healthy lifestyle.Analyzing the current situation, there was a need to revise the formation of a healthy lifestyle and createthe healthy lifestyle program.
A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of other aspects of human life, the achievement of active longevity and the full performance of social functions. As they say:“Health is not everything, but everything without health is nothing.”
Healthy lifestyle elements implemented through a set of actions in all major forms of human life:
labor,
public,
household,
leisure.
Every day we face a choice, we make decisions - we choose the path to follow. Our life consists of these decisions-paths. And the main task of the educator of the child is to teach how to make the right choice!
From elementary school in a special (correctional) boarding school of the 8th type, a certain culture of behavior and an appropriate lifestyle are formed. This is especially true when it comes to caring for the health of children with intellectual disabilities. When compiling the program, the mental deficiencies of children and age characteristics were taken into account. Therefore, the "ABC of Health" consists of six sections and in each of them, classes are allocated for younger, middle and older ages.
The main principles of the program:
Humanization and democratization- define-specific goals and objectives of education, upbringingresearch and development of personality, creation of a comfortable environmentand conditions for its self-realization;
Compliance of goals, objectives of the contentpro-programs of the national strategy, the interests of the statemilitary and regional policy;
scientific— to introduce pe-cutting-edge scientific experienceeducators to create health-savingtechnologies;
Participation — involvement of pupils in non-means and conscious participation in purposefullenient activity to improve your body,rational usetimecarried outnie sanitary-educational work;
Succession— providing comprehensiveapproach to health education between differentdifferent age groups;
Allocate three aspects of health or wellbeing:
physical,
mental (psycho-emotional)
social health
The way of life is formed by the society or group in which the person lives. Therefore, the formation of a healthy lifestyle is primarily an educational task. The program highlightsthe main components of a healthy lifestyle:
1.favorable social environment;
2. spiritual and moral well-being;
3.optimal motor mode (culture of movements);
4. hardening of the body;
5.rational nutrition;
6.personal hygiene;
7. Refusal of harmful addictions (smoking, drinking alcohol
drinks, drugs)
8.positive emotions.
Human health (a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being) depends on lifestyle (up to 70%), heredity (15%), environment (8-10%), medicine (8-10%). Therefore, the main task in preserving and strengthening the health of children is the formation of the need for a healthy lifestyle.
Main design lines
Based on the study of the works of V.V. Kolbanova, I.I. Sokovni-Semenova, B.N. Chumakov can be distinguishedmain components of a healthy lifestyle:
1. Rational nutrition.
Food should cover the body's energy costs, be complete in chemical composition and contain proteins, fats, carbohydrates (1-1-4), vitamins, mineral salts and trace elements, be chemically harmless and safe in terms of bacterial composition.
2. Optimal physical activity for the body.
The role of motor activity in determining human health has been known for a long time. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato considered movement to be "the healing part of medicine." The great Russian writer L. N. Tolstoy wrote “You must certainly shake yourself up physically in order to be morally healthy.”
3. Compliance with the daily routine (taking into account individual biorhythms).
I.N. Pavlov believed that the regime was based on a “dynamic stereotype”, i.e. regularly repeated activity, but not inert, monotonous, but dynamic, changing depending on the influence of the environment. This contributes to the development of the child's good adaptation to changing conditions. Be sure to perform only the main components of the daily routine (waking up and falling asleep, eating, walking). Other activities of children can be changed in time and duration. And if, in addition, the regimen is based on the characteristics of the individual “biorhythmological portrait” of the child, the systems of his body will be in better conditions for functioning.
4 . Prevention of bad habits (or rejection of them) and the formation of good habits.
Good habits and hygiene habits are better fixed when they are realized. As for bad habits, the basis of their acquisition and getting rid of them is the will.
5. Increasing psycho-emotional stability.
Judging by the experiments, it is not active emotions that are especially dangerous for health, but passive ones - despair, anxiety, timidity, depression. In humans, these emotions often acquire a social connotation of guilt, regret, remorse.
That is why one of the components of health is considered positive thinking. Positive thinking is not an innate quality, it is achieved by hard training. It is important to teach a child to rejoice even in his small victory, and even more in someone else's luck.
6. "Meaningful life" (meaning of life).
It is directly related to health. Everything else - food, movement, and hygiene makes sense, only when a person has something to get out of bed every morning, if there is a task that no one else can do except him or better than him, there is an interest in the world, there is love at least for something.
When compiling the program, the following methods of research and influence were used.
Research methods I: study, observation, experiment.
Methods of influence : verbal, practical, visual.
The need for widespread use of verbal methods is due to the fact that pupils with intellectual underdevelopment, especially children, have a limited vocabulary, and they do not understand the content of many words. Often a conversation is used, organized with the help of a system of questions, gradually leading them to the assimilation of new material. At partially search conversations, problem situations are created (questions are posed, tasks are offered), a collective discussion is organized.
Using the illustration method (showing posters, sketches on the board,
pictures, etc.) and demonstration method (demonstration of real objects,
experiments) allowed to increase the effectiveness of classes. Much attention is paid to the example method. In the classroom, the methods of "accustoming" and "exercise" are actively used. In order to increase the emotional background of the classes, didactic games (of various themes and content), elements of visual activity, and motor exercises were used.
When compiling the program, various educational and methodological literature was used. The book "Extracurricular Activities in Correctional Classes" contains the development of a health day - "If you want to be healthy - try!", Lesson - advice - "How to learn to observe the daily routine", compiled by G.P. Popova. Great methodological assistance was provided by the book by L.A. Obukhova et al. “New 135 Health Lessons, or the School of Doctors of Nature” (Teacher's Workshop). It contains a fully developed course for students with planning. A practical guide was the manual for educators "Organization and planning of educational work in a special boarding school, orphanage" Khudenko E.D.
The program is a synthesis of knowledge about the main factors of a healthy lifestyle and
includes 6 interrelated blocks of classes:
Each block of the program consists of three subsections. for threeage student groups:
The average;
Senior;
Graduates;
Each age group has its own theme.
For example, section"Proper nutrition":
| Correct nutrition. | Middle link : 1. Nutrition is a necessary condition for life (conversation). 2.Healthy food for the whole family (presentation). 3. Nutrition is the basis of life (oral journal). 4. How to become Hercules? (distance travel). 5. Vegetables and fruits - vitamin products (conversation). 6.What are nutrients? (Questions and answers). 7. "Useful" and "harmful" products (crossword puzzle). 8. What do you know the rules of eating? (generalization of knowledge and skills). 9. What does a person need in food? (food rules) senior level: 1. Healthy eating (question and answer hour). 2Peculiarities of nutrition by the seasons of the year (compilation of recommendations). 3. Home doctor (conversation with the "doctor"). 4. The way of the pie (presentation). 5. Relationship between nutrition and disease (auction of opinions). 6. Health pantry in the forest, in the garden (correspondence trip). 7. "Evil products" (crossword puzzle). 8.Avitaminosis and exacerbation of chronic diseases (role-playing game). 9. Rational nutrition is the key to a healthy lifestyle (conversation). Graduates: 1. Basic foods and human health (oral journal). 2. Reasonable diet (menu work). 3. Diet - pros and cons (auction of interests). 4. Rational nutrition is the key to a healthy lifestyle (conversation). 5. Vitamin deficiency and poor health (doctor's advice). 6.Vitamins and chronic diseases ("hike" to a dietitian). 7. Analysis of the daily menu (workshop). 8. Product shelf life and my health (work with food packaging). |
Work with students begins with the consolidation of basic knowledge about human nutrition in the form of conversations, game moments, entertaining moments, then in the senior level more attention is paid to practical and research work.
The number of children suffering from gastrointestinal diseases was analyzed.
| no./p. | Types of diseases | Number of students | |
| 1 . | Liver disease. | ||
| Gastrointestinal tract | 25,0 |
||
| Gastritis | 25,0 |
||
| Violation of the musculoskeletal system | |||
| Respiratory diseases | 33,4 |
||
| Total | 12 | 100 |
From the data in the table it can be seen that almost every pupil (7 people) has gastrointestinal diseases. And most of these diseases are acquired.
In the course of extracurricular activities, a survey of children was conducted. Example "Your food preferences."
Questionnaire.
1. What foods do you like to eat? A) fruits B) flour products C) chips D) croutons E) other
2 .What drink do you prefer when buying? A) juice B) coca-cola C) sprite D) lemonade E) mineral water E) other drinks
3. Do you know the benefits or harms of these foods and drinks? A) Yes B) I have a vague idea C) I don’t know D) I don’t care
After analyzing this questionnaire, we got the following results: Diagram.
At the end of the academic year, the results have changed for the better:
| Question 3 | Question 2 | Question 3 |
|
| Option A | 20% | 31% | 48% |
| Option B | 33% | 27% | 50% |
| Option B | 35% | 16% | 1% |
| Option D | 2% | 10% | 1% |
| Option D | 10% | 7% | |
| Option E | 9% |
Thus, healthy lifestyle program provides
a large-scale health-saving culture of pupils, with
taking into account the possibilities and conditions of the boarding school. It provides
mechanisms for the transition of the external culture of a healthy lifestyle into the internal culture of the pupil's personality, primarily through the construction of a route for the development of the personality, the formation of the pupil's self-awareness. The program provides a link between the physical, moral, mental components of the child and the corresponding types of health. Taking into account the individual characteristics of the child, special approaches are selected for each child through non-standard,active forms and methods of training and education.
Objective of the project : formation of the pupils' need for a healthy lifestyle.
Project objectives: 1. Formation of mo-motivation and responsibility for maintaining one's ownhealth, ensuring a healthy lifestyle by creating an environment in the group that is conducive to strengtheninghealth.
2. Organization of diverse and versatile activities of children in the formation of a physically healthy personality,
3. Development of a holistichealth saving systemsand its application for indigenousimproving the state and quality of health of all participants in the educational process;
Target group of the project: students of special general educationboarding schoolVIIIkind
Project participants : administration, teacher-class teacher, educator,teachers, school psychologist, boarding school medical staff, students with disabilities, parents.
Location of the project: State budgetary educational institution for students, pupils with disabilities "Pestrechinskaya boarding school of the VIII type"
Project implementation timeline: 2013-2016 years.
Life cycle and stages of project implementation
I stage. Information and analytical - 2013-2014
II stage. Practical - 2014-2015
III stage. Practice-generalizing 2015-2016
Chapter I . Theoretical foundations of the project implementation:
1.1
The first direction "Fundamentals of knowledge about a healthy lifestyle"
A healthy lifestyle is a rational lifestyle, an integral feature of which is vigorous activity aimed at maintaining and improving health. A way of life that promotes public and individual health is the basis for the prevention, protection and promotion of the health of the people.
1.2
The second direction "Education of culture of health"
Education of a culture of health - the creation of pedagogical conditions that ensure the development of the student's personality as a subject of health-improving activities in accordance with his interests, inclinations, abilities, value orientations for self-preservation of health, as well as knowledge, skills and habits of sound healthy lifestyle.
1.3
The third direction is "Prevention of bad habits".
A bad habit is a way of behavior fixed in a person, in relation to the person himself. The quality of life depends not only on the observance of the rules of a healthy lifestyle, but also on the habits that a person has at a particular age. The referral has a preventive effect on a number of bad habits such as smoking, alcohol and drug use.
1.4
The fourth direction "Mobile and educational games"
The game is a natural companion of a child's life and therefore meets the laws laid down by nature itself in the developing child's body - his irrepressible need for cheerful movements. The advantage of mobile and developing games over strictly dosed exercises is that the game is always associated with initiative, fantasy, creativity, flows emotionally, and stimulates motor activity.
Chapter II . Project Implementation Mechanism
2.1 The structure of the complex of recreational and physical education activities used in the boarding school
(A) During the learning process
PE lessons from 1
12th grade 2-3 times a week;
Outside of physical education classes:
Morning exercises;
moving change;
Physical education minutes.
(B) During extracurricular and
extracurricular work
Prevention:
colds;
Violation of posture;
Violation of vision.
Physical therapy classes from 1st to 6th grade
Two times per week
Health Days
and health lessons;
Classes in sports sections;
Carrying out sports
holidays.
2.2 Improving moments in the classroom and in the course of extracurricular and extracurricular activities:
Physical education minutes, dynamic pauses
Minutes of relaxation
Breathing exercises
Gymnastics for the eyes
Active point massage
2.3 Indicators (criteria for project performance, diagnostic methods) To solve the tasks set, the research method was used: analysis of methodological, psychological, pedagogical sources on the stated topic.
2.4 Expected results of the project implementation
1. Acceptance of the value of health as one of the main values of a person will allow students with disabilities to focus their behavior on saving and strengthening the health of themselves and those around them;
2. Successfully adapt in the educational and social space;
3. To reveal the creative abilities of students with disabilities;
4. To fully realize personal potential, increase success in sports.
During the work to improve the health of children with disabilities, a system has developed that has made it possible to record positive results: the incidence of children has decreased, a healthy lifestyle culture is being formed, and independent beliefs about health are being developed.
Previously, when information about the state of health was only available to health workers, information about the state of health was not always complete for educators. Filling out the health passport made it possible to work purposefully with children and conduct conversations about those violations, which are the most in the group.
Currently, a large number of healthy lifestyle measures have been developed. These are the radio line “Traveling around the city of Zdoroveyka”, the distance travel “Why teeth hurt”, the drawing competition “A healthy mind in a healthy body”, the lesson “Vegetables and fruits - vitamin products”, the presentation “If you want to be healthy!”, “Let’s say no to drugs!”, “Smoking is harmful to health”, compiling a crossword puzzle “Evil products”, etc. The topics of the DRC (diagnostics, regulation and correction) carried out in the group: the health of students in the daily routine of the boarding school; the state and level of comfort of the student in the school and group.
She has repeatedly spoken at methodological associations and pedagogical councils with topics on healthy lifestyles (“The influence of psychoactive substances on a teenager”), we share our experience with the “Methodological piggy bank of the group”.
The problem of children's health is in the hands of our teachers, doctors, parents, and no matter what social and economic conditions surround us. Protecting the health of children is our top priority. Health will become a value for a child if: - He will form an interest in this problem; - Supported by entertaining, playful activities;
“Care for human health, especially the health of a child, is, first of all, concern for the harmonious fullness of all physical and spiritual forces, and the crown of this harmony is the joy of creativity.”
V.A. Sukhomlinsky
Literature:
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation;
3. Law of the Russian Federation "On Education";
4. Sanitary norms and rules approved by the joint
Decree of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision;
5. Order 1418 dated May 15, 2001 of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "On approval of the approximate regulation on the center for promoting the health of students, pupils of an educational institution."
6. V.V. Kolbanova, I.I. Sokovni-Semenova, B.N. Chumakova
"The main components of a healthy lifestyle in the educational process", M., 2003.
7 G.P. Popova. "Extracurricular activities in correctional classes", M., 2000.
8. L.A. Obukhova “New 135 health lessons, or the School of Doctors of Nature» Rotov on / D: Phoenix, 2009
9. E.D. Khudenko "Organization and planning of educational work in a special boarding school, orphanage", M., 2006.
10. Kvach N.V. Health-saving pedagogy. - M., "VLADOS", 2001.
11. The health of our children.// Primary school, No. 8.9 - 2004
Applications
Application No. 1
Healthy Lifestyle Formation System
FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
Education of a culture of healthy lifestyle
Therapeutic and preventive measures
physical Culture and sport
Wellness activities
Teaching and educational work
Introduction of new technologies
Program
extracurricular activities "Sport is health"
Purpose and objectives of the program
Target: ensure the possibility of preserving the health of children during the period of schooling; to teach children to be healthy in body and soul, to strive to create their own health, applying knowledge and skills in accordance with the laws of nature, the laws of being.
Tasks:
to form in children the necessary knowledge, skills and habits for a healthy lifestyle;
to form in children the motivational sphere of hygienic behavior, safe life, physical education;
ensure physical and mental self-development;
to teach how to use the acquired knowledge in everyday life;
achieve the need to comply with elementary rules of health conservation.
Program features
This program is builton the principles :
scientific ; which are based on an analysis of statistical medical research on the health status of schoolchildren.
Availability ; which determines the content of the course in accordance with the age characteristics of younger students.
Consistency ; defining the relationship and integrity of the content, forms and principles of the proposed course.
At the same time, it is necessary to highlightpractical orientation course.
Providing Motivation
Being healthy means being happy and successful in your future adult life.
Classes are scientific and educational in nature.
The main activities of students:
discussion skills;
experiences;
a game.
The study of program material begins from the 1st grade at a level accessible to younger students, mainly in the form of educational games and in the process of practical activities. In addition, each separate section of the course includes additional activities:
learning and performing songs;
organization of outdoor games;
conducting experiments;
performing physical exercises, relaxation exercises, concentration of attention, development of imagination;
The organization of training sessions suggests that any activity for children should become a lesson in joy, revealing to each child his own individuality and reserve capabilities of the body, which provide an increase in the levels of working capacity and adaptability.
It should not be a "memorization" lesson, in which instead of achieving a healing effect, only an additional load is created. Each lesson should be a real lesson in "health".
The program is designed for children 7-10 years old, implemented for 4 years. The number of students is 10-15 people.
Expected results
As a result of mastering the program, students should be able to:
fulfill sanitary and hygienic requirements: observe personal hygiene and carry out hygiene procedures during the day;
carry out active recreational activities;
shape your health.
Students should know:
factors affecting human health;
causes of certain diseases;
causes of injuries and first aid rules;
types of hardening (staying in the fresh air, dousing, wiping, sunbathing) and the rules for hardening the body; the impact of hardening on the physical condition and strengthening of human health;
about the benefits of physical exercise for the harmonious development of a person;
main forms of physical activity and types of physical exercises.
The earliest of the definitions of health - the definition of Alcmaeon, has its supporters up to the present day: "Health is the harmony of oppositely directed forces." Cicero described health as the right balance of various states of mind. The Stoics and Epicureans valued health above all else, opposing it to enthusiasm, the desire for everything immoderate and dangerous. The Epicureans believed that health is complete contentment, provided that all needs are fully satisfied. According to K. Jaspers, psychiatrists view health as the ability to realize "the natural innate potential of human vocation." There are other formulations: health is the acquisition by a person of his self, "realization of the Self", full and harmonious inclusion in the community of people. Valeology: Diagnostics, means and practice of ensuring health. St. Petersburg, 2007, 269 p. with. 114 K. Rogers also perceives a healthy person as mobile, open, and not constantly using defensive reactions, independent of external influences and relying on himself. Optimally actualized, such a person constantly lives in each new moment of life. This person is mobile and adapts well to changing conditions, is tolerant of others, emotional and reflective.
F. Perls considers a person as a whole, believing that mental health is associated with the maturity of the individual, manifested in the ability to realize one's own needs, constructive behavior, healthy adaptability and the ability to take responsibility for oneself. A mature and healthy person is authentic, spontaneous and internally free.
Z. Freud believed that a psychologically healthy person is one who is able to reconcile the pleasure principle with the reality principle. According to K.G. Jung, a healthy person can be a person who has assimilated the contents of his unconscious and is free from capture by any archetype. From the point of view of W. Reich, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders are interpreted as a consequence of the stagnation of biological energy. Therefore, a healthy state is characterized by the free flow of energy.
The Constitution of the World Health Organization defines the concept of health: “... a state of complete, physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.”
According to S.V. Popova “If you think about this definition, we can conclude that absolute health is an abstraction, and besides, this definition initially excludes people who have any (congenital or acquired) physical defects, even in the stage of compensation.” Popov S.V. Valeology at school and at home // On the physical well-being of schoolchildren. St. Petersburg, 2007. p. 136
In 1968, WHO adopted the following wording: “Health is the property of a person to perform his biosocial functions in a changing environment, with overload and without loss, provided that there are no diseases or defects. Health is physical, mental and moral.
G.L. Bilich, L.V. Nazarova, taking as a basis the definition of the World Health Organization, they consider it necessary and justified to add two factors. So, "health is a state of complete, physical, mental and social well-being and the ability to adapt to constantly changing external and environmental conditions and the natural process of preservation, as well as the absence of disease and physical defects."
In the Great Medical Encyclopedia, health is interpreted as a state of the human body, when the functions of all its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes. At the same time, throughout its development, it changes the forms of interaction with environmental conditions, while changing not so much the environment as the organism itself.
Academician N.M. Amosov believes that "the health of an organism is determined by its quantity, which can be estimated by the maximum duration of organs while maintaining the qualitative limits of their functions." Amosov N.M. Thinking about health. M., 2007 p. 44 V.P. Kaznacheev interprets health as "a process (dynamic state) of the preservation and development of biological, physiological and mental functions of optimal working capacity, social activity with a maximum life expectancy."
Academician Yu.P. Lisitsyn that “human health cannot be reduced only to a statement of the absence of diseases, ailments, discomfort, it is a state that allows a person to lead an unnatural life in his freedom, to fully perform the functions inherent in a person, primarily labor, to lead a healthy lifestyle, that is experience mental, physical and social well-being."
I.I. Brekhman, the founder of the science of health - valueology, defines health as “a person's ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in the face of sharp changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune flow of sensory, verbal and structural information. Brekhman I.I. Valeology is the science of health. - 4th ed. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2004. p. 37
AND I. Ivanyushkin offers 3 levels to describe the value of health: 1) biological - primordial health implies the perfection of the body's self-regulation, the harmony of physiological processes and, as a result, a minimum of adaptation; 2) social - health is a measure of social activity, an active attitude of a person to the world; 3) personal, psychological - health is not the absence of illness, but rather the denial of it, in the sense of overcoming it. Health in this case acts not only as a state of the organism, but as a “strategy of human life”. Ivanyushkin A.Ya. “Health” and “disease” in the system of human value orientations // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2005. V.45. No. 1, pp. 49-58, No. 4, pp. 29-33.
So, health is considered as an integrative characteristic of a person, covering both her inner world and all the peculiarities of relationships with the environment and including physical, mental, social and spiritual aspects; as a state of equilibrium, a balance between the adaptive capabilities of a person and constantly changing environmental conditions. Moreover, it should not be regarded as an end in itself; it is only a means for the most complete realization of a person's life potential.
According to the conclusion of WHO experts, if we take the level of health as 100%, then the state of health depends only 10% on the activities of the healthcare system, 20% on hereditary factors, and 20% on the state of the environment. And the remaining 50% depend on the person himself, on the lifestyle that he leads.
In another approach, the concept of lifestyle is considered as an integral way of being of an individual in the external and internal world, as “a system of relationships between a person and himself and environmental factors”, where the system of relationships between a person and himself is a complex set of actions and experiences, the presence of useful habits. that strengthen the natural resource of health, the absence of harmful ones that destroy it.
A.M. Izutkin and G.Ts. Tsaregorodtsev presents the structure of the way of life in the form of the following elements: “1) transformational activity aimed at changing nature, society and man himself; 2) ways to meet material and spiritual needs; 3) forms of participation of people in social and political activities and in government; 4) cognitive activity at the level of theoretical, empirical and value-oriented knowledge; 5) communicative activity, including communication between people in society and its subsystems (people, class, family, etc.); 6) medical and pedagogical activities aimed at the physical and spiritual development of a person”. Yu.P. Lisitsyn, N.V. Polunina, E.N. Savelyeva and others offer such components (aspects) of a lifestyle as industrial, socio-political, extra-labor, medical activity. Lisitsyn Yu.P., Polunina I.V. Healthy lifestyle of a child. M., 2006.
Other authors in the concept of lifestyle include human labor activity, social, psycho-intellectual, physical activity, communication and domestic relationships, habits, regimen, rhythm, pace of life, features of work, rest and communication.
Lifestyle - a type of people's life activity due to the peculiarities of the socio-economic formation. The main parameters of the way of life are work (study for the younger generation), everyday life, socio-political and cultural activities of people, as well as various behavioral habits and manifestations. If their organization and content promote health, then there is reason to talk about the implementation of a healthy lifestyle, which can be considered as a combination of activities that ensures optimal interaction between the individual and the environment.
We believe that S.V. Popov is right when speaking about the lifestyle of S.V. Popov, that it should be remembered that although it is largely due to socio-economic conditions, at the same time it largely depends on the motives of a particular person, on the characteristics of his psyche, the state of health and functionality of the body. This, in particular, explains the real diversity of lifestyle options for different people. Human lifestyle includes three categories: standard of living, quality of life and lifestyle. Popov S.V. Valeology at school and at home // On the physical well-being of schoolchildren. St. Petersburg, 2004. p. 196
The standard of living is primarily an economic category, representing the degree of satisfaction of the material, spiritual and cultural needs of a person. The quality of life is understood as the degree of comfort in meeting human needs (mainly a social category). Lifestyle characterizes the behavioral characteristics of a person's life, that is, a certain standard under which the psychology and psychophysiology of the individual (socio-psychological category) adjusts.
Human health will primarily depend on the lifestyle, which is more personalized and determined by historical and national traditions (mentality) and personal inclinations (image).
The relationship between lifestyle and health is most fully expressed in the concept of a healthy lifestyle; this concept is the basis of valeology. A healthy lifestyle combines everything that contributes to the performance of professional, social and domestic functions by a person in optimal conditions for health and expresses the orientation of a person's activity towards the formation, preservation and strengthening of both individual and public health.
In Western and Russian science, the problem of a healthy lifestyle was touched upon by such doctors and thinkers as F. Bacon, B. Spinoza, H. De Roy, J. Lametrie, P. J. J. Kabanis, M. Lomonosov, A. Radishchev. Vasilyeva O.S., Zhuravleva E.V. Study of ideas about a healthy lifestyle // Psychological Bulletin of the Russian State University. Rostov-on-Don, 2005, Issue 9. with. 422
B.N. Chumakov characterizes a healthy lifestyle as “an active activity of people, aimed primarily at maintaining and improving health. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the way of life of a person and a family does not develop on its own depending on the circumstances, but is formed purposefully and constantly throughout life. The formation of a healthy lifestyle is the main lever of primary prevention in strengthening the health of the population through changes in style and lifestyle, its improvement using hygiene knowledge in the fight against bad habits, overcoming adverse aspects associated with life situations. Chumakov B.N. Valeology. Selected lectures. M., 2004. p. 213
S.V. Popov highlights the biological and social principles of a healthy lifestyle. Biological principles are characterized by the following: the way of life should be age-related, provided with energy, strengthening, rhythmic, ascetic.
Social principles impose the following requirements on the way of life: it must be aesthetic, moral, strong-willed, self-limiting.
However, the way of life of people cannot be the same, since we are all initially different. It is known that a healthy lifestyle is one that leads a person to optimal length and quality of life. This is possible only when a person is really interested in his health and is able to manage it.
To preserve and restore health, it is not enough to passively wait for the nature of the organism to do its work sooner or later. A person himself needs to do some work in this direction. But, unfortunately, most people realize the value of health only when there is a serious threat to health or it is largely lost, as a result of which there is a motivation to cure the disease, to restore health. But positive motivation to improve health in healthy people is clearly not enough. I.I. Brekhman identifies two possible reasons for this: a person is not aware of his health, does not know the size of his reserves, and puts off taking care of him until later, when he retires or in case of illness. Brekhman I.I. Introduction to valeology - the science of health. L., 2005. 125 p. with. 84 At the same time, a healthy person can and should be guided in his way of life by the positive experience of the older generation and the negative experience of sick people. However, this approach does not work for everyone and with insufficient force. Many people, by their image and behavior, not only contribute to health, but destroy it.
Thus, a healthy lifestyle should be understood as typical forms and methods of daily human activity that strengthen and improve the reserve capabilities of the body, thereby ensuring the successful performance of their social and professional functions, regardless of political, economic and socio-psychological situations. And it expresses the orientation of the activity of the individual in the direction of the formation, preservation and strengthening of both individual and public health.
Personal hygiene includes a rational daily regimen, body and oral care, clothing and footwear hygiene. Knowing the rules of personal hygiene is necessary for every person, since their strict observance helps to improve health, increase mental and physical performance.
Rational nutrition is a factor that largely determines health. Food is a certain combination of food products, consisting of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts and water. The daily need for energy and nutrients is covered by food, while some of the necessary vitamins are formed in the intestines.
Bad habits are not compatible with physical culture and sports. Smoking, alcohol and drug use have a detrimental effect on health and significantly reduce mental and physical performance. Thus, in order to organize a healthy lifestyle and improve one's own physical condition and health, it is necessary to give up bad habits and not return to them.
Insufficiency of muscle movements at work and at home, as well as during movement, negatively affects the physiological functions of the body of a modern person. A person, in principle, can live with a complete absence of movement, but this leads to muscle atrophy, a deterioration in the functionality of the cardiovascular and other systems.
Tip 1. Actively participate in the recovery of your child. Not only tell him what to do in order not to get sick, but also show by personal example the health benefits of following the rules of personal hygiene, morning exercises, hardening, proper nutrition.
Tip 3. Teach your child to build his day, alternating work and rest. Nothing harms the nervous system of a child like the lack of a daily routine. The rhythm of life, which includes physical exercises and sports, walks and games in the fresh air, as well as good nutrition and sound sleep, is the best prevention of fatigue and illness.
Tip 8. Teach your child the basic rules for the prevention of infectious diseases: - stay away from those who cough and sneeze; - do not use someone else's dishes or toothbrush; - do not wear shoes or hats of other children. If a child is sick himself, sneezes and coughs, he should know that he should cover his mouth and nose with a mask or handkerchief, not play with friends, and follow the doctor's orders.
It is known that the health crisis of children, adolescents and youth in Russia threatens national security, economic and social development, and the country's defense capability. The scale and consequences of the violation of the health of new generations of the population are enormous. These problems lie in the sphere of vital interests of society, family, individual.
A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is the basis for disease prevention and health promotion for children and adolescents. The modern concept of a healthy lifestyle defines it as a constant implementation of hygienic rules for strengthening and maintaining individual and public health, conscious of its need.
For younger schoolchildren, the main components of a healthy lifestyle are rational nutrition, physical activity, restorative and anti-stress activities, good rest, and high medical activity. In today's difficult socio-economic conditions, the absence of these elements in the behavior of a significant part of schoolchildren is a risk factor for the occurrence of diseases.
Taking into account the state of health of children of primary school age, in recent years, work has been significantly intensified in the country to create a health-saving system of an educational institution aimed at developing healthy lifestyle skills in children.
The learning aspect of this system includes:
· development of training programs on a healthy lifestyle;
development of manuals for teachers and students;
creation of a methodical library for teachers of different categories on the problems of a healthy lifestyle;
· training teachers of general education schools in active methods of developing healthy lifestyle skills, etc.
The significant deterioration in the health of the population of Russia, especially children, observed in recent years, has become a nationwide problem. Systematic education of the younger generation in the field of health and a healthy lifestyle will help to solve it. Modern views on this problem show that the health of each person, first of all, depends on the efforts that he makes to improve his health, and no doctors, no medicines will help if the person himself violates the norms of a healthy lifestyle.
It is known that healthy habits are formed from a very young age. Therefore, the role and importance of the family, family education in this process can hardly be overestimated. Every day, day after day, parents need to quietly and steadily educate their child so that he realizes the need to improve health and learns this art. To successfully cope with this task, parents must have a certain theoretical and practical training in these matters. Science offers them the following principles on which to build a healthy lifestyle for children:
1. System approach.
The human being is a complex system. It is impossible to keep the body healthy if you do not improve the emotional-volitional sphere, if you do not work with the morality of the child.
· Successful solution of the problems of healthy lifestyle education is possible only by combining the educational efforts of the school and parents.
2. Activity approach.
The culture in the field of health and a healthy lifestyle is mastered by children in the process of joint activities with their parents. It is necessary not to direct children to the path of health, but to lead them along this path.
3. The principle "Do no harm"!
Provides for the use of only safe methods of healing, scientifically recognized and tested by thousands of years of human experience and officially recognized.
4. The principle of humanism.
In education in the field of health and healthy lifestyle, the inherent value of the child's personality is recognized. The moral guidelines of education are universal values.
The priority direction of education in the field of health should be the formation of the moral qualities of the child, which are the foundation of health. To do this, it is necessary to develop in him kindness, friendliness, endurance, determination, courage, an optimistic attitude towards life, a sense of the joy of existence, the ability to feel happy, believe in one's own strengths and trust the world.
For the formation of these qualities, spiritual harmony, adequate positive self-esteem are necessary, which arise if the child is free from feelings of anxiety and fear, lives with confidence in his security and safety. It is important that as each child masters the culture of health preservation, feelings of tenderness and love for himself, a mood of special joy from understanding his uniqueness, originality, the boundlessness of his creative possibilities, a sense of trust in the world and people are formed.
When organizing education in the field of health, you need to remember:
if the child is often encouraged - he learns self-confidence,
if a child lives with a sense of security - he learns to believe,
if a child manages to achieve what he wants, he learns hope,
· if a child lives in an atmosphere of friendship and feels needed, he learns to find love in this world.
It is equally important for maintaining health to develop in your child the ability to consider himself and his condition from the outside, to understand his feelings and the reasons for their occurrence. Self-observation and self-analysis form the desire to improve themselves, allow the child to see and develop their personal capabilities, increase their intellectual potential.
It is necessary to form in the child a moral attitude towards their health, which is expressed in the desire and need to be healthy, to lead a healthy lifestyle. He must realize that health is the most important value for a person, the main condition for achieving any life goal, and everyone is responsible for maintaining and strengthening their health. In order to motivate him for health behavior, it is necessary to interest him, create positive emotions when mastering knowledge, let him feel the pleasure of healing methods, use positive examples from the surrounding life, and the personal example of parents.
Physical culture is a powerful source of healthy lifestyle formation in children. The training strategy proceeds from the fact that the pleasure of motor activity develops into a habit, and from it into a need.
An important task that needs to be solved when educating in the field of health and healthy lifestyles is to form the basics of personal hygiene: mastering body care skills, self-massage techniques, hardening methods, etc. It is equally important that your child master the skills of psychoprophylaxis, self-regulation and activation reserve capacity of your body. To do this, it is necessary to develop and improve the functions of analyzer systems (hearing, vision, tactile sense, etc.), to teach the skills of voluntary control over breathing, muscle tone, imagination, to promote the formation of an "internal observer" in the child's mind (inner self), to form the ability to express their feelings with the help of words, facial expressions, gestures, etc. Mastering this knowledge and skills, the child learns to control his emotions and mental activity. This improves psychological well-being at school, contributes to more successful learning.
Education in the field of health provides for the formation of a child's understanding of masculinity and femininity and the corresponding qualities: in boys - strength, dexterity, endurance, will, respect for girls, as future mothers and homemakers, the desire to help them, protect them, and in girls - plasticity, lightness, responsiveness, tolerance.
Health education serves to strengthen the whole family. The child must learn the best Russian family traditions, understand the meaning and importance of the family in human life, the role of the child in the family, master the norms and ethics of relations with parents and other family members. It is necessary to develop interest in the professional and everyday activities of family members, to form an understanding of their social significance, to arouse the need to proudly talk about their grandparents, parents, and the good traditions of their family.
The effectiveness of solving the health-improving tasks of health-forming education can be determined by the dynamics of the child’s physical condition, by reducing morbidity, by developing his skills to build relationships with peers, parents and other people, by manifestations of compassion, the desire to help others, by reducing the level of anxiety and aggressiveness, in relation to own health.
GBOU School No. 1375, Moscow.
Raising the need for a healthy lifestyle
CONSULTATION FOR TEACHERS "EDUCATION OF THE NEED FOR A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE"
(The path to health through physical activity)
Raising a healthy child is one of the main tasks of the family and preschool educational institution. What is health? Health is a multifaceted and multilevel concept. According to the Constitution of the World Health Organization, health means “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Thus, health includes physical, mental and moral components, health, i.e. it is a system of moral values and a set of personal qualities of a person. According to research by specialists, 75% of adult diseases are laid down in childhood. Only 10% of children come to school absolutely healthy. Studies have shown that modern children, for the most part, experience a "motor deficit" - physical inactivity. Thus, the intensity of the physical development of children, and their health depends on physical activity. Therefore, the more the child moves, the more successfully the whole complex process of the biological formation of the body takes place.
The objectives of the development of motor activity in a preschool child are:
Raising the need for a healthy lifestyle;
Formation of the necessary motor skills;
Formation of moral qualities (endurance, willpower);
Development of interest in physical exercises and outdoor games;
Prevention of colds;
Corrective and restorative work aimed at preventing
denial in physical development;
Identification of the interests and abilities of children through the system of sports and health work.
It is necessary to form vigorous activity, in physical self-improvement, to enjoy games, exercises and dances.
It is necessary to make sure that the child wants to be healthy, dexterous, strong, courageous.
He liked to play outdoor games, spend more time in nature, overcome physical and mental difficulties. The issues of raising a healthy child should be addressed in close contact with the family. It is good when a healthy lifestyle is a family tradition. But often parents are busy with work. In this situation, the role of preschool institutions in the formation of a healthy lifestyle of the child increases.
The forms of organization of sports and recreation in kindergarten are:
Physical education;
Outdoor games;
Morning exercises;
Physical education minutes;
hardening procedures;
Wellness procedures (pool);
Walks;
health days;
Physical culture leisure;
Independent motor activity;
Working with parents.
Parents should be offered an algorithm for the formation of a healthy lifestyle:
Healthy food;
rational mode;
Sport sections;
dance studios;
Visiting swimming pools, sports grounds;
daily walks;
hardening procedures;
Various types of massage;
Formation of cultural and hygienic skills.
In each age group, it would be good to hold a parent meeting to promote a healthy lifestyle. The significance of the results in working with parents lies in the fact that, in addition to active participation in the educational process, in the life of the group, parents have changed their attitude to their own health and the health of children.
Success in strengthening the health of children, their full development, increasing physical activity can be achieved with the unity of the system of physical education in kindergarten and family.
It is necessary to turn a healthy lifestyle into a conscious individual need of children and parents, to change the attitude towards their own health and the health of their children on the basis of personal responsibility.