Wax doll. Examination of patients with respiratory diseases. Symptomatology and diagnostics of the main diseases of the respiratory system: Methodical development for conducting a lesson on the propaedeutics of internal diseases
Factors such as gender and age will certainly influence facial expression, in addition to various diseases. Knowledge of the ten most characteristic changes on the part of the face can help in the recognition of pathological conditions.
Definition of diseases by changes in the face:
1. Puffiness of the face can develop:
a) due to a general tendency to edema in renal diseases;
b) as a result of local venous stasis in various pulmonary diseases with frequent attacks of suffocation and coughing;
c) with effusion pleurisy (accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity), with a tumor of the mediastinum (middle part of the chest), with inflammation of the pericardium (outer shell of the heart).
2. With heart failure, the face takes on a characteristic appearance (the so-called "Corvizar's Face"). The face looks puffy, yellowish-pale and slightly bluish. The mouth of such patients is half-open all the time, the lips are bluish, the eyes stick together, with a dull shade.
3. The face with fever is characterized by flushing of the skin, shiny eyes. With various infectious diseases, the face has some characteristics. So, in severe pneumonia, febrile redness of the face is more pronounced on the side of the most affected lung. With typhoid fever, the face is pale in color, with relapsing fever, the skin is slightly icteric.
In tuberculosis patients with fever, the typical facial features are burning eyes, pallor, and a bright, well-defined blush on the cheeks. With fever that develops with sepsis, the face is inactive, pale, sometimes with a slight yellowness.
4. With different endocrine disorders, changes in facial features and expressions are more common. of all is manifested by the following signs:
a) the face is acromegalic, that is, there is an increase in prominent parts of the face, such as the nose, cheekbones, chin, characteristic of acromegaly (an increase in certain parts of the body under the influence of growth hormone) and, sometimes, pregnancy;
b) myxedema face is noted with insufficient thyroid function. The face looks evenly swollen, edematous. There is a decrease in the eye slits, smoothness of the contours of the face, the absence of hair on the outer halves of the eyebrows. In addition, with a blush on pale skin, the face resembles a doll's;
c) Graves' face is observed in patients with increased thyroid function. In such patients, the face is inactive, the eye slits are dilated, the eyes shine, bulging, the face looks frightened;
d) "moonlike", red, glossy face is observed in patients with Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome (increased production of adrenal cortex hormones - glucocorticoids).
5. "Lion's face" is characterized by lumpy-nodular thickening of the skin under the eyes and in the lower part of the forehead, above the eyebrows, while the nose is widened. Such changes are noted with leprosy.
6. "Parkinson's mask" - a face without facial expressions, which appears in patients with encephalitis.
7. The face of the "wax doll" is characterized by a slight puffiness, sharp pallor, which has a yellowish tint and shines through the skin with malignant anemia (Addison-Birmer anemia).
8. Definition of diseases by changes in the face. "Sardonic smile" - a frozen grimace of the face, when the mouth expands, as if laughing, "sad" folds appear on the forehead. This face is noted in patients with tetanus.
9. "The face of Hippocrates" is noted in collaptoid conditions associated with severe diseases of the abdominal organs, which were first described by Hippocrates. Such a face is characterized by sunken eyes, a pointed nose, the skin of the face becomes deathly pale with a bluish tinge and is covered with large drops of cold sweat.
10. Asymmetrical movements of the facial muscles appear after a stroke.
The great Russian surgeon NI Pirogov compiled an atlas "The Patient's Face". He said that every disease leaves its mark on the face of a sick person.
A slightly elevated hyperemic area, sharply delimited from normal skin areas, is:
Answer options:
a) roseola;
* b) erythema;
c) petechiae;
d) livedo;
e) ecchymosis.
20. Specify the type of edema according to the following signs: edema is diffuse, dense, localized mainly on the legs, feet and in the lumbar region, increases in the evening, decreases in the morning, accompanied by severe acrocyanosis:
Answer options:
* a) cardiac edema;
b) renal edema;
c) allergic edema;
d) inflammatory edema;
e) edema with hypothyroidism (myxedema).
21. Cardiac edema is characterized by:
Answer options:
a) appear in the morning on the face;
b) edema of one leg with local cyanosis;
* c) swelling of the legs and feet at the end of the working day;
d) unilateral periorbital edema;
e) edema of the eyelids, accompanied by itching.
22. Cardiac edema is characterized by everything except:
Answer options:
* a) pallor of the skin;
b) localization on the feet, legs;
c) appearance in the evening;
d) dense on palpation;
e) cold.
23. Anasarka is:
Answer options:
a) accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity;
b) accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity;
c) the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity;
* d) widespread peripheral edema with accumulation of fluid in the serous cavities;
e) swelling of the feet and ankles.
24. Dense, inactive, lymph nodes prone to fistula formation are characteristic of:
Answer options:
* a) tuberculosis;
b) lymphogranulomatosis;
c) lymphadenitis;
d) chronic leukemia;
e) cancer metastases.
25. On palpation of the lymph nodes, they are assessed:
Answer options:
* a) value;
* b) soreness;
* c) consistency;
* d) adhesion to the skin;
* e) solidarity among themselves.
26. Systemic enlargement of lymph nodes is observed when:
Answer options:
* a) lymphogranulomatosis;
* b) lymphocytic leukemia;
c) submandibular lymphadenitis;
d) lymphosarcoma.
27. Fingers in the form of "drumsticks" are observed in patients with:
Answer options:
a) bronchial asthma;
* b) bronchiectasis;
c) focal pneumonia;
d) acute bronchitis;
e) dry pleurisy.
28. The symptom of "drumsticks" is not typical for:
Answer options:
a) liver cirrhosis;
b) lung cancer;
c) "blue" congenital heart defects;
* d) pneumothorax;
e) subacute infective endocarditis.
29. Curvature of the spine to the side and posteriorly is called:
Answer options:
b) scoliosis;
c) lordosis;
* d) kyphoscoliosis.
30. The most pronounced deformity of the chest is caused by:
Answer options:
a) scoliosis;
c) lordosis;
* d) kyphoscoliosis.
31. The face of the Corvizar is observed when:
Answer options:
a) renal failure;
b) myxedema;
c) peritonitis;
* d) heart failure;
e) vitamin B-12 - deficiency anemia.
32. A patient with heart failure is characterized by:
Answer options:
a) "lion" face;
b) Parkinson's face;
c) the face of the "wax doll";
* d) the face of the Corvizar;
e) "moonlike" face.
33. A pale, puffy face with puffy eyelids and narrow eye slits is called:
Answer options:
a) the face of the Corvizar;
* b) a jade face;
c) the face of Hippocrates;
d) the face of the "wax doll";
e) mitral face.
34. A "moonlike" face is observed when:
Answer options:
a) myxedema;
b) acute glomerulonephritis;
c) bronchial asthma;
d) heart failure;
* e) Itsenko-Cushing's disease.
35. The face of the "wax doll" is observed when:
Answer options:
* a) vitamin B-12 - deficiency anemia;
b) nephrotic syndrome;
c) iron deficiency anemia;
d) chronic lymphocytic leukemia;
e) myxedema.
36. Specify the type of pathological "mask" of the face according to the following features: cyanosis of the lips, tip of the nose, chin, ears, cyanotic blush of the cheeks:
Answer options:
a) the face of the Corvizar;
* b) mitral face;
c) Stokes collar;
d) the face of Hippocrates;
e) jade face.
37. Persistent fever is more common in:
Answer options:
a) sepsis;
b) focal pneumonia;
c) flu;
* d) croupous pneumonia;
e) brucellosis.
38. Uplifting fever is typical for:
Answer options:
a) croupous pneumonia;
b) sepsis;
* c) lymphogranulomatosis;
d) malaria;
e) lung abscess.
39. Indicate the type of temperature curve, if the patient has a fever within 38.0 o - 38.8 o within 1 week:
Variantsthe answer:
* a) febris continua;
b) febris remitens;
c) febris intermittens;
d) febris hectica;
e) febris recurrens.
40. Indicate the type of temperature curve if the patient has daily fluctuations in body temperature within 37.0 o - 39.0 o:
Answer options:
a) febris intermittens;
b) febris remittens;
* c) febris hectica;
d) febris continua;
e) febris reccurens.
41. The patient has short-term episodes of fever with a frequency of 3 days with daily fluctuations in body temperature within 37.0 o -39.0 o. State the reason:
Answer options:
a) lobar pneumonia;
b) focal pneumonia;
c) lymphogranulomatosis;
* d) malaria;
e) flu.
DISEASE PATIENTS
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
1. Local complaints for respiratory diseases include:
Answer options:
* a) runny nose;
d) sweating;
* e) cough.
2. Common complaints in respiratory diseases include:
Answer options:
a) runny nose;
* d) sweating;
e) cough.
3. A cough with a large amount of purulent sputum, the separation of which depends on the position of the patient's body, is typical for:
Answer options:
a) purulent obstructive bronchitis;
b) pulmonary emphysema;
c) * chronic lung abscess;
d) pneumoconiosis;
e) compression atelectasis.
4. Cough with sputum production "with a full mouth" in the morning hours is typical for:
Answer options:
a) pulmonary tuberculosis;
b) pneumonia;
c) * bronchiectasis;
d) chronic bronchitis;
e) lung cancer.
5. Large volume of daily sputum (250 ml or more) typical for:
Answer options:
a) laryngitis and tracheitis;
b) the initial stages of acute bronchitis and pneumonia;
* c) lung abscess;
* d) bronchiectasis.
6. Select cough options by time of occurrence:
Answer options:
* a) morning cough;
* b) evening cough;
c) dry cough;
* d) night cough;
e) wet cough.
7. The discharge of a small amount of sputum (15-20 ml per day) is typical for:
Answer options:
* a) laryngitis and tracheitis;
* b) the initial stages of acute bronchitis and pneumonia;
c) lung abscess;
d) bronchiectasis.
8. Detection in sputum food particles are typical for:
Answer options:
a) bronchial asthma;
b) gangrene of the lung;
c) croupous pneumonia;
* d) esophageal-tracheal fistula.
9. Hemoptysis is not typical for:
Answer options:
a) pulmonary tuberculosis;
b) bronchiectasis;
c) lung cancer;
d) * bronchial asthma;
e) mitral stenosis.
10. Pulmonary hemorrhage is not typical:
Answer options:
a) the scarlet color of blood;
b) * blood of the color of "coffee grounds";
c) alkaline blood reaction;
d) cough;
e) frothy sputum.
11. Hemoptysis is more typical for patients with:
Answer options:
a) bronchitis;
b) emphysema of the lungs;
c) bronchial asthma;
d) * lung cancer;
e) dry pleurisy.
12. Hemoptysis is possible with:
Answer options:
a) focal pneumonia;
b) * bronchiectasis;
c) compression atelectasis;
d) bronchial asthma;
e) exudative pleurisy.
13. Signs of pulmonary bleeding:
Answer options:
a) blood is secreted during vomiting;
b) the blood is cherry or coffee grounds;
c) the blood has an acidic reaction;
* d) blood is released during cough tremors.
14. Inspiratory dyspnea occurs when:
Answer options:
a) bronchial asthma;
b) bronchiolitis;
c) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;
d) obstructive pulmonary emphysema;
e) * tumors of the trachea.
15. Expiratory dyspnea is observed when:
Answer options:
*
a) bronchial asthma;
b) exudative pleurisy;
* c) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;
d) croupous pneumonia;
* e) obstructive pulmonary emphysema.
16. Involvement in the pleura process is characterized by the appearance of a symptom:
Answer options:
a) increased vesicular respiration;
b) * chest pain when breathing;
c) hemoptysis;
d) "rusty" sputum;
e) expiratory dyspnea.
EXAMINATION AND PALPATION OF PATIENTS WITH DISEASES
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
1. Patients with respiratory diseases can take forced positions:
Answer options:
a) Pointing dog pose;
b) rush about in bed;
* c) orthopnea;
* d) lying on the sore side;
e) opisthotonus.
2. Examination of patients with respiratory diseases reveals:
Answer options:
* a) herpes;
* b) fingers in the form of "drum sticks", nails in the form of "watch glasses";
* c) "warm" central cyanosis;
d) erythema nodosum;
e) exophthalmos.
3. What changes on the face can be seen in a patient with croupous pneumonia:
Answer options:
a) pale, edematous, especially in the upper and lower eyelids;
b) the face of the "wax doll";
* c) unilateral blush of the cheek on the affected side;
d) "lion's face".
4. The criteria for assessing the shape of the chest are:
Answer options:
* a) the value of the epigastric angle;
* b) the contours of the blades;
* c) the severity of the supra- and subclavian fossae;
* d) the ratio of the anteroposterior and transverse dimensions of the chest;
* e) the course of the ribs and the size of the intercostal spaces.
5. Static examination of the chest is performed to determine:
Answer options:
a) type of breathing;
b) respiratory rate;
c) breathing rhythm;
d) depth of breathing;
* e) the shape of the chest;
* e) the symmetry of the chest.
6. Louis' angle is:
Answer options:
a) * the angle of connection of the body and the handle of the sternum;
b) the angle of the shoulder blades to the chest;
c) the angle of the junction of the clavicle and sternum;
d) epigastric angle;
e) all answers are not correct.
7. In healthy people, the following forms of the chest are distinguished:
Answer options:
* a) asthenic;
b) emphysematous;
* c) hypersthenic;
d) paralytic;
* e) normosthenic.
8. Signs of the normosthenic form of the chest:
Answer options:
* a) the epigastric angle is 90 °;
* b) the supraclavicular fossae are well expressed, the subclavian fossa are smoothed;
c) rib width 2.5-3 cm, intercostal space - 0.5-1 cm;
d) the epigastric angle is less than 90 °;
* e) rib width 1.5 cm, intercostal space - 1 cm.
9. Signs of an asthenic form of the chest:
Answer options:
* a) supra- and subclavian fossae are well expressed;
* b) the epigastric angle is less than 90 o;
c) the epigastric angle is 90 °;
* d) the shoulder blades lag behind the chest;
e) the shoulder blades are contoured, but do not lag behind the chest.
10. Signs of a hypersthenic chest:
Answer options:
a) the epigastric angle is 90 °;
* b) supra- and subclavian fossa are smoothed;
* c) the ribs run almost horizontally;
d) rib width 0.5-1 cm, intercostal space
Nowadays, when in the arsenal of artists there are the most modern materials, and the possibilities for creativity are truly endless, puppeteer masters rarely turn to such a material as wax, forgetting about its amazing properties. The substance created by nature seems to give life to man-made creatures, filling the doll with special energy. In addition, wax is an environmentally friendly material, it does not contain chemical components that can cause an allergic reaction, and it can be recommended for children's creativity (of course, provided that the work with the melt is carried out under the supervision of adults).
There are several ways to create wax doll, but in this article we will only talk about the main points of making small, up to 40 centimeters in height, wax dolls on a wire frame. The publication deliberately does not detail topics such as making a plaster mold, wire framing, assembling a doll wig and clothes, and all attention is focused on the secrets of working with wax. This article is illustrated with a selection of photographs that show the stages of creating a doll. In addition to the photographs accompanying the text, the article is illustrated by the photo album "The Birth of a Wax Doll", which, using the example of the assembly "Biker Girl in a Wet T-shirt" (photo 1), clearly shows the stages of creating a doll.
Materials required for work:
wax, wire, aluminum foil, elastic stockings, glass or acrylic doll eyes, eyelashes, wig hair.
Auxiliary materials for mold casting:
gypsum, plasticine, petroleum jelly.
The master also needs to have at his disposal:
artistic oil paints, first of all - white and red, gouache, a special matte water-based varnish (we will talk about it a little later), colored and colorless nail varnish, PVA glue, nail polish remover with acetone, decorative cosmetics - powder, dry shadows, blush and mascara.
Tools and equipment:
water bath - two tin cans nested in each other, the space between which is filled with boiling water, rubber plasterboard, modeling stacks, a paper knife, sandpaper, cotton-wool wrapped in cloth, tampons for leveling the surface, a lighter, soft brushes of various diameters , tools for working with wire.
Before you start creating a doll, you need to prepare the main material for casting and sculpting - flesh-colored wax. It is advisable to work with a refined, light wax, then less dyes will need to be added to it. At the first stage, we will paint some of the material in red and white colors. To do this, melt the pieces of wax in a water bath and add oil paint of the desired color to the melt. Making red wax is not difficult, while white wax will require a lot of white, drowning out the natural yellowish tint of the material. The paint should be applied in small portions, vigorously stirring the melt. Having achieved the required shade, pour the composition into a shallow form, and until it has completely hardened, cut it into small cubes.
Now you can proceed to making the flesh-colored wax mixture. To do this, melt the bulk of the wax and start adding red and white cubes to it, achieving the desired melt shade. This step-by-step method of toning allows you to achieve a uniform color of the wax mass. Once the material has acquired the desired color, it can be left in the tin and reheated as needed.
Now that we have stocked up with all the necessary materials, we can proceed to making the doll itself. Let's start working with the doll's face, which you can either mold yourself, or use your favorite doll head as a model (photo 2).
From a homemade or finished model, you need to make an impression - a collapsible plaster mold consisting of two parts. The process of its manufacture is shown on the pages of the photo album and will not cause difficulties for those who are familiar with the basics of plaster casting. Having completed the work with plaster, we will put together the details of the form, dry it thoroughly and cover it from the inside with several layers of colorless varnish. Immediately before casting, it is necessary to lubricate the mold with a thin layer of petroleum jelly.
Let's melt the flesh-colored wax and pour it into the mold. It should be borne in mind that when it cools, the wax decreases in volume, giving a significant shrinkage. When the cooling melt no longer sticks to the fingers, carefully push through its central part, forming the inner concave surface of the mask. Where the doll's eyes should be located, we will make two deep dents, eye sockets. After the wax has completely hardened, we will disassemble the mold and take out the finished casting (photo 3.4).
Now we have a very responsible job - the installation of the doll's eyes from the inside of the mask. To do this, it is necessary to very carefully deepen the eye sockets with a stack from the inside, and cut through the contours of the eyes from the front side of the casting. Then we adjust the size of the eye sockets to the diameter of the doll's eyes, stick the eyelashes to the eyelids and put the eyes on the wrong side of the mask. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the doll's eyes do not squint and do not "scatter" in different directions. If the result of the work is satisfactory, fill the mask from the inside with melted wax or paraffin, fixing the blanks of the eyes and carefully apply PVA glue to the bases of the eyelashes to secure them securely.
After that, calmly and with pleasure, we will deal with the development of facial features - this is a very important stage of work, allowing you to create a unique image of a new doll. At this stage of the work, you can also apply makeup using ordinary decorative cosmetics, which fit well on the wax, as shown in photo 5, but it is better to postpone the "cosmetic procedures" until the doll is assembled.
When the doll's face is ready, based on its size, it is necessary to finally calculate the proportions of the doll's body and make a simple wire skeleton according to the drawing (photo 6).
Unlike the face, the doll's body is not cast, but molded from warm wax. The base for the closed parts of the body is made from scraps of elastic stockings wrapped around a wire skeleton, and the base of those parts that are supposed to be left open are formed from aluminum foil, which will subsequently be waxed. In the case of the Biker Woman, who has a rather frivolous suit, the entire upper part of her body and the soles of her feet, which are molded from wax along with sandals, are open (photo 7)
.Having formed the base of the body from the foil, start covering it with melted wax using a wide brush. After a layer of sufficient thickness has been applied, and the wax has cooled down a little, you can proceed to modeling, working with warm wax, as with ordinary plasticine. At the final stage of the formation of the body, we will work out the relief in stacks, giving it clarity and leveling the surface. Having finished sculpting the body, we fix the doll's face on the frame with melted wax, mold the ears and carefully smooth out the wax again.
For a doll to look good, its "skin" must be even and smooth, and for this it is necessary to refine the wax surface. This is not difficult to do. First, we will process the cold wax (the doll can be kept in a cold place for a while before this procedure) with sandpaper, making sure that the scratches that appear are even and not too deep. Then, with a swab moistened with nail polish remover, which must include acetone, we begin to smooth the surface in circular movements. Soon the wax will brighten a little, even out and acquire an even shine. Immediately after processing, the "skin" of the wax beauty looks perfect, but the peculiarity of the wax is such that it is easily contaminated and therefore the finished wax surface must be protected with a special matte varnish for sculptures. Such varnish can be purchased in special stores for puppeteers, as well as doll eyes and eyelash blanks.
However, prior to this final procedure, we have yet to get the Biker Lady's shoulder tattooed. The tattoo is performed with a black gel pen with a thin rod, after applying a bitmap, the excess paint is removed with a napkin, and the place of the tattoo is slightly melted by the fire of a lighter so that the paint goes deeper into the wax.
And now the doll is almost ready, and we just have to fix the hair and choose a suitable outfit for her.
In the case of the Biker Girl, the hair is made from a piece of black velvet, imitating a very short haircut, and to implant long hair into the doll's head, it is enough to cut deeply the wax, insert strands into these cuts, and then press a little - the wax will securely hold the hair.
This is, in general terms, the technique for making small wax dolls on a wire frame. Of course, all the subtleties of the process are not covered here, however, I hope that this short article will serve as a good help for those who want to master the techniques of making dolls from wax on their own.
They have a "high" origin: the history of wax dolls dates back to the Middle Ages, when wax was used in Europe to make church figures of saints. Towards the end of the 15th century, a new craze was born in Europe - wax figures of celebrities. At the same time, "secular" wax dolls appeared, which became quite widespread in the 1820s, first in England, and then in France and Germany. Early dolls had glass eyes without pupils, and palms, as a rule, had only three fingers.
From 1840 to 1845, wax dolls with a high hair "roller" made of wax or wearing hats in the style of Madame Pompadour (because of the similarity of these doll heads with a pumpkin, they were called "pumpkin heads") came into fashion. They still had no pupils, and their bodies were stuffed with sawdust.
Pumpkin doll
One of the famous masters who, from the end of the XVIII century, created dolls from cast wax, was Domenico Pierotti - an Italian, married to an Englishwoman. Over time, the family business was continued by his sons Henry and Giovanni. The last Pierotti - Charles - is known for making the figure of King Edward VII in 1901.
Despite Domenico's popularity, he was overshadowed by a lady - Augusta Montanari - the wife of a wax sculptor, who opened her own business in 1818. The general public first saw her work at the International Exhibition at the Crystal Palace of London's Hyde Park in 1851, where she received a gold medal and made her talk about herself. Her dolls of both sexes and different ages were characteristic: no one had ever seen such a thing. In addition, Madame Montanari presented small portrait dolls representing Queen Victoria and her children, thus earning the highest patronage.
Pierotti doll
Wax dolls were made from thick wax, without reinforcement on the basis of papier-mâché or other material. The head was molded from clay, and then molded and filled with wax. Manufacturers experimented with either wax layers, although the coating ended up being less than three millimeters thick. Early dolls did not wear wigs: each hair was "implanted" directly into the wax using a hot needle. Heads and shoulders were uniform, and bodies made of leather or cloth were stuffed with sawdust or woolen fiber. The earliest dolls have violet-blue glass eyes (a compliment to the blue-eyed Queen Victoria, who ascended the throne in 1837), the later ones have gray or light blue, with black pupils. Montanari used to write the name of her company in ink on the rag part of the doll's body. Most of these records, of course, have been erased and lost, but some have survived to this day.
In the second half of the 19th century, wax dolls were produced by such English manufactories as Herbert John Edwards, Charles Marsh, Lucy Peck (wax dolls with closing eyes were first produced here), and many others.
The works of Madame Montanari, shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, received favorable reviews, and some French doll workshops also began to make such dolls, although this was a rather dangerous business. Casting wax at high temperatures was often accompanied by burns, and the lead paints used for painting were detrimental to health. However, the demand was great, these dolls sold at a high price, and many craftsmen took risks to feed their families.
In 1860, a small doll factory in London, Bazzoni, produced the first mechanical wax dolls with a voice mechanism embedded in a wooden body. Reigning persons were popular objects for puppeteers: for example, in one of the private collections there is a doll-lady in a lilac dress - Princess of Wales Alexandra, wife of Edward VII. The work is unmarked, but experts say it's Montanari or possibly Lucy Peck.
Wax dolls were even made at home. In 1856, the Godey "s Lady" s Book provided its readers with detailed instructions on how to make them yourself. Despite the fact that the wax faces turned out "like living", and the material attracted with its warmth and shimmer, controversy flared up in the press: many believed that the excessive realism of these dolls deprived children of the need to use their own imaginations.
Meanwhile, thanks to Madame Montanari, wax dolls became playable: in the middle of the 19th century, wealthy parents willingly bought them for their children. By the way, it is this type of dolls that is mentioned in the novel by Madame Segur, the recognized founder of French children's literature, by the origin of the Russian Countess Rostopchina. Judging by her description, the wax dolls looked like both a girl and a lady at the same time. Even the wardrobe included both children's and adult clothing.
In one of the plots of Segur's novel, the wax doll suffered from the careless handling of it by the capricious and eccentric girl Sophie, who laid her in the sun, and the wax began to melt; I tried to wash my face, wiping off the paint, and eventually put the doll on a tree, and when it fell and shattered, Sophie invited her friends to her funeral.
French wax dolls were indeed quite fragile, since the basis for the wax was a papier-mâché head. These heads were supplied from Germany, and wax was already used in France. The hairstyles of these dolls were most often smooth, modeled from the same material as the head. Here, leather bodies were stuffed and carefully dressed in accordance with the latest Parisian fashions. Almost all early French manufacturers started with wax dolls, and only then moved on to unglazed porcelain, which is more durable and easier to manufacture.
In Germany, wax dolls were also very popular: they were even ahead of England and France in quantity. German manufacturers used two methods: firstly, they shamelessly copied the British, and secondly, they made high quality dolls according to their models, applying wax to composite molds. These dolls wore mohair wigs and for the first time "showed" teeth. German manufacturers tried to expand their assortment (for example, small wax dolls were produced especially for Christmas sales, which were hung on a Christmas tree) and actively exported their products all over the world.
The most famous German wax doll maker was Heinrich Stier, who operated from 1851 to 1890. He holds the patent for waxing papier-mâché heads and is credited with creating the so-called Staatsdame (high society lady dolls) with sophisticated faces and elegant outfits.
One of the most famous wax dolls, the Princess Daisy baby doll is kept in the London Childhood Museum. She has a large dowry chest - clothes, bedding, jewelry, and even tiny cutlery. The history of this doll began in 1894, when a compassionate lady named Twiss decided to raise money for Dutch orphans. She bought a wax doll in London, ordered beautiful and expensive things for her dowry to artisans, and in 1895 exhibited at an international exhibition in Amsterdam. To see the curiosity, the public paid a lot of money, and "Princess Daisy" became very popular. After the exhibition she was bought by the English sisters of mercy and arranged a lottery, in which this doll became the main prize. Lottery tickets were successfully sold, but no one came for the prize. Then the doll was handed over to the two-year-old Princess Mary, daughter of the future King George V, who many years later donated it to the London Childhood Museum.
Doll Princess Daisy
Today, antique wax dolls, none of which are repeated, adorn many private doll collections and museums. Despite the fact that finding them is not very easy, interest in them is growing every year.
Well, let. Even though I'm so loud ... funny ... harmful ... So funny ... With a complex character. I'm just real.
Well what can we say today?
Everything is good It should not be bad) Philosophy, anatomy, Latin and Russian ... It feels like I'm out of this world ... How annoying that the people around you do not understand you ... and feel it from 9 to 16 .... Indeed, there is a big difference, to go after higher education to secondary special ... It's just that all people are very different .... Sometimes, however, it is not very interesting to go through something in the second round, but, for example, thanks to philosophy, thoughts fit in more harmonious rows ..... But they do not need philosophy. And I can't even (although I tried) to explain why it is needed. The nurse. To the person. They didn’t understand me. Well, I need it and okay
There are also some jokes. I gradually and quietly begin to dislike my native Russian language. And my friend, who is studying, fortunately, in another educational institution, on the contrary, begins to adore him. This is what the teaching method and the personality of the teacher mean ....
And today we were given homework, over which we had to sweat ... Explain some medical phraseological units (it turns out, there are some) ... Along the way, I learned a lot of interesting things. Although, to be honest, listening to all this, it became somehow creepy ... (and at the same time I accidentally remembered - this is to the thought "what people can think of" and the fact that I had a collection of names of flowers somewhere; I will put it in the next entry if I find it ....)
So, d / s in Russian (!):
"Marble pallor"(she - "white as a sheet" or "lily whiteness") - a characteristic of the color of the skin of newborns (sharp pallor), characteristic of hemolytic disease of newborns - a serious disease of newborns that develops when the blood of the mother and the fetus is incompatible with different systems of blood groups, more often by Rh factor
"Cannon Rhythm"(Strazhesko's tone) is a sign of complete atrioventricular blockade: an increased first tone heard above the apex of the heart, accompanied by a systolic murmur, which is caused by the relative insufficiency of the mitral or tricuspid valve. If during auscultation to observe the jugular vein on the right, then you can notice its strong swelling in the period of occurrence of the "cannon" tone. This is due to impaired emptying of the right atrium, resulting in stagnation in the jugular vein. While listening to the "cannon" tone, there is a sharply increased apical impulse, which is perceived by the patient as a blow and concussion of the chest wall.
"Shoemaker's Chest"(funnel chest) - (funnel chest) - a condition in which the lower part of the sternum is pressed inward, as a result of which the volume of the chest and lungs decreases, the heart is strongly displaced to the left and can be compressed.
Cracked pot sound(Williams' tracheal tone) - 1) tympanic percussion sound (sometimes with a tinge of the sound of a "cracked pot") under the collarbone, better manifested when the patient opens his mouth; symptom of large pleural effusion; 2) percussion sound over the lungs, reminiscent of the sound that occurs when tapping on a closed cracked vessel (pot); observed with pneumothorax complicated by a bronchopleural fistula, or with a large peripherally located cavity in the lung, drained by a narrow bronchus.
“There are face" masks "that are characteristic of certain conditions of the body:
* "the face of the Corvisar"- with heart failure (edematous, yellowish-pale, cyanotic, the mouth is constantly open, the eyes are dull);
* lion face- with leprosy (with lumpy-nodular thickening of the skin under the eyes and above the eyebrows and an enlarged nose);
* "wax doll face"- with Addison-Birmer's anemia (slightly puffy, very pale, with yellowish edema and seemingly translucent skin);
* "Parkinson's mask"- an amimic person, characteristic of patients with encephalitis;
* "face of Hippocrates"- for severe diseases of the abdominal organs - such as peritonitis, perforation of stomach and duodenal ulcers, etc. Distinctive features: sunken eyes, pointed nose, deathly pale, with a bluish tinge and covered with drops of cold sweat facial skin. "