Introduction

Conclusion

List of references

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the family acts as an important factor in the development of personality. The family is a social group of different ages: it includes representatives of two, three, and sometimes four generations. This means that a family can have different value orientations, different criteria for assessing life phenomena, ideals, points of view, beliefs that influence the formation of family traditions.

Family education organically merges with the entire life of a growing person. In the family, the child is involved in vital activities. Family education has a wide time range of impact: it continues throughout a person's life, takes place at any time of the day, at any time of the year.

The family climate is the life of parents, their relationship with each other and with children, the spiritual culture of the family. The well-being of the child is promoted by a welcoming atmosphere, such an atmosphere of family relationships, which gives a sense of security and at the same time stimulates and guides the development of the child.

Each society forms a family in its own image and likeness. At present, the Russian family is going through a difficult period of its development: the transition from the traditional model of the family to a new, modern one is taking place, the types of family relations are changing. The number of divorces is increasing, the birth rate is decreasing, and the number of children born out of wedlock is increasing. In the context of the current demographic crisis in Russia, both theoretical problems associated with a large family and practical issues of social work with these families acquire special relevance.

It is known from statistics that today about 20% of all children in the country are brought up in large families. In the Altai Territory (2006 data) 11,600 large families. It is very important to comprehend the current situation of this category of families, as well as ways to improve assistance and support.

Family problems were paid attention to by N.K. Krupskaya, A.S. Makarenko, V.A. Sukhomlinsky. In the last decade of the XX and the beginning of the XXI century, a major contribution to the development of various aspects of the problem of family and family education was made by Russian teachers: A.I. Antonova, Yu.G. Azarov, A.G. Kharchev, O. L. Zvereva, A.V. Orlova, E.I. Zritneva, N.F. Divitsina, T.I. Shulga, T.V. Lodkin.

A contradiction arises between a fairly broad base of theoretical research on family problems, including a large family, and insufficiently developed practical steps, means of social and pedagogical assistance to large families.

Purpose of the study: to identify the main problems of a modern large family.

Research object: large family.

Subject of research: the activities of a social teacher to provide effective assistance to large families.

The research hypothesis is based on the fact that social and pedagogical assistance to a large family will be much more effective if the following conditions are taken into account and implemented:

1. timely diagnostics of intra-family relations, understanding the main problems of large families;
2. study of the personality of a teenager in a large family;
3. research of the socializing possibilities of an educational institution with the support of large families;
4. measures of social and pedagogical assistance to large families have been determined;

In accordance with the purpose, object and subject of research,

Research objectives:

1. Study and analysis of regulatory documents and literature on the research topic.
2. Expand the concepts of "family", "large family"; the main functions of the family.
3. Determination of the place of the family in the structure of the child's personality, his perception of intra-family relations.
4. Analyze and summarize the experience of a social teacher with a large family (based on school No. 113).
5. Develop practical recommendations for a social educator.

The research methodology is based on:

Philosophical position on universal connection, on the interdependence and integrity of phenomena and processes in the surrounding world;

Theories of social and pedagogical support of large families (T.V. Lodkina, N.F.Devitsyna, R.V. Ovcharova);

Theories of personality socialization (I.S.Kon, A.V. Mudrik).

Research methods: theoretical analysis of socio-pedagogical literature on the research topic; observation, conversation, questioning, analysis of children's activities, comparison and comparison.

Scientific novelty:

On the basis of the studied literature, a social portrait of a modern large family has been compiled; the most effective measures of social and pedagogical assistance to a large family in the modern conditions of Russian reality are highlighted.

The theoretical significance of the research: substantiated the essential characteristics of the concepts "family", "large family"; the main problems of modern large families are revealed.

Practical significance of the research:

The experience of work of a social teacher with large families in secondary school №113 is analyzed and summarized;

Justified effective measures to help families with many children; practical recommendations for a social teacher have been developed.

Research base: school number 113.

The structure of the work: introduction, 2 chapters, conclusion, bibliography, applications.

The list of references includes 75 sources.

Chapter 1. Theoretical Foundations of Researching the Problems of Large Families

1.1 Concepts: "family", "large family"

There are many social communities functioning in modern society. Some of them unite the majority of the citizens of a given country, for example, the state. Others include a certain number of people professionally engaged in a particular type of activity, for example, health care, police, etc. But in society of any type there is such a social formation, with which the life of almost every person is connected in one way or another - the family, the most widespread type of social organization.

The family, from whatever angle it is viewed, is such a multi-layered social formation that it is not surprising that it is mentioned in almost all sections of sociology. It combines the properties of social organization, social structure, institution and small group, is included in the study of the sociology of education and, more broadly, socialization, sociology of education, politics and law, labor, culture, etc., allows you to better understand the processes of social control and social disorganization, social mobility, migration and demographic change; Applied research in many spheres of production and consumption, mass communications is unthinkable without reference to the family; it is easily described in terms of social behavior, decision-making, construction of social decisions, etc.

The family occupies a special place in the life of every person. It gives a person an idea of \u200b\u200blife goals and values, in it the young citizen gets the first ideas about the relationship between people, learns the norms of behavior in various situations of communication, develops in children the criteria for assessing good and evil, worthy and unworthy, just and unjust.

The family very quickly and sensitively reacts to all positive and negative changes taking place in society, revealing the humane and inhuman meaning of the processes taking place in society, evaluating the processes that destroy and create for the family. Like society, the family was created, modified and developed along with it and in turn can influence the course of the development of the family - this is a social, complex, multifunctional concept, a form of people's life, conditioned by existing socio-economic and legal norms. This is a system that has a certain structure, which performs a number of different functions, a stable system of relationships between people in everyday life. It is closely connected with society, the state and develops simultaneously with it.

Scheme 1. Institutions of socialization (B.A. Isaev)

In modern science there is no single definition of the concept of "family". Most often, the family is spoken of as a unit of society that is directly involved in the biological and social reproduction of society. The family is called a specific small socio-psychological group, thereby emphasizing that it is characterized by a special system of interpersonal relations, which, to a greater or lesser extent, are governed by laws, moral norms, and traditions. The family also has such characteristics as cohabitation of its members, a common household.

Currently, family problems are studied by many sciences: economics, law, sociology, psychology, pedagogy and others.

In the pedagogical literature, the family is defined as one of the main tools that ensure interaction between the individual and society, integration and prioritization of their interests and needs. It gives a person an idea of \u200b\u200blife goals and values, what you need to know and how to behave.

A family is a socio-pedagogical group of people designed to optimally satisfy the needs for self-preservation (procreation) and self-affirmation (self-respect) of each of its members. The family creates in a person the concept of a home, not just as a room where he lives, but as feelings, sensations, where they love, understand, and protect.

The family is the most common type of social group, the basic unit of society in which a person is born, formed, develops and most of his life is.

In psychology, the family is the most important of the phenomena that accompanies a person throughout his life. The significance of its influence on the personality, its complexity, versatility and problematic nature determine a large number of different approaches to the study of the family, as well as definitions found in the scientific literature.

A.I. Antonov defines a family as based on a single common family activity of a community of people connected by the bonds of matrimony - parenthood-kinship, and thereby carries out the reproduction of the population and the continuity of family generations, as well as the socialization of children and the maintenance of the existence of family members.

A.G. Kharchev presents the family "as an institutionalized community, formed on the basis of marriage and the resulting legal and moral responsibility of spouses for the health of children and their upbringing."

In his opinion, the family is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since it, as a rule, unites not only the spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives or simply those close to the spouses and the people they need.

Sociologists M.A. Galaguzova, A.V. Mudrik give the following definitions of a family:

A family is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, the members of which are united by cohabitation, community of life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance. It possesses a set of norms, sanctions, and patterns of behavior that regulate the relationship between spouses, parents and children, and other relatives.

The family is a small social community based on a single common family activity of people connected by the bonds of matrimony (parenthood, blood or spiritual kinship), carrying out the reproduction of the population and the continuity of family generations, as well as the socialization of children and the support of family members /

The family is not only a marital relationship, it is a complex and multifaceted social phenomenon with extensive connections. Some go back several generations, others are determined by the relationship between brothers, sisters, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, matchmaker. Unfortunately, today not everyone can explain the meaning of these meanings, which once again emphasizes the impoverishment of family traditions and the destruction of family ties. Each family creates its own cultural environment within the general culture of a particular people and state.

A.V. Mudrik described the parameters of the family and its structure.

The family is the most important institution of socialization, it is the environment for human life and development from birth to death, the quality of which is determined by a number of parameters of a particular family. The socio-cultural parameter depends on the educational level of family members and their participation in the life of society. Socio-economic is determined by property characteristics and the employment of family members at work, study. The technical and hygienic one depends on the living conditions, the equipment of the home, the hygienic features of the lifestyle. Finally, the demographic is determined by the family structure.

Scheme 2. Family structure

In modern conditions, a family with three or more children is referred to as a large family. There is no consensus among researchers about what kind of family is called a large family. So, sociologists A.I. Antonov and V.M. Medkov is called a large family in which there are five or more children, but in the practice of social work, families with three or more children under the age of 16 are usually considered to be large.

There are different points of view on the definition of a large family:

1) From an ordinary point of view: a large family is one where there are more children than usual, accepted by the norms, rules of society and the state. At present, a large family is understood mainly as a three-child family, which is much more common than a family with four, five or more children.

The number of births, which determines the large family size, ranges from three, four or more children, which makes the category of large families uncertain. Some believe that a family with three children can be safely called a large family, while others argue that if viewed from a demographic point of view, a large family should consist of five or more children.

2) From a demographic point of view: a family with one or two children is still small, three or four children are a normal family, and five children are a real large family. And we can agree with this even because the number three is not associated with the word a lot, we say: one child, two children, three children, four children, but already five or more children, i.e. a lot of children. But, given the fact that today there are practically no families where there are four or more children, and it is quite difficult to raise and feed even two, and three children in a family is a great rarity, today the use of the term “large family” seems to be justified.

3) From a socio-psychological point of view, large families are families where there are so many children that they interfere with the optimal communication of its members, the functioning of the family as a small group, these are families with five or more children. There may be other criteria for having many children, for example, ensuring optimal opportunities for the child, stable development of relations between spouses.

4) From the point of view of economics: a large family is one where the marginal economic utility of each new child is lower than the marginal cost of it, in other words, the birth of each new child worsens the situation of the family and its members. So, in the Russian Federation in 1993, among families with one child, there were 33% of the poor, with two children - 45%, with three or more - 61%. At the end of 1994, 38% of families with one child, 57% of families with two children, and about 77% of families with three children lived below the poverty line. From an economic point of view, if this trend continues, families with two children can also be considered large.

5) From a legal point of view, a large family is an association of people living together most often, who are bound by mutual rights and obligations arising from marriage, kinship, adoption or other form of placing children in a family.

Conclusion: thus, in the literature studied by us, scientists of various directions give their understanding of the essential characteristics of the concept of "family". In our opinion, a family is a system-functional association of emotionally close and significant people on the basis of marriage, kinship and parenthood.

The definition of “large family” is also multifaceted and also requires special attention. In our opinion, a large family is a family with three or more children under the age of 16, living together, having a common life, mutual rights and obligations arising from marriage, kinship, adoption or other form of placing children in a family.

1.2 Categories and functions of a large family

There are various explanations for the high birth rate in families and the large number of children associated with it. One of them is that one of the reasons for having many children is national traditions and customs that influence the formation of norms on the number of children in a family. Another explanation is the lack of freedom of a person to choose his reproductive behavior. There is no consensus on how many types of large families exist today.

In the socio-pedagogical literature, there are five types of large families. Most authors (T.S.Zubkova, N.V. Timoshenko, T.N. Pobbudnaya, etc.) distinguish three types of large families:

1. Conscious having many children, or purposeful having many children, is due to the personal beliefs of the parents, national traditions or religiosity. When deciding on the birth of children, these families do not take into account either housing or material problems, most of them are dysfunctional. They have difficulties due to poverty, lack or lack of housing, workload of parents. But they strive, independently take care of their children, to raise and educate them to the best of their ability and ability.

2. The birth of a common child in case of remarriage of a father or mother in the presence of other children. Such families are quite prosperous, but children may have negative traits of an incomplete family in the past.

3. Dysfunctional large families.

Most often observed among parents leading an asocial lifestyle: alcoholics, unemployed, mentally disabled, where children are often a means of receiving material and in-kind assistance. In such families, parents have a lower educational level and social status.

However, some sociologists (N.F.Divitsina) distinguish another type of large family:

4. Foster families and with adopted children, many families do not have the opportunity to have children themselves, but if they wish, they can adopt a child or arrange guardianship. As a rule, such parents adopt several children at once.

A.V. Orlova, in her work, distinguishes another type of large family:

5. Families in which having many children is of an accidental nature: when twins are born instead of the expected one child, or when a child is born due to the impossibility of resorting to means of terminating an unwanted pregnancy.

The categories of a large family remain a controversial issue and, as we can see, does not have a clear qualification, but the opinions of scientists do not differ, but only complement each other. Having considered the types of large families proposed to us, it can be noted that all categories are quite safe.

A large family (consciously having many children) has, as a rule, strong family traditions, a clear internal structure, sufficiently strong protection, a traditionally respectful attitude towards elders. In such families, problems and conflicts are easier to solve, parents do not have a lonely old age.

Particular attention should be paid to the disadvantaged category of large families, such parents cannot give a child a good upbringing and provide him with favorable conditions for life.

The well-being of the family is assessed not by the status and material wealth, but by the functionality of the family. A large family is a complex multifunctional system; it performs a number of interrelated family functions.

Family functions are activities that a family performs to meet their collective and individual needs.

The function of the family is a way of manifesting the activity, the vital activity of its members, it is the performance, the fulfillment of a certain role in the social system or in a small social group.

The functions of the family are of both personal and public importance. In the scientific literature, various typologies of family function are given. A.G. Kharchev, A.I. Antonov, V.M. Medkov distinguish two main groups of family functions: specific and non-specific. The former follow from the essence of the family and reflect its characteristics as a social phenomenon, while the latter are those to which the family was forced or adapted in certain historical conditions.

Sociologists B.A. Isaev and T.V. Lodkin, there are six functions of the family:

Scheme 3. Functions of the family

1. Reproductive function - it is considered the main social function, which is based on the instinctive desire of a person to continue a kind, reproduction in children of the number of parents. But the role of the family is not limited to that of the "biological" factory. Fulfilling this function, the family takes part in the quantitative and qualitative reproduction of the population, i.e. is responsible for the physical, mental and intellectual development of the child, she acts as a kind of birth rate regulator. At present, due to the prevalence of the urban lifestyle, the increase in the employment of women, the dire economic situation, the birth rate is falling. Of course, it is worth noting the connection between the total number of divorces and abortions. Thus, it may turn out that there will be one worker for every two retirees. From this point of view, the state is interested in increasing large families, creating certain benefits for them. But, looking at this differently, in particular from the standpoint of the tendency of an increase in the birth of children with pathologies in large families, as well as overpopulation due to limited resources, an increase in the unemployed population and other factors, it can be assumed that at this stage, an increase in the birth rate and large families is not there is a positive side.

2. Economic and economic function. Satisfaction of the needs of family members is invested in this concept; at present, each family seeks to open its own business. The modern economy views the family not only as a consumer, but also as a producer. The head of the family - a man - is the organizer of common work, children are early included in the life of adults. The essence and content of the economic and economic function consists in maintaining not only the general economy, but also in the economic support of children and other family members during the period of their disability. The economic and economic function entirely determines the educational and reproductive functions. This function assumes joint housekeeping, a single budget, division of labor, mutual assistance. The child in the family receives the first work skills: he is engaged in self-service, provides help around the house, gains experience in caring for parents, brothers and sisters, and most importantly, learns the rational consumption of material and household goods.

3. The educational function is one of the most important functions of the family. It is the family with its constant and natural nature of influence that is called upon to form the character traits, beliefs, attitudes, worldview of the child. A person acquires value for society only when he becomes a person, and its formation requires a purposeful, systematic impact.

4. Recreational function is very important for a large family. Parental employment can lead to the fact that the child may feel insecure, he needs support, understanding and protection. The expression “my home is my fortress” well expresses the idea that a healthy, non-conflicting family is the most reliable support, the best refuge, where a person can hide from all the negative energy of the outside world, defuse his negative emotions. Physically, the forces expended by a person in the labor process are restored during non-working hours in a family environment, in communication with loved ones and children.

5. Communicative function. Contains satisfaction in two opposite phenomena - spiritual communication and solitude. In a large family, spiritual communication plays an important role, the child requires understanding and attention. The function of spiritual communication creates conditions for the development of the personality of all family members.

6. The function of socialization is due to the fact that born children carry only the inclinations, prerequisites, signs of "human mind". In order for a child to gradually enter society, in order for his inclinations to manifest, communication and activity are necessary in the family as the primary social unit.

The family affects the socialization of children not just by the very fact of its existence, but by a favorable moral and psychological climate, healthy relationships between all its members.

A.N. Averin supplements this classification with the following functions:

1. Sexual - satisfaction of the sexual needs of the spouses, social control and regulation of sexual relations.

2. The function of social control - controls the behavior of family members, the responsibility and obligation of parents to children, sanctions are applied for violation of norms in public life and family relations.

3. The function of communication is communication in the family, spiritual mutual enrichment of its members.

4. Leisure function - organization of leisure, meeting the needs of family members in joint leisure activities, control in the field of leisure.

5. Emotional function. For each person, the family performs an emotional function that protects a person from stressful and extreme situations. The comfort and warmth of the home, the realization of a person's need for confidential and emotional communication, sympathy, empathy, support - all this allows a person to be more resistant to the conditions of modern unstable life.

6. Social status function - providing family members with social status, meeting their needs for social advancement.

7. Protective function - physical, economic and psychological protection of family members, the creation of social security for them.

If a large family has an emotionally stable climate and all functions are performed, such a family is functional. If there are constant conflicts in the family and the main functions are not performed, this is a dysfunctional family.

Table 1

Dysfunctional family

Functional family

1. denying problems and maintaining illusions 2.vacuum of intimacy 3. "frozen" rules and roles 4. conflict in relationships 5. undifferentiated self of each member 6. personality boundaries are either mixed or separated by an invisible wall 7.Everyone hides family secrets and maintains pseudo-wellness facades 8.closed system 9. absolutizing will, control

1.problems are acknowledged and resolved 2. Freedoms (thought, perception, etc.) are encouraged. 3.Each family member has their own unique value 4. family members know how to meet their needs 5.parents do what they say 6.Role functions are selected, not imposed 7.the family has a place for fun 8. mistakes are forgiven, learn from them 9.Flexibility of all family rules, laws, the possibility of their discussion

So, there are many classifications of family functions. Undoubtedly, they are all very important for the successful socialization of family members and stable intrafamily relationships. The main purpose of the family is to satisfy social, group and individual needs. As a social unit of society, the family satisfies a number of its most important needs. At the same time, it satisfies the personal needs of each of its members, as well as general family (group) needs.

Based on the opinion of scientists, we share the point of view of the authors highlighting such functions for a large family as: economic, reproductive, protective, economic, educational, recreational, communicative, socialization, sexual, social control, communication, leisure, emotional, social status, protective. There is a close relationship, interpenetration and complementarity between them. A large family can be successful only if it is functional. The fulfillment of family functions is an important condition for the existence of a family.

1.3 Social portrait of a modern large family

Large families were the most common in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century and constituted the bulk of the country's population. They were quite common in all strata of society: from the poorest peasantry to the nobility. This was due to the traditions of the Russian people and Orthodox morality. The birth of children was not planned, it was perceived as a "gift of God", there were no contraceptives, and abortions were not widespread. It was easier to survive in a large family. The society has always had a stable positive attitude towards a large family.

Currently, there is a steady decline in the share of large families in the population of Russia. This coincides with the tendency to have few children and generally childlessness. There is no clear system of social support for large families. There is a negative and even negative attitude of society towards large families, especially with an increase in the ordinal number of births. A new pregnancy with more than two, three children in the family is regarded as something out of the ordinary, as a deviation from the general rules.

Currently, issues related to a large family are very important in light of the birth rate in our country. It is well known that in the 90s the demographic situation in Russia deteriorated sharply. The ongoing slow decline in the birth rate was replaced by a landslide drop in the early 90s. The total fertility rate fell from 2.6 children in the 1960s to an average of 1.5 children per woman in 1992. At the same time, there was a significant change in the reproductive plans of the population. According to the VTsIOM survey, the expected number of children per Russian family on average decreased from 1.8 in 1991 to 1.08 in April 1994, i.e. by almost 40% in 3 years. The main reason for this phenomenon was the lack of confidence in the future, the inability to support and raise children at the proper level.

There is a real threat of transition of the majority of Russian families from a two-child model of a family to a one-child model.

Young families under the influence of the socio-economic crisis will lose a certain number of unborn, but desired children. The families of the next generation that have come to replace them may have an orientation towards an even lower number of births. This is fraught with negative consequences, because for more than a quarter of a century the reproduction regime of the Russian population did not provide a simple replacement of a generation. Since 1992, for the first time in the post-war period, a natural decline in the population of Russia has begun, due to the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births. Despite encouraging media reports that in 1999 the number of deaths and births equaled in the 1990s, the threat of a demographic catastrophe has not escaped. The economic situation began to stabilize, which undoubtedly affects and will continue to affect the birth rate and children of the family. But, no less important is the attitude of the state and society to large families. At present, this attitude can be called negative, ranging from the commonplace “to breed poverty” to the official definitions of a large family as being in an extreme situation or as a family of social risk, on a par with families of drug addicts and alcoholics. In our opinion, families with many children should be placed at the highest level in terms of social status in order to interest young families in having many children. For this, the state and society must pay great attention to these families.

Now there are fewer and fewer large families. Almost no one wants to have many children, they need to provide them, and if there is such an opportunity, then there is a need to move up the career ladder, and not deal with children. Often the next child is unwanted, accidental, but how much happiness he can bring to parents. With the advent of a child in the family, financial and housing issues are reviewed. A child requires a lot of attention to himself, and if he is not alone in the family, but four or five, then mother can safely be called a heroine, because raising them and solving all the problems of a large family is a great feat! It is believed that the larger the family, the more problems, and although large families face all the problems inherent in any other family, they become more difficult and difficult to solve for it.

The main problem of large families is financial or material and household. It's no secret that with the birth of a child, the family's income decreases sharply, especially if it is the third, fourth or fifth child. It is very difficult to feed such a family, food prices are rising, and the parents' wages are not enough. The average monthly income for each family member is not high; additional material assistance is the child allowance, the amount of which is very small in comparison with the child's needs.

V.M. Zherebin, O.A. Alekseeva, V.N. Zemlyanskaya conducted research on the income of large families.

table 2

Distribution of families by income groups depending on the number of children in the family

		Family grouping by per capita income
		Low income
Total for the sample	Number of families
	% of income gr
Family without children	Number of families
Family with one child	Number of families
Family with two children	Number of families
Family with three children	Number of families
Family with four children	Number of families
Family with five children	Number of families

If the average per capita cash income of a household with one child in 2001 was 1282 rubles. per month, then for a family with three children, there are 419 rubles per child, which is 3.3 times lower than the average per capita monetary income, or 35.7% of the subsistence minimum. The standard of living of a family depends on financial well-being.

According to the polls conducted by P.V. Shevchenko in 2003, we can see the standard of living of large and ordinary (not large) families (Fig. 1), the father's contribution to the family budget with different income levels (Fig. 2), and also analyze how the composition of the family affects material well-being ...

Figure 1. The standard of living of large and ordinary families

Comparison of assessments of the standard of living showed that large families are noticeably inferior to ordinary families in terms of living standards. Among those who live “quite tolerably” and “from paycheck to paycheck”, large families are less common, while in the poorest category (cannot make ends meet) large families prevail twice as many. Analyzing the data, it should be noted that socially successful large families have appeared, and there are not so few of them.

But what does the standard of living of a large family depend on? Who contributes more to the family budget?

In large families, the father is the main earner of money; he, as the head of the family, must be able to feed the entire family.

Figure 2. Father's contribution to the family budget in large families with different income levels

In most cases (57%), the father supports the entire family practically alone. In 21% of families more than half of the family budget depends on it, in 14% - half. A father who is responsible for less than half of the budget is an exception, typical for families in which the father is disabled or retired (4%).

Comparison of families with different living standards and different contributions of the father to family well-being showed that the richer the family, the more often the father is the breadwinner, and the mother, as a rule, invests more time and effort in raising children and introducing a household. In poor families, the father's contribution to the family budget is much lower.

As we can see, the father plays a huge role in the maintenance of a large family, but families with many children are also incomplete, in this case the entire burden of supporting the family falls on the mother, and such a family cannot do without the help of relatives.

Table 3

Relatives' contribution to the family budget

Family members	Full family	Single-parent family
Grandparents
Other relatives

Although the contributions of grandparents and other relatives are less significant, they can be of significant help in raising and caring for children.

A large number of other problems follow from the material problem, but the housing problem has become the most acute. Most large families live in separate apartments, without relatives, but some families live with grandparents. It is practically impossible to expand housing, this does not allow the financial situation of families, especially those living in apartments. The existing housing conditions often do not even meet the minimum standards as a general rule, and it is simply impossible for most families to purchase new housing with their own funds. The growth of payments for housing and communal services further complicates the material situation of large families.

According to research data, only 16.9% of large families live in four or more room apartments, 8.5% of families live in dormitories, 3.2% in one-room apartments, the rest have 2-3 apartments or private houses. If in the 80s they somehow tried to solve it: they built houses and connected apartments in order to create more or less tolerable conditions for children of large families, then at the present time they are simply not mentioned.

A lot in the fate of children depends on living conditions. During the period when the child begins to master the living space and must be active, the lack of necessary conditions makes him passive, timid, lays down an unfavorable life scenario for the future. Cramped living conditions significantly affect the health of children in a large family. Firstly, due to overcrowding in such families, children get sick more often, as they infect each other. Secondly, as statistics and sociological studies show, there is a direct link between housing conditions and the mortality rate of children in the first year of life. 61% of women who lost a child before the age of one year named poor living conditions as the most important cause of his death.

How to improve the living conditions of a large family is still unclear either to the families themselves or to government agencies. The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures for social support of large families", adopted in May 1992, provided for some measures to facilitate the provision of large families with preferential loans, subsidies, interest-free courts for the purchase of building materials and housing construction. However, having considered the financial situation of a large family, there are not many families who are able to build a house for themselves, even with the help of a loan or a loan. Therefore, the housing problem will remain a problem, at least for the near future.

An equally important problem is the problem of parents' employment. On the part of society, a large family is often misunderstood. When getting a job at a private enterprise, a mother with many children often hears the answer: "Sorry, you don't suit us," frequent sick leave does not suit employers. You can get a job only in the most and lowest-paid jobs: as a cleaner, nanny, usher. Meanwhile, a woman who has no children is making a career at this time. But then time passes, children grow up to adulthood, and a mother with many children becomes nothing with no profession. She has no rights, no benefits, no career, all her income is child support. In order to feed a large family, mothers with many children are forced to look for a part-time job or take a second job, there is very little time left for housekeeping and taking care of children, a new problem appears - the lack of personal time for parents.

All children require attention to themselves at the same time, and their needs often do not coincide, but it is necessary to find time for each child, for work and rest. The appearance of a large number of children requires high social activity from parents. Due to objective circumstances, motherhood becomes for a woman not a short-term break from work, but a complete form of self-realization. For such women, there is only one profession - a mother, and the need to raise several children is higher, or at least not lower than the need for a prestigious job or a prestigious spending free time. V.M. Zherebin, O.A. Alekseeva, V.N. Zemlyanskaya, the data of the time budget of working parents were carried out.

Table 4

Time budget of working men and women, depending on the number of children (in numbers per person per day)

	Husband and wife
	Without children	One child	Two children	Three children	Four or more children
Working hours and work-related time
Household time
Time to work in a personal subsidiary farm
Time for parenting
Time to meet physical needs
Free time activities including study
General workload
Other time

(The first meaning is a man; the second meaning is a woman)

After analyzing the data given in the table, we can conclude that with the addition of one more child, after three children, it almost does not affect the distribution of time. Children in a large family provide great help to their parents: they help with the household chores, the elders look after the younger ones, the teenagers try to earn money on their own.

Another important problem of large families is the problem of children's health. The difficult psychological climate of the family, as a rule, affects the health of children. Concern about the health of children in a large family is especially relevant, since a sick child in such a family brings more worries than in a small one. Overcrowding almost guarantees that all children and possibly parents in the family will get sick. Fathers get sick twice as often as in other families.

Treatment and medicine can consume a significant portion of the household budget. Visiting doctors, sitting in queues, the inability to go to the clinic with two or three children, as well as "torn apart" between the house and the clinic - all this forces us to take the health problem of each family member seriously. The presence of a poorly healthy child in a family is a problem more typical for large families than for small families, due to such circumstances as the birth of children at short intervals, the weakening of the mother's body by a previous pregnancy, and the inability to regain strength due to lack of time and money.

The incidence of children depends on the serial number of the birth of the child - the likelihood of the influence of perinatal factors, starting from the fourth child, the overall incidence rate becomes higher. Children of the first three orders of birth are breastfed for a longer period and receive more nutrients, they have stronger immunity. Scientists have noted a direct relationship between the health of children and the health of their parents. There is a low rate of systematic observation of children, late referral in case of illness, self-medication, unsatisfactory clinical examination and "coverage" by other specialists, insufficient spa treatment.

In the structure of morbidity among children, respiratory diseases (ARVI, influenza) are in the first place, and nutritional disorders are in second place. In large families, the share of spending on food products is higher, and the diet structure is less rational than in general in all families with children. Children get fewer fruits, berries, meat, eggs, fish and many other foods that are good for the body. This cannot but affect the health of children from large families, since they do not receive the most valuable: protein and vitamins. In third place are diseases of the nervous system and organs of vision. There is a high level of diseases of the central nervous system in children of high birth orders: delayed neuropsychological development, varying degrees of mental retardation, neurosis. Adolescents are below average health.

Thus, large families have a common specific social problem: children from such families often demonstrate low self-esteem, they are characterized by poor health.

A difficult problem in general, and especially for many families, the organization of children's recreation during the holidays. Leisure and recreation for children and youth is increasingly turning into an industry of paid goods and services. This makes them inaccessible to children from low-income families, primarily those with many children. Most children, due to the lack of money for holidays from their parents and the state, cannot spend their holidays with benefits for their health.

The problem of upbringing plays a very significant role in the emotional health of a family. Upbringing is a process in which parents establish the value system of their children, pass on their beliefs, beliefs, fears to them, and form desirable behavioral skills. In a prosperous large family, children do not experience a lack of communication, they are on an equal position, the elders take care of the kids, help their parents, while positive moral qualities are formed, such as honesty, hard work, sensitivity and respect for elders. But at the same time, lack of time, lack of knowledge on raising children create certain problems in such families. The upbringing potential of a large family has its positive and negative characteristics, and the process of socialization of children has its own difficulties and problems.

On the one hand, as a rule, reasonable needs and the ability to take into account the needs of others are brought up here; none of the children has a privileged position, which means that there is no ground for the formation of egoism, asocial traits; more opportunities for communication, caring for the younger, assimilation of moral and social norms and rules of community; such moral qualities as sensitivity, humanity, responsibility, respect for people, as well as the qualities of the social order - the ability to communicate, adapt, and tolerance can be more successfully formed. Children from such families turn out to be more prepared for married life, they more easily overcome role conflicts associated with the overestimated demands of one of the spouses for the other and low demands on themselves.

However, the process of upbringing in a large family is no less complicated and contradictory.

First, in such families, adults quite often lose a sense of justice in relation to children, show unequal affection and attention to them. An offended child always acutely feels the lack of warmth and attention to him, reacting to it in his own way: in some cases, an accompanying psychological state for him becomes anxiety, a feeling of inferiority and self-doubt, in others - increased aggressiveness, inadequate reaction to life situations. Older children in a large family are characterized by categorical judgments, striving for leadership, leadership even in cases where there is no reason for this. All this, naturally, complicates the process of socialization of children.

Secondly, in large families, the physical and mental load on the parents, especially on the mother, increases dramatically. She has less free time and opportunities for the development of children and communication with them, to show attention to their interests. Teenagers usually get involved early in household chores and often drop out of school to help their parents and start working. Children of large families grow up early, and since parents, due to employment, devote less time to children, children spend most of their time on the street, where they are more likely to acquire bad habits (smoking, alcohol) and other forms of deviant behavior. Difficulties arise in communication, both for adult family members and children, especially adolescents. This complicates the process of socialization of children and can contribute to the emergence of new problems in the future. Unfortunately, children from large families are more likely to take a socially dangerous path of behavior, almost 3.5 times more often than children from families of other types.

A large family has fewer opportunities to meet the needs and interests of a child, who is already given much less time than a one-child family, which, naturally, cannot but affect his development. Because people have different attitudes towards large families, parents may have difficulty communicating with work colleagues. Children from large families also feel the negative attitude of their peers around them, which causes difficulties in communicating with other children.

Large families have big problems in the field of education. To become educated, the children of these families have fewer conditions, the point is not that they have less ability, but that they do not have the opportunity to receive the same upbringing and education as children with high incomes. The child must develop comprehensively, go to circles, various sections, work with parents at home. In a large family, parents do not have the opportunity to work with children, and their financial situation does not allow them to send all their children to hobby groups. But, despite this, only 14.3% of children from a large family have never studied in any section, studio, circle, since there is no interest. But, at the same time, 41.3% of children from large families had to stop classes due to limited time and material opportunities. When a child is still small, he already faces serious problems, he receives less attention. If earlier the lack of attention and upbringing in the family was compensated by the system of preschool education, now it is not so easy to arrange a child in a kindergarten. The number of places in kindergartens is limited, so the payment for a place increases and it is very difficult for parents with many children to pay for a child.

Older children often look after younger children, which limits their free time. All this leads to social inequality in the development of children from large and small families. But, despite the difficult financial situation of the family, children from large families strive to get higher education (75% of high school students plan to get higher education), but parents are more inclined to lower the level of education to secondary specialized if there is no opportunity to get higher education. Parents more often think that special courses or elementary skills of the profession will suffice. Family income influences attitudes towards education: the higher the family's wealth, the more often higher education is chosen. There are also other factors affecting the accessibility of education: the level of the child's own abilities, the influence of the educational level of the parents, benefits in obtaining education, the life position of the child. The educational status of the mother has a greater influence on the education of children than of the father, which is explained by the great influence of the mother on the formation of the child's personality.

When choosing a profession, children from a large family pay great attention to: the level of payment; the opportunity for professional growth; demand in the labor market. They also choose a profession according to their abilities and interests. These children do not expect help from anyone, they have learned to achieve everything on their own and rely only on their own strength. Despite the difficult financial situation, parents are looking for an opportunity to hire tutors for their children in obtaining their chosen profession.

In order to more successfully cope with all the variety of problems, parents of large families need relevant information. But, judging by the domestic media, primarily the print media, it is a large family that is in a vacuum. The overwhelming majority of publications are devoted to the upbringing of one child. From a sociological survey conducted among large families, it follows that 85% noted the lack of information in the media that is valuable for large families. Among the rest of the respondents, 10% mentioned religiously oriented sources of information. Another 5% use the Internet and actively search wherever possible.

In such a situation, many 67% are rescued by direct communication with the same large families. Interacting with other people, a large family experiences the impact of the external environment, which can be both positive, including those involving real help, and negative.

Table 5

The nature of the relationship to large families

The nature of the relationship	State structures	Most people	Relatives
Generally positive, help as much as possible
Positive, but no real help
Indifferent
Negative
Found it difficult to answer

Attitude towards a large family (%)

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that the attitude towards a large family on the part of the authorities and ordinary people is generally positive. But upon further analysis, the attitude towards large families on the part of government agencies and ordinary people revealed a significant difference. The position of the official structures on the whole can be characterized rather as “neutral-positive”. The attitude of ordinary people is highly polarized - they help, as much as possible, every third family, but at the same time they have a negative attitude towards every fourth. Against this background, relatives seem to be clearly preferable, they are, as a rule, the main helpers of a large family. They really help in most cases. Their indifferent or negative attitude looks like an exception.

So, a modern large family is experiencing certain difficulties: material and household, housing, lack of personal time for parents, employment of parents, children's health, in upbringing, in education, lack of information, indifference from government agencies.

Conclusions on Chapter I:

1. Chapter I reveals the main theoretical provisions of the problem under study. The concept of "family" is given (scientists A.I. Antonov, M.A. Galaguzova, A.V. Mudrik, A.G. Kharchev), as well as "large family". The family is a system-functional association of emotionally close and significant people on the basis of marriage, kinship and parenthood. In our opinion, a large family is a family with three or more children under the age of 16, living together, having a common life, mutual rights and obligations arising from marriage, kinship, adoption or other form of placing children in a family.
2. The categories of large families are revealed: deliberate large families, accidental large families, large families due to remarriage, foster families and with adopted children, dysfunctional large families.
3. A diagram of clearly fixed functions of a large family is given, the main of which are: reproductive, economic, educational, recreational, communicative and socialization functions.

Based on the study of a large amount of socio-pedagogical literature, a social portrait of a modern large family has been compiled. Distinctive features of such a family are material, household and housing problems, lack of personal time for parents, children's health, problems in upbringing, in the field of education, lack of information about the benefits provided, indifferent attitude on the part of government agencies.

Chapter II. Experimental study of social and pedagogical assistance to large families

2.1 Analysis of the regulatory framework

Social protection of the population and the mechanism for its implementation are based on constitutional and legal norms and international covenants on human rights and freedoms. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims and recognizes the rights of all people to life, liberty and security of person, dignity, freedom of opinion, speech, religion, peaceful assembly and association, participation in government, the right to work, rest, education, social security, social protection. - economic interests.

On July 24, 1998, Federal Law No. 124-FZ “On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation” was adopted. In accordance with it, the state "recognizes childhood as an important stage in a person's life and proceeds from the principles of the priority of preparing children for a full life in society, developing socially significant and creative activity in them, fostering high moral qualities, patriotism and citizenship in them."

State policy in the interests of children is based on the principles of legislative provision of the rights of the child; state support of the family in order to ensure the full-fledged upbringing of children, protect their rights, prepare them for a full life in society; establishing and observing state minimum social standards of the main indicators of the quality of life of children, taking into account regional differences of these indicators; responsibility of officials, citizens for violation of the rights and legitimate interests of the child, causing him harm; state support for local governments, public associations and other organizations that carry out activities to protect the rights and legitimate interests of the child. Accordingly, social protection of children and adolescents should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks.

Social protection of children and adolescents at the present stage is consistent with the state policy in the field of childhood, which recognizes this period of a person's life as the most important stage, and therefore undertakes to do everything to prepare them for a full life.

The relations of the state and society with large families with the relevant departments and institutions need constant regulation. This requires a legal framework based on certain laws.

The legislative and regulatory framework is a set of legal documents reflecting the four levels of subjects of their publication.

The second level is domestic legal acts of federal significance: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws of the Russian Federation, decrees, orders of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, orders of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development.

The third level - executive acts of regional significance: decrees, orders of the head of the region.

The fourth level - municipal acts of regional significance: decisions, orders of the head of the administration of the municipality. In order to carry out a targeted and targeted policy to strengthen social support for large families in the context of price liberalization at the federal level, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures for social support of large families" dated May 5, 1992 No. 432 defines the following benefits:

a) A discount in the amount of at least 30% of the established payment for the use of heating, water, sewage, gas and electricity, and for families living in houses without central heating - from the cost of fuel purchased for heating within the established norms;

b) Free distribution of medicines for children under 6 years old on prescriptions of doctors;

c) Free travel on intracity transport, as well as on buses of suburban and intradistrict routes for students of general education schools;

d) Admission of children to preschool institutions in the first place;

e) Free meals (breakfasts and lunches) for students of secondary schools and vocational schools at the expense of general education funds and deductions from their production activities and other non-budgetary deductions;

g) Free provision, in accordance with the established standards, with a school uniform or a set of clothing replacing it for attending school, as well as sports uniform for the entire period of schooling of children;

h) One day a month free admission to museums, parks of culture and recreation.

Families with many children are assisted in organizing a peasant farm, small businesses and other commercial structures. The state provides for the allocation of land plots for these purposes, provides incentives for the collection of land tax and rent in the form of full or partial exemption from tax for a certain period or a decrease in tax rates; provides gratuitous material aid or interest-free loans for reimbursement. They also contribute to the provision of preferential loans to large families for the purchase of building materials and the construction of housing.

When developing regional employment programs, the state takes into account the need to employ parents with many children and, if possible, provide work with a flexible schedule or part-time work.

There is social support for families with children through the provision of material assistance, the appointment of a monthly child benefit of 70% of the minimum wage.

In November 2008, the amount of the monthly allowance was increased for children from large low-income families - students of general education institutions. For each child, it is 600 rubles, taking into account the regional coefficient - 690 rubles or 720 rubles. But this decision was made only for students, and for those who do not study - the allowance is 400 rubles.

In general, the indicators of the living conditions of the family, women and children remain unfavorable, which poses a threat to the physical and spiritual health of the population in the region and predetermines the need for purposeful efforts to overcome this situation. Therefore, the main directions for the development of social services for families with children, women and children should be:

1. Providing the necessary conditions for improving the quality of life of families;
2. Creation of favorable conditions for full and equal participation of women in political, economic, social and cultural life;
3. Ensuring the rights of children to their full physical, intellectual, moral and social development.

The solution of the tasks set requires the adoption of a number of significant measures to improve the mechanisms for the implementation of social policy in the interests of the family, women and children, including in the field of family support:

1. State incentives for small businesses, including family businesses;
2. Development of a network of specialized institutions for social services for families, children and adolescents, expanding the list of services they provide, including counseling, psychotherapeutic, for overcoming crisis situations, social and psychological adaptation to new conditions;
3. Regularly analyze the implementation of legislation on the problems of social protection of families, women and children, take prompt action on the facts of refusal to provide families with children with benefits and advantages;
4. Providing additional guarantees in the social rehabilitation and adaptation of children in difficult life situations, including orphans, children with disabilities;
5. Expansion of state support and development of new forms of family education for children who have lost parental care (foster families), foster families (foster families);
6. Creation of an effective system for the prevention of neglect, drug addiction and juvenile delinquency, social protection of children in difficult life situations, including socially maladjusted children and children with disabilities;
7. Work on the organization of health-improving recreation for children in need of special care of the state should be taken to a new level. It is necessary to continue the practice of setting up day camps at social service centers, providing conditions for good rest and rehabilitation of children. Particular attention should be paid to their labor education, introduction to socially useful work.

In general, changes should go, first of all, in the direction of changing the interaction of state and municipal authorities with non-profit and public organizations, the development of such a form of social partnership as a social order, the use of the experience of foreign countries in terms of the development of social partnership.

Currently, the state is interested in increasing the prestige of the family. The only way to increase the prestige of the family and the values \u200b\u200bof motherhood and fatherhood is through changing the moral attitudes in society. It is necessary to return the family a worthy place in the life of a person and society.

The year 2008 was officially recognized as the year of the family, in the Altai Territory, on February 14, 2008, the Institute of Family and Society began its activities, the purpose of which is to increase the prestige of the family and the value of motherhood and fatherhood. There are four main facets: spiritual, social, material and medical. The spiritual is the change in the attitude of society to the family, to the role of motherhood and fatherhood. The social and material aspects are the problem of the accessibility of preschool and sports institutions that work directly with the family and provide it with all-round support. The medical aspect is the creation of Centers for the protection of the health of children and their mothers.

The plans of the Institute for Family and Society include the creation of a professional community of specialists working in the field of family and demographic policy, to assist its members in every possible way in achieving social, charitable, cultural, educational, scientific and managerial goals to strengthen the institution of the family in Russia, in order to protect health of citizens, satisfying the spiritual and other intangible needs of citizens, protecting the rights, legitimate interests of citizens and organizations, resolving disputes and conflicts, providing legal assistance, as well as for other purposes aimed at achieving public benefits.

As well as uniting the efforts of the subjects of family policy in order to contribute to: strengthening the prestige and role of the family in society; changes in the demographic situation in the Russian Federation; establishing social partnership and interaction between the institution of the family and other institutions of society; development of education, science, culture, art, enlightenment; revival of the culture of family relations and family education; increasing the role of the family in the spiritual, moral, patriotic and cultural education and physical development of the individual; enhancing the role of the family in the field of education and upbringing; strengthening of matrimonial, child-parental relations; meeting the spiritual, cultural and other intangible needs of the family; protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the family; fight against drug addiction.

To achieve these goals and objectives, the "Institute for Family and Society" will:

Participate in the development and implementation of interregional, federal and international social programs;

Support government and public initiatives.

Engage in information and analytical, educational, methodological and consulting activities;

Coordinate social, educational, cultural, advisory and other activities on an ongoing long-term basis;

Promote the gradual creation of conditions for strengthening the role of the family and improving the demographic situation;

Carry out the organization of international, interregional cooperation on the problems of family education, upbringing and culture, with the involvement of Russian and foreign organizations and their funds for the implementation of social programs and projects;

Organize opinion polls and conduct monitoring;

Organize exhibitions, competitions, conferences and other events at the federal and regional levels;

Conduct broad educational and promotional work to improve the culture of family relations.

But all these are plans for the future, in the present, the monthly allowance for children from large families was increased. On December 29, 2006, the region adopted a law "On additional measures of social support for large families in the Altai region", which provides for the free distribution of prescription drugs for children under 6 years of age; the right to purchase a single social ticket for students of educational institutions.

In addition, a one-time financial aid is provided for large families that provide gasification of households.

These recommendations and projects will help to solve many problems of vulnerable groups of the population who are in a crisis situation. Thus, we can conclude that social policy and especially the mechanism for providing social assistance to large low-income families need development and improvement. In recent years, the differentiation of incomes of the population has been growing, and the proportion of the poor has been increasing. An effective social policy offers an integrated approach, taking into account the economic state of the country, budgetary possibilities, in this regard, we suggest the legislator to pay attention to:

1. reforming the legal framework for social protection of citizens. For this, a social code can be developed, which should provide for:

a) A clear definition of the concept and structure of social guarantees for the population;

b) delimitation and definition of powers between federal, regional and local authorities in the field of social assistance;

c) unambiguous criteria for defining the poor;

d) a clear description of the technology for financing social assistance.

2. reducing the socially disadvantaged stratum of the population, and, above all, reducing the number of the poor, by increasing the income of the population to the value of the subsistence minimum. Increase in childcare benefits, as well as unemployment and child benefits. Establishing additional benefits for unemployed parents, organizing and developing public works.

3. development of targeted social assistance, taking into account the needs of citizens.

4. an increase in budgetary allocations to ensure normal standards of social services.

5. Simplification and transparency of the mechanism for financing social and cultural events.

6. Development and implementation of programs of affordable social housing for low-income families, or expansion of the available housing.

The solution of all the listed problems will help stabilize the social sphere and thereby create conditions for the positive development of citizens. Most constituent entities of the Russian Federation have adopted laws on social standards, and in accordance with which each resident is provided with a guaranteed minimum list of housing and social and cultural services, expressed in monetary or physical terms. The main measures should be to support the least protected segments of the population with an appropriate division of responsibility between federal and territorial authorities, and self-government bodies. Social standards will be developed for the formation of budgets of various levels, which should be based on the system of state minimum standards for social assistance. The provision of social services will be carried out on a competitive and licensed basis; the volume of free and subsidized social services will increase.

Thus, the analysis of legislative documents of general federal significance, as well as the activities carried out in the regions of the country, in particular, in the Altai Territory, testifies to the targeted, systematic support provided to families, including those with many children, of various assistance measures in terms of their content.

2.2 Generalization of the experience of work of a social teacher with large families

On the topic of our research, experimental work was organized and carried out on the basis of secondary school No. 113.

The purpose of this experiment is to study the social and psychological characteristics of a modern large family, as well as to determine the priority areas of work of a school social teacher with a large family.

In accordance with the goal, we set the following tasks:

1. Study of the living conditions of a large family
2. Study of the psychological atmosphere of the family
3. Identification of upbringing opportunities, family upbringing factors that have the most positive impact on the child
4. Identifying the relationship between family and school
5. Search for ways to optimize the pedagogical interaction between school, family and society.

Experimental work included the following stages:

Stage I - the ascertaining experiment. A study of the characteristics and problems of large families was carried out and a plan of individual and group support was drawn up.

Stage II - a formative experiment. A comprehensive program of social and pedagogical support for large families was tested.

Stage III - a control experiment, which analyzes the results of experimental work, studied changes in the relationship between parents and children of the "family at risk".

Each stage included the solution of specific problems.

Stage I - the ascertaining experiment. The goal is to identify the problems and characteristics of large families in need of social and pedagogical assistance.

Study large families and draw up documentation;

Diagnose intra-family relationships in each specific family.

Any activity of a social teacher begins with the study and analysis of the situation and the problems that characterize it. Without this, it is impossible to successfully organize the work. In advanced pedagogical experience, you can find many forms and interesting approaches in the work of the school to help large families. Families with many children are the most vulnerable and require special attention and support from society. Every year the number of large families decreases significantly, and the number of children in such families also decreases.

The work of a social teacher begins with filling out the social and pedagogical passport of the microdistrict of an educational institution, the final section of which is devoted to the composition of the family. The data obtained and recorded in it allow more purposeful work with families on the basis of a differentiated approach. To work with a specific family, a “Family Social Passport” is maintained, where diagnostic data, demographic information, and so on are entered. We will consider what measures of real assistance can be provided by a social teacher to large families. 129 families of 254 children live in this microdistrict of the educational institution, of which 9 families are large. There are 39 children for 9 large families. Six families have three children, the other three have four, five and twelve children. These are mainly schoolchildren from seven to fifteen years old (22 children of school age), 8 children of preschool age, and 9 of infants. The age of the children was taken into account in the selection of diagnostic material: we proposed the method "Kinetic drawing of the family" to children of preschool and primary school age, and we used the method "Family Sociogram" in working with adolescents.

Most families are considered prosperous, children are brought up by both parents.

We designed a matrix (M.V.Shakurova), in which we tried to reflect the family situation of each type, as well as the options for the possible behavior of children and adolescents formed by these situations.

After analyzing the characteristics of large families, we were able to identify a family at risk: the family is in a difficult situation, 12 children are not taught anywhere, are not monitored in a polyclinic, etc. (family's social passport is attached).

An individual route of social and pedagogical support was developed for this family.

In addition, a comprehensive program was developed to support large families that do not formally fall into the risk group, but nevertheless, every large family has certain problems, and the school's social and pedagogical service is able to help these families.

The range of problems faced by large families is very wide and varied. In order to provide them with real help, a social educator must, firstly, identify these families and their problems, and secondly, determine the order of their solution in accordance with the degree of relevance for each specific family.

The survey involved 18 parents from 9 families and 28 children.

1. According to the age indicator, the respondents were distributed as follows: under 29 years old - 23%, from 30 to 40 years old - 65% and over 40 years old - 12%. The average age of the parents was 34 years.

2. According to the level of education, the indicators are as follows: higher education - 24%, secondary specialized - 58%, secondary vocational - 6%, secondary education - 12%.

3. The socio-economic situation of the family - the level of income above the average - 6%, the average level of income - 41%, below the average - 53%.

4. According to the number of children in the family: 3 children - 6 families, 4 children in one family, another - 5 children, the largest family has 12 children.

A healthy family is characterized by a strong parental position with clear family rules, flexible, open relationships between younger and older family members with clear patterns of attitudes and behavior, safe, emotionally warm ties between generations.

Family is a complex system of relationships between spouses, parents, children, and other relatives. Together, these relationships make up the family's microclimate, which directly affects the emotional well-being of all its members, through the prism of which the rest of the world and their place in it are perceived.

Analyzing the data obtained, we can note that most of the respondents (56%) assess their family as “strong, although sometimes there are disagreements between spouses”. At the same time, only 16.5% of parents consider their family "very strong: complete harmony between spouses", and 11% of families are in a state of divorce. Another 5.5% point to the presence of problems in the family, note that the relationship between spouses is bad. 11% of the respondents indicated that their family is "generally stable, although there are often scandals between spouses." The data obtained are reflected in Diagram No. 1.

Diagram # 1. Family relationships

We can say that in 44% of families there are certain difficulties in the formation of a healthy microclimate. Perhaps the negative influence of this factor on the upbringing of children, as well as on their ideas about their future family. Parents realistically assess the influence of the family's microclimate on the formation of the child's ideas about the future family, so 12% of the respondents are sure that the child will not choose the parental model as a model of his own family. 49% of parents are not sure that their family will become an example for the child in the future. And only 39% of respondents believe that the parental family will be the standard for the child. Thus, even parents from families with a favorable microclimate are not sure about the attitudes of their children when forming their own family.

Diagram # 2. The needs of the child

The family is the source and mediating link in the transfer of social and historical experience to the child, and, above all, the experience of emotional and business relationships between people. Taking this into account, we can rightfully assume that the family was, is and will be the most important institution for the upbringing and socialization of a child. According to the parents, first of all, the child expects from the family the joy of communication, understanding and support (88% of responses). Secondly, peace and security in their own family is important for a child (49.5%). In third place, in the opinion of parents, is material security (27.5%) (see Diagram # 2).

Correlation analysis showed that this factor is associated with the microclimate in the family. The better the relationship between spouses, the less the child, in their opinion, pays attention to material support in the family. Emotional peace, peaceful and joyful communication with parents, stable and reliable contact with them are very important for a child. The joy of human communication will remain the main and lasting value for a growing person.

The presence of objective opportunities for the inclusion of children in the household, economic, educational activities of the family is a factor that ensures the effectiveness, strength, and resilience of family education. Also important is the child's awareness of the problems in the family. According to the study, 83% of parents consider it necessary to inform their child about the difficulties that arise in the life of the family.

Each family develops its own individual upbringing system, in which not only parents, but also grandmothers and grandfathers participate. Among the respondents, 55% of families live with their grandparents, which, on the one hand, contributes to the transfer of experience between generations, facilitates the educational process for fathers and mothers, and on the other hand, it can be a source of conflict if the educational strategies of parents and grandmothers and grandfathers do not coincide , in such a situation, inconsistent parenting style is more likely.

In a complex family where parents live together, their adult children with their offspring, it is not so easy to achieve proper mutual understanding between parents and children, since belonging to different generations affects.

In the opinion of the respondents, the care for the upbringing of the child (children) lies mainly with: the wife - 93% of the answers; husband - 55% of responses; grandparents (grandmothers, grandfathers) - 44% of the answers.

According to the law, father and mother are vested with equal rights and responsibilities in relation to children. But cultural traditions somewhat differently distribute the roles of father and mother in raising children. The mother takes care of the child, feeds and brings up him, the father provides "general leadership", provides the family financially, protects from enemies. According to the data of correlation analysis, the mother delegates educational functions to the father in the event that she herself cannot cope with the situation.

From the point of view of the parents, the mother has the main educational influence on the child (87.5% of the answers), the influence of the father on the child is comparable to the influence of the school (66% each). Correlation analysis showed that the educational influence of the school increases in those families where the parents have a lack of time to communicate with the child. In third place are grandparents (33%). Also, according to parents, the child is influenced by television (22% of responses), peers (11% of responses), the street (5.5% of responses) (see Diagram 3).

Diagram # 3. Components of educational influence

School is the second institution of socialization after the parental family, which, in addition to the development of intelligence and the transfer of knowledge, for 11 years forms the child's behavior patterns, his values, his system of relationship with the world. These data show that the majority of parents (93%) positively assess the educational impact of school on their child, 11% are sure that the educational institution that their child attends does not have any educational impact, and 5.5% of parents believe that the school has only negative influence (see Diagram # 4).

Diagram No. 4. Educational impact of school

It should be noted that those parents who negatively assess the educational influence of the school on the child (according to the correlation analysis) have inadequate educational attitudes, do not know the age and psychological characteristics of children, do not have pedagogical knowledge, and communicate little with children. In the modern ambiguous social situation, a combination of factors such as employment at work, the absence or low pedagogical literacy of parents makes the process of upbringing in a large family more difficult. 44% of the parents surveyed turn to school for help in education (to the class teacher, social teacher, psychologist).

In this regard, it becomes necessary to study the educational possibilities of the modern family. In general, parents accurately determine the priorities in relations with the child, choose a democratic style of upbringing, are focused on creating a situation of independent choice for the child, recognize the value of the child's personality, are open to communication with him, and provide psychological support in difficult situations.

Based on the data obtained, it can be seen that an important characteristic of parents in a large family is the authoritarian attitude of parents towards children, without taking into account their interests and desires. Perhaps this attitude of parents towards their children is partly due to the responsibility of parents to society for their children, requires parents to control them. On the other hand, this position of the respondent parents may indicate problems within the family and not only. Such a parenting attitude can lead either to a generation gap in the future, when children grow up, or to a complete suppression of the personality in the child.

In addition to analyzing parenting strategies that affect the development of children from large families, it is of interest to consider the role of punishment and rewards in the upbringing of children.

In this regard, during the study, parents were asked special questions about how inclined they are to reward and punish their child. Some parents (16.5%) lack an orientation towards supporting their child's success. They are not inclined to encouragement and punishment, which makes it possible to single out a special type of relationship with the child, which characterizes the "detachment" of parents - the "cold type" of communication. The lack of stimulating reinforcements that record the child's achievements negatively affects his development.

The issue of rewards and punishments for the child seems to be extremely important, they can be considered as a controlling phase in the family's educational strategy.

For good behavior, deeds, success, 45% of parents praise their children. 22% of parents give gifts, including sweets, as incentives. 11% prefer to provide children with additional entertainment (walks, movies, computer games). 5.5% give money, other types of incentives, and 16.5% could not answer this question.

The answers show that verbal assessments of the child dominate: "I praise with words." By the nature of the use of certain punishments, the prohibition of entertainment dominates (38.5%), followed by verbal forms of punishment (explanatory conversation, strict, serious conversation, etc.) - 28.5%. The third most important place is taken by “placing the child in a corner” - 22% (although this form of punishment is more typical for a child of preschool age and is no longer applicable to a younger student). Physical punishment is used by 5.5% of parents. We see that this type of punishment, as a characteristic measure of influence on the child, is noted by a small number of parents, and here, probably, the matter lies not so much in the rigidity of the parents' attitudes, but in the peculiarity of the “parent-child” social relations. 5.5% of parents do not punish the child at all.

Diagram 5. Preferred traits in parenting

When studying the features of parenting strategies, it is important to pay attention to those target attitudes that orient the educational process, what parents of large families strive for when raising their children. Such a target setting is set by the "child's image" - those personal qualities, abilities, skills and abilities that, in the opinion of the parents, it is most desirable to form in him. The parents were asked what qualities they would like to bring up in their child first of all. The distribution of answers to this question is shown in Diagram 5.

The most significant qualities in the normative system of target orientations of parents are such qualities as kindness and honesty (66% of responses each). It is very important, in the opinion of the parents, to foster responsibility and independence in the child. (49.5% and 44%, respectively), as well as dedication and hard work (38.5 and 33%). To a much lesser extent, parents pay attention to the upbringing of volitional qualities: courage, decisiveness, will, perseverance, as well as the development of the intellectual and creative abilities of children.

Thus, it can be noted that in the target system of upbringing, the dominant position is occupied by the moral and ethical component of personality development.

Parents from large families are less likely to choose such qualities as intelligence and creativity as their preferred. In addition to the positive qualities that a child needs in the future, parents note negative qualities that they have now and with which they are actively fighting (see Diagram 6). Most often, parents note laziness (55% of responses), disobedience (44% of responses), irascibility (38.5% of responses) and slovenliness (27.5% of responses). Thus, parents are focused on changes in the child's emotional-volitional sphere, increasing his self-control, emotional stability.

Diagram 6. Parent-adjusted qualities

One of the significant aspects of parent-child relationships is the emergence of conflict situations. The relationship with children in most of the families surveyed is not without conflicts. To understand the real situation of the family and the possibilities of their productive resolution, it is important to understand the sources of these conflicts. According to the survey, it can be seen that the most common cause of conflicts is academic performance and homework (38.5% of responses). Quite often, conflicts occur due to non-observance of regime moments (27.5% of responses), prolonged TV viewing (22%), indiscipline (22% of responses), rudeness to elders (16.5% of responses). In addition, conflicts also occur due to refusal to clean, help around the house, demands for money, purchases (16.5% each). To a lesser extent, conflict situations develop due to long walks, choice of friends, relationships with peers (11% of responses each), leisure activities (5.5%) (see Diagram 7).

In a large family, parents do not have enough time to help with homework, they want their children to be more independent, so problems of academic performance came to the fore.

The fact that in large families there are rarely conflicts about the relations of children with peers, the interests of children, their leisure time may speak not so much about well-being in these matters, but about the parents' inattention to them (or lack of time for discussion).

Diagram 7. Causes of family conflicts

The most critical factor in parent-child relationships is how conflicts are resolved. The study examined various strategies of the parent's behavior in conflict: competition, cooperation, compromise, avoidance and adjustment (see Diagram 8). It was found that most often when resolving conflicts, parents use such a strategy of behavior as a compromise (38.5% of responses), in which both parties make mutual concessions (“you to me, I to you”). A third of the respondents answered that they choose cooperation, the respondents discuss the problem with their child in order to jointly find a “wise solution” (33% of responses). These parents use an effective strategy for getting out of the conflict, in which both parties get a benefit (“I won - you won”). Such a strategy is costly, both emotional and temporary, so parents often choose other options for getting out of a conflict situation.

Some parents (17.5%) use suppression of the child's will in the conflict, insist on making only their own decision (“I won - you lost”). Such a strategy is effective only in extreme situations when there is a lack of time to discuss a solution. Frequent use of this strategy can lead to the transition of the conflict into a chronic state, in addition, it affects the formation of the child's personality - self-esteem decreases, an ineffective model of conflict resolution is set, and the emotional state worsens. Parents rarely use avoidance and adjustment in conflict situations (5.5% of responses each).

Diagram No. 8. Conflict resolution strategies

An analysis of the topics of communication between parents and children showed that most parents most often talk with their children about behavior at school and at home - 82.5%, and about the events of the past day - 55% of responses, 33% of parents choose relationships as a topic for conversation child with friends and plans for the future. 44% of parents talk with their children very rarely due to workload. 5.5% of parents talk about their work (see Diagram # 9).

In general, we can say that in large families, parents note a lack of communication with the child.

Diagram # 9. Preferred Parent-Child Topics

Modern parents believe that raising a healthy child is one of the most important tasks of a family. Full-fledged physical development is a kind of foundation on which the personality framework is "built".

Research data (Diagram # 10) show that this aspect is also important for our respondents, 55% choose health and physical development as the most urgent problem of education. In addition, the intellectual development of children is significant for parents, as well as the child's behavior at school and at home (49.5% of responses each). Parents also note other problems of upbringing: upbringing of industriousness (44%), school performance (38.5%), moral upbringing (33%). Only a small number of parents (11% of the answers) believe that it is necessary to educate the child's ability to organize their leisure time, and 11% of parents also consider it necessary to take into account the emotional state of children. It is important to note that parents do not pay attention to issues of sex education and relationships with peers (5.5% each).

Diagram # 10. Actual problems of education

To effectively solve urgent problems of upbringing, it is necessary to analyze the difficulties that parents face in the process of children's development. Today, a large family is in difficult socio-economic conditions that force parents to work hard to survive, and children are often left to their own devices. Parents indicate that they do not have enough time to raise their children (66% of the answers), and also note the high workload (55% of the answers). The noted difficulties came out on top among all the identified problems. The second group of problems is related to material wealth. Parents note poor living conditions (55% of responses) and a lack of money (49.5% of responses). The next group of difficulties is associated with the lack of pedagogical experience and knowledge of the psychological and age characteristics of children. This is indicated by 33% and 27.5% of the respondents' answers, respectively. The last group of difficulties can be attributed to an unfavorable family situation (16.5% of the answers), the lack of coordination between the spouses in the choice of methods of upbringing (16.5% of the answers (see Diagram 11).

Diagram 11. Difficulties in raising children

Analyzing the data obtained, we can note that on the one hand, the social situation in large families is unfavorable for family education: parents, despite the fact that there are many children in the family, complain about the lack of pedagogical experience and relevant knowledge, the main difficulties are the lack of time and material resources.

Analyzing the features of family education of children from large families, the styles of family education, causes of conflicts, strategies of behavior in conflicts, educational attitudes, goals, difficulties were considered in sufficient detail. On the whole, the materials obtained allow us to conclude that the parents' orientation towards the traditional family model is preserved.

Further, we investigated in more detail the situation in dysfunctional families (in which 16 children are being raised). Two diagnostic methods were carried out, taking into account all the requirements for diagnostic methods, namely: the methods carried out did not threaten the mental and physical health of the surveyed; at the same time, the number and content of methods corresponds to the objectives of the survey and reflects the possibility of proving or refuting the diagnostic hypothesis; the methods were selected taking into account: the age and psychophysiological state of the subjects, the place and time of the subjects, as well as the methods are highly valid and reliable.

1. Family drawing. Purpose: study parent-child relationships; determine the leading patterns of behavior of each family member; to reveal the level of intelligence development (Appendix №). This technique was used for young children, because the projective technique is the most interesting and provides extensive diagnostic information.
2. Family sociogram. Purpose: identify the position of the subject in the system of interpersonal relations; study the nature of communications in the family - direct or indirect. (Appendix №) We offered this technique to adolescents, because they have a sufficient level of associative thinking to draw up a schematic representation of family relationships.

As a result, analyzing the "Family drawing", we received the following data:

• 50% of children experience a communication deficit in the family
• 23% of children feel rejected and unnecessary
• 7% of children include strangers in the family
• 10% have no family relationships
• 10% single out one family member while ignoring the rest

The results of the interpretation of the family sociogram:

• 50% of children do not feel emotionally connected in the family
• 27% communicate with members indirectly, through the most pleasant family member
• 20% identified subsystems in their family: mom - dad, brother - sister, mom - daughter, dad - son, mom - son, etc.
• 3% of children have low self-esteem in the family and are not accepted by the rest of the family.

The data obtained allowed us to conclude that the well-being of the family depends not on the structure of the family, but on the types of intra-family upbringing. Therefore, the next stage of our research is to study the types of upbringing in families using the questionnaire for parents "Analysis of family relationships".

Purpose: identify various violations of the upbringing process; identify the type of inharmonious pathologizing education; to establish some of the psychological causes of these disorders.

As a result of this work, the following results were obtained:

The families surveyed have a variety of types of upbringing:

Conniving hyperprotection - 15%

Abuse - 5%

Hyperprotection - 10%

Unstable parenting style - 10%

Increased moral responsibility - 10%

Lack of requirements-prohibitions on the child - 15%

Emotional rejection - 25%

Stage II - a formative experiment. Based on the obtained characteristics of families and the general program, we have drawn up and implemented a plan of work with large families.

Forms of work with family:

For families with an indulgent parenting type, it is possible to constructively discuss issues after listening to them. Based on this, class-wide meetings were organized on the topic "Punishment and reward", which considered the methods of punishment and types of reward, as well as actions for which you can and should be punished and encouraged.

Parents who did not take an active part in the discussion of the topic were offered individual consultations to discuss demonstrative and hyperthymic personality traits that are formed in a child in the process of such upbringing.

Only 15% responded to the offer to hold an individual consultation, the rest expressed their unwillingness to listen to "notations about the upbringing of their children."

There are not many families in which there is abuse and heightened moral responsibility, so there was no need to organize a parent-teacher meeting. Individual consultations were organized for such parents, which were attended by only 2% of 5%. The parents who came were pointed out to the knowledge of the true reason for this behavior, which they hide. And in case of refusal to cooperate, therapy will be ineffective.

After the conversation, small groups were organized for a business game (5-7 people) "Commandments of Family Education", after which another 2% of the total number of families applied for advice.

For families with increased moral responsibility of children, a parent meeting "Interaction between parents and children" was organized.

Home visits were organized for overprotected families in parenting style, as these parents rarely attended parent-teacher meetings without much interest. When visiting such families, the parents found that 20% of them are not very interested in what problems and successes their children have in school. These are mainly parents of high school students, therefore, according to adults, children themselves must solve their difficulties at school, and turn to them only as a last resort. Individual consultations were also organized. In the course of the work, the parents themselves began to show interest in the school life of their children, without waiting for a visit by a social teacher.

To work with families in which there is an unstable style of upbringing, parent meetings were organized on the topic "Problems of communication between parents and children." After discussing the topic, even those parents who did not have intra-family problems turned for help and advice.

In families with insufficient exactingness to the child, parent meetings were organized on the topic "Confrontation or cooperation". During the conversation, the parents actively participated and willingly shared their parenting experience.

Working with families with emotional rejection coincides with activities with families with a hard parenting style. Joint lectures were organized on the following topics: "About you and for you parents": the role of the family in the formation of the child's personality, the family through the eyes of the child, do they know us? " As a result, some of the parents realized the lack of affection and understanding towards their children. To eliminate this problem in relationships with their children, they turned to a social teacher for help and advice.

At the same time, correctional work was carried out with children from large families included in our experimental group, in the implementation of which the following forms of work were used:

For junior schoolchildren there were organized: a conversation on the topic "My family", a game training "7Ya", a role-playing game "Mom, dad, I am a friendly family."

In the course of working with children, social skills were corrected, as well as behavioral responses to family relationships with parents.

For the teenage group, there were organized: a cycle of class hours on the themes "Parents and Me", "Parents through the eyes of children", Role-play "Living sculpture" ("Show your family").

In the course of working with adolescents, the leading types of upbringing in the family were identified and their own attitude to various types of intrafamily upbringing was formed, as well as in the course of the events, some of the children asked for informational help and individual advice, during which some children understood the behavior and attitude of their parents agreed to further individual socio-psychological assistance.

For older students were organized: a series of conversations on the topic "Stories of adolescents", "Conflict communication in the family", the exercise "Continue the story." Based on the results of the work, the qualitative level of associations of adolescents associated with family relationships was determined. As a result of the work, many teenagers "opened up": they talked about their problems in the family and asked for help and individual advice.

The third stage of our experiment is the control one. After carrying out correctional work with dysfunctional families under the program of social and pedagogical assistance to children from dysfunctional families, we diagnosed the dynamics of changes.

To do this, we used observation, conversation, the method of an unfinished thesis.

After analyzing the results obtained, we found that 20% of families have almost completely eliminated the signs of trouble (they realized the mistakes of family upbringing, the psychological climate in the family has improved; contacts with children have become closer);

15% realized and accepted the fact that their family is not well, they are ready to interact to eliminate problems;

These data confirm that the program developed by us is valid and that there are positive results in its implementation.

So, we ran an experiment:

1. carried out diagnostics of intrafamily relations,
2. identified the main problems of large families in the experimental group;
3. identified and implemented measures of social and pedagogical assistance to this category of families;
4. implemented an individual support program for a dysfunctional large family.

2.3 Practical recommendations for a social educator on working with large families

The main problems are rendering assistance to a large family in raising children, psychological, pedagogical and legal education of families, correction of family education, organization of family leisure. We also consider the problem of the negative attitude of society to large families and the creation of a positive image of a large family as important. In addition, targeted assistance is becoming relevant for low-income families.

Based on the conducted research, we can give the following practical recommendations to a social teacher:

1. On the basis of a systematic study of socio-pedagogical literature, master the theoretical provisions in the field of family problems in general and, in particular, large families.
2. Know the legislative documents of federal and regional significance on family and family education.
3. To clearly identify in a particular educational institution the number of large families, their main "painful" problems, difficulties. Timely identify and organize work with a family in which there is a "difficult" teenager.
4. Outline a set of effective measures for social and pedagogical assistance to large families.
5. Organize meetings of parents with psychologists, medical workers and law enforcement officials to address the problems of organizing work and life, a healthy lifestyle.
6. Organize legal, medical, pedagogical education of parents.
7. To carry out psychological correction of family relations in the process of family psychological counseling. Provide psychotherapeutic assistance to mothers and other family members.
8. To contribute to the enrichment of the choice of forms and types of leisure activities in educational institutions and at the place of residence, sections, circles, "meeting groups". Organization of family clubs, family life schools, Sunday schools. Help in organizing family leisure.
9. Organize a system of pre-vocational education and additional social education for adolescents and young people from large families (lectures on psychology, organization of a healthy lifestyle, career planning, home economics, communication trainings, extended day groups at school or kindergarten, pedagogical, medical and psychological counseling) ...
10. Monitor the health of all family members, provide assistance in improving health.
11. Provide assistance in resolving conflict situations in the family. Keep records and prevention of antisocial and immoral behavior of parents.
12. Ensure constant interaction with the parents and relatives of the child during his stay in the services of temporary residence of children. Communication with the teaching staff (children's receivers, shelters, hospitals).
13. Interact with institutions of permanent residence for children and adolescents (orphanages, family orphanages, guardianship and guardianship authorities, orphanages).
14. To establish interaction and contacts of the school teaching staff with the family.
15. Establish charitable assistance to a large family.

large family social educator

Conclusion

In the diploma work on the problem of social and pedagogical assistance to a large family, we have implemented the set objectives of the study.

The current state of the problem of having many children has been analyzed, and it can be stated that this problem is very urgent. The family is the most important institution of socialization, it is the environment for human life and development from birth to death, the quality of which is determined by a number of parameters of a particular family. The main purpose of the family is to satisfy social, group and individual needs. As a social unit of society, the family satisfies a number of its most important needs. At the same time, it satisfies the personal needs of each of its members, as well as general family (group) needs.

In modern conditions, a family with three or more children is referred to as a large family. There is no consensus among researchers as to which family is called a large family, and there is also no definition of a large family in official documents.

A large family can be successful only if it is functional. The fulfillment of family functions is an important condition for the existence of a family.

One of the main problems of large families is financial or material and household. A large family also needs pedagogical assistance, while it is important to take into account the peculiarities of the conditions of family upbringing, the focus of this assistance on the formation of pedagogical knowledge and skills in parents to use them effectively.

The social educator has to deal with different types of families. But the primary task of a social teacher in working with a large family is to resolve crisis situations that are most often encountered in families in which conditions for the development of each family member are not provided.

The category of large families requires highly professional work of many specialists: psychologists, lawyers, medical workers. However, the social educator is assigned the main diagnostic, coordinating, and human rights role, since it is he who can provide assistance to both children and parents.

Experimental work was carried out on the basis of school No. 113. 129 families with 254 children live in the microdistrict of this educational institution, 9 of them are large families. These families have from three to 12 children. We have identified the distinctive features of these families: in terms of age, education level, socio-economic status.

In the course of questioning, interviewing the parents of the experimental group, specific results were obtained on the following aspects of the problem of large families:

• the relationship between spouses, the psychological climate in the family;
• the main factors that have an educational impact on children;
• educational impact of the school;
• personality traits that are formed in children under the direct influence of family members;
• causes of conflicts in the family and how to resolve them;
• actual problems of upbringing in the opinion of parents;
• difficulties arising in the process of education.

All the results obtained are recorded in the tables.

The analysis of different aspects of the marital status of 9 families of the experimental group made it possible to outline and, as a result, to implement various measures for providing social and pedagogical assistance to large families, these are:

• systematic monitoring of the implementation of basic measures to help families in accordance with the adopted legislative acts;
• in connection with the grave consequences of the current economic crisis in the country at the federal and regional levels, to provide for a new package of proposals for the protection, especially of low-income families and large families;
• carry out various forms of work with families, taking into account the acute problems of a particular family identified in the course of the experimental work, for example, the organization of pedagogical education, targeted support, psychological counseling.

In the diploma work, the socio-psychological characteristics of large families, the peculiarities of parent-child relations were studied, priority problems and ways of solving them were highlighted.

Having summarized the experience of a social teacher on the problem of a large family, as well as having studied the regulatory framework for supporting large families, we have developed and tested a comprehensive program for supporting large families.

The program was tested on the basis of secondary school No. 113 and showed that in the course of its implementation, the academic performance of children of the "risk group" improved, as well as in the course of working with parents, some of them showed interest in the school and social life of their children, improved family relations ...

The final result was a decrease in indicators of social disadvantage in some families, as well as an increase in parental interest in interacting with a social teacher and working together to eliminate intra-family problems. This confirmed the hypothesis set before the study: social and pedagogical assistance to a large family will be much more effective if the following conditions are taken into account and implemented:

1. timely diagnosis of intra-family relations, understanding the main problems of large families
2. studying the personality of a teenager in a large family
3. study of the socializing possibilities of an educational institution with the support of large families
4. measures of social and pedagogical assistance to large families have been identified
5. systematic state support for this category of the family has been strengthened.

Summarizing, we can say that the set goal has been achieved, the tasks have been completed, the research hypothesis has been confirmed.

The work does not claim to be an exhaustive analysis of the problem. The following promising areas of research can be identified:

carrying out research work on the separation of the concepts of "large family" and "low-income family";

comparison of the characteristics of parent-child relationships in one-child and large families;

development of measures to improve the social status, image of large families, both at the school and city levels.

Regulations

1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. - M .: Exam, 2007.
2. Law of the Altai Territory No. 148-ЗС dated December 29, 2006 "On additional measures of social support for large families in the Altai Territory" //http://www.barnaul.org
3. Convention about rights baby and the legislation of the Russian Federation: reference book / M-in labor and social. development Ros. Federation, Department of Children, Women and Family Affairs, State. nauchn.-issled. in-t of family and education; [comp .: V. V. Baratashvili and others]. - 3rd ed., Add. and revised - M .: State. Research Institute of Family and Education, 2004 (PIK VINITI). - 335 p.
4. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993 - M .: INFRA - M, 2008
5. Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the health of citizens" dated July 22, 1993, No. 5487 - 1. // Consultant-plus, 2008.
6. State support program for large families in the Russian Federation for 2008-2015 (Draft) //http://mnogodetki.line.su
7. Family Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 1995 No. 223 - FZ. // Consultant-plus, 2008.
8. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures for social support of large families" dated May 5, 1992 No. 431. // Consultant-plus, 2008.

Federal Law "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" dated July 24, 1998 No. 124 - FZ. // Consultant-plus, 2008.

1. Agildieva, E.F., Senelnikov, A.B. Large family in modern Russia // Family in Russia. - 1994.- No. 2 - P.102 - 107.
2. Analysis of the socio-economic situation of large families. Report at the II All-Russian conference "Large family in modern Russia", 2008.

A very interesting article by Yegor Kholmogorov dedicated to the problems of large families has been published. True, part of the article is devoted to criticism of the statements of Bishop Panteleimon (Shatov), \u200b\u200bbut it aroused my interest primarily in describing the problems faced by large families. From my own experience, I know that the overwhelming majority of people (even those close to me) do not have the slightest idea about the essence of the real problems faced by large families. People do not understand what the parents in large families are guided by when making this or that decision, but at the same time they often criticize, give advice that seems to them very correct (but they may be correct for a small family and not at all suitable for a large family) and are very offended if they advice is not accepted, because they cannot understand the logic of decision-making.

The author's opinion that the main problems are infrastructural is just to the point. Families with many children need spacious vehicles and more spacious housing. Families with many children are much more in need of kindergartens and day-care groups in schools, as this increases the parents' free time and reduces their part of the burden associated with monitoring the child, and so on ...

Read the article. The sentences indicated at the end are very relevant.

Yegor Kholmogorov: Become Large and Massive

The reasoning of Bishop Panteleimon (Shatov), \u200b\u200bwhich caused a lot of noise (although not so much as the call of the mufti for circumcision), that Orthodox families with many children need to prepare for poverty, but still strive for having many children, providing for children by reducing consumer spending, contains the logical and sociological mistake is that it links large families with poverty into an indissoluble connection. "Become a large family and impoverish!"

This linkage is a distortion of the absolutely fair demand not to despise large families for poverty and not to condemn them with swear words like: "You need to give birth less!" It turns out that those who say so are in fact right. They just put another sign.

The call to save on rags for the sake of having many children betrays an absolute lack of understanding of the real infrastructure problems faced by large families. These are simply problems of a different order, which cannot be solved by saving on handbags and restaurants.

First, there is the issue of parental timing. To be at least poor, and not starve to death on the street, you need to work. This requires both parents' working hours. This means that we need nannies, nurseries, kindergartens, extended school, and the system of social care for children in our country, in general, is collapsing. And instead of speaking out for the support of this system on the part of the church, the venerable bishop calls on us to prepare for the earth.

Secondly, there is the problem of housing. Families with many children simply have nowhere to live. The Soviet household standard automatically dictated the small number of children. The post-Soviet even says: die in a rented apartment. The only option for a normal life for a truly large family (that is, six children or more) is to build yourself a big house. That is, a plot, plus construction, plus communications. This is a lot of money.

Maybe the respected hierarch called on the state to promote the introduction of a mortgage with a regressive rate, a special loan for large families, and a proportional reduction in utility bills (which are already turning into hell) depending on the number of children?

No, instead, just like in the parodies from the magazine "Atheist", it turns out that the church calls only to come to terms with their poverty and prepare to be children of the slums.

Thirdly, there is the problem of transport. “Be large” means “walk”. Our trip to Crimea included mom, dad, two girls, one boy, a nanny. The boy can still ride on the nanny’s lap, but it’s not for long, and on the way back we went separately: I was by plane, the rest by car, since the Kuban traffic cops, of course, wouldn’t give a damn about the Crimean ones.

That is, a large family is either an expensive minivan or walk, which is supposed to be. Why do you need to go somewhere? Why would you show your children Crimea, Suzdal, Uglich? You have to stay at home.

Fourth, the problem of keeping children in school and school fees. Beggars with many children literally doom their children to countless bullying and humiliation from the richer students and often teachers. To this we add the persecution by juvenile social services, which often many children are subjected to.

Since this appeal is addressed to the Russians and the Orthodox, in fact the following picture is obtained: give birth, Russian people, and become poor, be humiliated and humiliated, while other multinationals who have become rich due to subsidies, who have both money and many children in okay, will laugh at you in the face.

The socio-economic model itself, to which Vladyka Panteleimon appeals, looks frightening. This is some kind of post-industrial anarcho-capitalism of the 90s and developed Thatcherism. For traditional agrarian societies, each child in the family was not a factor of poverty, but a factor of wealth, a labor resource that entered economic circulation very early on.

In the works of the great Russian economist Chayanov, the economic strategy of traditional Russian families was established: a constant amount of work divided by the number of workers. That is, the larger the family was, the less each of its representatives plowed in.

Russian peasants did not so much earn more money as they saved efforts by expanding the composition of the family. The same pattern persisted in early industrial societies where child labor was permitted. There, every little worker in the family not only provided for himself, but also gave a small profit.

Only in modern societies since the beginning of the twentieth century, in socialist and social-capitalist societies, the child has turned into a net loss - you cannot earn anything from him, but he requires colossal financial investments. A happy and carefree childhood is recognized as almost the primary goal of the family. Protecting children from social horror becomes a major parental virtue.

There is also a certain socio-economic strategy behind this: developed industrial states needed highly qualified educated personnel, so they need children who have received high-quality school, vocational and higher education, which is possible only with a sufficiently carefree and happy childhood.

In need of such children, the developed states of Europe, the USSR, the USA went to create an entire industry of carefree childhood, subordinated to the idea of \u200b\u200beducation. The states began to pay extra money to families with kindergartens and schools, with money or benefits for bringing up children according to a certain standard.

The downside of this carefree childhood was the reduction in the number of small "users" of this service - even rich families could not provide childhood by this standard for ten, and childhood by a different standard began to be squeezed out of rich countries. That is, even those who were ready to plow on children from the age of ten, in fact, could not do this.

Now, unfortunately, we are witnessing a crisis of this model of carefree childhood. The demand in developed countries for skilled labor is falling, as it is being supplanted by automation. The demand for unskilled people is satisfied by migration: migrants are raised in another country, and we do not bear the costs of their education - it turns out to be more profitable.

In other words, modern states do not see any reason to support the “carefree childhood” program for their citizens and they are trying to cut social spending. Well, the number of users is also. Hence the monstrous demographic dynamics both in our country and in the countries of the first world.

In fact, Vladyka Panteleimon invites Orthodox Christians with many children to take this capitalist postmodern anarchy for granted, to come to terms with the fact that the state and society do not need our children and they are even hostile to them, and take a stoic pose, multiplying in poverty, no matter what. It is easy to guess that this position will not be very popular.

It seems to me that our pastors should learn not to parody the clichés of Bolshevik propaganda, which portrayed the church as a bridle of humility for the common people, but to really get involved in the struggle for the social realization of Christian values, including the big family.

And for this, it is necessary to strive not to fight consumerism among ordinary people, but to fight against theft and waste from officials, competent social spending to maintain, and not reduce, as it is now, infrastructure in demographically depressed regions.

Here is the story of 2013, how a woman was driven in an ambulance for more than 100 km throughout the Yaroslavl region, as a result, her child died - this should be in the center of pastoral attention. And from appeals to poverty addressed to the already poor Russian people, no good will come of it.

The Russian Orthodox Church must stand on the position of protecting the welfare state, a state that takes on a part of caring for children and supporting demographic growth. And the reason why the churches should do this is very simple: to increase the number of people being saved. Let's be aware that all utopias about how the Chinese or Zulu will become Orthodox are fantasies.

The only demographic hope of Orthodoxy in the world is connected with the Russian people - its size and upbringing. Therefore, the more Russians, the more Orthodox. The more Russians there are, the stronger our statehood and culture. The more Russians there are, the stronger our army is and the stronger it is against the external enemies of Orthodoxy.

Therefore, the church should be a constructive social and national force for our society, instead of just repelling people with anarcho-capitalism, covered by traditionalist rhetoric.

And now, if you want, as the husband of a mother with many children, I will write you a list of several programs that would really increase the number of children.

1. Free plots for large families under housing construction. There is a program, but it is barely swinging. We are standing in line in the Kaluga region and hope. But in reality, this program should work throughout the country, and work quickly.

2. Regressive mortgage rate tied to the number of children in regions with negative demographic dynamics for those who have permanently resided there for more than seven years.

3. Regressive same rent, starting with the third child. Somewhere there is, but not everywhere. We, for example, do not have such joy, and when apartment bills come, we all become sad together.

4. Tax deduction for the services of kindergartens, nannies, etc. The tax deduction, although a lot of messing with it, is actually a really convenient tool that greatly facilitates the financial situation. Now it is given when buying an apartment, paying for tuition and treatment. I think that the direct costs of raising children should be included in this list.

5. Sale of minivans to parents with many children at a reduced rate. State subsidies for the respective productions of auto concerns. Let's agree with the same Volkswagen, so that it would deploy this line with us. Now, they say, minivans in some places are given free of charge at the birth of the seventh child. But, excuse me, the seat in the car ends in fourth. And the fifth and sixth chances are low for this reason.

6. For the poorest. The introduction of those very American-style ration cards that Tkachev lobbies. It would be a double benefit - both for children and farmers.

Here are some simple moves that Vladyka Panteleimon and the entire Russian Orthodox Church could support, and our country would have many more children, many more Russian children, and many more Russian Orthodox children. And there would be joy for the angels in Heaven ...

Option number 4.

Large family and its main problems

Family problems of the unemployed

· Family and education system, problems and interactions.

A large family and its main problems.

Currently, there is a steady decline in the share of large families in the population of Russia. This coincides with the tendency to have few children and generally childlessness. There is no clear system of social support for large families. There is a negative and even negative attitude of society towards large families, especially with an increase in the ordinal number of births. A new pregnancy with more than two, three children in the family is regarded as something out of the ordinary, as a deviation from the general rules.

Large families at the beginning of the century made up the majority of the population of Russia. They were quite common in all strata of society, from the poorest peasantry to the nobility. This is due to the traditions of the Russian people and Orthodox morality. The birth of children was not planned, it was perceived as a "gift of God", there were no contraceptives, and abortions were not widespread. It was easier to survive in a large family. The society has always had a stable positive attitude towards a large family.

Currently, a large family is considered to be a family with three or more children. And also there are many problems of such families, I will tell about some of them.

· Material and household (financial) problems.

Families with many children are the poorest, with a low average monthly income per family member, which leads to increased costs for food, clothing, and so on. In the structure of income, allowances for children are not large, although they give an increase to the family budget. The share of food expenditures is higher, and the nutrition structure is less diverse. Such families receive less fruit, berries, meat, eggs, fish, and so on, and the lack of basic food supplies is of great concern.

Due to the constant rise in prices, there are extremely limited opportunities to satisfy needs, a shortage of the most essential items: shoes, clothes, school supplies. Rare in-kind and material assistance does not solve the problem.

The budget of such families does not have funds for education, cultural and sports development of children, music and art education, and even for summer vacations. In every fifth family, children do not attend kindergartens due to lack of money to pay.

· Problem of employment of parents.

When the mother does not work, and the father does not receive a salary for a long time, and child benefits are irregular and insufficient, the problem of finding a new job arises.

The dependency burden on the family has changed the structure of its income. A large place was occupied by income from entrepreneurial activities, sales of agricultural products, as well as social transfers, which indicates a decrease in the economic activity of large families.

Survival of a large family in modern conditions is possible by increasing their own income (personal initiative, secondary earnings, work of adolescents). In almost 50% of such families, the work of adolescents brings income to the family, but this is fraught with violation of labor and civil legislation, the dangerous influence of the "criminal world" and the rejection of a number of needs, which is an unaffordable luxury in modern conditions.

· Housing problem.

It is always acute in our country, especially for large families, and has now become of paramount importance. Housing conditions do not meet the standards and cannot be improved by municipal housing. In addition, the scale of housing construction is decreasing, and purchasing housing at the expense of their own funds is not enough for most families.

The payment for housing and communal services is increasing. If this problem is not systematically addressed, then it can become one of the factors in increasing social tension in society.

· Psychological and pedagogical problems.

In a traditional large family, children are in an equal position: there is no lack of communication, the elders take care of the younger ones, as a rule, positive moral qualities are formed, such as sensitivity, humanity, and respect for elders.

But due to the large workload of parents, there is little time left for raising children, and yet in such families it is possible to determine the internal hierarchy of relations.

The problems of the distribution of responsibilities are based on age and sex, individual, and therefore different in scope and complexity. A small opportunity to satisfy their needs develops a feeling of envy, the demand for the impossible.

Most children in large families lead to a decrease in the social age of older children. They grow up early and are less closely related to their parents.

As a rule, in such families there is no respect for the personality of each child, there is no personal corner, their own small territory with respect to boundaries, personal favorite toys, i.e. autonomy of everyone, and often leads to protracted conflicts between children. Conflicts often arise also due to poor school performance.

Such families have a difficult psychological climate: an underestimated level of mutual understanding with parents and, at the same time, an increased need for parental support.

Large families, especially incomplete families, are distinguished by the great neglect of children. Such families note discomfort with colleagues at work, and are often deprived of a friendly attitude in the professional sphere. Large families prefer to create their own social circle. They spend little time on organizing joint leisure activities.

· Medical problems.

A difficult psychological climate usually affects the health of children. Problem children in such families are 10-15%. The development of children in large families needs the priority attention of society.

Problems of families of the unemployed.

The problem of unemployment occurs in all countries of the world, it is one of the most acute social problems, since poverty and spiritual impoverishment of people are behind it. Russia is faced with an increasingly aggravating problem of employment of the population during the transition to market relations.

Unemployment - unemployment in production of the able-bodied, willing to work population.

Cutting off a large number of able-bodied resources from active economic life is a heavy burden on the budget, the need for resources for social assistance is growing, problems arise related to the organization of employment service structures, “brain drain”; a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality leads to "aging of the population" and to an increase in the burden on labor resources, changes in the infrastructure in the market.

Common problems: financial, housing, psychological. The number of divorces in families of the unemployed is increasing, and cases of child abuse are more common. In children, deviations in behavior appear, they have nervous disorders, and the incidence rate increases.

In connection with the above factors, the family does not fulfill the most important functions that are assigned to it by society, and this leads to its destruction.

Family and education system, problems and interactions.

The family and the education system are very closely related to each other. Modern families are developing in a high-quality and contradictory social situation. On the one hand, there is a turn of society towards the problems and needs of the family, comprehensive and targeted programs are being developed and implemented to strengthen and increase its importance in raising children. On the other hand, there are processes that lead to an exacerbation of family problems. This is, first of all, a drop in the living standards of most families, an increase in the number of divorces, which negatively affect the psyche of children, an increase in the number of incomplete families and having one child. A significant proportion of adolescents move away from their parents. Consequently, in today's difficult conditions, the family needs systematic and qualified assistance from educational institutions. Only in the process of interaction between teachers and parents can the problem of the development of the student's personality be successfully solved.

The process of interaction between the family and the school should be aimed at actively involving parents in the educational process, in extracurricular activities, and cooperation with children and teachers. Let us consider the problems and interactions between the family and the education system using the example of the secondary school №2 of the closed city administrative center Ozerny, Tver region.

What are the functions and tasks of interaction between teachers and parents?

The main functions of interaction between the educational institution and the family:

1. informational;

2. educational and developmental;

3. formative;

4. security and health improvement;

5. controlling;

6. household.

Tasks of interaction between the educational institution and the family:

1. the formation of an active pedagogical position of parents;

2. equipping parents with pedagogical knowledge and skills;

3. active participation of parents in the upbringing of children;

4. constant informing of parents about the results of the educational activity of the child;

5. teaching parents how to help their child learn;

6. involvement of parents in the development of cognitive interests.

The organization of interaction between a general education institution and a family involves :

1. study of the family in order to identify its opportunities for raising their children and children of the class;

2. grouping families according to the principle of the possibility of their moral potential for the upbringing of their child, children of the class;

3. analysis of intermediate and final results of their joint educational activities.

In the secondary school №2, the following work is carried out with parents:

1. Increasing the psychological and pedagogical knowledge of parents:

1. Psychological and pedagogical

· Psychological and pedagogical problems of adaptation of a child to school (1st, 5th grades);

Large family and its social protection

1. Large families 2 Categories of large families 3 Problems of large families 4 The system of social assistance to large families 5 Benefits for large families

Federal Law "On State Support for Large Families"

Additional material

The family is one of the systems of social functioning of a person, the most important social institution of society, which changes under the influence of socio-economic and internal processes. It is a small social group connected by marriage or kinship relationships, community of life (living together and housekeeping), emotional closeness , mutual rights and obligations towards each other. The family very quickly and sensitively reacts to all positive and negative changes taking place in society, revealing the humane and inhuman meaning of the processes taking place in society, evaluating the processes that destroy and create for the family. As a society, the family was created, modified and developed with it and in turn can influence the course of its development.

Large families

Currently, there is a steady decline in the share of large families in the population of Russia. This coincides with the tendency to have few children and generally childlessness. There is no clear system of social support for large families. There is a negative and even negative attitude of society towards large families, especially with an increase in the ordinal number of births. A new pregnancy with more than two, three children in the family is regarded as something out of the ordinary, as a deviation from the general rules.

Large families at the beginning of the century made up the majority of the population of Russia. They were quite common in all strata of society, from the poorest peasantry to the nobility. This was due to the traditions of the Russian people and Orthodox morality. The birth of children was not planned, it was perceived as

"Gift of God", there were no contraceptives, abortion was not widespread. It was easier to survive in a large family. The society has always had a stable positive attitude towards a large family.

Currently, a large family is a family with 3 or more children.

1. Conscious large families. In families where family or religious-national traditions are strong.

2. The birth of a common child in case of remarriage of a father or mother in the presence of other children. This category of a large family has the beginnings of "incomplete" in the upbringing of children.

These two categories are quite safe. A large family (consciously having many children) has, as a rule, strong family traditions, a clear internal structure, sufficiently strong protection, a traditionally respectful attitude towards elders. In such families, problems and conflicts are easier to solve, parents do not have a lonely old age. The psychological atmosphere of the family is mutual understanding, the same vision of problems and ways of solving them by both spouses.

3. Dysfunctional large families. Most often they are noted among parents leading an asocial lifestyle: alcoholics, unemployed, mentally disabled, where children are often a means of receiving material and in-kind assistance. In such families, parents have a lower educational level and social status.

Problems of large families

Material and household (financial) problems... Families with many children are the poorest, with a low average monthly income per family member, which leads to increased costs for food, clothing, etc. In the structure of income, allowances for children are small, although they add to the family budget. The share of food expenditures is higher, and the nutrition structure is less varied. Such families receive less fruit, berries, meat, eggs, fish, etc., and the lack of basic food supplies is of great concern.

Due to the constant rise in prices, there are extremely limited opportunities to satisfy needs, a shortage of the most essential items: shoes, clothes, school supplies. Rare in-kind and material assistance does not solve the problem. The budget of such families does not have funds for education, cultural and sports development of children, music and art education, and even for summer vacations. In every fifth family, children do not attend kindergartens due to lack of money to pay.

The problem of parental employment... When the mother does not work, and the father does not receive a salary for a long time, and child benefits are irregular and insufficient, the problem of finding a new job arises. This is often exacerbated by ignorance of the laws and information about the benefits that such families are entitled to.

Dynamics of the number of unemployed registered with the employment service in the Russian Federation (thousand people) - large parents in 1991 - 1.2; in 1996 - 107.4. A family with three minor children (according to the laboratory of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation), with both working parents receiving an average salary, ends up below the poverty line, in 1996 about 76%.

The dependency burden on the family has changed the structure of its income. A large place was occupied by income from entrepreneurial activity, sales of agricultural products, as well as social transfers, which indicates a decrease in the economic activity of large families. Survival of a large family in modern conditions is possible by increasing their own income (personal initiative, secondary earnings, work of adolescents). In almost 50% of such families, the work of adolescents brings income to the family, but this is fraught with violation of labor and civil legislation, the dangerous influence of the "criminal world" and the rejection of a number of needs, which is an unaffordable luxury in modern conditions.

Housing problem, which is always acute in our country, especially for large families, has now acquired paramount importance. Housing conditions do not meet the standards and cannot be improved by municipal housing. In addition, the scale of housing construction is decreasing, and purchasing housing from their own funds is not enough for most families. The payment for housing and communal services is increasing. If this problem is not systematically resolved, then it can become one of the factors in increasing social tension in society. Psychological and pedagogical problems. In a traditional large family, children are in an equal position: there is no lack of communication, the elders take care of the younger ones, as a rule, positive moral qualities are formed, such as sensitivity, humanity, and respect for elders. But due to the large workload of parents (the father works a lot, practically does not stay at home, the mother does not work, but is loaded with household chores) there is little time left for raising children, and yet in such families it is possible to determine the internal hierarchy of relations.

Distribution problems are built according to gender and age, individual, therefore, different in volume and complexity. The head of the family is the father; household chores - on the mother, the keeper of the hearth, the organizer of household chores. Lack of time, lack of knowledge on raising children create a certain problem in such families. The lack of upbringing leads to the fact that children grow up with low self-esteem: anxiety, self-doubt, inadequate idea of \u200b\u200btheir own personality;

older children strive for leadership. A small opportunity to satisfy their needs (for clothes, entertainment, goods, etc., which are among their peers) develops a sense of envy, the demand for the impossible.

Most children in large families lead to a decrease in social age

older children. They grow up early and are less closely related to their parents.

As a rule, such families lack respect for the personality of each child,

there is no personal corner, its own small territory with respect to boundaries, personal

favorite toys, i.e. everyone's autonomy, and often leads to prolonged

long-term conflicts between children.

Conflicts often arise also due to poor performance of children in school,

hence - frequent absences from classes; adolescents usually engage in early

household chores and high school dropouts.

Not only adolescents 15-18 years old do not attend school, but there are also cases of non-attendance

schools for children 7-14 years old; start to work early, have a high probability

acquire bad habits (smoking, alcohol) and other "deviants"

behavior.

In such families, a difficult psychological climate: an underestimated level

mutual understanding with parents and at the same time an increased need for

parental support.

Large families, especially single-parent families, are characterized by greater neglect

children. Children spend most of their time outdoors. A problem arises

communication of both adult family members and children, especially adolescents. it

complicates the process of socialization and interferes in later life.

Families with many children report discomfort with colleagues at work, are often deprived of

friendly attitude in a professional environment; with relatives, more often

husbands who do not approve of the fact of having many children, especially in modern

conditions; negative attitude of peers is felt by children from large families

Difficulty communicating with other children, mismatching interests, etc.

Large families prefer to create their own social circle. Little time

pay for the organization of joint leisure activities.

Medical problems. Difficult psychological climate, as a rule,

affects the health of children. Problem children in such families are 10-15%.

The development of children in large families needs priority attention

society.

Social insecurity of such families, a constant decline in living standards

create a pessimistic social feeling. It is noted

low level of sanitary culture of a large family: 53.8% of families are

to the risk group. The health of all family members suffers, there is

the spread of chronic pathology. Fathers get sick 2 times more often than in

other families. The mother suffers from reproductive health, is characterized by poor

knowledge of contraception, poor social orientation in sexual life,

non-observance of intergenetic intervals between pregnancies. It is noted

unsatisfactory sex education of children, relatively early sexual

teenage life.

It is possible to trace the direct dependence of the health of children on the health of their parents.

There is a low rate of systematic observation of children, late

accessibility in case of illness, self-medication, unsatisfactory

clinical examination and "coverage" by other specialists, insufficient sanatorium

spa treatment.

There is data on the incidence of children, depending on the serial number

childbirth - the likelihood of the influence of prenatal factors, starting from the 4th

child, the overall incidence rate becomes higher. Children of the first 3

birth orders are breastfed for a longer period,

but the regime and the quality of food suffer. In the structure of the incidence of children at the 1st

the place is occupied by diseases of the respiratory system (ARVI), in the 2nd place are disorders

nutrition, metabolism, in 3rd place - diseases of the nervous system, organs

There is a high incidence of central nervous system disease in children

high birth orders: delayed neuropsychic development, various

degree of mental retardation, neurosis. Adolescents are below average health

indicators.

Social assistance system for large families

The social worker provides communication between the family and the subjects of social

The employment service deals with priority employment

parents with many children; providing, if possible, flexible working hours;

organization of training and retraining of parents to obtain another

specialties; employment of children and their acquisition of a specialty,

attracting adolescents to work, obtaining the status of unemployed by them,

attracting them to work all year round.

The authorities of public education (ONO) are entrusted with: opening

free sections and circles, the establishment of preferential prices for the acquisition

textbooks; organization of additional education for the development of potential

opportunities for children, free or discounted children's recreation in the wellness

camp, family leisure and hobby clubs; opening of pedagogical

lecture hall (with consultations of a psychologist, a teacher about family education).

Social Protection Authorities (SPOs) are responsible for the organization of benefits,

benefits, the provision of family travel packages, the opening of family assistance centers,

targeted social assistance, material assistance, the allocation of preferential

loans for the purchase of durable goods, preferential

allocation of plots for individual construction, timely

information about benefits.

The lawyer provides a legislative basis for resolving the issues of benefits,

subsidies related to housing, organizing your own business, allocating cash

loans, soft loans.

The psychologist helps to solve psychological problems of the family, including

including using the helpline to get advice from a psychologist, a teacher in

the right moment.

Health authorities (03) provide a discount on the purchase

medicines, organize the departure of specialists at the place of residence,

medical institutions out of turn, vouchers to a sanatorium, medical

fortified food, prevention of the health of family members.

Trade organizations undertake the sale of goods and products

meals at reduced prices, provide soft loans for the purchase

durable items.

Charitable organizations provide material and

natural help, the church - charitable and psychological support.

The executive city authority ensures the timely issuance of

salaries and child benefits, provides an opportunity to improve housing, creates

conditions for self-sufficiency of families (development of entrepreneurship, small and

medium-sized businesses, farming, the allocation of cash loans, soft loans,

land, building materials), assists in organizing an association

mothers with many children.

Similar families participate in the creation of the Association of Large Children

families, mutual aid organizations (communication, clothes, shoes, toys, etc.).

Neighbors create public opinion, help.

The place of work of parents makes it possible to improve housing, get

material assistance, organize home work for the mother, part-time work

week or extra day off, flexible working hours, possibility

retraining.

Association of Large Families (on the example of the city of Nizhny Novgorod,

which has existed for over 6 years). The main task: the organization of mutual aid

large families, which is carried out in stages.

The Association has a territorial management structure and conducts

quantitative and qualitative study of the state of all large families.

A card index has been created, various types of large families have been identified,

attention to legal literacy, systematic study

regulatory documents; psychological and pedagogical education is carried out

parents, talks, lectures, consultations of a psychologist, teacher,

family holidays as a business game; cultural leisure of the family is organized

(free tickets to the local theater, meetings with artists, poets).

Parents get rid of feelings of hopelessness, loneliness, feel

support each other, the circle of communication expands, becomes more conscious

organization of family life, get the opportunity to pedagogically competently

to shape the personality of their children.

Benefits for large families

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures for social support of large families" from 5

may 1992 No. 432 defines the following benefits:

Discount of at least 30% of the established user fee

heating, water, sewerage, gas and electricity, and for families,

living in houses without central heating - from the cost

fuel purchased for heating within the established norms;

Free dispensing of medicines for children under 6 years old on prescriptions of doctors;

Free travel on intracity transport, as well as on buses

suburban and intradistrict routes for students of general education

Admission of children to preschool institutions in the first place;

Free meals (breakfast and lunch) for general education students

schools and vocational educational institutions at the expense of general education and

deductions from their production activities and other off-budget

deductions;

Free provision in accordance with the established standards

school uniform or a replacement set of clothing for attending school

classes, as well as sportswear for the entire period of education of children at school;

One day a month free admission to museums, parks of culture and recreation.

Currently, the draft Federal Law "On State

support of large families ”.

A family whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level is considered

low-income.

According to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for granting benefits for

long-distance travel for children in need of a health resort

provided to children up to the age of 18 who need

spa treatment on the basis of the conclusion of state and municipal

health care institutions who have vouchers to sanatorium-resort organizations

and those living in low-income families.

This right applies to one of the parents (the person replacing him),

accompanying the child to the place of treatment and back.

Types of transport:

Railway (trains and carriages of all categories, except for branded

trains and trains of superior comfort);

Automotive (general use);

Aviation (in the absence of a railway connection).

List of required documents:

Application from an accompanying person;

Conclusion of a state or municipal health care institution

on the direction of the child for sanatorium treatment;

Voucher stub;

Travel documents of the child and accompanying person;

Documents on the composition of the family and the amount of wages (income of each

family member).

Reimbursement of the reduced fare is made by the social security body

population at the place of residence. Financing the costs envisaged

by decree, carried out at the expense of the federal budget.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that the destruction of values \u200b\u200bis currently underway.

family, marriage, motherhood. Social differentiation of society continues

to worsen, more and more families are falling into poverty. therefore

society, the state must change their attitude towards the family as a social

We need special care and assistance for mothers, legal protection of the family,

creating social conditions for its normal functioning, ensuring

harmonious development of each child, taking into account his physiological

features.

A social worker should help to overcome difficulties, to maximize

all social assistance resources, to raise funds from charitable

organizations, church, various societies; teach the family self-help and

mutual assistance, family business.

List of references1. Zubkova TS, Timoshina NV Organization and content of work on social protection of women, children and families: textbook. manual for stud. wednesday prof. study. institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003 - 224s. 2. Family education: Reader: textbook. manual for stud. higher. ped. study. institutions / comp. P.A. Lebedev. - M .: publishing center "Academy", 2001 - 408s. 3. Bocharova N.I., Tikhonova O.G. Organization of leisure for children in the family: textbook. manual. for stud. higher. ped. study. institutions. - M .: Publishing center "Academy", 2001 - 208s.

Option number 4.

Large family and its main problems

Family problems of the unemployed

· Family and education system, problems and interactions.

A large family and its main problems.

Currently, there is a steady decline in the share of large families in the population of Russia. This coincides with the tendency to have few children and generally childlessness. There is no clear system of social support for large families. There is a negative and even negative attitude of society towards large families, especially with an increase in the ordinal number of births. A new pregnancy with more than two, three children in the family is regarded as something out of the ordinary, as a deviation from the general rules.

Large families at the beginning of the century made up the majority of the population of Russia. They were quite common in all strata of society, from the poorest peasantry to the nobility. This is due to the traditions of the Russian people and Orthodox morality. The birth of children was not planned, it was perceived as a "gift of God", there were no contraceptives, and abortions were not widespread. It was easier to survive in a large family. The society has always had a stable positive attitude towards a large family.

Currently, a large family is considered to be a family with three or more children. And also there are many problems of such families, I will tell about some of them.

· Material and household (financial) problems.

Families with many children are the poorest, with a low average monthly income per family member, which leads to increased costs for food, clothing, and so on. In the structure of income, allowances for children are not large, although they give an increase to the family budget. The share of food expenditures is higher, and the nutrition structure is less diverse. Such families receive less fruit, berries, meat, eggs, fish, and so on, and the lack of basic food supplies is of great concern.

Due to the constant rise in prices, there are extremely limited opportunities to satisfy needs, a shortage of the most essential items: shoes, clothes, school supplies. Rare in-kind and material assistance does not solve the problem.

The budget of such families does not have funds for education, cultural and sports development of children, music and art education, and even for summer vacations. In every fifth family, children do not attend kindergartens due to lack of money to pay.

· Problem of employment of parents.

When the mother does not work, and the father does not receive a salary for a long time, and child benefits are irregular and insufficient, the problem of finding a new job arises.

The dependency burden on the family has changed the structure of its income. A large place was occupied by income from entrepreneurial activities, sales of agricultural products, as well as social transfers, which indicates a decrease in the economic activity of large families.

Survival of a large family in modern conditions is possible by increasing their own income (personal initiative, secondary earnings, work of adolescents). In almost 50% of such families, the work of adolescents brings income to the family, but this is fraught with violation of labor and civil legislation, the dangerous influence of the "criminal world" and the rejection of a number of needs, which is an unaffordable luxury in modern conditions.

· Housing problem.

It is always acute in our country, especially for large families, and has now become of paramount importance. Housing conditions do not meet the standards and cannot be improved by municipal housing. In addition, the scale of housing construction is decreasing, and purchasing housing at the expense of their own funds is not enough for most families.

The payment for housing and communal services is increasing. If this problem is not systematically addressed, then it can become one of the factors in increasing social tension in society.

· Psychological and pedagogical problems.

In a traditional large family, children are in an equal position: there is no lack of communication, the elders take care of the younger ones, as a rule, positive moral qualities are formed, such as sensitivity, humanity, and respect for elders.

But due to the large workload of parents, there is little time left for raising children, and yet in such families it is possible to determine the internal hierarchy of relations.

The problems of the distribution of responsibilities are based on age and sex, individual, and therefore different in scope and complexity. A small opportunity to satisfy their needs develops a feeling of envy, the demand for the impossible.

Most children in large families lead to a decrease in the social age of older children. They grow up early and are less closely related to their parents.

As a rule, in such families there is no respect for the personality of each child, there is no personal corner, their own small territory with respect to boundaries, personal favorite toys, i.e. autonomy of everyone, and often leads to protracted conflicts between children. Conflicts often arise also due to poor school performance.

Such families have a difficult psychological climate: an underestimated level of mutual understanding with parents and, at the same time, an increased need for parental support.

Large families, especially incomplete families, are distinguished by the great neglect of children. Such families note discomfort with colleagues at work, and are often deprived of a friendly attitude in the professional sphere. Large families prefer to create their own social circle. They spend little time on organizing joint leisure activities.

· Medical problems.

A difficult psychological climate usually affects the health of children. Problem children in such families are 10-15%. The development of children in large families needs the priority attention of society.

Problems of families of the unemployed.

The problem of unemployment occurs in all countries of the world, it is one of the most acute social problems, since poverty and spiritual impoverishment of people are behind it. Russia is faced with an increasingly aggravating problem of employment of the population during the transition to market relations.

Unemployment - unemployment in production of the able-bodied, willing to work population.

Cutting off a large number of able-bodied resources from active economic life is a heavy burden on the budget, the need for resources for social assistance is growing, problems arise related to the organization of employment service structures, “brain drain”; a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality leads to "aging of the population" and to an increase in the burden on labor resources, changes in the infrastructure in the market.

Common problems: financial, housing, psychological. The number of divorces in families of the unemployed is increasing, and cases of child abuse are more common. In children, deviations in behavior appear, they have nervous disorders, and the incidence rate increases.

In connection with the above factors, the family does not fulfill the most important functions that are assigned to it by society, and this leads to its destruction.

Family and education system, problems and interactions.

The family and the education system are very closely related to each other. Modern families are developing in a high-quality and contradictory social situation. On the one hand, there is a turn of society towards the problems and needs of the family, comprehensive and targeted programs are being developed and implemented to strengthen and increase its importance in raising children. On the other hand, there are processes that lead to an exacerbation of family problems. This is, first of all, a drop in the living standards of most families, an increase in the number of divorces, which negatively affect the psyche of children, an increase in the number of incomplete families and having one child. A significant proportion of adolescents move away from their parents. Consequently, in today's difficult conditions, the family needs systematic and qualified assistance from educational institutions. Only in the process of interaction between teachers and parents can the problem of the development of the student's personality be successfully solved.

The process of interaction between the family and the school should be aimed at actively involving parents in the educational process, in extracurricular activities, and cooperation with children and teachers. Let us consider the problems and interactions between the family and the education system using the example of the secondary school №2 of the closed city administrative center Ozerny, Tver region.

What are the functions and tasks of interaction between teachers and parents?

The main functions of interaction between the educational institution and the family:

1. informational;

2. educational and developmental;

3. formative;

4. security and health improvement;

5. controlling;

6. household.

Tasks of interaction between the educational institution and the family:

1. the formation of an active pedagogical position of parents;

2. equipping parents with pedagogical knowledge and skills;

3. active participation of parents in the upbringing of children;

4. constant informing of parents about the results of the educational activity of the child;

5. teaching parents how to help their child learn;

6. involvement of parents in the development of cognitive interests.

The organization of interaction between a general education institution and a family involves :

1. study of the family in order to identify its opportunities for raising their children and children of the class;

2. grouping families according to the principle of the possibility of their moral potential for the upbringing of their child, children of the class;

3. analysis of intermediate and final results of their joint educational activities.

In the secondary school №2, the following work is carried out with parents:

1. Increasing the psychological and pedagogical knowledge of parents:

1. Psychological and pedagogical

· Psychological and pedagogical problems of adaptation of a child to school (1st, 5th grades);

· Development of cognitive processes (grades 2-3);

· Difficulties of adolescence (grades 6-8);

· Formation of the inner position of the future student (parents of Future first graders);

· Orientation to the choice of profession (9th grades);

· Moral values \u200b\u200bof high school students (grades 10-11).

2. Psychological and pedagogical service "Know thyself".

3. Open lessons and extracurricular activities.

4. Individual thematic consultations.

5. Creative groups, interest groups.

2. Involvement of parents in the educational process:

Parent meetings,

Open days

· Joint creative affairs,

· Individual patronage of families requiring support.

3. Parental involvement in school management:

School board,

Prevention advice,

· Cool parenting committees.

The interaction of a general education institution and a family begins with the study of the conditions and microclimate of family education, the individual characteristics of children and parents.

Studying the student's family allows the teacher to get to know him better, to understand the family life style, its way of life, traditions, spiritual values, educational opportunities, student's relationship with parents. At the same time, the teacher can use a complex of traditional methods of studying the family: observation, conversation, testing, questioning, business games, materials of children's creativity and others.

The study of the family is carried out by the teacher throughout his work with the student. All types of communication, all contacts with parents in the process of joint educational activities give the teacher new and new material, new data about family education: about the social orientation of family life, about the family's use of free time, about the favorite activities of family members, about joint leisure, about mutual understanding between parents and children and so on.

The interaction between school and family should be in the nature of an educational union, in which both parties respect each other, are well aware of the peculiarities of each and strive to creatively combine efforts in joint pedagogical activities.

A large and significant role in the interaction between school and family is played by the work of the parent committee, the main goal of which is to develop cooperation between class teachers, the parent committee and students. The main task is to assist the school in the implementation of the upbringing and education of children, to assist the teacher in working with students and parents.

Each member of the parent committee must have authority among the parents of the class, have the data of an organizer, leader, have the ability of an educator, and also be a good family man. Members of the parent committee must realize the responsibility that is entrusted to them in the upbringing of children and adults, they must not disclose information obtained in the process of working with different families, make them a subject of discussion and gossip.

The class parent committee consists of a chairman and several members responsible for specific areas of work. Each of their responsible selects an asset from among the parents of the class.

Responsibilities are divided into:

1. tracking the success of children in school;

2. organization of excursions, hikes, extracurricular activities;

3. tracking the labor education of labor skills in children.

The parent committee is elected at the first parent meeting. The meeting of the committee is held once a month, if necessary, an extraordinary meeting is convened.

The activities of the parent committee are carried out according to the plan drawn up in accordance with the plan of educational work. Taking into account the capabilities of parents (their professions) allows you to draw up a more specific work plan for the parent committee.

Parents can be of great help in preparing amateur performances for the holiday (writing scripts), viewing the formation and songs, participating in the preparation and holding of annual municipal festivals.

Parent-teacher meetings play another important role in interaction. Parents' meetings are a parenting school that forms parental public opinion, parenting collective.

The goals of parenting meetings:

1. pedagogical education of parents;

3. summing up the results of educational work over the past time;

4. new goals and objectives for the next period are outlined;

Parent meeting tasks:

1. strengthen communication with family, school and the community;

2. to involve the parental community in active participation in the life of the school;

3. to increase the responsibility of parents for the upbringing of children.

But the teacher is obliged at the parent meeting to tell about each student, to mark the distinguished ones, to inform the parents about the shortcomings in the work and behavior of their child, as well as to suggest ways to overcome them. It is unacceptable for a teacher to "scold" a parent for the mistakes of his child, otherwise there is a high probability of conflict, it is also unacceptable to read out the assessments of one or another weak student.

Unfortunately, there are also so-called “non-standard families” in our country. Dysfunctional, large and single-parent families fall into this category.

Dysfunctional families are currently an acute social and pedagogical problem. Sociological, psychological, pedagogical, medical research revealed the negative influence of a dysfunctional family on the moral and mental development of children.

The most typical causes of trouble in the family are: alcoholism, open and latent conflicts between parents and other family members, parents' orientation only to the child's material support, and lack of concern for his upbringing. In a number of families, trouble arises in connection with the divorce of the parents. The division of disadvantaged families into groups, depending on the causes and nature of the disadvantage, contributes to the efficiency of work.

Tasks:

1. take into account and prevent asocial and immoral behavior of parents;

2. provide psychological assistance and support to parents in stressful situations;

3. to prevent and resolve conflict situations.

The biggest challenge is working with asocial families. In this regard, the following work is carried out in the secondary school №2:

1. Drawing up lists of asocial families;

2. Joint raids by representatives of the police, school administration, town;

3. Establishing relations with the administration of the organizations where the parents work;

4. Provision of material assistance;

5. Application for treatment of parents (if necessary);

6. Consultations with parents and students;

7. Conversations with parents and students, including individual ones.

Systematic and purposeful work with the family, as shown by the practice of secondary school №2, leads to the creation of a team of parents and a team of students who actively participate in the school life of the classroom, school and socially useful work.