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An affectionate name for a pregnant woman. Pregnancy. Signs and course of pregnancy. The body of a pregnant woman. Genitals during pregnancy

Even before the baby is born, parents begin to think about how to name the baby. The name is given to a person once for a lifetime, so it is important to approach his choice consciously. The name you choose for a girl or boy will largely determine the character and even the fate of a son or daughter. On our site you will learn how to name a child by the sign of the zodiac, how different names are combined with Russian surnames and patronymics, what advantages and disadvantages this or that name has for a girl or boy, you will find interesting detailed descriptions of a variety of male and female names.

How to name a child by date of birth

Even bearers of the same name can have completely different characters and destinies, since they are also largely influenced by the day, month and year of the child's birth. Summer Alexandras are significantly different from winter ones, and those born in the year of the Boar Anastasia are completely different from their Teski-Sheep.

After all, any parents would certainly like their children to be happy, harmonious, successful and successful. This is why many of us start thinking ahead of time about how best to name our child.

The influence of the date of birth on the fate of a person has been thought about since ancient times. Today the science of numbers and their meaning in our life has become widespread and popular. Numerologists propose to name the child by the date of his birth, determining the most successful name for her.

In addition, there is an astrological calendar that studies the combination of different names with the signs of the zodiac. Consider also what time of year and what year the baby was born. For example, the character of a spring child needs to be supported by a firm, decisive name, and a gentle, romantic one is more suitable for an autumn one.

How to name a child according to the church calendar

Another simple and very convenient way to name a child depending on the date of birth is to choose a name according to the church calendar. For each day of the year, the church calendar offers several names, the carriers of which celebrate their day of the angel on this day. It is believed that the saints, whose day falls on the same date, will protect the person named after him, and this is important.

If you do not like the name proposed for a specific date, then you can choose one of those whose name days fall on any of the next days after that, but not those preceding it. And may heavenly powers protect your baby!

A special condition of a woman's body, in which a developing embryo or fetus is located in her reproductive organs. Pregnancy occurs as a result of the fusion of the female and male germ cells in the fallopian tube, after which a zygote containing 46 chromosomes is formed.

The gender of the unborn child depends on the set of sex chromosomes (XX or XY), while the eggs are always carriers of the X chromosome, and the spermatozoa of the X or Y chromosome (in a 50:50 ratio).

Thus, the sex of the unborn child is determined precisely by the sex chromosome, the carrier of which is the sperm (in the case of the X chromosome, a female child will be born, and in the case of the Y chromosome, a male). As a result of cell division, a blastocyst is formed, which attaches to the wall of the uterus on the seventh day. In the first three months of pregnancy (first trimester), the organs of the fetus are laid, by the end of the 12th week the placenta is completely formed. Through it, the fetus receives nutrients and the final metabolic products are removed. The duration of a person's pregnancy is 9 months, or 40 obstetric weeks (counted from the date of the last menstrual period). In obstetrics, physiological and pathological pregnancies are distinguished. Normally, any pregnancy ends with a generic act - a child is born, and in the case of multiple pregnancies, twins (homo-identical or heterozygous are different).

Pregnancy Planning

Family planning is one of the main ways to solve the global demographic problem of stabilizing the world's population. The most commonly used methods allow the couple to have satisfying sexual intercourse on a regular basis, while reliably reducing the woman's likelihood of an unwanted pregnancy, at least until the couple decides it should. In this regard, family planning includes methods that either prevent fertilization or act after fertilization to interfere with the implantation of the embryo.

Currently, there is an effective possibility of planning pregnancy. One of the most effective methods today is the symptothermal method, as one of the natural methods of family planning.

Signs of pregnancy

Early diagnosis of pregnancy and determination of its term is important not only from the point of view of obstetrics, but also due to the fact that anatomical, physiological and hormonal changes that occur after conception can have a significant impact on the course of extragenital diseases that are in the history of a future mother in childbirth. ... All signs that make it possible to diagnose pregnancy are divided into presumptive (doubtful), probable and reliable. They can be based on subjective or objective data. However, at present, due to the widespread introduction of ultrasound diagnostics (ultrasound) into obstetric practice, the signs of pregnancy described in classical textbooks on gynecology and obstetrics are no longer so significant.

Doubtful (presumptive) signs (based on subjective data):

  • vomiting or nausea (especially in the morning), changes in smell, appetite, or eating habits;
  • arising intolerance to some odors;
  • dysfunctions of the nervous system (drowsiness, lethargy, frequent mood swings, dizziness, malaise, irritability);
  • increased urination;
  • engorgement of the mammary glands, their increased sensitivity;
  • change (increase) in skin pigmentation (darkening) on ​​the face, in the nipple area, along the white line of the abdomen;
  • the appearance of scars (stripes) of pregnancy (striae) on the mammary glands, hips, abdominal skin;
  • an increase in the volume of the abdomen.

Probable signs (objective signs determined by examination):

  • amenorrhea (absence of menstruation);
  • enlargement of the mammary glands, the appearance of colostrum;
  • cyanosis (cyanosis) of the vaginal mucosa and cervix;
  • change in the shape, volume, consistency of the uterus (with an internal obstetric examination);
  • an increase in the uterus from 5-6 weeks of gestation, first in the anteroposterior size, then in the transverse;
  • Horvits-Gegara symptom: softening of the uterus, especially in the isthmus. In a two-handed study, the fingers touch in the isthmus without resistance. It is typical for 6-8 weeks from the last menstruation;
  • Snegirev's sign: variability of the consistency of the uterus: with mechanical irritation or two-handed examination, the uterus thickens and contracts, then becomes soft again.
  • sign of Piskachek: in the early stages, there is an asymmetry of the uterus, protrusion of one of the corners where the implantation took place. With an increase in the term disappears.
  • sign of Gubarev and Gauss: in the early stages, there is a slight mobility of the neck, which is associated with a significant softening of the isthmus.
  • Genter's sign: in the early stages, due to the softening of the isthmus, there is an inflection of the uterus in front and a ridge-like thickening on the anterior surface of the uterus along the midline (it is not always determined);
  • Rapid pregnancy test.

Reliable (undoubted) signs (detected in the second half of pregnancy):

  • the fetal heartbeat is determined (with the help of an obstetric stethoscope, you can listen to the fetal heartbeat);
  • a feeling of fetal movement (in primiparous women at 18-20 weeks, in multiparous women at 16-18 weeks);
  • detection and palpation of large (head, pelvis) and small (arms, legs) parts of the fetus and / or its movements (starting from the second trimester of pregnancy) during external obstetric examination. When palpating the abdomen with Leopold's techniques (external obstetric examination techniques), the position, position, appearance, presentation of the fetus and the relation of the presenting part to the small pelvis are determined;
  • on the roentgenogram and echogram, the skeleton of the fetus is determined;
  • determination of the fetus and placenta using ultrasound diagnostics.
Physiological Pregnancy

As with any pregnancy, the occurrence is associated with the process of fertilization (conception), that is, the fusion of a mature male reproductive cell (or gamete), called the sperm, and an egg, the female reproductive cell (or gamete). Thus, the common cell (zygote) formed upon completion of the fertilization process or the fusion of two gametes is the beginning of a new organism.

Duration of Pregnancy

The average gestation period from fertilization to delivery is 38 weeks (fetal period). The average duration of pregnancy from the start of the last menstrual period until delivery is 40 weeks (obstetric time). The use of the obstetric term is more common in medicine, since the date of fertilization is usually difficult to determine.

Intrauterine human development is usually divided into periods. The development of the embryo from fertilization of the egg to the start of implantation (the first week of development) is characterized as the preimplantation period, the subsequent development is referred to as the post-implantation period. In the preimplantation period, the embryo is not attached to the mother's uterus wall, during the first 4 days the embryo moves from the fertilization site (ampullar part of the fallopian tube) along the fallopian tube towards the uterus, on the 5-6 day of development, the embryo is in the woman's uterus, preparing itself for implantation ( see Zona pellucida). It is also customary to distinguish embryonic (the first 8 weeks from fertilization) and fetal (from 9 weeks before childbirth) periods of development. During the embryonic period, the spatial organization of primary structures (morphogenesis), the initial differentiation of cells and the establishment of organ systems (organogenesis) occur. During the fetal period, organs develop within the framework of the formed systems, to a large extent, an increase in the size of the fetus occurs.

The embryonic period. The embryonic period lasts from the moment of fertilization until the end of the 8th week of the embryonic period (10th week of the obstetric period). During the embryonic period, fertilization, cleavage (formation of multicellularity), implantation (introduction into the uterus), gastrulation (formation of germ layers), organogenesis (formation of organs), placentation and other processes occur. During the embryonic period, the embryo increases in size from 0.1 mm (fertilized egg) to 3 cm (excluding the membranes). Initially, the embryo does not resemble a baby, and only gradually it acquires features and structure similar to that of an infant. In the last week of the embryonic period, some embryonic structures disappear in the embryo (gill arches and gill slits, tail, allantois decreases).

Fetal period. The fetal period lasts from the 11th week of the obstetric period until delivery. By the beginning of the fetal period, all organ systems are formed in the fetus (development occurs within the framework of the formed systems), outwardly the fetus resembles a baby, the fetus grows intensively and the proportions of the body change.

The sensitivity of the embryo and fetus to negative influences is the higher, the shorter the gestation period. During the embryonic period, the risk of spontaneous abortion is approximately 10 times higher than during the fetal period.

It is customary to divide a woman's pregnancy into so-called "trimesters" (periods of three months). Accordingly, they talk about the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Each of the trimesters is characterized by certain obstetric characteristics and risks.

Pregnancy against the background of extragenital pathology

In the structure of extragenital pathology (extragenital diseases) in pregnant women, the first place is taken by pathology (diseases) of the cardiovascular system (80%), including congenital and acquired heart defects (including rheumatic heart defects), conditions after surgery on the heart, arterial hypertension, hypertension.

Complications of Pregnancy

Pregnancy does not always go smoothly. Complications include:

  • Nausea and excessive vomiting of pregnant women;
  • Frozen pregnancy;
  • The threat of termination of pregnancy;
  • Varicose veins of the lower extremities;
  • Varicose veins of the vagina;
  • Late toxicosis: nephropathy of pregnancy, preeclampsia and eclampsia;
  • Fetal hypoxia;
  • Back pain;
  • Anemia (anemia) in the mother;
  • Immunological conflicts and Rh-conflict between mother and fetus;
  • Placental insufficiency;
  • Feto-fetal transfusion syndrome;
  • Gestosis

A separate type of complicated pregnancy is Ectopic pregnancy... In this case, fetal development is impossible, and sooner or later it ends in miscarriage.

In most cases, with timely detection, modern medicine is able to prevent and reduce undesirable consequences to a minimum.

Vitamins for Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the metabolism changes, the work of the hormonal system is rebuilt. With the onset of pregnancy, a woman's need for vitamins and minerals increases. For example, calcium is required one and a half times more than at normal times; zinc, iodine, vitamins B6 and B12 - by an average of 30%; and iron and folic acid - twice.

Pregnancy is a physiological process in which a new human body develops in a woman's uterus, resulting from fertilization.

Pregnancy in women it lasts on average 280 days(40 weeks, which corresponds to 9 calendar months or 10 lunar months). It is also customary to divide pregnancy into 3 trimesters of 3 calendar months each.

Early pregnancy signs

In the early stages, pregnancy is diagnosed on the basis of doubtful and probable signs.

Doubtful signs of pregnancy- various kinds of subjective sensations, as well as objectively determined changes in the body, outside the internal genital organs: taste whims, changes in olfactory sensations, easy fatigue, drowsiness, skin pigmentation on the face, along the white line of the abdomen, nipples and areola.

Likely signs of pregnancy- objective signs on the part of the genitals, mammary glands and when staging biological reactions to pregnancy. These include: the cessation of menstruation in women of childbearing age, an increase in mammary glands and the appearance of colostrum when squeezing out of the nipples, cyanosis of the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix, changes in the shape and consistency of the uterus, and an increase in its size.

You can preliminarily verify the presence of pregnancy at home using an express test for the content of the hormone chorionic gonadotropin in a woman's urine (the test is carried out from the first day of the delay in the next menstruation).

It allows you to confirm the fact of pregnancy.

Changes in the body of a pregnant woman

Numerous and complex changes occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. These physiological changes create conditions for the intrauterine development of the fetus, prepare the woman's body for childbirth and breastfeeding of the newborn. Menstruation stops, mammary glands increase in volume, nipples darken.

Many pregnant women in the first trimester have nausea, sometimes vomiting - these symptoms are commonly called. Weakness, drowsiness, heartburn, salivation, change in taste, and frequent urination are common. These disorders of well-being are characteristic of a healthy and normal pregnancy.

Especially great changes occur in the genitals of a woman. The uterus increases with each, the blood supply to the internal and external genital organs increases. The tissues swell, acquire elasticity, which contributes to their better stretching during childbirth. In the mammary glands, the number and volume of glandular lobules increase, their blood supply increases, they become tense, from the nipples. The amount of gonadotropic hormones, as well as estrogens and progesterone, produced first by the corpus luteum (a temporary gland formed at the site of the follicle, from which the mature egg came out) and then, sharply increases. The hormones secreted by the corpus luteum (progesterone and, to a lesser extent, estrogens) contribute to the creation of conditions for the proper development of pregnancy. The corpus luteum undergoes reverse development after the fourth month in connection with the formation of the hormonal function of the placenta.

For the management of pregnancy, it is necessary (after 3 to 4 weeks after a delay in menstruation), where the doctor examines and examines the external and internal genital organs, and if necessary, additional examinations are prescribed.

Genitals during pregnancy

Uterus. During pregnancy, the size, shape, position, consistency and reactivity (excitability) of the uterus change. The uterus gradually enlarges throughout the pregnancy. The enlargement of the uterus occurs mainly due to hypertrophy of the muscle fibers of the uterus; at the same time there is a multiplication of muscle fibers, the growth of newly formed muscle elements of the reticular fibrous and argyrophilic "frame" of the uterus.

The uterus is not only a fruit receptacle that protects the fetus from adverse external influences, but also a metabolic organ that provides the fetus with enzymes, complex compounds necessary for the plastic processes of a rapidly developing fetus.

Vagina during pregnancy, it lengthens, expands, the folds of the mucous membrane protrude more sharply. The external genitals are loosened during pregnancy.

Pregnant woman lifestyle, regimen, nutrition and hygiene

The developing fetus receives all the necessary nutrients from the mother. The well-being of the fetus depends entirely on the health of the mother, her working conditions, rest, the state of the nervous and endocrine systems.

Pregnant women are released from night shifts, heavy physical work, work associated with body vibration or adverse effects on the body of chemical. substances. During pregnancy, jerky movements, heavy lifting and significant fatigue should be avoided. A pregnant woman needs to sleep at least 8 hours a day. Walking is recommended before bed.

A pregnant woman must be carefully protected from infectious diseases, which pose a particular danger to the pregnant woman's body and the fetus.

During pregnancy, you must especially carefully monitor the purity of the skin. Purity of the skin promotes the elimination of metabolic products harmful to the body through sweat.

A pregnant woman should wash her external genitals with warm water and soap twice a day. Douching during pregnancy should be administered with great caution.

During pregnancy, you should carefully monitor the state of the oral cavity and make the necessary.

The mammary glands should be washed daily with warm water and soap and wiped off with a towel. These methods prevent cracked nipples and mastitis. If, then you should massage them.

Pregnant clothes should be comfortable and loose: do not wear tightening belts, tight bras, etc. In the second half of pregnancy, it is recommended to wear a bandage that should support the abdomen, but not squeeze it.

The pregnant woman should wear low-heeled shoes.

What is the correct way to submit health notes for pregnant women? What should I write before the name?

Hieromonk Job (Gumerov) answers:

The modern word "pregnant" in the Church Slavonic language corresponds to the word "not idle". "Woe to those who are not idle and to those who are milked in those days" (Matthew 24:19; Mark 13:17)

One of the meanings of the word "fruiting" in modern Russian implies pregnancy: "carrying a fetus" ( D.N. Ushakov. The Comprehensive Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language. M., 2006.S. 695). However, in the church tradition, the word “fruitful” has a different meaning: “one must understand both those who, out of pious custom and zeal, bring earthly fruits to the church, and those who, partly by advice, care and labors, and partly by their generosity, increase the splendor of the church” (Complete Church Slavonic Dictionary / Comp. priest Grigory Dyachenko. M., 1993.S. 432. Reprint). A petition is made about them during the augmented litany: "We also pray for those who bear fruit and those who are good in this holy and all-honorable temple ...". We pray for them at the end of evening prayers: "Remember, O Lord, those who bear fruit and do good in Thy holy churches and give them even petition and eternal life for salvation."

Health notes for pregnant women should include not idle but if it is written fruiting, then the priest will still understand what is at stake.