What are heels? Physics research paper "The effect of high-heeled shoes on the condition of the feet" Stem from heel to sole 9
Simply put, the Viennese heel is just a tight heel on your sole. You can hardly call it a heel, but nonetheless. Almost every type of flat shoe has a similar inconspicuous "rise", which is most often some 0.5-2 centimeters maximum. Most often, the Viennese heel can be found on ballet flats or sandals, but it is also widespread among other types of shoes - loafers, derbies, semi-boots.
Brick heel
Models of shoes with such a heel are stable and practical. The brick heel, as you might guess, is square-rectangular in shape, slightly rounded at the heel. The rise of the heel ranges from 2-4 centimeters. Most often, this heel, like Viennese, in general, can be found on men's shoes, but it is also very popular among women (remember Oxfords or Chelsea)
Wedge heel
This heel is definitely difficult to confuse with anything! The main feature here is in a recognizable form, and not in its height, which, by the way, can be absolutely any. The very word "wedge-shaped" in the name hints at the fact that the heel looks like a wedge, that is, a figure tapering downwards. If it's easier to put it, then it's worth imagining an inverted triangular prism and, voila, a wedge-shaped heel right there. It is also interesting that this particular type of heel is considered the most versatile - it fits many models of shoes and tends to be combined with almost any clothing (dresses, trousers, shorts, skirts - anything). Plus, he visually slims his leg and stretches the silhouette.
cowboy heel
Fans of westerns will definitely like this part of the article. The cowboy heel is a low, square-shaped heel with a slanted back. Mostly found on cowboy boots or oxfords, which are especially popular over the past few seasons. Such boots, and, accordingly, heels, are ideally combined with jeans of completely different types (feel free to choose not only skinny, but also flared ones), as well as flying dresses, cardigans, elongated vests and, in general, everything Texas cowboy.
Glass heel
This is another representative of the associative heel. The heel-glass, which usually does not exceed 5 cm, resembles in shape, as you might guess, the stem of a glass, which has a wide stable base from above, and subtly narrows towards the bottom. Most often, to be honest, this type of heel is condemned because of its inconvenience (unstable), but many vote “yes” and defend it in every possible way. A glass heel is a kind of acceptable middle ground between flat shoes and between, say, stilettos. You can safely choose this heel if you want to look elegant, but at the same time you know that you will spend the whole day on your feet. It also goes great with any outfit. And do not forget that Latin American dancers wear similar heels - a subtle hint that these heels will be very appropriate on the dance floor.
If it comes to your mind to look for shoes with a glass heel in English-language online stores, then you need to enter “kitten-heels” in the search bar. This English name for a small glass heel entered the fashion world thanks to Audrey Hepburn. It was she who popularized teenage shoes with training heels - a miniature version of stilettos - making them a trendy element of the adult women's wardrobe of the 50s.
Heel-column
From 5 cm and above - this is how we smoothly moved from geometric “bricks” and “cones” to high heels loved by everyone, which certainly “just like that” are not put on. A column heel is perhaps the most common type of high heels, and also the most stable (even at 12-15 cm you will feel comfortable). The heel fits snugly directly to the sole, does not narrow or deform anywhere, but on the contrary, it lives up to its name - like a pillar stands firmly on the ground. Shoes with such a heel are comfortable for everyday wear, acceptable both in the office at work and at a party.
Hairpin
Well, what would we do without elegant, leg-lengthening hairpins? A girl is not a girl if she doesn’t have one pair of black classic pumps on a thin, elegant stiletto heel in her closet, at least on the farthest shelf. You should not think that the hairpin resembles in shape something similar to a needle or a nail (although this happens), most often it is quite the opposite, the hairpin is actually much more stable and “thick” (1-2 cm in thickness). It is easy to find it on any model of shoes, sandals or ankle boots. Properly selected hairpins, the height of which, by the way, is 7 cm or more, are an indispensable attribute of an evening look. Interestingly, the basis of the hairpin is the so-called stylet; if the heel is not covered with anything, then it is called not a stud, but a stylet (usually much thinner than studs, just the same shape of the “needle” that we talked about above).
Wedge or platform
The fate of buying yourself an original pair of wedge shoes can be avoided, and especially in the summer months, only a few. Shoes with such heels are very comfortable and stable, which is why they are so common in spring-summer collections. In general, the wedge is a solid sole with a rise (the same “platform”), which can be of different heights (from about 5 to 18-20 cm).
Tory BurchAnd finally, the last type of heel on our list is the one that you won’t find on the street at all! Figured heels are all the most incredible and inconceivable models of shoes on artsy, even crazy platforms and stilettos. “Creative heels,” as they are often called, are most often seen on the ready-to-wear and couture runways during fashion weeks in Paris, London or, say, New York. Alexander McQueen had a special love for curly heels - remember those incredible, rhinestone and diamond-studded closed shoes by Lady Gaga for the Poker Face video. Or, say, take Christian Dior shoes with a curved heel.
American women leave the house in sneakers or other soft shoes, and change into suitable shoes at work. Many European women do the same. But some ladies still "break" their legs in heels, not wanting to part with a pair of favorite, but such uncomfortable stilettos. And now - the triumph of technology, which should make women's lives easier.
Representatives of both sexes agree that a high thin heel or a stiletto heel makes the legs slimmer, and their owner more attractive (remember at least a gait from the hip). The weaker sex at the same time knows that in shoes with heels the feet are squeezed as if in a vice, the gait is not so much sexy as shaky, and in general - every step threatens to dislocate the ankle.
And now, in fact, the news: Lauren and David Handel (Lauren, David Handel) - a brother and sister from Oklahoma, who have been nurturing and improving the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating shoes with adjustable heel height for many years, have released CAMiLEON Heels shoes for mass sale.
Lovely pumps during the day - in the evening turn into stunning stilettos (illustration from dailymail.co.uk).
Those who have mastered this shoe will, in theory, live easier, become more fun. By choosing any of the models presented (and there are now 9 of them, from traditional shoes to sandals), a woman can decide for herself at what height it is more comfortable for her to move at the moment.
The heel goes from high to low in three movements, and you can break it, if desired, with just one (photo from camileonheels.com).
Initially, the heel has a height of just over eight centimeters. But, as they say, with a “light movement” it turns into a neat little heel only three centimeters high.
According to Lauren, the heels transform very easily within a mere three seconds, and no physical effort is required (see video on YouTube). It is enough to sit on something or just lean against the wall.
If the owner of CAMiLEON Heels wants to reduce the height of the heel, she will only need to pull the bottom of it a little, then fold the heel in half and fix it under the arch of the last.
“Such a heel will never break and will not lead to a disruption of a date or a business dinner,” the creators of the novelty insist. - Firstly, because the heel is attached to the sole with screws, not glue or nails, as is usually done. Secondly, there is a corrosion-resistant steel rod inside the stud, and there is a special locking mechanism that will not allow the heel to collapse when walking.”
Now the average cost of one pair of CAMiLEON Heels is about $300.
David and Lauren By the way, Lauren's name is Donna - Donna "Lauren" Handel (photo from camileonheels.com).
According to the developers, the advantage of their shoes over the rest is not only in the adjustable heel, but also in the fact that the best Italian leathers are used for their production. In addition, the specially designed last holds the foot perfectly in both heel positions.
The heels on the stiletto heels are made of very strong and durable rubber, and the heel itself is coated with six layers of paint to resist abrasion. Lauren believes that in a lifetime you will need to change them no more than twice (I wonder what she means: the life of shoes or their owner?).
As for the locking mechanism, and the heel as a whole, in the event of a breakdown (which, according to the authors of the novelty, is unlikely), the heel can be replaced. That is, at first it will have to be bought all in the same company, and then replaced in any shoe shop.
Not really shoes, but perfection itself. Is it just?
Model Alessia is Lauren's (Donna's) favorite, on the left the shoes have a low heel, on the right a high heel (photo from lovetoknow.com).
Let's turn to the Handel business history. The idea of creating CAMiLEON Heels appeared only some 20 years ago.
David (by the way, a radiologist by profession), riding in a New York taxi along Fifth Avenue, was struck by the number of women dressed in beautiful dresses, but walking to the office in sneakers, while in their handbags they carried stilettos.
At this time, David's son was fond of transforming toys, so Handel decided to create the perfect women's shoes for work and leisure, a comfortable version of fashionable shoes, on the same principle.
As mentioned, the practicing radiologist was familiar with the anatomy of the foot and the underlying muscle and skeletal issues, and so David developed several options for lasts and heels.
Well, his sister (it is not clear, however, who she worked at that time) joined him in 2004, helped in the development of technology, and at the same time worked on the design part.
So, with only one pair of shoes, you can stand on one foot or both (photo zappos.com)!
“For the first time, women can successfully combine fashion, comfort and usability in one pair of shoes. After all, for me, the external attractiveness of the shoes being created is as important as functionality,” says Lauren.
And everything would be fine, but only many “users” already note some inconvenience while wearing transformer heels.
For example, despite (according to Lauren) the versatility of the last, many women report that they feel very unstable in new shoes. As some shoe designers say, this is not surprising, because a decrease in the heel leads to a shift in the center of gravity to the heel, and as a result, the toe of the shoe rises above the floor - as a result, it becomes difficult to maintain balance.
So far, this is the main drawback of CAMiLEON Heels, but the brother and sister are aware of it, and they will hopefully fix it.
Now sales of the Handel product are slowly gaining momentum. But it's not easy to make your way in the world of the fashion industry. Maybe, while a small selection of shoe styles confuses customers. Well, in autumn 2007 or spring 2008 Lauren promises to release a new collection of CAMiLEON Heels. Let's wait, maybe it will be replenished with new technical bells and whistles.
We found out what the lining and insole are made of, it's time to take a closer look at the sole and heel. What are the potential pitfalls here?
Model women's shoes are often sewn with a heel or platform. Both of these options have their advantages and disadvantages. Choosing a platform, the probability of breakage of the instep supports is significantly reduced. However, in cheap shoes, manufacturers leave voids in the platform, which can subsequently lead to creasing of the partitions. Unfortunately, this defect cannot be repaired in shoe shops. A hard plastic platform is also not the best option. In the photo below, you can see a typical problem with such shoes, when a small piece breaks, and the remaining hole becomes vulnerable to moisture and dirt. To insure yourself against such troubles, choose platforms made of elastic materials.
If we talk about heels, then the first thing you need to determine for yourself is where and how the shoes will be used. So, the heel can be solid or prefabricated. Solid heels can be made from the following materials: wood, rubber, plastic, metal. Each of these materials has its own characteristics.
The main disadvantage of cheap plastic is its fragility. In addition, some unscrupulous manufacturers produce plastic heels completely empty inside with a minimum wall thickness of up to 2.5 mm. This greatly complicates the life of shoemakers and owners, because how to fix a heel on such a heel is very problematic.
Wood is afraid of moisture. Here lies the main disadvantage of wooden heels. It is impossible to drive a nail well into rotten heels. As a result, the heel still loosens and falls off. The situation can be saved by installing heels with a thickness of at least 8 mm on such shoes.
The main problem with metal heels is the difficulty of repair in case of breakage. After all, metal cannot be nailed or screwed.
As for stiletto heels, a special metal tube is inserted inside to reinforce their design. Here the quality of the tube metal comes to the fore. Too soft metal, as well as too short a tube that ends in the middle of the heel, can lead to a fracture of the heel.
Any heels are scratched in the process of wearing. To give shoes a marketable appearance, it is necessary at the stage of its purchase to take care of the issue of acquiring and paint for the heel. If the heel is black, then there should be no problems with the paint. But for the rest of the colors it is very difficult to choose the exact shade. This is where waterproof markers can come in handy.
9th grade student of MBOU "School - Gymnasium" Trublenkova Anastasia
Think heels are pure beauty, charm, and no harm? Alas, this is not so. Women very often sacrifice their own comfort - and often health - for the sake of the requirements of modern fashion. For example, when they stand on stilettos.
Now girls are beginning to "join high fashion", wearing heels, from a very early age, which does not benefit them at all. The skeleton is formed up to 20 years, and if a teenager manages to spoil it with heels, it will be almost impossible to recover. Many girls are unaware of the negative impact of the fashion trends of the creators of shoes and human health.
Objective: identification of factors that dangerously affect health due to long-term wearing of high-heeled shoes, from the point of view of physics.
Research objectives.
2. Conduct a survey to find out opinions about heels; analyze the received data.
3. Determine the type of shoes preferred by the senior girls in our school.
5. Find out why it is so difficult to walk in high heels; establish the dependence of pressure on the foot on the presence of a heel; determine the ideal heel height and conduct research on these issues.
6. Compare the age at which girls start wearing shoes, and at what age orthopedists allow.
7. Develop rules that will help keep our health.
Subject of study: students and teachers of MOU secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects
Object of study: high heel shoes
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MBOU Secondary School
with in-depth study of individual subjects
Effects of high heels on feet
Research work in physics
Done by a 9th grade student
Trublenkova Anastasia
Supervisor:
Physics teacher Eroshina V.G.
Yartsevo
2015
Page
Introduction.
Chapter 1. Theoretical part
I. high heel shoes
II. From the history of shoes
2.1. Why did a person begin to dress and put on shoes
2.2. History of national shoes
3.2 Static and heel height
4.1 Ideal heel height
Chapter 2. Practical part
2.1. Survey results.
2.4. Calculation of the pressure that the girl exerts on a solid support.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
Introduction.
Until I began a thorough study of this topic, I could not even think that the reason for the unsteady gait of my classmates in high heels is nothing more than ignorance of the elementary laws of physics and a frivolous attitude to their health. I was convinced of this myself, having carried out simple experiments, and I really want to tell my classmates what blind adherence to fashion can lead to.
We used to think that it was only about appearance, but it turned out that physics is at work here. Wearing a pair of high-heeled shoes, a woman puts into action dozens of laws of physics and mathematical formulas, starting with the Pythagorean theorem (where the height of the heel becomes a smaller leg) and ending with the application of the moment rule and knowledge of the types of deformations.
Every girl has heels in her closet. But even from young girls, complaints are often heard that the back and legs hurt. So I thought, what should be more important: beauty or health? Since I myself prefer comfortable, in my opinion, shoes without heels, in my work I would like to tell you what kind of shoes can keep our health and not harm the spine and legs.
Relevance. Think heels are pure beauty, charm, and no harm? Alas, this is not so. Women very often sacrifice their own comfort - and often health - for the sake of the requirements of modern fashion. For example, when they stand on stilettos.
Now girls are beginning to "join high fashion", wearing heels, from a very early age, which does not benefit them at all. The skeleton is formed up to 20 years, and if a teenager manages to spoil it with heels, it will be almost impossible to recover. Many girls are unaware of the negative impact of the fashion trends of the creators of shoes and human health.
Objective: identification of factors that dangerously affect health due to long-term wearing of high-heeled shoes, from the point of view of physics.
Research objectives.
1. Analyze the material on the research topic and trace the history of the origin of heels.
2. Conduct a survey to find out opinions about heels; analyze the received data.
3.
Determine the type of shoes that the senior girls of our school prefer.
3. Compare the dynamics and statics of the foot on a flat horizontal surface and in high heels.
4. Explain from the point of view of physics the occurrence of diseases due to prolonged wearing of high-heeled shoes.
5. Find out why it is so difficult to walk in high heels; establish the dependence of pressure on the foot on the presence of a heel; determine the ideal heel height and conduct research on these issues.
6.
Compare at what age girls start wearing shoes, and from what orthopedic doctors allow.
7.
Develop rules that will help keep our health.
Subject of study:students and teachers of MOU secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects
Object of study:high heel shoes
Hypothesis: if the shoes have a heel, then the pressure on the foot should increase, which can be harmful to health.
Research methods:
Research of journalistic and scientific sources, work with literature;
Practical work;
Questionnaire method;
Data collection and analysis;
Generalization of information.
Theoretical significance:the study is based on the knowledge of such academic disciplines as biology, physics, mathematics, computer science, and medicine
Practical significance:the information obtained from the results of the research work can be used as part of extracurricular activities, as information for parents and adolescents.
Research novelty:Harm from heels may well be a hidden cause of damage to women's health. Wearing high heels puts extra pressure on the knee joints and increases the risk of osteoarthritis. As soon as low-heeled shoes are replaced by new, high-heeled shoes, these risks increase in proportion to the height of the heel. Therefore, it is necessarydrawing public attention to the health problems of girls who wear high-heeled shoes.
Structure and summary of the work
My work consists of 3 parts: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the choice of topic, the theoretical and practical significance of the study, its novelty and the proposed hypothesis, indicates the goals and objectives of the work, research methods.
The main section consists of two parts: theoretical and research.
The theoretical part presents the characteristics of high-heeled shoes, the history of the appearance of shoes, and considers the main arguments from the point of view of physics and medicine against high-heeled shoes.
In the research partthe results of a survey of students of MBOU secondary school with an in-depth study of individual subjects are proposed, an explanation is proposed from the point of view of the physics of the occurrence of diseases due to prolonged wearing of high-heeled shoes, the dependence of pressure on the foot on the presence of a heel is established.
In conclusion, presentedthe main conclusions drawn as a result of the study on this topic.
Literature review
The collection of information on the history of this issue was carried out mainly through the Internet. There was enough information, it was only necessary to highlight the most significant points and summarize them.
Stages and organization of research work
Stage 1: Theoretical.
Identification of the problem, formulation of a hypothesis;
Preliminary formulation of goals, objectives;
Selection of literature, its systematization.
Stage 2: Practical.
Conducting a survey among students of the school;
Determining the type of shoes preferred by the senior girls of our school.
- comparison of the dynamics and statics of the foot on a flat horizontal surface and high heels.
- an explanation from the point of view of physics of the occurrence of diseases due to prolonged wearing of high-heeled shoes.
5. establishing the dependence of pressure on the foot from the presence of a heel; determination of the ideal heel height;
Chapter 1. Theoretical part
- high heel shoes
Beautiful legs are perhaps one of the most formidable weapons of every woman. Naturally, any representative of the fair sex understands the full power of this weapon.
Naturally, in order to achieve such an effect, we need to think about how to release and present that natural beauty that nature has so generously awarded you. And, of course, there is nothing better for this purpose than luxurious heels. Shoes with heels are one of the biggest weaknesses of women, because it is obvious that a high heel is like a kind of pedestal on which your beautiful legs rise.
High heels make a woman slimmer, more feminine, taller and more sophisticated. This is a wardrobe detail that presents a woman in a new light, making her proud and independent externally (straight posture, head held high) and internally (a festive, elevated sense of superiority). High heels make women slimmer.
Heels have always been in fashion and their history is proof of that. Wide and thin stilettos, round and square heels replace each other, making the life of every fashionista more diverse and brighter. The color and shape may change, but the idea itself remains intact. Speaking of sneakers, jeans, suits, watches, rings, chains and hats, we can clarify - men's or women's. But not about shoes with heels. Speaking about shoes with heels, any person has a stable association with their owner - luxurious, proud, sublime.
However, this was not always the case, and as far as we know from history, high heels were invented by ... men. In the old days, it was the men who came up with the idea of attaching a high heel to their boots, because they needed to ensure that the foot did not slip out of the stirrup. Speaking of shoes with high heels, you can also include high platform shoes here. By the way, a high platform was invented in ancient Greece in order to avoid dirt on the street. Women with high heels were introduced to everyone by the famous Marquise Pompadour, who was not very tall. And until now, in our time, we wear shoes with a “French heel” - curved, with a waist in the middle.
There are enough arguments in favor of high heels from a purely external, aesthetic point of view. Firstly, they change the posture, requiring more load and changing the gait, after which it looks more graceful. Secondly, the owner of heels seems taller to the rest, which lengthens the whole image and makes it slimmer. Thirdly, the legs look longer, and the foot seems visually smaller. Also, the sock looks shorter. Fourthly, clothes in an ensemble with high heels look more impressive. And, of course, one cannot ignore the graceful lady, walking so calmly and smoothly in high-heeled shoes.
There is a significant species diversity of heels, and in order not to get confused in this beauty, at least the main models should be outlined.
Vienna heel -a small (1.5-2 cm) heel that increases the longitudinal arch of the foot. One of the most comfortable and beneficial for the foot.
Brick heel -a small (2-4 cm) stable heel, resembling a square in shape. Ideal for girls from 180 cm and above.
cowboy - heel with beveled back. Looks tilted but very comfortable. Shoes with such a heel look a little rough, but the legs look more elegant in them.
Cone - it is a round heel, wide at the sole and much narrower at the point of contact with the ground. Height can vary from 5 to 12 cm.
Prism - a type of heel in which three flat sides form a triangle where they touch the floor.
Hairpin - it is a thin and high heel, the length of which should be at least 5 cm, maximum 12 cm and a diameter of not more than 2.5 cm at the point of contact with the floor. At the heart of the heel is a metal rod (a model where the rod is not covered with anything is called a stiletto).
Glass - wide at the base and narrowed down, like the stem of a glass. Such a heel is not too high (no more than 7 cm), but not very stable either.
Column - a fairly wide straight heel (from 5 cm and above). Very stable, so it gives confidence to the gait.
wedge heel -wide and high heel. Its back is much longer than the front.
Yoke - This is a thin and short heel with a maximum height below 5 cm and a diameter of not more than 1.2 cm at the lowest point.
Coil - a wide heel at the point of contact with the ground and at the sole, noticeably tapering towards the middle.
wedge heel - a type of heel that occupies all the space under the heel and arch of the foot. Perhaps the most ancient type of heel. Shoes with a solid sole made of wood or cork, sometimes without a rise, from 4 to 30 cm (or more). Very stable but uncomfortable to drive.
- From the history of shoes
2.1 Why did a person begin to dress and put on shoes
What was the motive for the emergence of clothing and footwear? There are several versions:
- climatic -man began to dress to protect himself from cold and heat;
- moral - a man began to dress to hide his nakedness;
- social - items worn by a person on the head, body or limbs demonstrated the status of the owner.
It is only known that the first mention of shoes on a "stand" - the prototype of the modern platform - we find in Ancient Greece, where it was used by theater actors to visually increase their height. The use of the platform has been widespread in China and Japan. The next period refers to the 15th-16th centuries. This age of the Renaissance was characterized by an accentuated aspiration upward, symbolizing the elevation of man above reality. Shoes, which were like sandals on a platform made of wood or cork, became widespread. The height of the heels of such "sandals" was from 14 to 60 cm. Men also willingly purchased such sandals for themselves (although the height of their platforms was much less). In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, women in Spain, France and Sweden proudly walked in exactly the same sandals. In the 17th century, during the Baroque era, the image of the modern heel was born from such sandals. At first it was a platform with a cutout under the arch of the foot in the form of an arch. Gradually, the thinning of the sole occurred, and a heel appeared, which acquired the shape familiar to us.
2.2 History of national shoes
Ancient Egypt . The legs of a peasant or a slave while working on the banks of the Nile were protected at first simply by windings, then by sandals. Their soles were made from palm fibers, papyrus stalks or leather and remained flat for a long time, and in the New Kingdom they acquired a shape bent at the toe. Two straps passed between the first and second fingers. Shoes were not worn indoors at all. Pharaohs and nobility put on shoes in case of emergency, preferring to walk barefoot, as if showing that they did not step on real land. Ritual golden sandals for the afterlife were placed in the pharaoh's tomb.
Ancient China. Typical Chinese shoes are light cloth or woven sho shoes. The upper part of the cloth shoes of the nobility was embroidered with silk or made of brocade, the sole consisted of several layers of glued and stitched paper. The shoes of noble women were with a heel in the middle of the foot. During the Tang period (618-907), cloth shoes with curly toes turned up came into fashion.
Japan. Ceremonial men's suit(sokutai) , which has survived to this day as a ceremonial vestment of the emperor, suggested putting on leather or wooden shoes. To women's court dress(junihitoe) wooden sandals with thick soles were worn. Throughout the long history of China and Japan, ideas about perfect female beauty have changed more than once, but at all times a small foot was considered mandatory. From childhood, Chinese girls' feet were limited by bandaging, and in Japan they put special blocks on their feet or forced them to wear very tight shoes (Appendix 1). As a result, the feet acquired a characteristic shape (her compared with a lotus flower), which was one of the signs of female beauty. This tradition, established in the Song era, proved to be so persistent that the attempt of the Manchus to break it did not lead to success: the decree of 1664 forbidding footbinding was met with hostility, and it had to be hastily canceled.
Ancient Rome. The color and style of shoes were strictly socially demarcated. Everyone could wear sandals solea , but only free citizens had the right to wear calcei - high (to the ankle) leather shoes-boots. Aristocrats relied on red calcei with silver buckles and black belts, the rest - from black leather without decorations. The emperor's calcei were purple. The expression "to put on purple shoes" meant "to take the throne." And a frivolous dandy, wearing such shoes, risked his life.
Russia. The most popular shoes of the nobility were soft heelless piston shoes with a narrow nose and a low rise. Boots had a similar shape. The common people used bast bast shoes (Appendix 1).
In the XIV century. fashion for clothes and shoes was dictated by the Duchy of Burgundy. Burgundy fashion brought incredible shapes and ideas. So, the length of pointed shoes reached 80 cm! For convenience, their tips were sometimes fastened at the ankle, knee or belt.
Italy in the Renaissance.Venetian courtesans, in order not to seem squat, at the end of the 15th century. brought into fashioncoturny-zoccoli (shoes-"hooves").
France 18th century French women of fashion wore satin heelless shoes ("starlet"), elegant shoes with curved heels ("pigeon's paw") or satin boots.
Nowadays everything is changing rapidly: new technologies and materials are emerging, new forms of communication between people and a new philosophy of life are emerging. A different view of fashion and clothing is also being formed. In modern shoes, there is an interweaving of elements from different eras and peoples: modern moccasins evoke thoughts of Indian captivity, modern clogs bring us closer to Ancient Japan, high heels and platforms are reminiscent of Venetian courtesans, embroidered shoes make you feel like court ladies, and elongated long toe shoes – Burgundy fashion (Appendix 1).
But how blindly can you follow the fashion for shoes? Let's look at the load on our legs.
III. Human musculoskeletal system
3.1 Pressure of a solid body on a support
We move in space: we run, we walk, we jump, we crawl, we swim, we make thousands of various straightenings, bendings, and turns every day. All this is provided by the musculoskeletal system, or the musculoskeletal system. It includes the bones connecting them with connective tissues and muscles. The hard skeleton (bones of the skull, limbs and trunk, or skeleton) performs various functions, the main of which is supporting: it holds all organs in a certain position, takes on the entire weight of the body. And together with a flexible framework (cartilage, ligaments, tendons) gives us the ability to move. But if all four limbs serve as a support for animals, then only the legs hold the person in an upright position. In connection with the upright posture, the human foot acquired a vaulted structure, which made it more durable. And this is vital.
Pressure exerted on the floor by a boy weighing 45 kg with a footprint of 300 cm boots 2
is about 15 kPa. When walking, this pressure more than doubles. In a girl with the same weight, but a smaller shoe size, the pressure is greater and when walking becomes comparable to the pressure of a caterpillar tractor (47 kPa with a tractor mass of 6610 kg and a footprint of 1.4 m2). And if the girls "stand on stilettos"? Poor little feet! The weight of the body in such shoes is transferred to the toes (even a 5-centimeter heel increases the load on the knuckle of the big toe by 2 times!).
Moreover, the footprint of shoes with high heels is much smaller than with low heels, which makes it more difficult to maintain balance when walking, because,according to the laws of physics (statics section), an object does not topple over only when a plumb line drawn from the center of gravitypasses through the base. A standing person does not fall only as long as the plumb line from the center of gravity is inside the area bounded by the edges of his feet. That is why it is so difficult to stand on one leg or high heels.
3.2 Static and heel height
Have you noticed what a strange gait the old "sea wolves" have? Spending their whole lives on a rocking ship, where our sheer line can go beyond the area occupied by the feet every second, sailors develop the habit of stepping so that this area (described by widely spaced legs) is as large as possible. This gives sailors the necessary stability on a swinging deck.
high heel shoesalso create the same problem, and their regular wearprovokes a displacement of the pelvic bones, as a result of which the bending of the back increases and the spine curves. If your back pain has become too bothersome, try changing your heel height (Appendix 2).
A standing barefoot person, if a vertical line is drawn through him, forms a perpendicular, an angle of 90 °. On 5 cm heels the body leans and the angle decreases to 70°, and on 8 cm to 55°. Thus, the body, in order to restore and maintain an upright position, needs to make a number of changes in the functioning of the joints. In a barefoot woman, the displacement of the pelvis is 25 °, at 2.5 cm heels it increases to 30 °, by 5 cm to 45 °, by 8 cm. up to 60°. In this situation, what happens to the pelvic and abdominal organs? Inevitably, they must change position to accommodate the situation.
More heel, more angle. The bottom of the heel is at 180°, the weight of the body is equally divided between the heel and metatarsus. Inside the shoe, the angle directs the weight of the body forward so that at a low heel, the weight is divided 40% - the heel, 60% - the metatarsus; at high 10% - heel, 90% - metatarsus. Under these conditions, the step sequence is no longer heel-metatarsus-toes and push like a barefoot. On heels of 5 cm or more, a little weight rests on the heel and the push is almost completely from the metatarsus. On medium and high heels, due to a decrease in the base of the top of the heel, the line of weight loss shifts,
causing the less protected ankle to stagger. A shift in the center of gravity changes the balance of the body and makes it impossible to walk naturally (Appendix 3).
An opposite example can be given, when the need to maintain balance determines the beauty of the pose. Have you noticed how slender a person seems to be carrying a load on his head? Everyone knows graceful female statues with a jug on their heads. Carrying a load on the head, it is necessary to keep the head and torso straight: the slightest deviation threatensbring out the center of gravity(raised in such cases above the usual) from the contour of the base, and then the balance will be disturbed.
IV. Medicine and physics against high heels
4.1 Ideal heel height
There are two points of view on the ideal heel height:
1. Scientists have found that in order to determine the ideal heel size for yourself, you need to divide your foot size by 7. For example, if my shoe size is 36,
then 36: 7 = 5 cm, so for me the ideal heel height is 5 cm.
2. From a medical point of view, in casual shoes, the ideal heel height should be within 2-4 cm. When wearing a higher heel, the load on the legs is not physiologically distributed, the foot stops springing, and each step gives back to the spine. After some time, this is fraught with diseases of the veins, joints and spine.
So, maybe the heel was invented in vain? Isn't it better to go barefoot?
Walking barefoot is useful, but not practical, so mankind invented soft-woven shoes with flat soles to help the foot. However, flat-soled shoes (ballet flats, sneakers) prevent a person from depreciating - under the weight of the body, the arch of the foot drops down, the foot flattens out. As a result of this deformation, flat feet occur, which causes severe excruciating pain.
4.2 Medical requirements for footwear
By purpose, footwear is divided into household and special - sports, medical (orthopedic), industrial.
For household shoes the following basic requirements apply:shoes should be loose enough. Tight and narrow shoes lead to dysfunction of the arch of the foot and the development of flat feet, a change in the shape of the foot, limitation or loss of joint mobility, the formation of an ingrown nail, etc. Violation of blood circulation and lymph circulation in the foot as a result of squeezing can cause it to swell, and in cold and damp weather it contributes to rapid cooling. Wearing too spacious shoes contributes to the formation of scuffs and blisters.
When choosing new shoes, it should be remembered that under load, the size of the foot can increase up to 10-12 mm, so the internal dimensions of the shoe should be slightly larger than the size of the unloaded foot. The toes in the shoes should be completely free to move, and the thumb needs an allowance of 10-15 mm.
The most comfortable shoes with wide heels of moderate height.A small heel is necessary even in children's shoes, because. it prevents the development of flat feet: flattening of the foot disrupts the support function of the legs, which is accompanied by a change in the skeleton of the pelvis and spine, leading to the development of incorrect posture. For men, the heel height can be 2-3 cm, for women 2-4 cm, for older children 2-3 cm. Wearing shoes with too high heels leads to excessive contraction of the calf muscles, to relaxation of the anterior muscles of the lower leg and ankle ligaments. The area of support for shoes with high heels decreases, which can result in foot twisting, sprains, and ankle dislocations.Wearing high-heeled shoes is especially contraindicated for teenagers, because. this can cause a curvature of the spine, a change in the shape of the pelvis, a displacement of the internal organs.
4.3 Flat feet - deformity of the foot
Flat feet (pes planus)- deformity of the foot, which is characterized by persistent flattening of its arches. The foot is a support organ, it performs a spring function due to the existing arches, longitudinal and transverse. If the arches are formed correctly, then the calcaneus and the heads of the I and V metatarsal bones are the fulcrum (Appendix 4).
Each disease has its own early symptoms that can alert a sensitive and attentive person. There are also flat feet. The first and main symptom of all diseases is pain (Appendix 5 and 6).
Any pain, wherever and whenever it occurs, should be alarming as an alarm signal. Flat feet are pain in the legs and back.
The foot hurts not because it is tired. This pain may be a symptom of the initial phase of flat feet. Therefore, it is necessary to understand what hurts and why. Of course, special medical diagnostics is more complex and time-consuming than melts, which is given above. But it always begins with the traditional question: where does it hurt? how long ago? how did it start? Let me remind you once again: with flat feet, the sole of the foot hurts, the bones of the tarsus break and the muscles of the lower leg ache - under the knee, outward from the bone crest of the tibia.
Both the ankle joint and the inner surface of the knee may hurt (due to improper load on the ligaments).
The pain appears in the evening, against the background of fatigue, especially if the work is standing or associated with long walking. In women, this disease sometimes manifests itself due to prolonged wearing of high-heeled shoes.
4.4
Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of foot deformity
Diagnosis of severe forms is not difficult, but at this stage of the disease it is very difficult to achieve a pronounced effect from the treatment. Therefore, the identification of flat feet in children should be planned and targeted. Particular attention should be paid to overweight children. In children's institutions, it is necessary to carry out plantography for children for earlier detection of children with flat feet and flat feet (Appendix 7).
Prevention of flat feet should begin in preschool children. Of great importance is the selection of shoes for the child. It should be comfortable, have a heel of 2-3 cm, a flexible sole and strictly correspond to the size of the foot. In the warm season, it is advisable to walk barefoot on sand and special gravel paths, and in winter on a foam rubber mat. To strengthen the ligamentous apparatus of the foot and muscles in healthy children, it is advisable to include walking on toes, on the heels, on the outer surfaces of the feet in the exercises. Outdoor games and sports activities should alternate with rest in the supine position - daytime sleep.
Treatment - in children of preschool and primary school age, a large proportion is occupied by activities that strengthen the ligamentous apparatus and muscles of the foot and lower leg, daily warm foot baths, massage of the foot and lower leg, and special physical exercises.
Chapter 2. Practical part
2.1. The results of the survey of girls in grades 9-10
Your research I started with a survey of girls in grades 9-10. The questionnaire included the following questions
1.Age
As a result of a survey of 20 people, it turned out that the average age of the respondents was 16 years;
2. Shoe size
3. Weight
The average most common shoe sizes and their corresponding average weights are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 . Dimensions, weight, quantity.
Quantity, pcs. | Size | Average weight, kg |
Since sizes 36 and 37 are the most common, for the study - determining the pressure of the body on the foot, I decided to use these sizes.
In physics, to determine the pressure of a body on a surface, there is a formula:
, since we have two legs, we use the formula,
Where P - pressure (Pa),
m - mass (kg),
g is the gravitational acceleration of approximately 10N/kg, s is the surface area (m 2 ), which is under pressure.
If a person is standing in shoes without a heel, then the surface area is greater than the surface area in shoes without a heel, after calculating the formula, I got the following results - table No. 2.
Table 2 . Comparative characteristics of the dependence of pressure on the surface area on which pressure is applied.
The data in this table eloquently testify to the difference in pressure on the foot in shoes without a heel and with a heel.
The pressure exerted on the foot in shoes with heels is more than twice the pressure exerted on the foot in shoes without heels.
According to scientists' calculations, this pressure more than doubles when walking!!! The heel, 10 centimeters high, contributes to the pressure on the fingers, three times the atmospheric pressure, scientists say.
And every extra centimeter in the heel is an additional 10 kg of load on the spine.
4. What shoes do you prefer?
A) sneakers B) sneakers, ballet flats C) shoes with heels
Most of the respondents prefer shoes without heels (sneakers, ballet shoes, sneakers) - 67% (21 students) and only 33% choose shoes with heels. (Annex 8)
5. If you wear shoes with heels, then the height of your heel
A) 2-4 cm B) 5-7 cm C) 7-9 cm D) 10 cm and above
Diagram #13. Heel height preference(Appendix No. 9)
It can be seen from the diagram that most girls prefer 7-9 cm high heels, which from a medical point of view is very harmful to the health of a teenager. From the point of view of scientists, with an average shoe size of 37, the height of the heel should be no more than 5.5 cm.
6. From what age do you wear high heels?
15% of girls began to wear shoes with heels from the age of 12, 24% - from the age of 13, 30% - from the age of 14 and 25% - from the age of 15, and from the age of 10-11 they wear heels 6 % of girls, which, according to orthopedic doctors, is very dangerous, because it can lead to foot deformity,violation of posture and improper formation of the chest, since the skeleton of a girl is finally formed only by the age of 17-18.
7. How do you feel in high heels?
A) easy, comfortable B) not comfortable C) I take off the code, I am very happy
Diagram #4. Comparative characteristics of the feeling in shoes with heels(Appendix No. 11)
The survey revealed an interesting detail - half of the girls live better without highheels! This is a significant indicator. A rhetorical question arises: “So why do we mock ourselves like that?”
8. Do you think it is harmful to wear high heels?
A) yes B) no
Diagram #5. Opinions of students about the dangers of shoes with heels(Appendix No. 11)
I am very glad that most girls are not mistaken. Wearing high-heeled shoes can adversely affect women's health now and in the future: osteochondrosis, muscle pain, curvature of the spine, transverse flat feet, arthritis (inflammation of the joints), arthrosis (joint deformities), edema, varicose veins and much more.
The data of the medical examination of girls: 8-9 classes in the spring of 2014 revealed scoliosis in 9 girls out of 20. And this is almost 50%!!!
Conclusions:
1. The pressure exerted on the foot in shoes with heels is more than twice the pressure exerted on the foot in shoes without heels.
2. Most of the respondents prefer shoes without heels (sneakers, ballet shoes, sneakers) - 70% (or 14 students) and only 30% choose shoes with heels.
3. I found out that most girls prefer 7-9 cm high heels, which from a medical point of view is very unhealthy for a teenager. From the point of view of scientists, with an average shoe size of 37, the height of the heel should be no more than 5.5 cm.
4. Most of the girls surveyed began to wear shoes with heels from the age of 13-15, which, according to orthopedic doctors, is very dangerous, because it can lead to foot deformity, posture disorder and improper formation of the chest, since the girl’s skeleton is completely formed only by the age of 17-18.
5. Most girls are mistaken in thinking that shoes are safe for health. Wearing high heels can be detrimental to women's health now and in the future.
6. In the course of the study, I revealed a very close relationship between the influence of physical quantities on human health and confirmed my hypothesis.
2.2. Foot deformity due to wearing high-heeled shoes
I asked the paramedic about the number of students with flat feet in grades 9-10.According to medical data, 14 people with flat feet were identified in grades 8-9 last year.
Therefore, I think there is a pattern between wearing high heels all the time and flat feet. Girls who started wearing high-heeled shoes a long time ago already have flat feet, and girls who wear these shoes relatively recently have only seen deviations, which leads to the appearance of flat feet.
This terrible fairy tale, very similar to a true story, has a continuation. So, if our heroines, who have noticeably matured, but have not changed their indifferent attitude to foot deformity, continue to wear high-heeled shoes and ignore insoles, then with age - by the age of forty-five - on their legs, exhausted by flat feet and model shoes, they begin to grow, like say the people, bumps. This develops a deformation of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the first finger, its outward deviation, and deforms the second finger. Soon, wearing model shoes will have to be completely eliminated. It is worse if the deformity of the feet leads to pain, which can only be eliminated by the intervention of a surgeon.
It is easy to take the moral out of this dark story: flat feet must be prevented or, in extreme cases, if it already exists, not allowed to develop.
2
.
3. Identification of the negative impact of high-heeled shoes on the condition of the feet
Students of our school, teachers, parents and ordinary residents of our microdistrict took part in these studies. The survey was also conducted on the street (near the location of our school). Based on the results of the survey and questioning, tables were compiled and diagrams were drawn taking into account age and attitudes towards high-heeled shoes.
Age | Heel height | Number of hours per day of wearing heels | Foot Comfort Rating | Why do you wear high heels? |
||||||||
Heel height only |
||||||||||||
Up to 5 cm | 6-10 cm | Over | 2-3 hours | 4-6 | over 7 hours | (on a five-point scale) | nice | fashionable | conveniently |
|||
Up to 15 years | ||||||||||||
16-22 | ||||||||||||
23-40 | ||||||||||||
41-55 | ||||||||||||
Based on the results of these studies, diagrams were compiled
(Annex 9 and 10).
2.4
Calculation of the pressure that a girl exerts on a solid support:
Given:
S1 =64cm2=0.0064m2 (37 shoe size)
m 1 \u003d 50 kg (girl 9 cells)
m2 =60kg (girl 10 cells)
m 3=78kg (teacher)
Solution:
P=mg: 2S 1
P 2 \u003d 500N: 0.0128m 2 \u003d 39062.5 Pa \u003d 39.063 kPa
R 3 \u003d 600N: 0.0128m 2 \u003d 46875 Pa \u003d 46.875 kPa
R 4 \u003d 780N: 0.0128m 2 \u003d 60938 Pa \u003d 60.938 kPa
For reference:
P 1
= pressure exerted by the heavy bulldozer Chetra T-25.
P 2
= pressure exerted by the caterpillar tractor DT - 75M;
P 3
= pressure that the AT-T tracked artillery tractor
Conclusions:
A 10th grade student exerts with her heels the pressure that a caterpillar tractor roughly exerts on the soil;
- the teacher puts pressure on the soil with his heels equal to the pressure of a heavy caterpillar artillery tractor AT-T.
As a result of the work done, I found:
- Girls already at an early age tend to wear high-heeled shoes, which disfigures not only their legs, but can also cause a curvature of the spine, a change in the shape of the pelvis, and displacement of internal organs.
- Many of those who took part in the study realized that high-heeled shoes are uncomfortable and even dangerous, but paying tribute to fashion trends, they still wear just such shoes, thereby obviously harming their health.
- Girls and women in high heels are subject to excessive pressure and themselves put a lot of pressure on the support (Appendix 11).
Conclusion
Contrary to popular belief, we begin to wear heels together with the first shoes. Ask any young mother or orthopedic doctor, and they will confirm you: the first shoes for a baby must necessarily have a small heel - from 0.5 in infancy to 1.5 cm by the age of two. It allows the leg not to fall back and contributes to the correct formation of the foot. So we put off felt boots and ballet flats for adulthood. What changes in our body with age and why do heels cause so much controversy?
4 reasons to wear heels
The peculiarity of the structure of the human leg is such that an absolutely flat sole is harmful to it: the foot bends in the middle, the ligaments are stretched, the correct position of the fingers is disturbed, which leads to the formation of “bones”. Therefore, shoes with a heel 4-5 cm high are considered optimal.
"Correct" heel
The recommendation of orthopedists for choosing a heel is simple: its ideal height isDivide your foot size by 7.
Heels, however, must fit not only in height, but also in shape. If you are the owner of long, slender legs, then stiletto heels and a “glass” heel are most suitable for you. Full legs do not tolerate neighborhood with sharp and thin shapes; rectangular high heels are more suitable for them. If you are small in stature and have a small foot, the heel should be graceful and not too high.
And most importantly - the heel must be stable.
As we can judge from the variety of types of heels, not every model can suit your figure. Incorrectly selected shoes with heels may not emphasize the originality of your image, but rather make it something awkward, funny and incongruous. Therefore, there are a couple of tips in order to prevent lovely ladies from falling into such an unfortunate oversight.
If you are naturally slender and even thin, you should not put a bulky, heavy platform on your beautiful and thin legs, because a large massive sole will look rather untidy. Just right for you, stiletto heels will suit you, giving your look a slight touch of fabulous frivolity, feminine and airy.
If, on the contrary, nature has endowed you with magnificent forms, you should not add shoes with thin and high heels to such luxury, because this will emphasize the fullness of your legs. Your choice is a medium thickness high heel. This option is more comfortable and stable, and also adds elegance and harmony to your figure.
If you can boast of high growth, then you should not wear a heel more than 8 cm. Also, the “French heel” will be your choice.
At the same time, if you are a fragile and petite Thumbelina, you should not immediately compensate for this with mega high heels above 15 cm. This will look rather disproportionate. The best option would be a heel height of 10-15 cm.
Surely, these tips will help you create a bright, flirtatious and unique image worthy of the highest appreciation of the male part of the population.
It is good if wearing high heels begins after the formation of the skeleton. In fact, orthopedists do not have a single view on this issue. The formation of the skeleton in a girl occurs earlier (by the age of 17-18) than in a boy (by the age of 25). Therefore, you should constantly wear shoes with heels after the complete formation of the skeleton, that is, not earlier than 17 years. According to the data I received as a result of the survey, the girls of our school, on average, began to wear high-heeled shoes from the age of 13, which does not meet medical recommendations and can lead to foot deformity, postural disorders and improper formation of the chest.
Unfortunately, this list is not so short.
Pregnant women;
Teenage girls who are in the stage of active growth;
Women who suffer from varicose veins or flat feet;
Those whose working day is spent all the time "on their feet": waitresses, hairdressers, salesmen, teachers;
A woman who has more than 12 kg of excess weight.
Harm of high heels:
heel impact | Consequences |
Offset of the center of gravity.A high heel forces the body to adapt and exist in unfriendly conditions: the center of gravity shifts forward, the back moves back to maintain balance. There is a displacement of the vertebrae and pelvis, the bending of the back intensifies, followed by displacement of the internal organs. | Inflammatory processes of the digestive system and pelvic organs, osteochondrosis, muscle pain, curvature of the spine and other back diseases. |
Forefoot overload. The fulcrum is changing: instead of the entire surface of the foot, the load goes only to the toe. At the same time, blood circulation is disturbed, the foot ceases to spring. | Calluses on the legs, transverse flat feet, arthritis (inflammation of the joints), arthrosis (deformities of the joints), edema, thrombophlebitis, varicose veins. |
Injuries. Women in high heels often dislocate their legs and get more serious injuries when they fall. This is due to the fact that it is more difficult to maintain balance in heels. | A fracture instead of a banal bruise, a sprain where otherwise everything would have cost a slight bruise. |
2. Be sure to give your feet a rest, walk more barefoot, do a massage, use special creams for tired legs.
4. Do not wear high heels to those who are on their feet for a long time.
- It is necessary for a doctor and a nurse to conduct conversations with students and parents on the prevention of diseases that girls may develop due to early and prolonged wearing of high-heeled shoes.
6. Advise the use of research materials on class hours dedicated to the healthy lifestyle of schoolchildren.
- Provide research materials to the school administration and propose to introduce a dress code for shoes for schoolgirls.
- Conduct educational work among parents at a school-wide parent meeting, because it is they who buy high-heeled shoes for their girls.
How to choose the right shoes for yourself (Looking for the perfect pair)
Here is an approximate portrait of healthy shoes:
Heel - stable, height no more than 4 cm.
Toe - rounded or rectangular, so that there is freedom for all toes.
The heel counter is moderately reinforced, but does not tamp the ankles and does not squeeze the heel.
It is desirable that there is an arch support inside the shoe that maintains the arch of the foot in good shape.
How to look beautiful
When choosing beautiful shoes, you should consider the following facts
Bulky shoes will make you look bigger. In addition, they visually make the legs heavier and shorten the height.
High heels, on the other hand, will make you look taller.
Shoes with a long narrow toe will make your foot narrower, but at the same time increase it in length. Therefore, if you have a large foot size, then it is better to choose beautiful shoes with a rounded toe.
Shoes with a strap visually shorten the leg, and make the ankle wider.
If you have full heels, you should choose closed pumps.
Vamp - this is the name of the part of the shoe that closes the instep (upper part of the foot). Low vamps make the leg longer, and high ones, on the contrary, shorten it. Shoes with a low vamp are advised by stylists to wear with dresses and skirts, and high ones - only with trousers.
If you can't wear high heels, you should opt for a low heel. Such shoes visually lengthen the legs and make them more slender, unlike shoes without heels.
Dresses and a skirt with low-cut shoes will look ugly. These shoes are best worn with trousers, and the lower your shoes are, the tighter the trousers should be.
Short girls, at times, really want to appear taller, resorting to high heels. However, you should know that the lower the height, the smaller the heel should be. Otherwise, you will look disproportionate.
If you have big feet? Choose shoes without protruding soles.
For girls with thin ankles, closed shoes are not suitable, but open models will look very elegant!
Open platform shoes look harmonious with a long skirt or trousers. However, this model should not be worn with a short skirt: full legs look even more massive, and slender ones look too thin.
Many women go for beautiful open-back shoes with medium or low narrow heels.
In addition, when creating a harmonious ensemble, it should be borne in mind that light clothes made of viscose and silk should be combined with light shoes. Thicker fabrics, such as tweed, require massive shoes.
Regarding the color for the shoes, it should be said that white shoes can be worngirls with perfect legs. Do not forget also that the white color visually enlarges the foot, so this is not the best option for women with a size 40 foot.
Shoes should be chosen a little darker than the color of the clothes. Avoid contrasts in the image. So, for example, black shoes will look ridiculous with light-colored clothes and vice versa.
This is interesting
Usually the left and right legs are the same length, but sometimes the difference in their length can be up to 6 mm.
In the evening, the legs are slightly larger than in the morning. They are about 5% larger in volume, about 3 mm longer and about 1 cm wider (for this reason, it is recommended to try on shoes when buying in the afternoon).
In a standing position, the legs are larger than in a lying or sitting position - since the weight of the body acts on them and lengthens them by 3-6 mm (for this reason, all measurements and fittings should be made only in a standing position).
When moving, due to the weight of the body, the leg becomes a little longer, and the toes move a little forward with each step (for this reason, the size of the inner insole of the shoe should be at least 12 mm longer than the foot).
In a modern woman, everything should be perfect. Smile, clothes, and, of course, beautiful shoes!
And most importantly, they do not harm your health.
Bibliographic list
1. answer.mail.ru
2. www.all-accessories.ru
3. www.top-land.ru
4. www.ask4style.ru
5. Anatomy and physiology of children and adolescents. M.R. Sapin, Z.G. Bryksina
6. Popular medical encyclopedia N. Lantsman, V. I. Borodulin, A. V. Bruenok
7.Illustrated encyclopedia. Moscow: Publisher: Eksmo-Press, 2008
8. Likhacheva L. B., Solovey A. V. Encyclopedia of delusions. Fashion. Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2007
9. Fashion and style. Moscow: Avanta+ Publishing House, 2002
10. Morton Camille. How to walk in high heels. Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2010
11. Nersesov Ya. N. They determined the fashion. Publishing house AST, Astrel, 2009
12. Racine O. Illustrated atlas of the history of fashion. M.: "Eksmo", 2010
13. Atanasyan L.S., Butuzov V.F., Kadomtsev S.B., Poznyak E.G., Yudina I.I. textbook "Geometry", grade 8, 15th edition [Text] M .: "Enlightenment ", 2005
14. Big book of experiment for schoolchildren [Text] - M : Rosmen, 2001
15. Enohovich A. S. Handbook of physics and technology [Text], M.: Enlightenment, 1983
16. Myakishev G.Ya. Bukhovtsev B.B. Sotsky A.A. Physics grade 10. Textbook for OU. [Text] - M "Enlightenment", 2009.
17. Man. Encyclopedia for children T18 [Text] - M. Avanta +, 2001
18. Shavkunova A.R. "Static" Physics at school No. 2, [Text] 2004
Attachment 1
Old World New World
Moccasins are a common element of the Indian costume. The moccasin pattern tells about military exploits and other deeds of the wearer.
Traditional Japanese shoes
burgundy fashion
Bast sandals in Russia
Annex 2
Static and heel height
A standing barefoot person, if a vertical line is drawn through him, forms a perpendicular, an angle of 90 °. On 5 cm heels the body leans and the angle decreases to 70°, and on 8 cm to 55°. Thus, the body, in order to restore and maintain an upright position, needs to make a number of changes in the functioning of the joints.
In a barefoot woman, the displacement of the pelvis is 25 °, on 2.5 cm heels heincreases to 30°, by 5 cm. to 45°, by 8 cm. up to 60°. In this situation, what happens to the pelvic and abdominal organs? Inevitably, they must change position to accommodate the situation.
More heel, more angle. Bottomheel is onlevel 180°, body weight equally divided between heel and metatarsus. Inside the shoe, the angle directs the weight of the body forward so that at lowheel weight split 40% - heel 60%- metatarsus; at high 10% - heel, 90% - Angle 90 0 Angle 400 metatarsus. Under these conditions, the step sequence is no longer heel-metatarsus-toes and push like a barefoot. On heels of 5 cm or more, a little weight rests on the heel and the push is almost completely from the metatarsus. On medium and high heels, due to the reduction in the base of the top of the heel, the line of weight loss shifts, causing the less protected ankle to stagger. A shift in the center of gravity changes the balance of the body and makes it impossible to walk naturally.
Annex 3
Curvature of the back and curvature of the spine, displacement of the pelvic bones:
Appendix 4
Annex 5
Increased pressure on the spine due to a shift in the center of gravity:
Appendix 6
Foot deformity
Annex 7
plantography
Norm - the lateral support does not go beyond the OD.
Flattening - the side support is wider and occupies the LOD.
Flat - side support extends beyond LO
Annex 8
What shoes do you prefer?
Diagrams of the study of the dependence of heel height on age
Number of respondents - 20 people Age of respondents - up to 16 years
Number of respondents - 20 people Age of respondents - 16-22 years
Answer results
2-4 cm
5-7 cm
7-9 cm
above 10 cm
Answers of teachers and parents (30-47 years old):
§ 1. Fastening wooden heels
At the first landing, wooden heels are given the correct position on the shoes. During the second landing, they also monitor the correct position of the heel and fix it with glue. When attaching the crocodile part of the sole to the heel with glue and wire nails, the heel is additionally attached to the shoe. The main one is the method of fastening the heel with a mechanical sleeve and wire nails from the inside.
To increase the resistance of a high or medium wooden heel to chipping, hollow metal tubes are driven into it from the side of the heel (Fig. 162), the ends of which pass through the insole and are riveted. The metal sleeve is an iron cylinder; its wall thickness is 0.6 - 0.8 mm, outer diameter - 5 mm. The length of the sleeve is equal to the length of the hole in the body of the heel, increased by the thickness of the insole, shank and with an allowance of 4-5 mm for riveting. For better riveting of the bushings, their ends should have 4-5 notches with a depth of 4-5 mm.
The rims of the sleeve should fit snugly against the under-heel surface of the heel. Sleeves that do not have a rim should not be used, as they poorly attract the heel to the insole, which reduces the strength of the heel fastening.
Sleeves that are too short do not fit through the insole and cannot be riveted on the insole. Too long bushings are attached as follows:
The landing nail is removed with pincers, for which, having grabbed the nail, turn it around the axis and, loosening it, pull it out of the heel with the left hand, at the same time pressing the heel tightly against the heel and preventing displacement.
The nail is placed on the table, the sleeve is taken and the notched end is inserted into the hole in the heel. With careful hammer blows on the rim, the tube is driven into the hole flush with the heel surface of the heel, holding the heel at the upper base with the left hand.
Then the shoes are removed from the block, for which its wedge is removed with a special hook. The hook is a round metal rod mounted on a wooden handle with a blunt and curved end. When pressed with the free end of the hook, the pin of the block lock goes into the body of the latter; then the wedge is lifted up and pulled in the direction of the heel of the block. After removing the wedge, a hook is inserted into the hole in the block, to which the force is transmitted from the worker's leg through the bracket worn on the foot.
The right hand tightly compresses the heel, and the left holds the toe and bunches in a slightly elevated position. Gradually increasing the effort, pull the block out of the boot. With sudden movements, you can break the shank, tear the lining and deform the shoes.
After removing the block from the shoe, the sleeve is riveted with the help of a special rod, which is inserted into the end of the sleeve hole, and the notched end of the sleeve is pushed apart by hammer blows on its free end. When riveting the ends of the bushings, the shoes are placed on the plate, the riveted parts of the bushing are carefully nailed to the insole with a hammer.
aims to finally fix it on the shoe by nailing it with wire nails, less often with three screws 15 mm. The middle heel is fastened with five nails, and high (5 cm and above) - seven nails. Shoes No. 39 - 42 should be fastened from the inside with nine nails. Nails must pass through the insole, heel and enter the heel by 10-12 mm. Nails are used No. 18-20 with a flat head. They should be smooth, without burrs. Before fastening, nails are processed 
acid solution to increase the strength of the fastening. The heel is nailed from the inside as follows. With the help of a thin awl at a distance of 5-6 mm opening the insoles along its contour, 7-9 pricks are made in the heel with a welt awl. These pins serve as guides for driven nails. They are made at an angle of 18-20 0 to the plane of the insole, so that the nail included in the heel is parallel to its side surface. The depth of the punctures should be equal to 10-12 mm.
Nails are inserted into the pins and the tail of the hammer is pressed into the heel (Fig. 163) until the nail head fits snugly against the plane of the insole. After indentation with blows with a notch of a hammer, the nails are finally driven in flush with the insole.
The following technological requirements are imposed on the heel fastening operation:
1. The heel should not be split or twisted. Its fender should fit snugly against tight shoes.
2. The sleeve should be well riveted and not disturb the foot.
3. Nails must be driven in tightly and not bent.
4. The hole diameters of the pins must be smaller than the diameters of the nail.
If these technological rules are not observed, the following defects may occur: 1) the heel does not hold well and quickly comes off due to the fact that the nails freely enter the pins (the diameter of the pins is larger than the diameter of the awl), riveting bushings and driving nails, 3) the heel splits due to the use of thick and long nails.
Heel fastening. Before attaching the heel, it is necessary to cut off the free end of the crocodile, which protrudes beyond the straight line of the under-heel part of the heel. The resulting tongue is folded onto the heel surface and fastened with one nail to the heel. The attached tongue is lowered with a knife to level the area on which the heel will be applied.
The nail that secures the tongue must not rise above the surface of the under-heel part of the heel. Before nailing, the heel is glued with the heel and well pierced on the tile with a hammer. The total thickness of the heel with the under-heel should be 4.5 - 5 mm; in addition to leather heels, celluloid and aluminum are used.
The heel and the heel surface of the heel are smeared with glue, then the heel is applied and attached with wire nails No. 20 (in shoes with an average heel, seven to eight nails, with a high heel of 5-6 cm heels - five, high in 7-9 cm heel - three nails).
Nails should be placed on the heels in the following order: one - in the middle of the rounded part of the heel (at a distance of 4-5 mm cut off the heel part of the heel) and three on each side of the heel on the middle heel and one on the high (also at a distance of 4-5 mm from the edge). The distance between the centers of the nails should be 9-10 mm.
The nails on the heel attached to the high heel should be arranged in a triangle. Nails are not driven in completely; nail heads protruding above the surface of the heel by 4-5 mm, bite off with the help of sharp-toothed pliers. Then the nails are finally hammered in. Nails should be driven flush with the heel and not bent over the surface of the heel.
After attaching the heels, they are cut with a processing allowance of 1 - 1.5 mm knife on the board. The cut should be directed from the under-heel part of the heel to the undercarriage of the heel. The cut line should be straight, without snags.
§ 2. Attachment of leather heels
Fastening a leather heel with a manual method of sewing shoes is carried out as follows: prepare the heel parts of the sole, attach the fender, flick, heel, cut off the front and side surface of the heel, fix the heel with studs.
The heel part of the sole, before attaching the heel, is cut with a shoe knife along the edge of the heel or along the trimmed welt, and the edge must be strictly vertical and even. After that, the heel part of the sole is beaten with a hammer over the entire area in order to compact, level the surface, and ensure a snug fit of the edge to the protracted edge or welt. The heel of the sole should be flat and smooth.
Fender mount. The prepared heel part of the sole is lubricated along the edge to a width of 20-25 mm glue and put a fender on it (a strip of leather with a width of 18-20 mm), after which they are fixed with wooden studs No. 12-14. The fender is placed with its end on the heel part of the sole at the front and fastened with a wooden pin at a distance of 10-12 mm from the end of the fender. Fastening with studs is continued along the entire contour so that its fender necessarily coincides with the edge of the sole. The distance of the studs from the edge and between their centers should be 6-8 mm. Then the fender is lowered, thinned to the center of the heel, the studs are cut off with a knife and the fender is processed to give the heel a smooth, flat surface.
Flick mount. There are two ways of fastening flicks: the method of building up and the method of pre-assembly of flicks and their subsequent fastening in assembled form.
According to the first method flicks are sequentially glued one on top of the other and each flick is fastened with studs to the shoe. The first flick is attached directly to the heel part of the sole and the fender, for which the heel part together with the fender is smeared with glue and, after applying the first flick, also smeared with glue, it is fastened with wooden pins No. 12 around the entire perimeter. The studs must go through the flick, fender, sole, blank, heel and insole. The distance of the studs from the edge of the flick and the sole should be 6-8 when the welt is closed mm, with an open flick, they are attached in the same way as the first, with the only difference being that it does not come into contact with the sole and welt, but with the first flick. In this way, all the flicks that make up the heel are attached.
According to the second method leather flicks are pre-assembled (glued) together, after which, when assembled, they are attached to the heel part of the sole and insole with studs No. 18-20.
Flicks are assembled on glue by pressing in presses or on a board under a load. The distance of the studs from the edge with a blind welt should be 6-8 mm, and with a circular - 10-12 mm. The distance between the centers of the studs 6-8 mm.
Both in the first and in the second methods of fastening, flicks are prepared, i.e. they are picked in pairs, moistened and dried, after which they are planed from the bahtar side to the required thickness and then compacted by vylecheniye. Loose flicks shrink a lot, which leads to the formation of clefts in the heels of the finished shoe.
Flicks must provide the desired height of the assembled heel, and their contour must strictly correspond to the contour of the heel part of the sole, so they are cut with a knife along the specified contour. There should be no crevices between flicks.
Heel fastening (preliminary). The surface of the last flick should be leveled with a knife and hammered, after which the heel is attached. The heels are selected in pairs by thickness and density, pre-moistened, dried, leveled in thickness, pierced on the tile and cut according to the model. The surface of the upper flick is smeared with an even layer of glue, a heel is carefully applied to it from the bakhtarma side and fastened with four studs (three studs are driven in at the front of the heel with a distance from the front of the heel of 10-15 mm and the distance between the studs in 10-12 mm) and one hairpin - in the rounded part of the heel with a distance from the edge of 15-20 mm).
Cutting the side of the heel. The heel and flicks are aligned with a knife along the heel part of the sole, leaving the necessary allowance for the final processing of the heel. Trimming is facilitated by the correct fastening of the heel (final). The side surface of the heel should be evenly cut. The cut must be perpendicular to the plane of the sole. The front of the heel must also be cut perpendicular to the plane of the heel with a recess along the plane of the front in 7-8 mm.
Heel fastening. With studs around the entire perimeter of the heel, with the exception of the front side, a line (landmark) is drawn with the tip of the knife for nailing the studs. The line is drawn at a distance of 8-10 mm from the edge of the heel, after which the heel is fastened with one row of iron studs No. 3. Number of pins per 
half pair: 14-16 on each side and 5-7 studs in the rounded part. On fig. 164 shows different types of pin arrangements.
Studs must be driven in vertically and exactly along the drawn line. The distance between the studs on the sides 5-6 mm, the distance between the studs in the rounded part of the heel is 3-4 mm.
§ 3. Attachment of rubber heels
Rubber heels with a manual sewing method are fixed as follows.
Heel assembly. The heel is assembled by gluing individual flicks with rubber glue. The glued surfaces of rubber flicks are treated on both sides with sandpaper No. 5 or 6. Rubber glue is applied to the sanded surfaces.
The flicks are then dried to remove the solvent (gasoline). Drying time - 20-25 minutes. in the natural conditions of the workshop. Flicks with a layer of glue applied to them are stacked sequentially one on top of the other. For better bonding, the assembled heel is pierced with a hammer. There should be no crevices in the assembled heel, individual flicks should be firmly glued together. Assembled heels, both right and left, must be equal in height and area of the bases and flicks.
Heel preparation. The heel part of the sole is attached in a circle with hand tex No. 20 (but it can also be sewn to the welt if the welt is sewn in a circle). Tex is driven in at a distance of 6-7 mm from the edge of the sole, with gaps between the nails of 7-8 mm.
The sole in the heel is cut into 2 mm from the edge with a dull heel and 6-7 mm from the edge with a circular welt, after which it is processed with sandpaper. The heel lapis is also sanded.
Heel bonding. The heel of the sole and the lapis of the heel are cut with a knife and coated with rubber glue. The glue should be applied with a brush in an even layer without gaps, clots and smudges. Then the glue is dried for 25-30 minutes. A heel is placed on the smeared surface of the heel part of the sole so that the edges of the fender coincide with the edges of the sole. Hammer blows on the heel part of the heel are upset and compacted.
Heel processing. The side surface of the heel is cut with a knife according to the template. In a pair, heels must be of the same width, height, length, with the same notch on the front side.
Fastening the heel with nails. Five nails 45 long are driven into the heel (Viennese) from the side of the heel mm so that they grab the edges of the long edge of the heel counter and go into the insole by 6-8 mm from its edge with gaps between nails of 6-8 mm.
Gluing heels. In shoes with heels, stand at 45 mm the heel is glued after nailing. The heel is sanded from the side of the heel. The heel is lubricated with glue, after which the glue is dried, then the heel is placed on the heel and pressed. Then the heel is cut along the heel.
Rasp processing and glazing of the heel. The side surface of the heel is processed with a rasp, then glazed with sandpaper to make it smooth.