The lightest iron soleplate. Which iron soleplate is good? Which iron to choose

27.07.2020

In modern household appliances stores, a large selection is presented from the simplest irons to entire ironing machines. But most women prefer the classics. It is compact, does not take up much space in a city apartment and does not consume much electricity. Experts say that the main part of any iron is the sole, the quality of ironing depends on its characteristics.

Criteria for choosing an iron

Before choosing an iron, the housewife must clearly know why she needs it. The choice depends on: the frequency of use, the number of family members, the quality of the voltage and the condition of the outlets in the apartment.

Experts recommend purchasing the device in specialized household appliance stores. Firstly, they are less likely to purchase fake or low quality products. Secondly, such stores often organize promotions or sales where you can buy quality goods at a lower price. Before going to the store, you can study the current assortment on the official website of the outlet.

When choosing an iron, you need to pay attention to the following important aspects:

Varieties of the soles of modern irons

Experts say: there is no clear answer to the question of which coating is best for an iron. All varieties have their pros and cons.

Recently, many marketing experts, when asked which iron sole is considered the best, unanimously answer: durilium. However, this assertion can and should be challenged. To do this, you need, first of all, to find out: the soleplate of the iron developed by durilium - what it is, how it differs from other options. The only difference between this model is that its coating is made of two materials: ceramics and glass.

Thanks to ceramics, clothes are ironed well, even the smallest wrinkles disappear. Thanks to the glass, the device heats up quickly, it is almost instantly ready for use after switching on. But such coverage cannot be called durable, because the glass can be of different quality.

Such a sole has many advantages: it perfectly fulfills its immediate function, does not scratch the fabric and does not leave marks on it, and does not burn through the fabric at high temperatures.

However, there is a very significant disadvantage: the combined coating is characterized by increased fragility. When scratches or cracks begin to appear on the coating, the quality of ironing deteriorates significantly, and it is no longer possible to correct the situation, you can only buy a new iron. Therefore, the device with a combined sole is prohibited from scratching, dropping, hitting.

As for soles made of a homogeneous material, irons are most often found on sale. with smooth surface made of:

aluminum;
teflon;
of stainless steel;
ceramics.

Features of sole coatings

Uchugi with cast iron soles are gradually becoming obsolete. These can still be found at grandmothers, but they are no longer on sale.

Aluminum coating is the lightest in weight. This outsole does its job well. However, aluminum is soft and pliable, especially at high temperatures. Therefore, if you iron clothes with metal studs, the sole can be easily scratched. The Teflon coating heats up quickly, but with prolonged use of the device it is gradually erased from the sole, and “bald spots” form on it. This significantly reduces the quality of ironing..

Irons with a smooth stainless steel surface heat up rather slowly, but such a sole, unlike aluminum, is very durable. The ceramic soleplate can easily smooth out the smallest creases and heats up quickly. However, because of it, the iron has a rather large weight, and it is quite difficult to use it for a long time without interruption.

For those who often iron synthetics, it is best to choose a ceramic sole. First, wrinkles disappear right before your eyes. Secondly, ceramics, unlike aluminum, will not burn through a thing made of thin fabric. For ironing baby clothes made of natural fabrics, it is best to use a device with an aluminum surface. It weighs little, heats up quickly, and can easily handle a large amount of clothing.

Forgetful housewives who can put the iron on the fabric and get distracted by something, the Teflon surface is best, which protects the device from excessive heating. A stainless steel soleplate is a good option for those who live in high humidity conditions or purchase an iron for a country house, as this material is resistant to external influences and does not corrode.

How to extend the life of the device

When choosing a device for home use, you need to think not only about which soleplate is best for an iron, but also about how long the device will last if it is used in specific conditions. To prolong the life of the appliance for ironing children's and adult clothes, you must:

Ironing rules for adults

Before starting work, the fabric must be moistened with water at room temperature. The liquid helps to quickly smooth out any folds and wrinkles. Ironing should be started when the appliance is still cold, as it usually heats up much faster than it cools down. It is also important to use the right ironing board. Its surface must be perfectly flat. On the board, you can lay a sheet folded several times or a woolen blanket.

How to iron baby clothes

Until the child is three months old, all his diapers, sliders and undershirts must be ironed after washing, since ironing is necessary for disinfection. When ironing children's products that are directly adjacent to the body (undershirts, shorts and T-shirts), they must be turned inside out. Thus, when the child puts on the underwear, it will not only be clean, but also free of bacteria.

Woolen sweaters and pants should not be ironed, because this can make the wool become prickly and unpleasant to wear. They can be carefully hung on a coat hanger or on a chair until completely dry. To make flannel products softer and more comfortable to wear, you must use a steamer.

Buying an iron is a complex and responsible business. However, this task can be easily dealt with by carefully studying the main advantages and disadvantages of models with different soles.

A ceramic iron is a necessary tool in the arsenal of any housewife. A ceramic iron will facilitate household chores, significantly reduce the time for ironing, and also simplify this difficult process. To use the potential of this device to the fullest, you need to know some of the subtleties associated not only with its device, but also with the principle of operation. The pros and cons of different models, short reviews, as well as the 2019 rating will be presented below.

Throwing aside the popular materials of the soles of the iron (stainless steel, aluminum, Teflon), attention should be paid only to ceramics or cermets. The ceramic soleplate of the iron provides sufficient gliding on the surface of the laundry. A similar effect cannot be achieved using devices with other materials.

Advantages of ceramics:

Not only quick heating of the sole, but also the preservation of heat for a long period of time. Because of this quality, such devices are very economical in energy consumption.
The surface is easy to clean, but only with the use of special tools. They not only soften the dirt, but also keep the sole from minor scuffs and scratches.
Of all types of irons, only ceramic irons have the highest slip coefficient. Therefore, the quality of ironing is also improved.

The ceramic-metal device is not too different from ceramics, but its service life is increased. The addition of a metal component to the base of the iron pillow reduces the fragility of the material. The rest of the qualities are completely similar to ceramic products.

The time has long passed when the iron was a pood of steel piece that had to be put on an open fire in order to heat it up. Now, in addition to their main function, these home tools are capable of performing a lot of others.

Additional features that modern irons provide:

Presence of a nozzle for a delicate ironing. A very useful addition to the iron, which allows you to iron delicate and expensive fabrics such as silk. It is a plate, shaped like the sole of an iron, which is attached to the bottom of the appliance by means of special clips. The main function - does not allow the temperature to exceed the permissible level.
Hot steam function. It is installed on almost all modern devices. It is very convenient to use when ironing dry clothes. Steam is supplied to the surface of the linen through special holes in the sole of the home tool. The quality of ironing is affected not only by the diameter of these holes, but also by their number and location. On some models, a regulator can be installed that will help you adjust the steam wave for any type of laundry.
Spray. It is installed at the top of the iron and is a small device that, when the button is pressed, releases a jet of water. It is convenient to use when ironing those types of fabrics that you do not want to steam.

What is the best sole, what functions an iron can have, was described above. The following is a rating of irons in 2019 with small reviews of only the best models.

Tefal FV3925. Reliability in simplicity

Tefal is a company dedicated to simplifying the home life of millions of families. All household appliances with this logo are of excellent quality, as well as a long and trouble-free service life. FV3925 is not an exception, but only confirms the rule. This iron does not have stylish shapes and sophisticated design, but it is practical, durable, and also reliable.

The power of the iron is 2300 W, which is a good indicator among similar devices. This power allows you to iron clothes quickly and only once.
With a steam boost of 125 g/min, you can quickly iron difficult surfaces.
The Tefal Durillium ceramic-metal soleplate has a self-cleaning function and allows you not to purchase expensive cleaning products and not to clean the iron, whose ceramics can be cleaned on their own.
An additional setting regulates the amount of steam depending on the set temperature. This feature prevents an increase in steam flow and possible tissue damage.

The only drawback of this French invention is the lack of a measuring glass, which should come with the device. Otherwise, the device received a maximum of positive feedback from users for its reliable functionality. The cost of Tefal FV3925 starts from 4200 rubles.

Bosch TDA2325. quality steam

The German representative TDA2325 has a vaporization function and a simple, understandable to everyone, design. This iron is able to answer an important question: ceramics or cermets? Which is better, tell TDA2325. This device is designed for high-quality dry ironing and easy sliding over the surface, which can only be provided by reliable cermets.

A regulator is installed that controls the flow of steam. A rod is combined with it, which performs the function of self-cleaning. In addition to it, the cleaning of the iron also takes place through the very sole of the Palladium-glissee.

The average power is 1800 W, which is quite enough for normal ironing even on difficult surfaces. The water tank is completely transparent, which allows you to control the liquid level. In addition, a special scale is applied to it. Steam is supplied vertically, which allows it to penetrate into the very depths of the fibers of any type of fabric and provide a more thorough ironing.

The design and technical component of the TDA2325 is thought out for frequent and uninterrupted operation of the device. Of the minuses, you can specify only the average power. This is sometimes shown in negative consumer reviews. But the quality of Bosch has been well-deserved for many years and has practically no complaints. The price is more than affordable and starts from 2000 rubles.

Scarlett SC-SI30K15. Inexpensive but high quality

This model can be called a budget one, the pricing policy for it starts from 1300 rubles. But that doesn't mean the SC-SI30K15 is unreliable. This iron has all the necessary functionality and is able to perform those functions that are performed by models with a higher cost.

This iron switches off automatically if it is not used for a long period of time. This function is an additional protection, preventing the user from being burned.
A sprayer is installed on the top of the iron.
There is not only a self-cleaning system of the device, but also protection against scale.
Powerful steam boost, which is 120 g / min. This allows you to cope even with rough and dense material.
The power of the iron is high, it is 2400 watts.

Iron SC-SI30K15 during its operation has acquired a sufficient number of positive reviews. But even the most ideal tool has its drawbacks. In this, for example, they note the insufficient quality of the plastic from which the case is made. As well as a fixed hinge of the cord through which the device is connected to the network. Such a hinge creates inconvenience during ironing and does not allow using the iron at any angle.

Philips GC 2960. Even more powerful, even better

Good quality for a very affordable price. This model has a high power (2200 W), as well as a lot of other positive characteristics. The sole of the Steam Glide is cermet, only the base is high quality stainless steel. Thanks to its good power, this iron is capable of delivering a steam boost of 130g/min and a constant steam power of 40g/min. A special system prevents fluid from leaking through the holes in the sole. The cord for connecting the device to the network has a length of 2 m. This does not create inconvenience when using the device.

There are also additional functions: automatic shutdown after a long period of inactivity, steam supply at a vertical angle, self-cleaning. The main disadvantage of the GC 2960 is its weight, which is 1.2 kg. But this disadvantage is very convenient when ironing. There is no need to strongly press the device on the tissue surface.

Zelmer ZIR 08800. Available for any family

Model ZIR 08800 from a little-known representative of Zelmer has a very good quality and an affordable price. The pricing policy for this device starts from 1900 rubles. At the same time, the iron is not much inferior to more expensive counterparts. Constant steam is supplied at a speed of 25 g/min, and the steam boost is 105 g/min. A small water tank holds 230 ml of liquid. The device has a completely ordinary design, without unnecessary accessories and additional frills. The coating is ceramic, Geram Gliss.

This model is built to last every day. A large number of holes of different diameters on the sole ensures thorough steaming of the fabric surface. ZIR 08800 will meet the expectations of any family. When deciding on a choice - ceramics or non-stick, you should choose ceramics. The best quality that can only be seen on ZIR 08800.

What conclusions can be drawn

Irons with ceramic and cermet coating are the most popular among users. The sole made of this material does not make you worry about constant cleaning, and also provides high-quality sliding on the fabric surface. The above models represent a variety of companies that have managed to prove themselves from the best side. When purchasing an iron with a ceramic coating, you should pay attention not only to the quality of the sole, but also to the additional functionality of the device. Different devices, having the same price, may contain a greater number of additional functions. It is also important to pay attention to the warranty period, which may vary depending on the manufacturer.

If you have to buy a new iron soon, you will probably pay attention to the length of the wire, the steam and self-cleaning functions, and even the appearance. But from my own experience I can say that this is not the most important thing. It is much more important to choose an iron soleplate that meets your requirements.

There will be plenty of options for this. And you need to be able to understand them without being distracted by the enthusiastic advertising of manufacturers vying with each other touting exactly their product.

Sole shape - which is more convenient?

Take a look at the first picture again. See how the size and shape of the ironing surface can differ? When choosing from them, think about what you iron more often with your own hands - bed linen or blouses with ruffles and pleats and small children's things.

In the first case, the larger the sole area and the wider it is, the better. But complex in cut and small things are more convenient to smooth out with a narrow iron with a sharp nose.

Pay attention to the following features:

Number of steam outlets. The more of them, the better and faster clothes will be steamed. There are only 13 of them on my iron - this is not enough. And there are no holes at the very tip, which is also inconvenient for smoothing out small wrinkles.

Shape of the back of the sole. The rounded one glides back over the fabric more easily without wrinkling the fabric.

edge thickness. The thinner it is, the easier it is to smooth the fabric around the buttons, turning the work plane directly under them. On modern irons, a special groove is made around the entire perimeter of the sole.

For those who iron everything, it will be more difficult to choose an iron. If possible, take two at once - for clothes and bed linen.

Which material is better

To begin with, let's define the qualities of the base material that are most important to you:

Good glide. This is the basic requirement for this household appliance. Any additional features and chic appearance will be meaningless if the iron clings to the fabric and leaves hooks on it.

Heating and cooling rate. It is important for someone that the iron heats up quickly, while someone is in no hurry and simply does not pay attention to this parameter.

Impact on tissue. The sole material must respond sensitively and quickly to temperature adjustments, otherwise delicate fabrics can be damaged.

Durability. It depends on the strength of the base material, its resistance to scratching and pliability to cleaning. Here everyone has a different approach: one will buy a cheaper device, and in a year he will change it without regrets. And the other will immediately take a quality iron, and he will not be embarrassed by the high price.

Now you can consider different types of soles and decide which one is best for you.

Steel or aluminum

Working plates of absolutely all irons are metal- steel or aluminium. This is a base, which can be an alloy with some chemical element or have an additional coating, spraying. That is, if you see the adjective "teflon" or "ceramic" in the name, this means only the coating of the sole.

About him a little later, but now let's see which soles of which material are more suitable for your requirements.

Let's start with steel. Stainless steel is the most common option. Its advantages:

Corrosion resistance;
Resistance to mechanical damage;
Durability;
Perfect surface smoothness;
Affordable price.

The disadvantages include not too fast heating and long cooling. And also an impressive weight.

Despite the strength of stainless steel, it is still scratched quite easily, especially if you accidentally run an iron on the metal fittings of clothing or clean the sole with abrasives.

To increase strength and resistance to corrosion, manufacturers are constantly improving alloys and inventing various coatings. For instance:

Do outsole made of steel with chromium or nickel addition. You can distinguish them by color: chrome-plated surface has a bluish tint, and nickel-plated - golden.

Brown's Saphir is considered the most durable stainless steel sole. She has coated with a very hard corundum mineral, to the genus of which sapphires belong. But do not think that this is really a gemstone coating. For the manufacture of irons, corundum is obtained synthetically. And the beautiful name "sapphire" is used as a publicity stunt.

The aluminum sole is much lighter than steel, it heats up quickly and cools down just as quickly. And the cost of such irons attracts with its democratic nature. But before you choose them, analyze all the shortcomings of this material:

Aluminum is a very soft metal. The worktop made of aluminum is easily damaged by dropping the iron or simply hitting buttons and buttons on clothing with it.
Too fast heating can also lead to damage to both the device itself and the fabric. If you do not pay attention to the set mode, matter can be burned, melted or left shiny traces on it. She, in turn, will burn to the sole.

As a result of the appearance of dents, scratches and soot, the iron will no longer cope with its functions. After all, what sole does not slip? Only the one that has lost its smoothness. Moreover, it can leave hooks and dirty spots on clothes.

Fortunately, irons with a pure aluminum coating are almost never produced now. Anyway, I don't see them for sale. It has long been replaced by heat-treated anodized aluminum soles. Or pure aluminium, but steel coated.

Choosing a coating

It's time to tell you what kind of coating is done on a steel or aluminum base, and what it gives:

Teflon. Everyone who has Teflon pans knows perfectly well that nothing sticks to this material and does not burn. But exactly until chips and cracks appear on it. The same applies to a Teflon-coated iron: it easily glides over the fabric, does not stick to it. However, it must be handled very carefully so as not to scratch the surface. For example, it cannot be placed on a metal stand, which is equipped with inexpensive ironing boards.

Enamel. Heavy-duty enamel, which looks like polished granite, unlike Teflon, is not so easily scratched. The enamelled sole also glides well, leaving no wrinkles or hooks on the fabric. She cleans up great. But over time, it starts to crack.

Ceramics. And again we recall dishes with a similar coating. If you choose - ceramics or stainless steel - the first is much more convenient. It is easy to clean, does not allow sticking, unlike steel cookware. The same applies to irons. But the slightest chips on the surface of this fragile material can lead to complete peeling of the coating.

cermet. This composite material is much more wear resistant than just ceramics. The instruction manual for ceramic-metal devices no longer requires such careful treatment as for Teflon or ceramic products.

Conclusion

Now, knowing all the features, positive and negative properties of each material, you can decide which iron soleplate is best for you. If durability and reliability are a priority, choose titanium or sapphire-coated stainless steel. If high non-stick properties - Teflon or ceramics on aluminum.

If you are still undecided, you can get more information from the video in this article. And if you have already chosen and are satisfied with the result, share your feedback with us in the comments.

When choosing a new iron, you need to consider what kind of soleplate it has. This parameter affects the price and functionality of the home assistant.

It is necessary that the soleplate for the iron glides well over the fabric without making any hooks.

The main criteria that will help you choose the best sole are its shape and material.

Being the main element, the sole for the iron is selected based on the following requirements:

Careful effect on the fabric.
Minimum friction.
Damage protection.
Strength.
Uniform heating and cooling.

Sole shape

The shape of the sole of the iron is selected taking into account the fact that you have to iron more often. If mainly children's clothes, women's dresses with numerous frills are to be ironed, then you need an iron with a sharp nose and an elongated sole shape.

Numerous reviews of the owners of irons with Teflon, ceramic and ceramic-metal coatings indicate that these soles are the most popular among buyers.

But there are two factors to look out for when buying a new iron, be it ceramic or steel coated:

The correct sole should be equipped with a thin edge - a “groove”. This "groove" will allow you to smooth the fabric under the buttons on the clothes.
The soles of all modern models of irons have holes through which steam is supplied to the fabric. These holes vary in size. They are also located differently. If the buyer chooses which sole is better to purchase - with large or small holes, then he should know that small holes create an air cushion, so the iron slides smoothly. Larger holes allow more steam to pass through, helping to straighten complex creases and folds in varying fabric stiffness.

This is one of the main questions that torments many housewives when choosing a household ironing device. Indeed, which iron soleplate is better? After all, the working surfaces in contact with the fabric are made today from various materials. In order for the sole (hereinafter also referred to as the base, platform, foot) to easily and efficiently iron various textiles, it must have a number of properties.

Basic requirements for soles

The shape, area and material of the platform, along with such parameters as the power and weight of the electric iron, are one of the main factors when choosing a particular model. All buyers want the iron to glide well and quickly smooth out any material - from thick outerwear to delicate textiles.

It is believed that a good iron coating must meet several requirements:

Lung slip. The foot should move smoothly, without any additional effort, on the surface of different types of fabrics. The lower the friction force of the platform on the fabric, the higher its quality index.
Exactly high-quality smoothing- the main function of each electric iron. Its working base is designed to gently act on the fibers of fabrics without damaging their structure. Any matter must be straightened properly so that gloss, folds, creases and other defects do not remain on its surface. Textile fibers should not burn and melt from the impact of the sole.
Strength. The durability of the platform depends on this characteristic. Its surface is periodically in contact with locks, buttons, rivets and other accessories located on clothing. If the foot is made of soft material, it will be damaged over time. As scratches and chips appear, the quality of ironing becomes worse. That is why the sole must have a durable surface.
Fast, uniform heating and cooling. The lower the thermal conductivity of the material, the longer it heats up. This leads to an increase in power consumption, annoying too impatient users. In addition, a delayed reaction to a change in temperature can lead to damage to the tissue structure. To qualitatively smooth the fabric, the base of the iron must have the same temperature over the entire surface.
Easy and simple care. It is important that every housewife can easily remove the burn from the surface using improvised means for this.

What else affects usability

In addition to the above properties, you should pay attention to some features of the working bases. A platform with few openings to release steam will not be able to effectively process textile fibers with it. The more holes, the more intense and evenly the steam will be released.

Particular attention should be paid to the bow - there should be concentrated several holes for effective smoothing of textiles in hard-to-reach places.

Sole shape

Every garment has areas that are difficult to iron. The foot must have a narrow spout to get everywhere. When choosing an electric iron, do not forget to pay attention to the presence of steam holes in its bow.

Depending on which products are ironed more often - bed linen or children's clothes, blouses or shirts - choose a wide platform with a large area (for linen) or a narrower one (for clothes with a complex cut).

The more rounded the platform on the back side, the easier it is to move the iron over the fabric in the opposite direction without creating scars and folds on the surface. From this point of view, the platform in the photo below, pointed on both sides, has the best shape.

Another feature that few people pay attention to is the thickness of the edge of the foot and the size of its protrusion. You should choose a sole that can iron the area of \u200b\u200bthe fabric under the button. To do this, you need the edge of the platform to fit between the button and the fabric.

Comparison of modern sole materials

In order for the ironing platform to work effectively, it must meet the requirements listed above. Platforms made from several materials have the best performance. To create them, different technological processes are used: spraying, adhesion, treatment with chemical reagents and other methods. What is the best soleplate? Let's talk about it further and compare the most common options.

Aluminum

This metal is used in the production of budget models. It is light enough that allows housewives to spend less effort on ironing. The cost of electric irons with aluminum bases is low, and this attracts buyers. The good thermal conductivity of aluminum alloys allows you to quickly start ironing.

This is where the pluses end. The disadvantages of aluminum include:

softness, leading to the rapid appearance of damage and deterioration of sliding;
tendency to form gloss on clothes and burns on the metal surface.

To get rid of the shortcomings, protective coatings are created on the aluminum surface. Quite common are electrical appliances with platforms made of more durable anodized aluminum. A new technology called Eloxal was developed in the laboratories of the well-known manufacturer Braun. It allows, by oxidizing aluminum with an electrolyte solution, to obtain a more durable coating that glides well over tissues.

Stainless steel

Stainless steel is an alloy almost as common as aluminum. And although steel is not much more expensive, its performance properties are much better. These include:

high strength and durability;
corrosion resistance;
good glide;
satisfactory thermal conductivity;
low price.

The disadvantages of this material include:

large specific gravity;
tendency to burn at the wrong ironing temperature.

A longer heating time, compared to aluminum, can be considered a disadvantage, but with a big stretch.

Teflon

This polymer has several other names: fluoroplast and polytetrafluoroethylene. It is a transparent material and is widely used in the production of household appliances and kitchen utensils. Its advantages include:

easy sliding on various matters due to antifriction properties;
excellent non-stick properties;
gentle smoothing of delicate fabrics, without damaging the fibers;
relatively low cost.

At the same time, Teflon coatings have a significant disadvantage - low strength and rapid wear. From contact with buttons and other hard objects, the polymer is quickly damaged, so Teflon-coated electric irons should not be placed on metal stands.

Ceramics

This material of the working surface of irons is optimal in terms of price / quality ratio. Ceramic coating has a number of advantages over the above metals:

during ironing does not melt the fibers of delicate fabrics, and they do not stick to the surface;
glides over textiles more easily than other alloys;
has good strength, long service life with careful handling;
used in electric irons of the middle price range;
heats up evenly
does not create difficulties in care.

The negative properties of the material include fragility, which, if handled carelessly, leads to the formation of chips and cracks.

Glass and metal ceramics

To impart plasticity to ceramic alloys with a simultaneous increase in strength, glass and metal impurities are added to them. Ceramic-metal soles are becoming more and more popular despite being more expensive to manufacture than pure ceramics.

For example, the addition of nickel causes the base of irons to take on a yellowish tint. Chrome plating gives the working surfaces a bluish tint. By such features, some ceramic-metal coatings can be distinguished. Under their surface are aluminum or stainless steel, which are the basis and conductor of heat.

In addition to the above, soles with titanium coated, as well as manufactured by technologySaphire, coated with corundum. These materials are quite expensive, but they have a very high strength and are free from the disadvantages inherent in cheaper coatings.

A wide variety of materials allows you to choose an iron soleplate that will meet any needs and financial possibilities. Knowing the pros and cons of various materials, you can easily choose the right model for yourself.

Video

The video will tell you how to choose the right iron according to the work surface material and other characteristics:

Electronic engineer with many years of experience. For several years he was engaged in organizing the repair of household appliances, including washing machines. She loves sport fishing, water tourism and traveling.

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