When is Novruz Bayram holiday in the year. Navruz is the new year according to the natural calendar. What should be on the table
The traditional celebration of Navruz takes place in the second decade of March. This is an ancient holiday of the Turkic peoples. Symbolizes the awakening and the beginning of the New Year. Official holiday in some countries. How is Nowruz celebrated? Events and traditions.
On the day of the spring equinox, Navruz is celebrated - the holiday of spring or the Eastern (Persian) New Year. In Farsi, its name means "new day". With the advent of spring, warm days come, nature wakes up and begins to change its decorations. Navruz symbolizes the revival of nature, the triumph of life, hopes for a generous harvest year.
One of the main symbols of Navruz is now considered sprouted wheat sprouts, which are tied with a red ribbon. Beautiful vases with such sprouts traditionally decorate holiday tables, houses and gardens of those who celebrate. Of course, some nuances of rituals and preparations may differ from people to people, but everyone who celebrates it does not work these days, congratulate each other on the beginning of the New Year, eat festive treats and have fun. Festive dishes for the table include seven elements, whose names begin with the letter "C" of the Persian alphabet. Traditionally, it is customary to put painted eggs, candles and a mirror on the table. The egg and the mirror are symbols of the end of the old and the beginning of the new year. Candles symbolize fire, protecting a person from evil forces.
The holiday is celebrated on March 21 in Iran, the republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, March 22 in Kazakhstan. Since 2010, this Day has become an official international event - International Day of Nowruz and entered the calendar holidays of the UN. By the decision of the General Assembly, on the initiative of Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Iran and Albania, India and Afghanistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, Navruz holiday was assigned to March 21 (UN General Assembly Resolution No. A / RES / 64/253) .
The spring New Year's holiday of the equinox - Navruz, having arisen in Khorasan more than 3000 years ago, almost simultaneously with the emergence of agriculture, spread to all neighboring countries.
The roots of Navruz go back to Zoroastrianism. Navruz is the oldest agricultural holiday, its origin is associated with the emergence of the agricultural calendar. Firdousi and Omar Khayyam, who served at the court of the Turkmen king Melik Shah, connected the emergence of Navruz with the names of the legendary kings Jemshid, Kayumurs and others. For the first time the holiday was mentioned in the book of fire-worshippers "Avesta". It says that this is a celebration of the birth of life on earth and its victory over death. All living things, according to that book, appeared on this day in 6 forms: fire, water, earth, plants, animals and people. According to an ancient custom, before the onset of Navruz, people must clean up their houses and around, pay off their debts.
Round cakes made from wheat, barley, millet, corn, beans, peas, lentils, rice, sesame and beans are placed on the festive table. In Navruz, dishes are prepared, mainly vegetable products, the most famous holiday dish is sumalak - a dish of germinated wheat germ.
Navruz is a holiday of the spring equinox and the beginning of a new agricultural year among the Persian-speaking and some Turkic-speaking peoples of Kazakhstan, Central and Asia Minor, Iran, as well as among the Bashkirs and Tatars. Navruz means "new day" in Farsi. Its spelling and pronunciation may vary in different countries - Novruz, Navruz, Nuruz, Nevruz, Nauryz, Nooruz, etc. It is celebrated on the day of the spring equinox - March 21. Nowruz symbolizes the renewal of nature and man, the purification of souls and the beginning of a new life.
In September 2009, Nowruz was included in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and at the end of February 2010, the 64th session of the UN General Assembly declared March 21 "International Day of Nowruz".
The Navruz holiday is one of the most ancient on Earth. It has been known since pre-Zoroastrian times, it was celebrated even before the 7th century BC. In the state of the Achaemenids (VI-IV centuries BC) and Sassanids (III-VII centuries AD), Navruz was considered the main holiday. The ancient Greek historian Strabo wrote about this holiday: "In the most ancient, ancient times and to this day, the inhabitants of Mesopotamia (Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya) gather on this day in the Temple of Fire. This is the most revered holiday, when merchants close their shops, artisans stop work, everyone is having fun, treating each other with those drinks and dishes that the fire has touched.
It is believed that the origin of the holiday is ancient Iranian, associated with the cult of the Sun and the name of the legendary prophet Zarathushtra (a spelling option is Zoroaster, Zardusht).
According to legend, many legendary events took place on this day: "Zarathushtra was chosen by God to bring happiness to people", the mythical king Tahmuras "sent evil divas and ruthless people to prison", and "Goshtosp, Princess Kaetun and Jomosp adopted the Mazdayasna faith", those. Zoroastrianism, etc. The origin of Navruz is also associated with the mythical king Jamshid, on whom the rays of the sun fell that day.
The oldest source where the celebration of Navruz is mentioned is the sacred book of Zoroastrianism "Avesta". According to the teachings of the Avesta, every spring people should celebrate the appearance of life on earth, which was born "in six forms" (sky, water, earth, plants, animals and man).
The celebration of Navruz on the day of the vernal equinox is associated with the emergence of the solar chronology calendar, which appeared among the peoples of Central Asia and Iran seven thousand years ago, long before the rise of Islam. According to him, the year began in the spring on March 20 or 21, on the day of the vernal equinox, when day equals night and spring finally comes into its own. The time is coming for a new field suffering, the time of worries and hopes of the farmer.
This Navruz differs from the Muslim New Year, since the Muslim calendar is based on the lunar annual cycle. Since the solar year contains 365 (366) days, and the lunar year contains 354 (355) days, the beginning of the lunar year and all dates of the lunar year relative to the solar calendar move about 11 days ahead.
The Muslim lunar year begins with the month of Muharram, that is, the new year begins on the 1st of the month of Muharram, which is the first month of the Muslim calendar.
The Muslim year is not tied to the seasons, the months migrate through all the seasons, with the result that the beginning of the year, for example, may fall on the summer months of the Gregorian style, and after a while - on the winter.
In ancient times, the date of Navruz was determined by astrologers. Now they have been replaced by astronomers who calculate the date of the arrival of Navruz with an accuracy of up to a minute. In 2011, the day of the vernal equinox, i.e. when the Sun crosses the celestial equator and moves from the southern hemisphere to the northern, it will come on March 21 at 02.21 Moscow time.
According to old Turkic legends, this day was the day when the Turkic people escaped from the encirclement. In other words, on this day the Turks left Ergenekon (a territory surrounded by mountains). Therefore, Navruz was accepted by the Turks as the beginning of the New Year and is celebrated to this day.
Rooted in the traditions of the ancient farmers of the Middle East and Central Asia, the holiday not only survived the Arab conquest, but also became an integral part of the culture of many peoples who profess Islam. In the CIS, it is celebrated as a national Tatars, Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks and many other peoples.
In a number of countries, Navruz is declared a public holiday, and March 21 is a day off.
The significance of this period of the year for the life of people from ancient times has given rise to many customs and rituals associated with magic, the cult of nature and fertility, beliefs in a dying and resurrecting nature.
Long before the holiday, about two weeks, wheat or lentils are sown on the dishes. By the holiday, their green sprouts should reach 5-7 cm and become a table decoration, a symbol of the birth of a new life, the New Year. But the preparations don't end there. Closer to the holiday, the grain is germinated again - to become the basis for a festive dish.
Before Navruz, you need to repent of sins, reconcile with enemies, forgive debts. On the days of Navruz, good farishta angels bring abundance and prosperity to those who have pure thoughts, who have a bright soul, who have a clean house, because people believed that the purity of the space around a person reflects the clarity of his inner state. In addition, good angels will not even look at the vindictive and harmful dirty people.
Therefore, before Navruz, the owners try to put the house in order, whitewash and repair it. Also, before the holiday, they decorate houses, remove garbage on the street.
Be sure to wash clothes, especially children's clothes - after all, children are considered the most susceptible to the evil eye, and water should wash everything off. Even before Islam, the week before Navruz was considered dedicated to the souls of ancestors. Ancestors were commemorated, making offerings to them and asking them for help in the coming year, protection from troubles.
The advent of the New Year is preceded by symbolic rites of purification. On "Wednesday of Joy" (the last Wednesday before Navruz), bonfires are lit in the streets of cities and villages, and people must jump over one bonfire seven times or over seven bonfires once. On the last night of the old year, it is customary to splash each other with water and jump over running water to cleanse oneself of last year's sins.
Navruz is the time of divination. The newlywed girls are especially fond of this, who this evening throw a shoe over their heads and determine by the direction of its toe whether they will stay in their parents' house for another year or move to the house of their betrothed.
In addition, on a festive evening with the onset of Navruz, it is customary to eavesdrop on the conversations of neighbors through windows or doors, and, depending on the pleasant or unpleasant conversation heard, determine how successful or unsuccessful the coming year will be for both the eavesdroppers and the owners.
The holiday itself begins at dusk, when, having put on new clothes, the whole family gathers at the table, on which they put new dishes. A special table is set for Navruz and it is called "haft-sin". There must be seven (haft) products on the table, the names of which begin with the Arabic letter "sin": rue seeds - sipand, apple - seb, black bones - siahdane, wild olive - sanjid, vinegar - sirke, garlic - sir and sprouted grain - sabzi.
Another set of seven items is possible, for example, in Iran it includes a sekke - a coin; serke - vinegar; sir - garlic; sumac - spice; samanu (among other peoples, sumalak) - a dish for the preparation of which grains of sprouted wheat are used; sanjed - sucker berry; sabze - greens, flax and cereal seeds sprouted in water, symbolizing the revival of nature.
The magical seven objects and products on the table become a symbolic gift to the Sun, which, accepting this gift, must take care of a rich harvest.
In addition, a mirror is placed on the table and candles are lit according to the number of family members, which cannot be extinguished until they burn out to the end. Be sure to have a large festive bread or cakes, a bowl of water on which a green leaf should float, a bowl of rose water, fruits, nuts, almonds, fish, rooster, milk, yogurt, cheese, colored eggs. In ancient times, each of the components was of particular importance for the harvest of the next year, for the fate of family members. Now this symbolism is lost, but the tradition remains.
Plov is being prepared. Indeed, in Central Asia, not a single holiday is complete without it. But the main ones on the table will be guja (for some peoples halim or khalisa) and sumalak (sumalak, saman). The process of preparing these dishes is long and laborious. They begin to cook them in the evening and it takes the whole night preceding Navruz. Sumalak is prepared only by women, while guji or halima (khalisa) is done by men. Guja is prepared from seven types of cereals with the addition of meat, and everything is boiled to a state of homogeneous mass. Halim (khalisa) is a porridge made from wheat and meat, in some nations with the addition of peas and vegetables. And sumalak is halva made from germinated wheat germ, which is ground and then boiled in a cauldron in cottonseed oil (in some peoples on water) with the addition of flour. These dishes are very healthy because they are rich in vitamins and amino acids.
To prepare sumalak, all the women in a large family gather at huge cauldrons, and in cities - neighbors, constantly stirring them in turn so that the dish does not burn. The night turns into women's gatherings with conversations, songs and even dances. The main thing is not to burn. In the morning, sumalak is distributed to everyone who participated in the preparation of the dish or contributed their share of products. In turn, these people treat their relatives and friends with it, carrying it in bowls to their homes.
After cooling, the dish is served to the table. At the same time, it is believed that according to the image that appears on the surface of sumalak, they determine what the new year promises, and the dish itself gives people physical and spiritual strength.
To the guests who came to the holiday, the host holds out a dish with barely sprouted grain, the eating of which symbolizes participation in the revival of all living things.
The festive ritual is not limited to a sweet, kind feast. On this day, children go from house to house and sing songs about Navruz, and they are presented with sweets. Artists perform on the streets, wits compete, songs and jokes sound. Fun and laughter continue until late in the evening, and in the morning the holiday continues, although not with the same splendor, but simply in the home circle.
In ancient times Navruz was celebrated for 13 days. At the end of the celebrations, people went out into the field, where they celebrated the New Year. That was the omen. It was believed that those who went out into the field these days to enjoy nature would be accompanied by happiness and prosperity throughout the coming year.
This tradition has been preserved in Iran, where the celebration of Navruz usually lasts for 13 days, of which the first 5 days are devoted to meeting Navruz and visiting relatives and friends. The ninth day is known as Shahryaran Navruz (Shah's Navruz), and the thirteenth day is known as Sizda-bedar ("The thirteenth away from home").
People, together with their relatives, spend the 13th day of spring in the bosom of nature, as if reconciling with nature. It was believed that those who went out into the field these days to enjoy nature throughout the coming year would be accompanied by happiness and prosperity. And thus, the festivities associated with the advent of the New Year end with a visit to the ever-living nature and reflection on the signs of creation.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
Navruz holiday– in Turkish pronunciation Nevruz” - translated from the ancient Persian language means “New Day”. Nevruz (Navruz) is celebrated on the day of the vernal equinox, is considered the New Year and means the onset of spring. The holiday of Nevruz (Navruz) is celebrated by countries and peoples who once fell under Persian influence and have nothing to do with Islam.
Initially, the ancient Iranian holiday Navruz was an agricultural holiday, as the peasants celebrated the beginning of sowing. Usually the celebration was accompanied by rituals that contributed to a bountiful harvest.
With the advent of Zoroastrianism (sun worship), the holiday was timed to coincide with the day of the vernal equinox, the return of the sun to the northern hemisphere and the onset of astronomical spring.
Holiday Nevruz (Navruz) - Nevruz bayramI- is a symbol of the awakening of nature from winter sleep, the end of winter, abundance and new beginnings and transformations in society.
During the holiday, people surround themselves with objects that will give longevity, health, good luck and happiness. From time immemorial, barley sprouts, wine, and coins were considered such items.
Traditions of Nevruz (Navruz) holiday in Turkey
In Anatolia, Navruz is known as "Sultan-i Nevruz", "Nevruz Sultan", "Bozumu March" and "Dokuzu March". The ancient traditions of the holiday live to this day.
March 22 is the day before Nevruz. At this time, they prepare for the holiday - they wash and prepare festive dishes. Among these dishes should be - berek with spinach, eggs dyed in onion skins, yufka, sweets, leblebi, lokum. On Nevruz, everyone visits each other, celebrating the holiday together with neighbors and friends.
On the day of March 23, it is customary to get up early in the morning, and wearing clean and new clothes, visit the cemetery. There, family members and neighbors drink tea or coffee, eat and talk. After the meal, family members kiss the tombstones one by one and return home.
In the evening, neighbors and relatives gather, have fun and talk, eat and drink together. Everything continues until the morning.
On this holiday, everyone walks with smiles, all misconduct is forgiven. Everyone should participate in the celebration. Those who do not participate in the celebrations are expelled from the village.
Features of the celebration of Nevruz in different regions of Turkey
In Mersin, Nevruz bayramy (Navruz) is known as the "March Ribbon". At this time, residents tie ribbons to trees and climb the mountains. If they find any house in the mountains on their way, the arriving guests shoot into the air, announcing their arrival. The owner of the house also responds with shots. Then both the guests and the hosts throw down their weapons and congratulate each other, wishing: "Happy Nevruz holiday, may it be full, successful and plentiful." If this year someone has 20 lambs or goats, their owner makes a sacrifice (kurban), and then everyone cooks and eats it together.
V Gaziantepe and surroundings on March 22 is called "Sultan Nowruz". According to popular beliefs, Sultan Navruz is a beautiful girl who runs away from west to east at night from March 21 to 22. According to other beliefs, this is a dervish who flies in the form of a bird. If someone wakes up at one in the morning, when Sultan Nevruz passes, and the exact time is not known, all his desires will be fulfilled.
In some villages Malatya the inhabitants celebrate Nevruz as a celebration of the end of winter.
V Eastern Anatolia It is believed that the night of Navruz is sacred. All living and non-living things appear before God. During the holiday, residents put on new clean clothes and prepare to welcome the new year. At this time, it is customary to prepare festive dishes, go to visit and receive guests, help the poor and needy.
V Agri and the surrounding area, young people arrange fortune-telling. They make a wish and stand listening under the door. Then what is heard is interpreted in accordance with the hidden.
V Giresun Nevruz holiday is called "March of Bozumu" and is celebrated on March 14th. On this day, they get up early in the morning and sprinkle water on the animals. Water is taken either from natural sources, or filled with water the previous evening and all the containers in the house are left so that moonlight is reflected in the water.
V Edirne they set fire to old carpets and jump over them with the words "Come in March, leave the flea."
V Ushake celebrate Nevruz as a new year.
V Sivas if thunder rumbles on the day of Nevruz, it is considered that the year will be fruitful.
In general, the holiday of Nevruz (Navruz) is similar to Maslenitsa in Russia.
The history of Nevruz (Navruz) in Turkey is rather tragic. From 1925 to 1991, the holiday was officially banned. In Turkey, the holiday of Nevruz (Navruz) is celebrated mainly by the Kurdish population, which numbers about 12 million people. This time is distinguished by the growth of self-consciousness of the Kurds, actions of disobedience and anti-government rallies.
In 1995, attempts were made to "cultivate" the holiday. Nevruz (Navruz) in Turkey was made a national holiday, but it did not become a day off, so that all those celebrating continued to work. The authorities are also trying to streamline events during the Nevruz holiday.
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Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
The holiday of Navruz, from time immemorial embodying the noble values and wonderful traditions of our people, its good thoughts and aspirations, which is the invaluable heritage of our ancestors, has become a truly national holiday in the years of independence, the onset of which is eagerly awaited by all our compatriots, regardless of their nationality, language and religion.
Given the growing role and importance of Navruz, which symbolizes the beginning of a new year according to the Eastern calendar, the awakening of nature, the harmony of man and the surrounding world, a truly national holiday most beloved by the people, further strengthening in our society an atmosphere of kindness and mutual understanding, humanism, generosity and creativity, education young generation in the spirit of national and universal values, in order to conduct it at a high level:
1. Approve the composition of the organizing committee for the preparation and holding of the national holiday Navruz in 2016 in accordance with the annex.
The Organizing Committee, within ten days, develop a plan of organizational, practical, cultural and educational activities aimed at holding the Navruz holiday in our capital - the city of Tashkent, in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and regional centers, in all cities, districts and villages as a nationwide sayil.
2. When preparing an action plan, pay special attention to:
organization of spiritual and educational events that contribute to a deep realization that during the days of Navruz a person feels even more fully his inextricable connection with nature, his native land, appreciates its generous gifts even more and is imbued with a sense of gratitude for the current peaceful days;
wide coverage during events in all cities and villages, in the media of the history of the Navruz holiday, the essence and significance of the values, customs and traditions associated with it;
carrying out charitable events imbued with the spirit and philosophy of Navruz - the ideas of kindness and mercy, friendship and harmony - aimed at showing comprehensive attention and care for the representatives of the older generation, providing disinterested assistance to all people in need of support;
organization in the days of Navruz, which is a symbol of the beginning of a new season in agriculture, the renewal of life - in mahallas, cities and villages of hashars, large-scale work on landscaping and gardening;
involvement in the preparation of holiday programs in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, regional centers and the city of Tashkent of folklore groups, amateur art groups, family ensembles, folk storytellers - bakhshi, as well as professional artists and talented variety performers on a competitive basis;
inclusion in the festive programs of the best examples of folklore art, classical melodies and songs, lapars, glorifying ancient customs and traditions, noble human feelings and qualities.
3. Establish that the holding of festive events is financed by:
in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and regions - at the expense of local budgets, as well as sponsor organizations;
in the city of Tashkent - at the expense of the republican budget and the local budget of the city of Tashkent in equal shares.
4. The National News Agency of Uzbekistan, the National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan, the Jahon News Agency and other mass media should be recommended to widely cover the preparation and holding of the national holiday Navruz.
5. To impose control over the execution of this resolution on the Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev.
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I.KarimovTashkent city,