Youth and beauty 

Traditions, customs and culture of the Tatar people c. Conversation: “Traditions of the peoples of Tatarstan

MBOU "Gymnasium No. 36", Kazan

Project: "To the origins of Tatar folk culture"

Zainullina Aigul Marsovna

Tatar language and literature teacher

Introduction

The scientific society of students "Local History" consists of students in grades 6-9, the age of students is 12-15 years old.

The group has been running for 1 year.

The oversubject research project "To the origins of the Tatar folk culture" was chosen at the first meeting. Here, during the preparation and work on the project, goals were set, themes (individual and group) were formulated.

The project was carried out by students for 3 months. It is intended for teachers of all educational institutions, children, students of schools, technical schools, for educators of preschool institutions.

The following goals were pursued during the implementation of the project:

  • Ability to work on a website, presentations.
  • Development of skills to explore, analyze, compare, generalize, prove.
  • Ability to work in a team (tasks were performed in groups).
  • Development of linguistic skills and abilities (work with dictionaries, preparation of text presentations).
  • Acquaintance with the traditions of the Tatar people.
  • Formation of knowledge and a holistic understanding of students about the elements of national culture (religious and national holidays, the designation of the attributes of the Muslim religion, items of national clothing, household items).
  • Formation of moral qualities of a person.
  • Education of patriotism and tolerance.

The project is based on the following ideas:

  • Take into account the interests and needs of the individual student and society as a whole,
  • Maximize your child's abilities
  • To form a system of values ​​and relations corresponding to a multinational society,

Problem solving methods

Taking into account the abilities of students, we tried to implement a differentiated approach. In particular, during the implementation of the project, depending on the level of preparedness of students, tasks were given: to create a website or help prepare a presentation. This allowed the children to show the following features: activity, initiative, perseverance in achieving the goal.

During the implementation of the project, they were guided by the interests of the students. For example, based on the interests of the guys, the topic of the project was chosen, research topics were developed.

During the implementation of the project, collective, group forms of work were welcomed (for example, to create a website). They enable the student to overcome the barrier of complexity, to contribute to the solution of the task, and therefore, with full right to consider the overall assessment of the group's activities and his own. For example, the group topics “Traditions of the Tatar family”, “Traditions of the Tatar costume” develop the “team spirit” among students, inspire them to develop such necessary social skills as communication skills and the ability to cooperate. Therefore, many students (especially beginners) tend to work in a group.

The creative work of the project allows students to reveal their inner potential, apply knowledge in new situations, which leads to satisfaction from the activity. Often, the students themselves try to interest their information, think over the topics of projects. So, Kudryakova A., a 6th grade student really wanted to talk about the traditions of her family, and, despite the fact that another student had already made the presentation, it was impossible to refuse the student.

Development of skills of independent activity. Students of 6th, 8th and 9th grade participated in the project implementation. The elders, by their example, taught fifth-graders to perform rather difficult tasks. The students had to deal with the systematization of the material, the accuracy and scientific nature of the presentation, the argumentation, the design of the website, presentations.

Work on this project expands the horizons, develops cognitive interests, forms practical and intellectual interests, introduces to creative activity, contributes to the formation of national self-consciousness and patriotism. In the eyes of the guys who found the right material, genuine joy: “I'm done! I surprised! I found! I saw it!" In turn, we try to encourage the student in every possible way so that he becomes convinced that the information is really important and necessary.

Given the national and socio-cultural characteristics of the region, we consider an important goal of philological education to familiarize students with Tatar literature, art, national traditions, and the formation of a culture of interethnic communication.

Project implementation

Using the acquired skills, students, starting from the 6th grade, take part in scientific and practical conferences, competitions at various levels, open lessons, class hours. So, in the 2016-2017 academic year, the project was presented at open lessons for guests from the city of Braunschweig, at class hours for grades 5-9, at the presentation of the collection “About how we live”

Prospects for finalizing the project

Of the topics proposed at the first meeting, the following topics were not developed:

Traditional folk tales

Tatar national cuisine

Folklore

In the future, these topics will be included in the project "Traditions of the Tatar people"

Moreover, the topics "Traditional folk tales", "Oral folk art" will be presented with illustrations, and own compositions, and cartoons made in the Macromedia Flash MX PRO program.

Description of the project.

The research project "Traditions of the Tatar people" consists of the following sections:

Introduction

About traditions

Main part

State symbols

National holidays

Muslim holidays

Tatar national costume

Modern Tatar family

Conclusion

About traditions. state symbols,

State symbols of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The central image of the coat of arms is a winged leopard. The red sun on the coat of arms of Tatarstan means a good omen, success, happiness, life. On the left side of the leopard there is a round shield, which means the legal, economic, power security of the citizens of the Republic of Tatarstan. The national flag is a rectangular panel with horizontal stripes of green, white and red: green - the green of spring, the color of Islam, rebirth; white is the color of purity; red - maturity, energy, strength, life. The national anthem is a piece of music by the Tatar composer Rustem Yakhin.

National holidays- one of the most important and bright facets of the culture of all peoples, incl. and Tatar. A significant part of the traditional folk holidays of the Tatars is associated with the stages of the annual cycle of economic activity and community relations that existed in the past. These include sabantuy (plow holiday), nauruz (new year), etc. Among the Tatar holidays, Muslim holidays stand out.

Muslim holidays- an inseparable part of Islamic canonical rites, such as pilgrimage, prayer, fasting or almsgiving. Eid al-Kurban, Uraza Bayram, etc.

Traditional national clothes of the Tatars. The Tatar costume means a very wide range of national clothes of various subgroups of Tatars: chapan, camisole, belt, skullcap, kalfak, ichigi

Modern Tatar family. The family life of the Tatar people is based on the laws of the Koran and Sharia. The national traditions of the Tatar people are honored and preserved in the modern Tatar family.

Traditions of my people

Tradition (from Latin traditio - transmission; tradition), elements of social and cultural heritage that are passed down from generation to generation and preserved in certain societies, classes and social groups for a long time; covers objects of social heritage (material and spiritual values); the process of social inheritance; his ways. Traditions are state symbols, certain social institutions, norms of behavior, values, ideas, customs, rituals, etc.

State symbols of the Republic of Tatarstan

The Republic of Tatarstan has the State Emblem, the State Flag and the State Anthem - official symbols expressing the sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan, the identity and traditions of the people of Tatarstan.

National emblem- a legislatively approved, heraldically designed emblem of the state, symbolizing it in official situations and in the international arena (from the dictionary of Ozhegov S.I.)

The central image of the coat of arms - the winged leopard - in ancient times, among the Volga Bulgars, the deity of fertility, the patron of children. In the coat of arms of the Republic of Tatarstan, the leopard is the patron of the citizens of the republic and its people. The leopard is depicted against the background of the red disk of the sun. The sun is the main deity of many peoples in ancient times. The red sun on the coat of arms of Tatarstan means a good omen, success, happiness, life. On the left side of the leopard there is a round shield, which means the legal, economic, power security of the citizens of the Republic of Tatarstan.

State flag The Republic of Tatarstan is a rectangular panel with horizontal stripes of green, white and red. The colors of the State Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan mean:

green - the green of spring, the color of Islam, rebirth;

white is the color of purity;

red - maturity, energy, strength, life.

Pride in one's Motherland, understanding of the uniqueness and richness of cultural traditions play a huge role in the development of a child's personality. It is impossible to cultivate self-esteem and self-confidence without respect for the history of one's Republic.

National anthem The Republic of Tatarstan is a piece of music by the famous Tatar composer Rustem Yakhin. The national anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan is performed in strict accordance with the musical edition of the anthem, approved by the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tatarstan dated July 14, 1993 "On the National Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan". The national anthem is performed in accordance with the rules approved by the Law "On State Symbols of the Republic of Tatarstan".

National holidays- one of the most important and bright facets of the culture of all peoples, incl. and Tatar. National self-consciousness is the main ethnic landmark of people on earth. Every nation has its own national holidays. Many of these holidays were born in antiquity - several centuries or even a thousand years ago.

Everything around: villages and cities, things, clothes, professions, nature are changing, and folk holidays continue and continue to live. For the holidays are the holidays of the heart, the soul of the people. Tatar folk holidays delight people with a sense of gratitude and respect for nature, for the customs of their ancestors, for each other. The Russian word "holiday" comes from the Old Russian porozden, that is, empty. It turns out that a holiday is an empty, unoccupied time, that is, free from labor and other ordinary activities. Of course, the way it is - it is not in vain that they say: there are holidays and there are weekdays, ordinary, ordinary days. The Tatars also have two words meaning a holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called by the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaet - the holiday of fasting and Korban gaet - the holiday of the sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays in Tatar are called beyrem. Scientists believe that this word means "spring beauty", "spring celebration".

A significant part of the traditional folk holidays of the Tatars is associated with the stages of the annual cycle of economic activity and community relations that existed in the past. These include:

Holiday Nəүruz is a Tatar national holiday.

Nowruz(New Year's Eve, Spring Festival). Nowruz is a Persian word meaning "new day". This is a holiday of meeting the New Year according to the solar chronology among many Muslim peoples. This holiday is celebrated on the day of the spring equinox - March 21. It is believed that he appeared among the Aryans of Ancient Iran. The first mention of it dates back to the 4th century BC. in Central Asia. Despite the fact that this holiday is celebrated by different peoples and in different cultures, its ritual side has not changed much. Nəүruz is a holiday of workers. On this day, the tables are filled with food and sweets and lit with lots of candles.

Navruz, judging by the chronicle, has long been celebrated by the Kazan Tatars as a celebration of the beginning of the renewal of life, which connects it with agricultural rites, in particular, the ceremony of making the first furrow, symbolizing the beginning of sowing. “Happy New Year, may it bring prosperity!” - this is how Muslims greet each other on this day. And although in our side March is only the beginning of the melting of snow, and it is still far from spring field work, it is called the month of Navruz. The main character of this holiday was Navruzbika, whose role was played by a young, cheerful, witty girl. Marching through the streets on the day of the holiday, she greeted everyone with an affectionate word, sprinkled clean water on those around her, taken from a well or spring before dawn, and absolved sins.

In our area Navruz is celebrated as a folk holiday of spring.

Sabantuy- a cheerful holiday of the Tatar people, who cope on the eve of complex agricultural work. The origins of the celebration of Sabantuy go back to ancient times and are associated with an agrarian cult (“saban” - “spring”, or in another meaning “plow”, “tui” - wedding, “triumph”). The original purpose of the ceremony was to appease the spirits of fertility in order to favor a good harvest in the new year. Over time, magical rites have lost their meaning, but some continue to exist as folk holidays and entertainment. So it happened with Sabantuy. Tatars used to celebrate Sabantuy in the spring, when there is no snow left on the meadows and green grass appears. Immediately after the completion of Sabantuy, if conditions allowed, sowing began. This is a very beautiful, kind and wise holiday. This is how the well-known Tatar prose writer, poet Gabdulla Tukay describes the celebration of Sabantuy in his autobiographical essay: “... Spring has come, the snow has begun to melt. Soon the fields began to turn black, freed from snow. And here is Sabantuy. That day I was awakened very early and given a small bag, a little more than a pouch. With this bag I went through the village. The villagers wake up very early without this, but today, in honor of Sabantuy, they got up even earlier. Happy faces were seen everywhere and kind words were heard. Everywhere I went, knowing that I was an orphaned son of a mullah, they gave me one more colored egg in addition to the sweets and two gingerbreads for each boy. Therefore, my bag filled up with colored eggs very quickly, and I returned home. Sergeant Sabantuy with a flag - a piece of rag planted on a pole - went around the houses, collecting scarves, chintz. We, barefoot boys, not lagging behind a single step, ran after him. When the collection of scarves and various rags was over, all the people, both women and children, went out to the meadows. The struggle began, the jumps.

Karga botkasa. The most popular spring holiday of the Tatar people is undoubtedly "Karga botkasy" ("Crow's porridge").

History of the holiday. In ancient times, people believed that crows brought spring on the tips of their wings. Therefore, with the melting of snow, when the first streams appeared, in honor of the arrival of the crows, the Karga Botkas celebrated the holiday.

Time and place of the event. It is celebrated every year at the end of March. On this day, children were beautifully dressed, and they were sent to collect cereals, milk, butter, sugar, eggs from each house and invited everyone to the holiday with poems and songs. The people gathered on a hill, that is, they chose a place "closer to the sky", a fire was lit, and porridge was cooked in a large cauldron. After the noisy fun, everyone was called to the fire, and they began to distribute porridge.

The first portion was given to the earth with a wish for peace, tranquility and a rich harvest. The second - to water (stream), so that the water preserves living creatures on earth. The third - to the sky, so that there were many sunny days and it rained at the time, and the fourth - to the crows with gratitude for the fact that they brought spring! After that, the porridge was distributed to all those present. When people dispersed, flocks of crows flew to the porridge left by them. These traditions are still alive today.

Muslim holidays

Muslim holidays are an inseparable part of Islamic canonical rites, such as pilgrimage, prayer, fasting or almsgiving. The main holidays of Islam are also interconnected with the main dogmas of religion, which proclaim faith in the unity and uniqueness of Allah: his eternity, justice and omnipotence; predestination; recognition of the prophetic mission of the Jewish and Christian prophets - monotheists and the last of the prophets in the history of mankind - Muhammad; belief in sacred books, eternity and uncreatedness of the Koran; belief in the other world, the day of judgment, the resurrection of the dead, the existence of hell and paradise.

Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice). This fundamentally religious holiday is often perceived by the Tatar and other Muslim peoples as a national holiday. Kurban-Bayram (id-al-adha) - the feast of sacrifice - the main Muslim holiday, starting 70 days after the end of the fast and lasting 3-4 days. It coincides with the time of the pilgrimage to Mecca. The ritual of the holiday includes sacrificing a sheep, a cow or a camel, distributing meat to the poor, the poor and the needy, reading special prayers, plentiful feasts, visiting the graves of loved ones, and renewing clothes. The Feast of the Sacrifice is an Islamic celebration of the end of the Hajj, celebrated on the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. The Feast of the Sacrifice is the culmination of the Hajj to Mecca. On the eve of the pilgrims climb Mount Arafat, and on the day of the Sacrifice, they symbolically stone the devil and walk around the Kaaba.

Celebration of the day of sacrifice begins early in the morning. A little before light, Muslims go to the mosque for morning prayers, but before that it is advisable to perform a full bath, put on new and neat clothes.

On this day, it is also customary to slaughter a ram, camel or bull (with the words “Bismillah, Allah Akbar”, that is, “In the name of Allah, Allah is great!”), Distribute alms (share a lamb treat).

It is advisable to use a third of the meat to treat your family, give a third to the poor among neighbors and relatives, and give a third as alms to those who ask for it. You can not pay off the butcher, who cut the sacrificial animal, with meat. But you can give him part of the meat if he is poor, or donate, but not as payment. The one who offered the sacrifice cannot sell anything from the sacrificial animal, neither meat nor skin, but he can use the skin and other parts of it. On the Feast of Sacrifice, you should definitely taste a variety of delicious meat dishes, great attention is paid to the festive decoration of the table, as well as the preparation of numerous sweets.

Eid al Adha

A big fast during the month of Ramadan, called in Arabic saum (in Persian - Ruza, rose, in Turkic - uraza), is obligatory for adult, healthy and ritual pure Muslims. Ritual purity in Islam is very important when performing religious rites. Tahara not only comes down to maintaining spring cleanliness and tidiness, but in a religious, ethical, cult sense, it means liberation from everything.

In Eid al-Fitr, obligatory common prayers are established, which can take place both in the mosque and in special open areas - namaz-gah. In the morning, before visiting the prayer, people perform all cleansing ceremonies, put on festive clothes. It is recommended to taste dates or other sweets.

Maulid

Maulud an-Nabi or Maulid - the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (570-632) - is celebrated on the 12th day of the month of Rabi al-Awwal. The birth of Muhammad began to be celebrated only 300 years after the rise of Islam. According to researchers, Mawlid arose under the clear influence of the Christian holiday of Christmas. Since the exact date of Muhammad's birth is not known, Maulid was timed to coincide with the day of his death.

It should be noted that in Islam, birthdays are celebrated modestly, and sometimes not celebrated at all, while the dates of death, usually interpreted as birth for eternal life, are celebrated more solemnly.

Miraj

Miraj (Isra wal-miraj or Rajab-bairam) is a holiday to commemorate the miraculous journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem (Quds) and his ascension (miraj) to the heavenly throne of Allah. The Qur'an mentions this event in the following way: "Praise be to the one who transferred his slave at night from the inviolable mosque to the farthest mosque, around which We blessed, in order to show him from Our signs ...". This event has become one of the most popular plots of Muslim tradition. In the Middle Ages, an extensive folk literature arose, colorfully describing the details of the miraj.

Tatar national costume- traditional national clothes of the Tatars. Tatar costume is a collective concept. The Tatar costume means a very wide range of national clothes of various subgroups of Tatars. The complex of clothes of the Volga Tatars, formed at the end of the 19th century, had a significant influence on the formation of a uniform modern type of national costume. The traditions of the Eastern peoples and Islam also had a strong influence on the Tatar costume.

The basis of the men's and women's traditional costume is a shirt and trousers made of relatively light fabrics.

Both men and women wore long, wide, tunic-shaped shirts and long, open outerwear with a solid core. For women, this monumentality was emphasized by massive chest, braid and wrist decorations and complex headdresses, usually combined with large bedspreads.

An apron (apron) with a low breast alyapkych was put on over the shirt. The hem of the apron was made of two strips of homespun canvas, and the low chest was made of one strip. For everyday aprons, striped or checkered motley was used, and for festive aprons, fabric with an elective pattern was used. In a festive costume, an apron was not always present, especially in cases where the shirt was made from purchased fabrics. In the 1930s-1950s, a new type of apron spread in festive clothes, widely represented in Tatar and Bashkir costumes from other regions. This apron was sewn from monochromatic colored, and most often black, satin and was richly decorated along the hem and chest with tambour or satin stitch embroidery. In a festive costume, a sleeveless caftan made of plush or velvet was put on over a shirt and an apron - a camisole decorated with a braid.

The Tatar folk costume is widespread and has its own special history (the shirt alone is common throughout Russia). Folk costume is the most valuable monument of folk art. A single artistic ensemble of national clothes included the art of cutting, patterned weaving, embroidery, appliqué, leather processing, metal and much more. The costume is also the richest material for studying the ethnos, its ties with other peoples, which can also be traced on the example of the costumes of the peoples of the Volga region.

Chapan

How old these clothes are can be judged by the simple, universal cut, absolutely the same for people of all ages, genders and regions.

There was a dressing gown for each season, it could be absolutely light, even without a lining, or very warm, on a wadded basis. The only thing that remained unchanged was a bright, embroidered waist scarf, without which the outfit would have been incomplete.

Despite the simplicity and seeming archaic style, in ancient times the chapan could tell a lot about a person: his status, family income, occupation, place of residence. Any person, be it a farmer or an artisan, a merchant, a scientist or an aristocrat, was easy to recognize by the chapan put on him. Chapan types:

Naigut chapan - a wide tunic-shaped robe with sleeves with a gusset sewn at a right angle.

Kaptama chapan is a straight, narrow dressing gown with side slits and sewn-in sleeves with a rounded armhole.

Chapan today. Everyday chapans are practically not decorated with anything, only the hem, floors and edges of the sleeves are sheathed with braided braid – the only element of decor, which, however, also has a purely practical function, was to strengthen the external seams.

Camisole(French camisole- jacket) - men's clothing, sewn to the waist, knee-length, sometimes sleeveless worn under a caftan. Appeared in France in the 1st half of the 17th century in the 18th century it became widespread in other countries of Western Europe, as well as in Russia (with the introduction of Western European costume among the nobles). Camisole was made of cloth, silk, velvet, decorated with embroidery, galloon, buttons. In the national costume of the Bashkirs, Tatars and Kazakhs, a camisole was a men's and women's sleeveless clothing cut at the waist.

In Russia, a hundred years after its appearance, the camisole was sewn without sleeves and worn under a caftan. It was shortened all the time and at the end of the 18th century it turned into a long jacket. In the middle of the 18th century, women began to wear it in combination with a long skirt. Catherine II approved it as a women's uniform dress. The method of sewing camisoles. Women's outerwear differed from men's only in some decorative details: additional fur trim, braid, embroidery, artistic stitching, etc.

Belt. An obligatory attribute of the traditional outerwear of a Tatar is a belt (bilbau, azyar). Mostly cloth belts were used: self-woven, sewn from factory fabric, less often knitted woolen. Among the museum collections there are wide lace, carpet, velvet, as well as from silver plates, interconnected by hinges, belts (kamar) with massive, richly decorated silver buckles. Among the Kazan Tatars, they fell out of use early. However, in the costume of the Astrakhan and Siberian Tatars, as well as the Crimean Tatars, belts with buckles and metal overlays were widely used in both men's and women's costumes.

Skullcap - Muslim men's headdress.

Skullcap - a round or pointed hat with embroidered or woven patterns, the national headdress of many peoples of Central Asia. The word itself comes from the Turkic root "tyube" - the top. And, indeed, take a look at its shape - it is the vault of the sky, the dome of mosques, the roofs of ancient bazaars. Few people thought, but even the yurt itself is the same skullcap, enlarged several dozen times. The history of the skullcap goes back into the distant past. Evidence of the existence of a headdress similar to a skullcap, worn in ancient times, was found in sculpture, numismatics, wall paintings, and book miniatures of the 15th-16th centuries.

Pattern. Pattern features can tell a lot about where this skullcap was made. Traditional patterns, most often depicted on skullcaps, symbolize enduring values: the "snake track" pattern protects from the evil eye, the symbolic image of ram's horns represents strength and courage, and the fish symbolizes the fertility of a woman. A very popular pattern is the white almond embroidered on a black skullcap. Sometimes inscriptions in Arabic are included in the patterned compositions, for example, this: "Let the skullcap remain on the head, and the enemies will fall through the ground." This headdress has not lost its relevance today. That is why the art of decorating skullcaps does not stand still: each master has his own unique style, uses modern materials and motifs for jewelry.

Kalfak

Traditional women's headwear is the most striking and original element that underlies the selection of ethno-territorial costume options. The ethno-specific headdress of the Tatars of Kazan and Order was the kalfak. In periods of different fashion styles, it took on a wide variety of shapes and sizes, differed in various ways of wearing (with or without a veil) and decoration (gold embroidery, pearl and bead embroidery, chenille embroidery, gem inlay, small gilded coin decoration, etc.) . At its core, the kalfak served as a hairdresser, so it was often worn in combination with a bedspread.

An ancient women's Tatar headdress, which has become widespread among almost all groups of Tatars, including those preserved in the women's costume of the Tatars - Kryashens. Kalfak has become an integral part of the classic national Tatar costume. Richly decorated with embroidery, embroidered with gold and silver threads, beads.

Women and girls braided their hair in two braids, smoothly, parted; only the Kryashenki wore them with a crown around their heads, like Russian women.

In women's headdresses, especially of the early period, age differentiation is clearly captured. Girls' headdresses were cap-shaped or kalfak-shaped.

If we consider the period from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century, then the shape, size, ornamentation of kalfaks, however, like the entire national costume, were constantly changing.

Previously, white soft knitted or crocheted embroidered caps were popular, which were worn over the entire head. Since the 18th century, chenille appliqué in combination with sequins and ear technique began to be widely used in the ornamentation of kalfaks, when relief multi-shaded large elements of flowers were made from small pieces of fabric folded into triangles in the form of ears.

Then there are large velvet kalfaks with a large gold-embroidered pattern and a fringe hanging down to the very shoulders.

By the middle of the 19th century, kalfaks become shorter, more elegant, heavy tassels and fringes disappear. A large decorative function is taken on by a solid rectangular band. Often such kalfachki were worn under a scarf or shawl.

In Soviet times, the kalfak ceased to be an everyday headdress and began to be worn only for holidays or as an element of a national stage costume. Kalfak as a headdress and as an adornment reveals the spiritual beauty of Tatar women, the breadth of the soul, the nobility of thought, the skill in the ability to sew and embroider, the subtle sensitivity in understanding the world, reflects the pearl of art.

Ichigi. The most ancient type of shoes among the Tatars were leather boots and shoes without welts, reminiscent of modern slippers, and always with turned up toes - after all, you can’t scratch mother earth with the toe of the boot. They were worn with cloth or linen stockings "tula oek". Even the ancient Bulgars reached a very high level of processing of leather and wool - the yuft and morocco made by them in the markets of Europe and Asia were called "Bulgar goods", or "Bulgari". Archaeologists find such footwear in layers dating back to the 10th-13th centuries, and even then it was decorated with embossing, appliqué, and metal figured overlays. Traditional soft boots - ichigi - have survived to this day in the form of home shoes, very beautiful and comfortable.

Soft leather ichigi boots, decorated with cross-linked mosaics with curvilinear patterns, leather shoes, winter felt boots (pima), and short teals were widely distributed.

"Kazan shoes" gained even more popularity among Russians in the classical 19th century. The old Prince Bolkonsky is shod in the "Tatar embroidered with silver boot" in Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace". The collection of the German Leather Museum has a patterned men's boot, acquired at the Industrial Exhibition in Vienna in 1846. And in 1883 morocco ichigs and shoes of M. Galeev's company were awarded the Grand Gold Medal of the European Society of Sciences in Paris and in 1889 - a silver medal and an honorary review of the Paris World Industrial Exhibition.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, high women's boots with heels and lacing along the front of the tops appeared, made in the "Kazan style" and called "noble". At this time, Tatar boots became widespread in the artistic environment. In 1899, the great Russian actress Vera Komissarzhevskaya appeared on the stage of the Imperial Alexandria Theater in St. Petersburg in the role of Varya in A. Ostrovsky and N. Solovyov's play "Wild Woman" in Tatar ichig boots.

In the 1920s, Kazan ichigi were delivered to Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, England, America - there at that time there was a fashion for exotic and handmade folk jewelry ...

Beautiful products always attract the eye. And patterned Tatar boots are undoubtedly very beautiful. The revival of the artistic merits of patterned footwear in its best national traditions is an urgent task facing the masters of folk art today.

Modern Tatar family

The family life of the Tatar people is based on the laws of the Koran and Sharia. Marriage is considered a natural necessity. The bride must be of noble birth, have good health, honor Muslim traditions, be sure to be a virgin, and also be able to have children. The requirements of a noble origin, good health, as well as Muslim traditions also apply to the future spouse.

Among the Tatars, as well as among other nations professing Islam, marriage was considered a sacred duty of a Muslim: "A person who is married has more merit before God than the most devout Muslim who remains a bachelor." “Children were taught to live by Sharia law. In the upbringing of children, the power of the father was decisive. From an early age, the girl heard about the need to be submissive to her husband, “for obedience to him is equal to obedience to God,” and the boy knew that he would have to be master over his wife.

Traditions are updated along with the progress of mankind. In the traditions of the Tatar family, only their appearance has changed, the very essence of the traditions has remained the same. Tatar families celebrate Tatar holidays (family and religious). Many people like to sing folk songs and wear national clothes during the holidays. Families keep valuable relics of the family.

The family traditions of the Tatar people are unique. The basics of culture are instilled in the family, school (lessons of the Tatar language and literature are obligatory, schoolchildren study the history of Tatarstan), television, the state (celebration of national holidays, support for national sports, national culture, etc.)

List of used literature.

1. Urazmanova R. Rites and holidays of the Volga and Ural Tatars. Publisher: PIK "House of Printing", 2001, p.198

2. Sergeeva N. Tatar embroidery

3. Loiko L. M. Tatars in St. Petersburg

4. Sattarova L. Tatar female headdress

5. "The city to the glory of its name" V.I. Piskarev.

6. A thousand creative works of teachers and schoolchildren for the 1000th anniversary of Kazan, I.R. Galiakhmetov.

7. F.Kh.Valeev "On the genesis of leather patterned shoes of the Tatars"

8. M. Zainullin "Kazan Patterned Leather"

9. S.V. Suslova "Ethnography of the Tatar people"

10. S.V. Suslova, R.G. Mukhamedova. Folk costume of the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals (mid-19th - early 20th centuries). Historical and ethnographic atlas of the Tatar people. - Kazan, 2000. - 312 p.

11. Chistov K.V. Folk traditions and folklore. - L .: Nauka, 1986. - P. 119.

12. Pimenov V.V. On some regularities in the development of folk culture // Sov. ethnography. - No. 2. - 1967. - P.5.

I am not a believer in the sense of belonging to any denomination. But I honor and respect the customs and rituals of my people. I am skeptical about canonical religious rites, but out of respect for relatives and friends, I participate in them.

Every nation has its own national holidays. Many of these holidays were born in antiquity - several centuries or even a thousand years ago. Everything around: villages and cities, things, clothes, professions, nature are changing, and folk holidays continue and continue to live. For the holidays are the holidays of the heart, the soul of the people.
Tatar folk holidays delight people with a sense of gratitude and respect for nature, for the customs of their ancestors, for each other.
The Russian word "holiday" comes from the Old Russian porozden, that is, empty. It turns out that a holiday is an empty, unoccupied time, that is, free from labor and other ordinary activities. Of course, the way it is - it is not in vain that they say: there are holidays and there are weekdays, ordinary, ordinary days.
The Tatars also have two words meaning a holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called by the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaet - the holiday of fasting and Korban gaet - the holiday of the sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays in Tatar are called beyrem. Scientists believe that this word means "spring beauty", "spring celebration".

Religious holidays are called the word gaet or bayram ( Eid al Adha (Ramadan)- fasting holiday and Korban Bairam- Feast of the Sacrifice). Muslim holidays among the Tatars - Muslims include a collective morning prayer, in which all men and boys participate. Then it is supposed to go to the cemetery and pray near the graves of their loved ones. And the women and the girls helping them at this time prepare treats at home. On holidays (and each religious holiday used to last for several days), they went around the houses of relatives and neighbors with congratulations. It was especially important to visit the parental home. On the days of Korban Bayram - the holiday, the victims tried to treat meat to as many people as possible, the tables remained covered for two or three days in a row, and everyone entering the house, no matter who he was, had the right to treat himself ...

Folk holidays
Spring is a time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectations. A good spring is to be a good harvest, and therefore a prosperous life.
Boz carau
According to the old, old tradition, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first bayram - "spring celebration" for the Tatars is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz carau, boz bagu - "to watch the ice", boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift.
All residents, from old people to children, came out to watch the ice drift on the river bank. The youth walked dressed up, with harmonists. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. In the blue spring twilight, these floating torches could be seen far away, and songs rushed after them.
Younger Yau
Once in early spring, the children went home to collect cereals, butter, eggs. With their calls, they expressed good wishes to the owners and ... demanded refreshments!
With the help of one or two elderly women, children cooked porridge in a huge cauldron from the food collected on the street or indoors. Everyone brought a plate and a spoon with them. And after such a feast, the children played, doused with water.
Kyzyl yomorka
After a while, the day of collecting colored eggs came. The villagers were warned about such a day in advance, and the housewives dyed eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion peel. The eggs turned out to be multi-colored - from golden yellow to dark brown, and in a decoction of birch leaves - various shades of green. In addition, special dough balls were baked in each house - small buns, pretzels, and they also bought sweets.
Children especially looked forward to this day. Mothers sewed bags for them from towels to collect eggs. Some guys went to bed dressed and shod, so as not to waste time getting ready in the morning, they put a log under the pillow so as not to oversleep. Early in the morning, boys and girls began to walk around the houses. The one who came in first brought the chips and scattered them on the floor - so that "the yard was not empty", that is, so that there were a lot of living creatures on it.
The comic wishes of children to the owners are expressed in ancient times - as in the days of great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers. For example, something like this: "Kyt-kytyyk, kyt-kytyyk, are grandparents at home? Will they give an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you don't give an egg, there is a lake in front of your house, you will drown there!" The collection of eggs lasted two or three hours, it was a lot of fun. And then the children gathered in one place on the street and played different games with the collected eggs.
Sabantuy
But the spring holiday of the Tatars Sabantuy is becoming widespread and beloved again. This is a very beautiful, kind and wise holiday. It includes various rituals and games.
Literally, "sabantuy" means "Feast of the Plow" (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work, in April, now Sabantuy is held in June - after sowing.
In the old days, preparations for Sabantuy took a long time and carefully - the girls weaved, sewed, embroidered scarves, towels, shirts with a national pattern; everyone wanted her creation to become a reward for the strongest dzhigit - the winner in the national wrestling or in the races. And young people went from house to house and collected gifts, sang songs, joked. Gifts were tied to a long pole, sometimes jigits tied themselves with collected towels and did not take them off until the end of the ceremony.
For the time of Sabantuy, a council of respected aksakals was elected - all power in the village passed to them, they appointed a jury to reward the winners, and kept order during the competitions.
Sabantuy starts in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, ribbons are woven into the manes of horses, bells are hung from the arc. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow.
There are a lot of entertainments on Sabantuy. The main thing is, of course, the national wrestling kuresh. Usually, two weeks before the Sabantuy, the contenders for victory in this competition stopped going to field work and ate as much fresh eggs, butter, honey as they liked, gained strength to defend the honor of their native village. It takes a lot of strength, cunning and dexterity to win in kuresh. The fight takes place according to strict rules: opponents wrap wide belts around each other, the task is to hang the opponent on his sash in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner of kuresh - an absolute batyr - receives a live ram as a reward and with him on his shoulders makes a circle of honor. True, in recent times, a ram has often been replaced with some other valuable prize - a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, or even a car. You can demonstrate your strength, dexterity, courage not only in wrestling kuresh.
Traditional Sabantuy competitions:
- Fight with bags of hay astride a log. The goal is to knock the enemy out of the saddle.
- Running in bags. Only they are so narrow that running turns into jumps.
- Pair competition: one leg is tied to the partner's leg - and run to the finish line!
- Hike for the prize on an inclined swinging log. Only real equilibrists can do it!
- Squeezing a two-pound kettlebell.
- The game "Break the pot": the participants are blindfolded, given a long stick in their hands and told to break the pot with it. Climbing up a very high smooth pillar. Upstairs, of course, waiting for a prize.
- Run with a spoon in your mouth. But the spoon is not empty, it contains a raw egg, with which you must run first to the finish line.
- Horse racing. Participants are young riders 10-15 years old. An interesting point: not only the winner is awarded, but also the one who came last. Indeed - there should not be offended and sad people at the holiday!
- Competitions for girls - who will cut noodles faster and better, who will bring more water.
And what's a party without food! Here and there you can taste barbecue, pilaf of homemade noodles (lyaksha) and traditional Tatar treats: echpochmak, bishbarmak, chak-chak, balish, paryamyach.
After the general Sabantuy on the Maidan, the fun continues in the houses - and guests are always invited, because a holiday without guests among the Tatars is considered a sign of lack of sociability.

Rites of the Tatars at the birth of a child
The birth of a child was accompanied by a number of obligatory rituals, which had both purely ritual and practical significance. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. in most cases, births were taken by midwives - ebi (literally - grandmother), bala ebise (midwife), kendek ebi (literally - umbilical grandmother). Cases of the birth of children in the house with the help of a midwife were still quite frequent in the 40-50s of the XX century. The occupation of midwives was called ebilek. But in case of urgent need and in the absence of ebi, the next older relatives of the woman in labor could also take delivery.
As soon as the child was born, the midwife, cutting off and tying the umbilical cord, washed the baby and wrapped him in his father's undershirt. It was believed that this helps to establish a strong relationship of mutual respect and love between father and child. Then the avyzlandyru ritual was performed (meaning to give a taste). For a newborn, they made a semblance of a pacifier - a lump of bread chewed with butter and honey was wrapped in a thin cloth and allowed to suck. Sometimes they simply smeared the child's mouth with oil and honey or honey solution - zemzem su. The ceremony was accompanied by traditional wishes of happiness, health, abilities, well-being to the newborn.
The next day they arranged babai munchasy (literally - a children's bath). After visiting the bathhouse by the household, when it became not hot, the midwife helped the young mother to wash and bathe the baby.
A few days later, in the house where the child was born, the ceremony of isem kushu (naming) was held. They invited the mullah and guests - men from among relatives and acquaintances of the family. The mullah opened the ceremony with a traditional prayer, then a child was brought to him on a pillow, and he turned to the Almighty, urging him to take the newborn under his protection. After that, he whispered the azan (a call to prayer for devout Muslims) into the baby's ear and pronounced the name of the newborn. Names for children were chosen, as a rule, by mullahs who had special calendars - names. Since ancient times, names from religious canonical legends have prevailed in them. It was believed that the further future of the baby and his fate depended on the name. The choice depended on many reasons. In poor families, they tried to choose a name that symbolizes wealth and prosperity, if the child looked weak, they chose a name that reflects the strength of the spirit and body, etc.
An ancient communal tradition of the Tatars includes the rite of treating byabai ashy (mae). For several days, friends, neighbors and relatives of the young mother came to visit her and brought treats with them, and sometimes gifts. Byabai ashy (mae) still exists.

Any nationality has its own traditions with customs, rooted in the distant past, but resurrected today as national holidays. The Tatars have two words that mean holiday. Religious, that is, Muslim holidays are called here by the word Gay or Ayet. For example, Uraza gaye is a fasting holiday, and Korban gaye is a sacrifice holiday. As for folk, that is, non-religious holidays, in Tatar they are called beyrem, which means “spring beauty” or “spring celebration”.

Religious traditions of Tatarstan

Muslim festivities among the Muslim Tatars include a collective morning prayer, in which only men participate. Then they make a trip to the cemetery and pray again near the graves of their relatives or friends. At this time, women prepare a festive dinner for them at home. Like the Russians, here on holidays with congratulations they go to the houses of relatives and neighbors. On the days of the so-called Korban Bayram, that is, the holiday of the sacrifice, the Tatars tried to treat the maximum number of people with the meat of the slaughtered lamb.


Ramadan and Ramadan

Ramadan or Ramadan, which is also called Uraza in the Turkic dialect, is the ninth month in the Muslim calendar. This is the month of fasting. And according to Islamic tradition, at that time the first of the divine revelations was transmitted to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Jibril, which was later included in the holy book of the entire Islamic people - the Koran.



Religion of the Tatar people

Fasting during Ramadan is one of the key duties of any Muslim. It is needed in order to strengthen all Muslims and increase their self-discipline, as well as teach them how to accurately fulfill the orders of Allah. Throughout the day, from sunrise to sunset, it is strictly forbidden to eat and drink, smoke or enjoy pleasures, or indulge in other entertainment. During the day, one should work and pray, as well as read the Qur'an and engage in various pious thoughts or deeds. Also donate something to charity.


Eid al-Adha is also called the Feast of the Sacrifice. This is the Islamic celebration of the end of the Hajj, celebrated on the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. According to the Koran, the angel Jabrail appeared in a dream to the prophet Ibrahim to convey to him the command of Allah that he should sacrifice the first son of Ismail. And waking up, Ibrahim immediately went to the valley of Mina to the very place where Mecca stands today, to begin preparations. But, this turned out to be only a test of Allah, and therefore, when the sacrifice was almost made, the merciful Allah replaced Ibrahim with a son and said to slaughter the lamb. The holiday itself symbolizes the mercy and majesty of God, as well as the fact that faith is the best sacrifice.


celebration

Celebrating such a day begins with the onset of morning. Muslims go to the mosque for morning prayers. The rite of this holiday begins with a universal prayer, it is called prayer. At the end of it, the imam, who read the prayer, asks Allah to accept fasting, forgiveness of sins and prosperity. Then all the believers, sorting through the tasbih, read the dhikr together. By the way, it is performed according to a special formula and in a special way, both aloud and silently, and is always accompanied by specific body movements. After the end of the morning prayer, all believers solemnly return home.


Kurba Bayram - celebration

Advice

At home, a ram is slaughtered, although according to tradition, a camel or a bull would have to be slaughtered. This should be done without fail with the words "Bismillah, Allah Akbar." There is also a tradition of giving alms and sharing cooked lamb. According to the tradition that has developed over many centuries, it is customary to cook only a third of the meat to treat your family, and give a third to the poor, the remaining third is distributed as alms to all those who ask.


Do Tatars have folk traditions that are not related to religion?

Spring is a time of awakening of nature, when people have a renewal of their expectations. So a good spring means a good harvest, in other words, a prosperous life. As in the cultures and traditions of other peoples, all Tatar villages were on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the very first "spring celebration" or bayram was associated with ice drift. Such a holiday is called “boz carau” or “boz bagu”, in other words, “watch the ice”. Then there was “boz ozatma” - this is seeing off the ice, after it came “zin kitu”, which meant ice drift. All the villagers went to the river bank to watch the ice drift. The youth even dressed up and played the accordion. Straw had to be laid out and set on fire on floating ice floes.

Another tradition was the rule that in early spring the children went from house to house in their village and collected cereals, butter and eggs. From the food they collected from the street with the help of older cooks, they boiled porridge in a large cauldron and then ate it. A little later, the day of collecting "colored eggs" came. The hostesses have been painting them since the evening. And most often, a decoction of onion peel or birch leaves was used for this. At the same time, buns with pretzels were baked. In the morning, the children began to go around the house and brought wood chips there, scattering them on the floor. This was done so that "the yard would not be empty." Along the way, such chanting-chants were shouted out to themselves, for example, “Kyt-kytyyk, kyt-kytyyk, are grandfather and grandmother at home? Will they give you an egg? Let you have a lot of hens, and let the cockerels trample them. If you don’t give an egg, then there is a lake in front of your house, and you will drown there!


Perhaps the most massive and popular holiday today, which includes folk festivals with various rituals and games, is Sabantuy. Literally, it means "Feast of the Plow." Since saban is a plow, and thuy is a holiday. It used to be celebrated before starting all spring field work, that is, in April, today Sabantuy is celebrated in June, that is, at the end of sowing.


Sabantuy and its celebration

Sabantuy begins to celebrate in the morning. Women put on their festive decorations, ribbons are woven into the manes of horses, bells are hung from the arc. All dressed up gather in a large meadow. It's called Maidan. Entertainment is plentiful here. The main thing is the national wrestling called kuresh. To win here, strength and cunning with dexterity are required. There are also strict rules. So, the opponents wrap each other with wide belts called sashes, the point is to be able to hang the opponent on his own belt in the air, after which he is put on the shoulder blades. The winner is called a batyr and receives a live ram as a reward. However, now more and more often such a prize is replaced by other, more valuable gifts. You can participate in other competitions to demonstrate strength and dexterity, and even courage.


Sabantuy traditional competitions

  • fight with sacks of hay astride a log. The goal is to knock the enemy out of the saddle
  • Running in bags
  • pair competitions: one leg must be tied to the partner’s leg, and then run to the finish line like this
  • hike on a swinging log for a prize
  • game called "break the pot". Here the participants are blindfolded and given a long stick in their hands, and it is necessary to break the pot with it.
  • climbing a pole with prizes tied to the top
  • run with egg and spoon. There is a raw egg on the spoon. Whoever comes running first without breaking his fragile load wins
  • contests arranged for Tatar beauties. For example, who will cut the noodles faster and better than anyone.

In the glade where the festivities take place, you can eat barbecue and pilaf, as well as homemade noodles and national treats like chak-chak, echpochmak, balish and peremyach.

Rituals and rules regarding the birth of a child

A number of obligatory rituals accompany the birth of a child. Previously, midwives were involved in childbirth. They were called bala ebise. The occupation of midwives was called ebilek. The midwife had to cut and tie the umbilical cord, wash the baby, wrap him in his father's undershirt. Then a ritual was performed, called avyzlandyru, that is, "give a taste." A lump of bread chewed with butter and honey was wrapped in the thinnest fabric, a kind of nipple was made and it was given to suck on the baby. Sometimes they even simply smeared the child's mouth with oil and honey, or with a honey solution. It was called "zemzem su".


The next day, they did the rite “babyai munchasy”, that is, “children's bath”. The bath was heated, then the midwife helped the woman in labor to wash herself and buy her baby. After a few days, a ceremony was held isem kushu, that is, naming. Mullah and guests were called to it - men who are relatives and friends of the family, a table was laid with various treats. The mullah had to read a prayer, after which a child was brought up to him. He turned to the great Allah, urging him to take this newborn under protection. Then he whispered his name in the baby's ear, but in Arabic sound. Names for children were chosen, as a rule, by mullahs who had special calendars of names. It was believed that the future life of the child would depend on this.


Conclusion:

The Tatars are sacred to all ancient traditions, they honor the rites, and consider them to this day to be mandatory. And although modern life brings a lot of new things into their life, there is always a place for the old.


Traditions and customs of the Tatar people

The Tatar people have their own unique culture and many interesting traditions, which often amaze with authenticity, uniqueness and do not overlap with the rituals of other peoples. Some holidays are shared with other Muslim nations.

To get acquainted with the original traditions of the Tatars, millions of tourists come to Tatarstan every year. Having once seen the way of life of local people, the principles of their upbringing, respect for the elders in the family, people from other countries forever carry with them the charm and respect for the culture of this people, which many times influenced the history and life of entire continents.

Family way

As in many peoples and countries, traditions are more strongly preserved in the villages and small towns of Tatarstan, city dwellers are moving away from them more and more every decade. Although recently there has been a tendency to return to its origins, therefore, traditions are increasingly being renewed even among the most “advanced” youth.

Tatar houses were not much different from the usual Russian ones. But there was one feature that is not found among the Orthodox - the division of the house into two parts. One of them is considered male, and the other is female. To delimit these territories, they used a special curtain - "charshau", and in rare cases - a wooden partition.

In every house one could see bright chests of red or green color. They were necessary in order to collect a dowry for the future bride. The more girls grew up in the family, the more such chests were made, which served as a source of pride. In a conspicuous place, there was a "shamail" - a talisman with wishes of happiness and good luck. It was a piece of text from the holy book of the Koran, which is the object of reverence for the Tatars.

Needlework

Bright colors occupy an important place in Tatar traditions. They are used to decorate the house and yard. Most often you can find colorful embroidery. Islam does not allow to make images of people and animals, therefore, the ability to embroider geometric patterns, which can be found on towels, bedspreads, blankets, paths, etc., has fully developed to unprecedented heights.

The abundance of embroidered products is easily explained: for many centuries in a row, the women of this people led a rather reclusive lifestyle, so they invested all their potential in needlework.

For this reason, the Tatars were world-famous embroiderers, and their products were highly valued.

Head of family

Tatar traditions are based on patriarchy. The unconditional head of the family is the father. He makes the most important decisions, he has the last word in any situation. The mother is also a very important member of the family, she is treated with great respect. The upbringing of Tatars is focused on being grateful towards the elders, helping the younger ones and those who need help or support.

The hospitality of the Tatars is known to tourists all over the world. They consider it their duty to invite a guest to the house, feed and drink him, if necessary, leave him for the night. Offending a guest in Tatar traditions is equated almost to a sin. The head of the family must be present at the table with the guests, otherwise it is regarded as disrespectful.

In the Tatar language, there is a separate term for religious holidays - “gaet”. Like any Muslims, the Tatars are very scrupulous about their religion, so the traditions associated with Islam are strictly observed by them. Instilling them from childhood, these people keep them in their souls throughout their lives, as the core of their people and culture.

In the morning during religious holidays, prayer is obligatory for the Tatars, which the entire male population must conduct at the graves of deceased relatives. Such a prayer is aimed at remembering one's origins and granting ancestors, who are very revered in Islam, a good afterlife.

This holiday in the Turkic language is called "Uraza". It falls on the ninth month in accordance with the Muslim calendar. It was in this month that an angel appeared to the prophet Muhammad, who gave him the revelation of God. This revelation became part of the Korn - a holy book for the Turks.

During this period, fasting falls, which true Muslims must endure. This causes a strengthening of their spirit and the mercy of Allah. The tradition of fasting of this people differs sharply from the Orthodox world. It is impossible to eat food, drink drinks and indulge in pleasures during daylight hours, from sunrise to sunset. At this time, it is necessary to sincerely pray, continuing to work, and think about self-discipline. In modern Tatarstan, many at this time prefer to do charity work.

Eid al-Adha

This day is dedicated to the festive sacrifice on the occasion of the end of the Hajj - the pilgrimage to Mecca. The holiday is timed to the tenth day of the twelfth lunar month.

The holy scripture says that in a dream the prophet Ibrahim was given the command of Allah to sacrifice the life of his beloved firstborn. Despite the strong love for the offspring, Ibrahim behaved like a real Muslim, and began preparations for the sacrifice. However, at the last minute, Allah stopped the Tatar. Such a task was a test of the strength of faith for Ibrahim, and he passed this test with honor, so the sacrifice was allowed to be replaced with a lamb. Eid al-Adha serves as a reminder for believers of the mercy of Allah, his great mercy and the importance of unbreakable faith.

The tradition of this day is the sacrificial slaughter of a ram. Previously, bulls or camels often became sacrificial animals, but over the past century this custom has been abandoned.

The meaning of Eid al-Adha is not to slaughter an animal, cook and eat in your family. Traditionally, the carcass should be divided into three equal parts. You can keep one for yourself and your family, give the second to those who live more poorly, and distribute the third to those who ask for alms. This fills the soul of believers with grace and goodness.

Folk holidays

For the Tatars, the holidays are invariably associated with spring joy and spiritual awakening, therefore in the Turkic languages ​​there is an interesting capacious word for them - “beyrem”, which translates as “spring beauty” or “spring admiration”.

Traditionally, Tatar settlements were located along the banks of rivers, since people were tied to sources of water for food and irrigation. Therefore, the natural processes that took place on the rivers received a response in the interesting traditions and rituals of this people.

The very first spring festival was timed to coincide with the melting of ice that bound the water surface during the winter. "Boz carau" in translation means "to look at the ice." At the moment when the ice began to drift on the river, the entire local population stopped doing business and went ashore to see with their own eyes how spring conquers winter.

In order to help spring finally come into its own, the guys and girls had to have time to spread straw on the ice floes passing by and set it on fire. Everything was accompanied by playing the accordion, songs and dances. People came to this action in elegant costumes, decorated themselves with beads, girls wove braids. The fun continued until sunset.

Kyzyl yomorka

This action is very similar to the rituals of other countries and religions. Women dyed chicken eggs the day before. For this, they used husks from onions or birch leaves. Specially baked muffins: pretzels and rolls.

In the morning, the children went around all the neighboring streets and scattered wood chips in the houses so that the dwelling would not be empty, but filled with a good harvest and wealth. It was believed that in the house where the owners would give the children a lot of eggs and pastries, there would be an excellent harvest, so no one was stingy with gifts.

Sabantuy

We have been preparing for this day for a long time and carefully. It still remains the favorite holiday of the Tatars. Mass festivities, interesting games, fun - all this accompanied Sabantuy. The joy of the people was due to the fact that people started sowing work. Over time, Sabantuy shifted to the end of these works, so now the fun is connected with the end of a busy period, on which not only the harvest, but also well-being for the whole next year depends. Tatars celebrate it in June.

Men and women wore fancy dresses on this day. The tradition ordered to decorate not only yourself and your children, but also horses. Bright ribbons were woven into their manes, an arc into which the animal was harnessed, bells were threaded. People gathered in an open area (most often in a meadow), and general entertainment began, the main of which was the national struggle. Tatars call these competitions “kuresh”.

This is an interesting and exciting male entertainment, during which the most dexterous and strong were revealed. The participants were young men who tied themselves with sashes. The winner must be lift the opponent on the belt in the air, and then put the prostrate on the ground. The strongest wrestler was rewarded with a live ram. Now, in most cases, this winning is replaced by cash.

In addition, there were many other interesting contests and competitions. Those who won them became enviable suitors. Competitions were also held for girls, in which they could prove themselves as good housewives or needlewomen.

An important element of the Sabantuy were dishes that were prepared in the same clearing. And now many tourists are striving to get to Tatarstan on Sabantuy to taste a variety of national pickles and dishes that the Tatar people traditionally prepared.

Family celebrations and rituals

The traditions of the Tatars put forward family rituals to a special place. These people were sensitive to significant events in the life of every person, such as a wedding and the birth of a child.

Wedding

The wedding traditions of the Tatars were very interesting and beautiful. The wedding was carefully prepared for, so it was a great event not only for the bride and groom, but for all relatives. The wedding was preceded by "collusion" - that was the name of the matchmaking. On it, they discussed the size of the kalym, dowry, the time of the wedding and all other nuances.

All the main events took place in the house of the girl's parents, and the bride herself and her friends in the morning were engaged in fortune-telling and dressing up. The ceremony over the newlyweds was performed by a mullah. After he read a special prayer, the family was considered complete.

An interesting custom concerns the bed of the newlyweds, on which they must spend their wedding night. Guests from the side of the bride touched the bed and left money on a saucer next to the bed. The groom was allowed to the family box only after he paid the ransom.

Birth of a child

This exciting event for the Tatar people was no less significant and important than a wedding. To help a woman in labor, an “ebise” - a midwife - was invited to the house. Usually it was an experienced woman of the age who took the child, cut his umbilical cord, if necessary, assisted the mother and child.

To establish a connection between the child and the father, the newborn was wrapped in his father's shirt. Be sure to perform the ritual "avyzlandyru". It consisted in the fact that a small piece of bread was dissolved in oil and honey, a cloth was soaked with this solution, which was folded into a cone and allowed to suck on the baby.

The next day, the first bathing of the baby took place, after which he was given a name in the presence of the mullah and guests. After that, the tradition ordered the Tatars to treat everyone who was present at this interesting ritual. The Tatar people attached great importance to the chosen name. It was believed that if the name is chosen correctly, then this will give the newborn health and a happy life.

The first week after the birth was allotted so that all the mother's friends could come to visit her, visit the baby and bring him gifts. Most often, these were hand-embroidered outfits, decorated with drawings and patterns, which acted as amulets for a small person.

Tatars are an ancient people with an interesting centuries-old history. He managed to preserve his roots and culture thanks to the strict adherence to all the canons and rituals. This reflects a subtle feature of the Tatar people - respect for their ancestors, customs and national shrines.

Khasyanova Raffia

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"Fundamentals of Islamic Culture"

Traditions

Tatar people

Traditions of the Tatar people.

Why did I choose this research topic? I am Tatar by nationality.

Each nation has its own distinctive features - traditions. The traditions of each nation are certain customs, rituals, social habits and much more inherent in each nation. They came from the depths of our ancestors and were passed down from generation to generation. It is traditions that distinguish one nation from another! I am a Tatar, and I am not indifferent to the history and culture of my people. Therefore, I decided to study the customs, traditions and life of the Tatars using the example of my family. In my research work, I will describe the wedding ceremony, naming (“isem kushu”) holidays Uraza Bayram, Sabantuy. I will tell you about the national costume and traditional Tatar dishes.

I'll start with birth, but not mine, but my family, since my parents got married. Characteristically, the wedding ("nikah") was held in the bride's house. The wedding began with a religious ceremony, a mullah was invited, he read a prayer. The wedding was attended by all close relatives, the older generation, both from the side of the groom and from the side of the bride. At the table, mom and dad were first offered to taste a crust of bread, anointed with butter and honey, so that life would be soft and sweet, like honey.

After the feast, the groom's side gave gifts, paid kalym for the bride. After the legal registration of the marriage, the rite “kilen tosheru” was performed (they let the bride go). The groom's mother (my grandmother) laid a pillow in front of her daughter-in-law (my mother), the young wife should stand on it and enter the house.

When I was born, according to tradition, a celebration was held. The ceremony of naming (“isem kushu”) was held. It was held with the invitation of the mullah and honorary elders. I was presented on a pillow to the mullah, and while reading excerpts from the Koran, he loudly pronounced my name several times. The naming ceremony ends with the ash treat.

Religious holidayscalled the word Gaet.Uraza Gaete - the holiday of fasting Kurban Gaete - the holiday of sacrifice) And all folk, non-religious holidays are called Bairam in Tatar.

Uraza - fasting was always kept by my great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers, now my grandparents are fasting, my parents usually fast for a week. Fasting is a complete abstinence during daylight hours from eating, drinking, inhaling tobacco smoke, drinking alcohol for one month. Fasting teaches benevolence, sympathy, understanding.

70 days after Uraz gaete, Kurban gaete (sacrifices) or the rite of gifting in front of dead ancestors is carried out. A sheep or a cow is sacrificed. Choose so that the legs and horns are not injured.

We always gather with the whole family on these holidays at the table, prepare treats, invite guests.

And now I will tell you about the most fun and favorite Tatar holiday -

This is Sabantuy. Literally, "Sabantuy" means "Feast of the Plow" (saban - plow and tuy - holiday) Now Sabantuy is held in June, after sowing. Sabantuy starts in the morning. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan, a large meadow. This is a very beautiful and kind holiday. There are a lot of entertainments on Sabantuy. Every year I visit this festival and I can list some of the traditional competitions that are held there: 1. National wrestling kuresh. The fight follows certain rules: opponents wrap wide belts around each other, the task is to hang the opponent on his sash in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner of kuresh, an absolute batyr, receives a live ram as a reward and with it on his shoulders makes a circle of honor. True, recently a ram has often been replaced with some other valuable prize - a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, or even a car. 2. Horse racing. An interesting point: not only the winner is awarded, but also the one who came last. 3. Running with a spoon in his mouth. But the spoon is not empty, it contains a raw egg, with which you must run first to the finish line. 4. Another competition in which my friends participated was “break the pot”: the participants are blindfolded. They give a long stick in their hands and tell them to break the pot with it .. 5. Climbing a very high smooth pillar, naturally at the top, a prize awaits

All participants are awarded with souvenirs, and the winners with prizes. The very organization of Sabantuy contains the principle: “Do not offend, do not offend, do not humiliate a single person. No one should leave with a heavy heart, with resentment.

And at this holiday, concerts are organized in which Tatar national and modern songs are heard. They are performed by professional and amateur artists.

And what's a party without food! There you can taste national dishes (bishbarmak, chak-chak, byalish) and many other delicious things.

Traditional Tatar costumein all its beauty, grandeur and femininity is the most valuable monument of folk art. It reflects the art of tailoring, a variety of embroidery, jewelry and leather mosaics.
Like many peoples, the basis of the Tatar costume is a plain, spacious shirt of a tunic cut. Often the dresses were sewn with gathered hem and decorated with wide waves, frills or fringes. As a rule, shirts were not worn separately. Over the dress, swinging clothes were always worn in the form of camisoles, sewn from heavy silk or velvet fabrics and decorated with ribbon trim.
Due to removable decorations, the costume took on a festive and more noble look. An elegant bib was popular, covering the neckline of the dress from above. A decorative braid was sewn along the rounded side of the breastplate, on which coins and brooches were attached. A baldric, also decorated with various brooches and plaques, gave a rich look to the Tatar costume.

As shoes, the Tatars were widely wearingichig (chitek) . Galoshes were everyday shoes. Shoes were considered to be shoes. Women's shoes were patterned, often with heels. Shoes with a sharp, slightly raised toe were considered traditional. In winter, boots were worn, short and high.

Among men's hats, a special place was occupied byskullcap

The main headdress for women was kalfak . Muslim women braided their hair in two braids that went down their backs. Bedspreads are more typical for older women. They were different in shape: triangular, square, towel-shaped. Top hats were worn over the covers, firmly holding them on the head. These were different bandages, scarves and hats.Among the Muslim clergy, the Tatars also woreturbans .

Tatar cuisine

The culinary traditions of the Tatars have evolved over more than one century. The composition of the products was primarily influenced by natural conditions and, last but not least, by lifestyle. To this day, in Tatar cuisine there is a great variety in the recipe for baking from unleavened, yeast, rich, sour, sweet dough. Such Tatar dishes as kystyby (chebureks), belish, vak belish, echpochmak(kurnik), peremyach (belyashi), gubadia (pie), baursak, chak-chak extremely tasty and known not only to the Tatars. Chak-chak is the pride of the Tatar national cuisine. It is served as a special treat at weddings, ceremonial receptions..

Conclusion

In the course of research and study of the traditions of the Tatar people, I learned a lot. I became more closely acquainted with the culture and customs of my people. I learned about various holidays and rituals. Participated in the district fair "Our Origins" in the nomination "Costume. Style origins "and learned how to cook traditional dishes. And all this is thanks to my family, their stories, observance of traditions, the desire to preserve and pass on from generation to generation precious experience and knowledge about the Tatar culture.

Undoubtedly, our hypothesis was proved. Now, knowing the traditions and customs of my people, I have a different look at the people living next to me, at people of other nationalities. I realized that each culture is unique and it is necessary to respect all the peoples living next to us.

In the future, I would like to continue studying the multifaceted culture of my people, touching on other aspects of its existence.