What vaccinations are required for children. Vaccination calendar for adults and children of different countries

The vaccination calendar existing in Russia is one of the most extensive in the world. By 2017, it was once again revised by the Ministry of Health, some amendments were introduced. For example, the new vaccination schedule has increased the number of children at risk. The schedule is relevant for the entire territory of the country, its modification is possible only in those regions where high epidemiological indicators for any type of infection will be revealed.

The national immunization schedule is drawn up in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 229 "On the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications", as well as the law No. 157-FZ "On immunization". Both documents are available for review on the website of the Ministry of Health.

Many parents are interested in the question: "Is it necessary to give vaccinations to a child?" The answer to it is spelled out in Article 5 of Federal Law No. 157 and is confirmed by Order No. 229. In the first paragraph of this article, among other rights during immunization, it is noted that citizens have the right to refuse preventive vaccinations. There are no compulsory vaccinations on the territory of our country. Clause three obliges to confirm the refusal in writing, that is, by submitting an application.

When deciding to refuse vaccination, you must remember that this will entail a number of restrictions:

• if mass infectious infections erupt or an epidemic threat is declared, a child without vaccinations may be temporarily denied access to an educational (health-improving) institution;
• will be prohibited from traveling to countries where, according to international agreements and health regulations, certain vaccinations are required.

Today the policy of medical and educational institutions is focused on mass vaccination. Therefore, the school management literally "drives" entire classes into the treatment room, not interested in the wishes of the child and parents regarding vaccination. Therefore, it is important that the student knows that no one and in any organization has the right to give him injections, dispense medicines, examine and perform other medical procedures without the consent of parents or guardians.

If a child is under pressure from teachers or health workers, he can simply go home. Parents must first submit an application for refusal addressed to the manager, keep a copy of this document.

If the child is small and cannot stand up for his rights on his own, it will be necessary not only to formalize the refusal officially (Order No. 229), but also to warn the closest circle of him (educators, nurses, midwives) about him orally. It is important that the copy left on hand is signed by the person in charge and notarized.

Compulsory vaccination violates the law of the Russian Federation No. 157, order No. 229 and may be a reason for contacting the Prosecutor's Office.

2019 vaccination calendar

7 years Vaccination against tuberculosis
Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus BCG
ADS

Age	Vaccination name	Vaccine
Newborn (in the first 24 hours of life)	The first
Newborns (3-7 days)		BCG-M
1 month	Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B
2 month	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) The first
3 month	First vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus The first The first	DTP
4.5 months	Second vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus Second vaccination against haemophilus influenzae Second vaccination against polio Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection	DTP
6 months	Third vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus Third Haemophilus influenza vaccination Third vaccination against polio Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	DTP
12 months	The fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) Vaccination against chickenpox before admission to preschool educational organizations, children of orphanages
15 months	Booster vaccination against pneumococcal infection
18 months	The first revaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk groups)	DTP
20 months	Second revaccination against poliomyelitis
3-6 years old	Vaccination against hepatitis A for children before enrolling in preschool educational organizations
6 years	Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps
6-7 years old	Revaccination against tuberculosis Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus
Girls 12-13 years old	Vaccination against human papillomavirus
13 years old	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B (previously not vaccinated)
14 years	The third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus The third revaccination against polio	ADS BCG
Adults	Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the moment of the last revaccination	ADS

Additional immunization of the population against hepatitis B, rubella, poliomyelitis with an inactivated vaccine and influenza

Age	Vaccination name	Vaccine
Children from 1 to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B
Children from 1 to 18 years old, not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella; girls from 18 to 25 years old, not sick, not previously vaccinated	Rubella immunization
Young children with clinical signs of an immunodeficiency state (frequent pustular diseases); HIV-infected or born to HIV-infected mothers; with an established diagnosis of oncohematological diseases and / or receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a long time; children who are at the 2nd stage of nursing and have reached 3 months of age; inmates of orphanages (regardless of health status); children from families where there are patients with immunodeficiency diseases	Vaccination against poliomyelitis with inactivated vaccine
Children from 6 months of age, children attending preschool institutions, students in grades 1-11, students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, medical workers, employees of educational institutions, adults over 60	Flu vaccine

Vaccination notes

There are additional conditions for the introduction of some vaccines:

1. Hepatitis B vaccination is given to absolutely all children in the first day of life, including those born to healthy women, as well as newborns from risk groups.
2. Vaccination of newborns against tuberculosis is performed with BCG-M. In the regions of Russia, where the incidence rate exceeds 80 cases per 100,000 population, and in cases where tuberculosis patients are identified in the child's family, BCG is used for vaccination.
3. Hepatitis B vaccinations are given according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme. The first vaccine is administered on the first day of life, the second at 1 month, the third at 2 months, and the fourth in a year. The scheme is the same for all children, including newborns at risk.
4. Vaccination against hepatitis B - according to the scheme 0-3-6. The first vaccine is administered at a time determined by the doctor, the second - three months after the first, the third - six months after the first. This scheme is used for all newborns and children not included in the risk groups.
5. For vaccination against poliomyelitis, an inactivated vaccine is used, which is administered three times to all children under one year old.
6. Tuberculosis revaccination is intended for tuberclin-negative (not having tuberculosis bacteria) children aged 7 and 14 with BCG.
7. In regions of Russia with an incidence rate of less than 40 cases per 100,000 population, tuberculosis revaccination at the age of 14 is carried out with BCG for children who were not vaccinated at the age of 7 and do not have tuberculosis bacteria.
8. All vaccines presented in the calendar of preventive vaccinations for children in 2017 were produced in Russia and in foreign countries. They are registered and approved for use in our country, subject to the prescribed procedure and instructions for use.
9. Children under one year old from hepatitis B are recommended to be vaccinated with a drug that does not contain the preservative thiomersal.
10. All vaccines of the national immunization schedule presented in the table above, with the exception of BCG and BCG-M, are allowed to be administered with a break of a month or at the same time, but using separate syringes and in different places.
11. If the dates for starting vaccination are missed, then it is carried out according to the scheme provided for by the calendar of compulsory vaccinations and according to the instructions for the use of vaccines.
12. Vaccination of children whose mothers are HIV-infected is carried out according to the calendar of preventive vaccinations for children, but according to an individually compiled schedule and taking into account the instructions for the use of toxoids and vaccines.
13. When vaccinating children born to HIV-infected women, it is necessary to take into account: the type of vaccine, the presence or absence of immunodeficiency in the child, age, comorbidities.
14. All children born to HIV-infected mothers are injected with inactivated and recombinant drugs, regardless of whether the child is infected and at what stage of the disease he is.
15. After diagnostics in order to exclude immunodeficiency, children with HIV infection are injected with live drugs for vaccination. If no immunodeficiency is detected, then live vaccines are given in accordance with the vaccination schedule for children in the National Calendar. If an immunodeficiency is detected, then the use of live vaccines is prohibited.
16. Six months after the first vaccination of HIV-infected people with a live vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella, the amount of antibodies is determined. If they are absent, then a second vaccine is administered.

Failure to comply with the vaccination schedule

The vaccination table of the National Calendar defines vaccinations by age. But these numbers only roughly indicate the beginning of the introduction of drugs. It must be remembered: the optimal age for starting vaccination is determined individually. The pediatrician has the right to withdraw from the calendar if the child has developmental disorders, an acute course of any disease, or allergic reactions.

Earlier than the scheduled time, the vaccine can be delivered to the child ahead of development or if there is a tense epidemiological situation. In other words, when there are infected people in the family or in the classroom, it is worth giving the vaccine without waiting for the scheduled day.

It is necessary to transfer the vaccination if the child has recently been ill with any infectious disease. In order to understand whether he has fully recovered, you need to wait a few weeks, in the case of acute respiratory infections and flu - about a month. Only then can the vaccine be given. But this does not mean that a frequently ill child may not be vaccinated at all. Due to a weakened immune system, the risk of catching an infection is much greater.

Contraindications for vaccination include some of the congenital diseases, chronic inflammation. It should be noted that with a qualified and prudent approach to the procedure, a child with contraindications can also be vaccinated.

In this case, with the consent of the parents, an integrated approach is used, including preparation for the administration of the drug, the administration itself and measures to neutralize complications (if necessary).

During school age, the number of vaccinations decreases. Vaccinations against viral hepatitis and rubella have been added to the 2017 vaccination calendar in Russia, but they are optional.

The total number of routine vaccinations is calculated for a child with weak immunity. For most children today, it is reduced. Statistics show that the number of sick children has increased, despite the vaccinations. That is, their immune system was unable to develop antibodies even after being vaccinated. But there is also a positive point, all these children got sick without complications.

You can move away from the vaccination schedule if the child has strong immunity. In this case, more rare inoculation with the same vaccine is possible. But in order to determine how strong the immunity is, you need to undergo a number of diagnostic procedures that are carried out in large medical centers privately. Such services are not provided in children's clinics.

The national immunization schedule is designed in such a way that the vaccines included in it cannot have a pronounced negative effect on the child. The body's reactions to the injected vaccine are much safer and easier than the disease itself.

Changes and additions to the childhood vaccination schedule occur annually. Updates are approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on the basis of data from the practical work of doctors. The document is always focused on the current state of children's health.

When working with the vaccination schedule for 2017, forecasts of an increase in the total number of carriers of infections were taken into account and a resolution part of the procedures was created on the indicators of the epidemiological situation.

I like!

Others are against, and still others are in thought. Before joining any of the groups, you need to understand the concept of "vaccination" and familiarize yourself with the presented material. We will consider all the basic vaccinations up to a year (which are mandatory and which are optional), and also get acquainted with the list of vaccines administered after reaching the age of one.

The history of the development of vaccination

The first records of vaccinations date back to the 8th century. At that time, Ayurveda healers discovered that smallpox vaccination induces immunity to its severe form. But due to the lack of knowledge about the types of the disease, the result of vaccination was often fatal.

For centuries, scientists from different countries have dealt with the issue of disease prevention through vaccination, conducted research, wrote scientific works. But only at the end of the 19th century, Louis Pasteur (French immunologist) was able to get close enough to the method of developing vaccines for various infectious diseases.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, more than 100 different vaccines have been developed that protect against forty infections caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

What is vaccination?

Vaccination is a synthetic method, by introducing a special material into the human body to increase its resistance to various infectious diseases. Vaccinations are done for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

Classification of vaccines

Vaccines
By the nature of microorganisms	By manufacturing method	By the nature of the immunogen
Bacterial	Live weakened pathogenic microorganisms	Genetically engineered vaccines
		Chimeric, vector vaccines, or recombinant	The gene that controls the synthesis of a protective protein is embedded in a safe microorganism
Viral	Killed microorganisms	Whole microbial or whole virion vaccines	They are made up of bacteria or viruses that retain their structure during the manufacturing process
Rickettsial		Chemical vaccines, toxoids	Produced from the waste products of a microorganism or its combined components
		Synthetic vaccines	An immunogen is a chemical analogue of a protective protein obtained by direct chemical synthesis

Vaccination methods

Vaccination of children is carried out in the following ways:

1. Intramuscular injection. The most preferred method of administering vaccines, since in this case it dissolves faster, immunity begins to develop faster, while the risk of allergic reactions is reduced.
2. Oral route. Thus, a vaccine against enterovirus infections is administered, which is swallowed by the patient in the form of drops, with sugar or cracker. The disadvantage of this method is that the correct dosage may not be followed.
3. Intradermal. In this way, vaccines such as anti-tuberculosis BCG, live tularemia and smallpox are administered.
4. The method is preferable for many inactivated and "live" vaccines (against rubella, measles, mumps, yellow fever and others).
5. Intranasal method. It implies the introduction of a vaccine through the nose and is a method of combating diseases spread by airborne droplets.

Mandatory and additional vaccinations

On the territory of the Russian Federation up to a year includes compulsory and additional vaccination.

Mandatory vaccination - vaccinations against infections and diseases of the most severe forms. They are also included in the national and regional immunization schedules. Additional vaccination is carried out at the request of the patient, for example, before traveling.

For the last time, the national calendar up to one year and older was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated February 31, 2011 under number 51n "On the approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications." The approved vaccination schedule for up to a year and older provides for the introduction of vaccines against such major common infectious viral and bacterial diseases as tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, mumps and others.

Mandatory vaccinations for children under one year old - schedule

Below is a list of vaccinations that are mandatory for a child under one year old.

Vaccination table up to a year - compulsory vaccination

Vaccination against	Start grafting	Terms of revaccination				Note	Vaccine name
Hepatitis B	The first 24 hours of life	In the 1st month	At 2 months			Children at risk	Euwax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Н-В-Vax II, Hepatect, Hepatitis B vaccine, specific human immunoglobulins
				In six months		Children outside the risk group
Tuberculosis	3-7th day of life					Active prevention of tuberculosis	BCG, BCG-M
Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus		At 18 months				Up to 18 months, pertussis vaccines are used, and from 6 years of age - whooping cough vaccines with a lower composition of antigens (for children of every age group)	DTP, Infanrix; ADS, ADS-M, T. Adyult, Imovaks
Hemophilic infection	1 to 5 years old	At 18 months				Conducted according to the instructions only for children at risk	Act-HIB (inactivated PRT-T vaccine)
Poliomyelitis		At 18 months	At 20 months				MMR-II, Priorix

The vaccination schedule for up to a year may shift slightly, for example, children who weighed less than 2000 grams at birth are given later, since they have very thin skin.

Vaccinations for children under one year old - 2014

Vaccination against	Who is doing	Months
Tuberculosis		on the 3-7th day
Hepatitis B	All children of this age category	first inoculation	vaccination				re-vaccination
	Children at risk			re-vaccination			re-vaccination
Pneumococcal infection	All children of this age category		first vaccination			re-vaccination
	All children of this age category				first vaccination	re-vaccination	re-vaccination
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Polio	All children of this age category					Inactivated polio myelitis vaccine	Oral polio myelitis vaccine
	Children at risk						unactivated polio myelitis vaccine
Hemophilic infection	Children at risk				first vaccination	re-vaccination	re-vaccination
							Annually

Additional vaccinations

The list of preventive vaccinations is quite large, so the most common ones will be mentioned below.

Vaccination table for up to a year and older - additional vaccination

Vaccination against	Risk group	Vaccine name
hepatitis A	Children attending kindergartens, schools, camps, as well as moving to other cities and countries	Aquasim 80, Havrix 720, Vakta 25
pneumococcal infections	Children of any age
meningococcal infection	Children aged 1 to 5 years due to the inability of their body to form immunity against infection	Vaccine against meningococcal infection A, A and C, Meningo A + C
tick-borne encephalitis	Children of all ages, often in nature	FSME-IMMUN Junior, Encepur, MPO Viri, immunoglobulin FSME-Bulin, immunoglobulin against tick-borne encephalitis

What vaccinations are required for a child per year

After complex vaccination at 6 months, the child is vaccinated at 1 year. It includes vaccinations against rubella, measles and mumps.

Measles is a viral disease spread by airborne droplets (during a conversation, when coughing, sneezing, etc.). The temperature rises to 39-40 o C. Symptoms are as follows: intoxication, rash, damage to the mucous membrane of the nose and larynx (runny nose, cough, sneezing, photophobia).

Rubella is a viral infection. It is distributed by airborne droplets. Children tolerate the disease more easily than adults. Symptoms are as follows: mild fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes. If a child falls ill with rubella in the womb, then there is a high risk of miscarriage or the development of congenital malformations.

Mumps is a virus that causes mumps. When it enters a healthy body by airborne droplets and through contaminated objects, it begins to multiply rapidly in the salivary glands. Symptoms: fever, enlarged salivary glands, general malaise, loss of appetite.

A comprehensive vaccination is done a year under the scapula. Revaccination occurs at 6 years of age. Vaccination at 1 year forms immune protection against measles, rubella and mumps for 25 years.

The difference between government and paid vaccinations

Recently, cases have become more frequent when doctors of polyclinics offer parents to do both state free vaccinations and paid ones. At the same time, there is no one hundred percent statement that a paid vaccine is better.

Most often, paid vaccinations for children under one year old are a vaccine that contains components against several diseases, for example, from diphtheria, whooping cough, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, type B influenza. Free vaccination differs in that one or more components are missing. This does not mean that it will be ineffective. It's just that the vaccination schedule for up to a year provides for vaccinations in several ways, for example, polio vaccination is done separately (not intramuscularly, but orally).

Also, due to the large number of vaccines after paid vaccinations, there is a fraction of the likelihood of side effects that would not have happened in the case of a standard vaccination. All vaccines, paid and public, are included in the list of those recommended and licensed by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Contraindications for vaccination

There are the following contraindications for vaccination:

1. True, that is, those that have been proven by various studies and are listed in official Russian and international instructions.
2. False, created by opponents of vaccination.
3. Absolute - refer to true contraindications, in which vaccination is completely excluded.
4. Conditional (relative) - refer to the true contraindications, in which the doctor makes the decision to vaccinate, based on the history of the patient's clinical record and the prevailing epidemic situation.
5. Temporary, that is, the patient has the following symptoms at the time of vaccination: fever, unacceptable results of blood and urine tests, overestimated or underestimated clinical norm, weakness, the presence of inflammatory processes.
6. Permanent - those that are not removed even after a lapse of time.
7. Private contraindications relate to a specific vaccine.

More details on contraindications can be found by examining the table below.

Vaccination table up to a year and older - contraindications

Vaccine	Existing contraindications
Any vaccine	Post-vaccination complication of the first vaccination or acute reaction to the administration
All live vaccines	Malignant tumors Pregnancy
	Developing diseases of the nervous system, temperature cramps
	The baby weighs less than 2,000 grams at birth Keloid scar, including after the first time
Against viral hepatitis B	Hypersensitivity (allergy) to baker's yeast
Vaccines ADS, AD-M and ADS-M	Severe reaction or post-vaccination complication to the first shot Immune malaise at the first vaccination Malignant neoplasms Pregnancy
Live mumps and measles vaccines, rubella, combined di- and trivial vaccines	Severe hypersensitivity (allergy) to aminoglycosides Anaphylactic reaction to egg white (except rubella vaccine)

The provided list of contraindications tends to be reduced. This is due to recent improvements in vaccines.

In order for the vaccine to fulfill its purpose, and not harm, and the child is not afraid of this procedure in the future, there are the following recommendations:

• it is necessary to do blood and urine tests;
• get the conclusions of a pediatric neurologist and allergist;
• do not feed the child before vaccination with new food for him;
• do not frighten the baby with vaccinations, even if it is a comic form;
• Take your child's favorite toy and a clean diaper or sheet with you for vaccination;
• do not forget (if any);
• discuss with your doctor all your questions and doubts;
• on the day of the vaccination itself, measure the baby's body temperature;
• try not to worry yourself and not show your anxiety to the child;
• If during the vaccination the child cries, then let him cry, and then let the baby take a deep and slow breath.

After the vaccination, the following should be remembered:

• stay for half an hour in the clinic to stabilize the child's condition;
• in case of DPT vaccination in hot weather, give the child an antipyretic agent;
• on the day of vaccination, avoid water procedures and long walks.

Also, do not forget that you can change the baby's usual diet no earlier than 3 days after the vaccination. Side effects do not necessarily appear immediately, some may appear only on the 5th day.

The vaccination schedule developed by the Ministry of Health helps to protect infants and older children from serious diseases. Mandatory vaccinations for children include those that are customary to put everywhere. Vaccinations for epidemic (emergency) indications are given to people living in the area with the highest probability of contracting any infection.

Each country develops its own list of necessary vaccinations, which are given to the population. A distinctive feature of the vaccination calendar in Russia is the setting of a routine vaccine against tuberculosis (due to the high risk of contracting this disease). In addition, there is no vaccination against hemophilus influenza B infection (it is given only in a certain group of people).

The first vaccinations for newborns begin to be given already in the maternity hospital, the rest continue to be given in the clinic. Changes are periodically made to the schedule, for example, a list of new vaccines is introduced and the circle of children at risk is expanded.

The national vaccination calendar, approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, is a document that sets out the approximate dates and types of prophylactic vaccinations.

The obligatory part of the calendar lists vaccinations that are given against most common diseases. In an additional part, vaccinations are provided for epidemic indications in an area with a focus of infection, including persons subject to a risk group (these are people who can easily become infected).

What are children vaccinated against up to one year old?

Vaccination of newborns allows you to form immunity to many infectious diseases as early as possible. The smaller the baby, the more dangerous the disease is for him, since immunity is immaturity and cannot fully resist pathogens. So, for example, when infected with whooping cough up to a year, there is a high risk of developing complications in the form of cerebral edema.

Vaccinations, laid down for up to a year, are also done because during this period there is less risk of catching an infection. And by the time the social circle expands, immunity has already been developed.

The vaccination schedule for infants up to a year includes a large list of vaccines. For each of which you need to properly prepare so that there are no undesirable consequences.

In the maternity hospital

The first vaccinations for newborns begin to be given from the first day of life, while still in the maternity hospital. The very first in turn is injected with a drug that develops immunity to hepatitis B.

The list of mandatory vaccinations for children includes the tuberculosis vaccine. The disease initially affects the respiratory system. BCG vaccination is given in the period from the third to the seventh day from the moment of birth. If the level of infection in the region is low and there are no patients with tuberculosis in the family, then a lightweight version of the vaccine is given - BCG-M.

The first vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus is given no earlier than three months.

Beginning of life

After being discharged from the hospital, the child is transferred to patronage at the local clinic. Already here, the district pediatrician monitors the vaccination schedule for each baby separately.

The vaccination table for up to six months includes the following vaccines.

* Additional vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out at 2 months if the child is at risk.

What vaccinations should be given at 4 months? By this age, the child's own immunity begins to develop quite actively. In the middle of the fourth month of life, the drugs are re-administered, which were put before:

• DTP vaccination.
• Polio vaccine is often combined with the DPT vaccine.
• Vaccination that protects against hemophilic infection (thanks to the vaccine, the child will not get sick with purulent meningitis and pneumonia).
• A new change in the vaccination schedule was the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine.

All vaccinations can cause minor side effects in the form of a rise in temperature, weakness, loss of appetite, and moodiness.

But within two days, all signs should pass. If symptoms persist, see your doctor.

Six months of age

What vaccine is given to a child upon reaching the age of six months? At 6 months, you need to deliver three basic vaccinations, which are provided by the World Health Organization. This is the third revaccination, if the child is vaccinated according to the norms of the calendar.

The DPT vaccine prevents people from contracting diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus. These diseases are dangerous for young children, as infection occurs quickly and there is a high risk of complications. The most common side effects after the procedure are a high rise in temperature, increased sweating, drowsiness, moodiness, crying, and upset stools.

In six months, vaccination against such a dangerous disease as poliomyelitis is included in the vaccination calendar. The disease primarily affects the nervous system and leads to paralysis. The drug is administered intramuscularly.

Rarely, but there are undesirable reactions to the vaccine in the form of facial edema, allergic rash, upset stools, a slight rise in body temperature. They usually develop 4 days after vaccination.

For many babies, at six months, the hepatitis B vaccine is given for the last time, and after that, immunity is developed for about two decades. Vaccination is easy with no side effects.

The end of the year

Closer to the year of the child's life, they are vaccinated against rubella, mumps and measles. It is by this time that the child's own protective antibodies to these diseases, which the child received from the mother, end. At 12 months, children at risk are also vaccinated against hepatitis B.

Measles is an infectious disease and is transmitted rapidly by airborne droplets. In children under one year old, the disease is especially difficult with damage to internal organs, and complications very often develop.

The viral disease mumps is dangerous for its complications. Reproductive organs in boys, joints, internal organs may be affected, and the brain may become inflamed.

Rubella is most often mild. The temperature rises, a rash appears on the body. As in other cases, the disease is dangerous with consequences.

Possible adverse reactions include a slight rise in body temperature, weakness, redness and soreness of the injection site, and lymph nodes may enlarge.

In most cases, vaccination against these diseases is combined. The drug is injected into the right shoulder. A single injection of the drug does not provide protection against infections, therefore, the vaccination is repeated at 6 years of age. Re-administration of the vaccine provides up to 99% protection against disease.

The vaccination table for children under one year old is as follows.

Up to a year, the child is given vaccines according to the calendar by months. The table clearly shows how many vaccinations are given to a child under one year old.

After a year

Scheduled vaccinations continue after a year.

• At 18 months, DTP vaccination is continued, vaccines against poliomyelitis and hemophilus influenza are administered.
• At 20 months, they are vaccinated against polio.
• At 6 years of age, the drug is re-administered against measles, rubella and mumps.
• At the age of 7, BCG is done (provided that the reaction to the Mantoux test was negative) and ADS-m.
• At the age of 14, they again introduce the polio vaccine and ADS-m.

What vaccines are given to older people? The table lists the vaccinations that are given until old age. It is routinely recommended to vaccinate against diphtheria and tetanus every 10 years. Selectively vaccinate against pneumococcal infection, tick-borne encephalitis, hepatitis A and B.

Prophylactic vaccinations for epidemic indications are carried out in individual countries (for example, drugs are administered for diseases such as brucellosis, influenza, tick-borne encephalitis, anthrax, plague).

How to prepare your child?

Vaccination of a child must be approached responsibly and prepared in advance. The opinion of experts boils down to the fact that the following recommendations must be observed:

• 3 days before the proposed procedure, you need to stop visiting crowded places. This will avoid contamination by viruses and bacteria.
• You can not introduce new foods into the diet. In preparation for the vaccination procedure, products that provoke allergies (citrus fruits, chocolate, nuts, eggs) should be excluded.

• If the child is prone to allergies, the doctor may recommend taking antihistamines three days before the vaccination.
• Stop taking vitamin D for a week.
• It is preliminarily recommended to take a blood and urine test in order to reveal the latent inflammatory processes in the body.

You can not inject the vaccine if the child has any skin rashes, stool is disturbed, he behaves restlessly, is capricious, eats badly. Better to postpone the date of vaccination to another day.

There are a number of restrictions that must be observed after vaccination. This will help avoid side effects and complications:

• The first two cannot be walked on the street.
• It is allowed to give an antipyretic agent.
• It is not recommended to wet, rub or scratch the injection site, as there is a high risk of infection.

Whether it is possible to redeem a baby after vaccination depends on his condition. If there is no reaction to the vaccine, the child looks as usual in the evening, the temperature has not risen, the stool is normal, the appetite is good, then you can redeem. At the same time, the water should not be too hot (about 33 degrees).

In the event that the temperature has risen, the child is capricious, refuses to eat, looks lethargic and drowsy, of course, it is better to refuse water procedures until the condition is normalized.

On the territory of Russia, as in other civilized countries of the world, there is a vaccination schedule approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. According to him, routine vaccination against infectious diseases is carried out for all healthy children, starting from birth.

Within the framework of the national calendar, in the polyclinic at the place of residence, children are vaccinated free of charge, in accordance with the Order of March 21, 2011 No. 125H of the Ministry of Health.

In accordance with this law, vaccination is carried out voluntarily, but at the same time, it is the responsibility of health workers to explain to parents the need and importance of timely prevention of dangerous infectious diseases, to tell about a possible post-vaccination reaction and complications. If parents decide to refuse vaccination, the doctor must explain to them the possible negative consequences of such a refusal.

Federal Law 323-FZ of November 21, 2011 spelled out the rights and obligations of citizens regarding medical interventions, including during vaccination. The law obliges before vaccination to sign a voluntary informed consent to the intervention or to officially refuse to vaccinate.

Voluntary informed consent or refusal of medical intervention

Voluntary informed consent or refusal to vaccinate must be in writing. The consent to the vaccination is signed by the parent or guardian of the child. The doctor must inform him about this procedure, tell him about and the consequences of possible complications of the planned vaccination.

The duty to explain to an adult in an accessible form about the dangers of refusing vaccinations falls on the doctor. If the parents still refuse to vaccinate, they write an official written refusal and one of them signs it with his personal signature. There are official forms of forms approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia for voluntary consent or refusal to medical intervention (Order No. 1177n of 12/20/2012)

In addition to vaccination, informed voluntary consent may be required for diagnostic tests, medical procedures and drug administration.

Download the form:

National vaccination calendar for 2016-2017

Whom to vaccinate	Vaccination	Rules and procedure for vaccination
Newborn	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Vaccination is carried out in strict accordance with the instructions for vaccination of newborns.
Child's age 3-7 days	Tuberculosis vaccine (BCG)	BCG vaccine is used to form primary immunity.
Baby age 1 month	Boost vaccination against hepatitis B	Held for children at risk
Age 2 months	Third vaccination against hepatitis B	Done for at-risk children
	First vaccination against pneumococcal infection	Children at risk
3 months	First vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus	According to the indications, the DTP or ADS vaccine is used
Age 3 to 6 months	First vaccination against haemophilus influenzae	Vaccination is carried out for children at risk
Child's age 4.5 months	Second DPT vaccination	For children who received their first vaccination at 3 months
	Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection	In accordance with the rules of vaccination
	First vaccination against polio	Inactivated vaccine is used
	Second vaccination against haemophilus influenzae	For children who received their first vaccination at 3 months (for children at risk)
Age 6 months	Third DTP vaccination	Held for children who received the first two vaccinations at 3 and 4.5 months
	Third Haemophilus influenza vaccination	For children at risk who received the first two vaccinations at 3 and 4.5 months
	Third vaccination against polio
Child's age 1 year	First vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella	According to the vaccination schedule
	Fourth Hepatitis B Vaccination	According to the vaccination schedule for children at risk
15 months	Revaccination against pneumococcal infection	According to the vaccination schedule
Child's age 18 months	First revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	According to the vaccination schedule
		According to the vaccination schedule
	Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	According to the vaccination schedule
Baby age 20 months	Second revaccination against poliomyelitis	According to the vaccination schedule. Live vaccine used
Age 6 years	Revaccination against measles, rubella and mumps	Performed according to the vaccination schedule
Child's age 6-7 years	Repeated booster vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria
Age 7 years	Revaccination against tuberculosis	The BCG vaccine is given if the Mantoux test is negative
	The third revaccination against polio	According to the vaccination schedule. A live vaccine is used.
14 years	Third booster vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus	Anatoxin with a reduced amount of antigens is used for vaccination
Adults from 18 years old	Revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria	It is carried out every 10 years since the last revaccination
All categories of the population under 55	Hepatitis B vaccination
Children from 1 to 18 years old, women up to 25 years old	Rubella vaccination	For those who have not received the vaccination and do not have information about vaccinations against this infection
All categories of the population up to 35 years old	Measles vaccination	According to an individual scheme. For those who did not receive vaccinations on the national schedule
For all age groups	Flu vaccination	Children from 6 months; students in grades 1-11; representatives of certain professions; pregnant women; pensioners over 60; conscripts; patients with chronic somatic diseases.

Vaccination and revaccination concept

Vaccination can be either single or multiple. Doctors are vaccinated as many times as necessary to form a stable immunity to infection.

Revaccination- repeated vaccination, it is done after a certain period of time after the previous vaccination. Its purpose is to support the immunity already developed in the body.

Risk groups: who are they

The risk groups for viral hepatitis B include:

• children whose mothers have had hepatitis B during pregnancy;
• whose parents use drugs;
• if the family has a carrier of the hepatitis B virus or is sick with this disease.

Poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenza risk groups

• children with immunodeficiency or HIV infection;
• with malignant diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs;
• if HIV infection is detected in the mother;
• all toddlers in baby homes.

Vaccinations are not given to children with acute forms of illness (including colds), and within 2-4 weeks after recovery. Before vaccination, you need to pass tests and make sure that there are no abnormalities.

Summary

Changes are made to the national vaccination calendar every year, new diseases and vaccines are added, and the timing of vaccinations is changed. These changes are due to the results of the latest scientific developments, research and improvement of the composition of vaccines.

Adults have the right to decide for themselves whether they should vaccinate their child or not. This issue is especially acute for parents whose children are weakened or were born prematurely, have chronic somatic diseases. But do not be afraid: the pediatrician is obliged to draw up a vaccination schedule individually or to give a medical withdrawal from vaccinations for your child.

Girls! Let's do reposts.

Thanks to this, specialists come to us and give answers to our questions!
Also, you can ask your question below. People like you or experts will give the answer.
Thank you ;-)
All healthy kids!
Ps. This also applies to boys! It's just that there are more girls here ;-)

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\ Vaccination (from Latin vaccus - cow) or vaccination- the introduction of antigenic material in order to induce immunity to the disease, which will prevent infection or weaken its negative consequences. The following are used as antigenic material:

• live, but weakened strains of microbes;
• killed (inactivated) microbes;
• purified material, such as proteins of microorganisms;
• synthetic vaccines are also used.

Child vaccination calendar

A unique vaccination calendar that will help the mother to keep track of the date of the next vaccination from the very beginning of the baby's birth. Just enter the child's birthday, and a detailed schedule will unfold in front of you - when, at what age, from what infections. It is very useful to know everything for yourself and for sure, especially in the absence of proper supervision by medical professionals.

Table: national immunization schedule for 2017

Below is a table of the vaccination calendar-2016, in which all the necessary information is presented in an easy-to-understand form. The vaccination calendar in the table is accompanied by explanations of the vaccination procedure.

	Vaccination name	The procedure for conducting preventive vaccinations
Newborns in the first 24 hours of life	First vaccination against viral hepatitis B	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for newborns, including those from risk groups: those born from mothers - carriers of HBsAg; patients with viral hepatitis B or who have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy; not having test results for markers of hepatitis B; drug addicts, in families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis (hereinafter referred to as risk groups).
Newborns 3 - 7 days old	Vaccination against tuberculosis	It is administered to newborns with vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis (for sparing primary immunization) in accordance with the instructions for their use. In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with morbidity rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand of the population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients in the environment of a newborn - a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis.
Children at 1 month.	Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group, including those at risk.
Children in 2 months.		It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children at risk.
Children at 3 months.	First vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
Children from 3 to 6 months	First vaccination against hemophilus influenza	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children at risk: with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of Hib infection; with oncohematological diseases and / or receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a long time; HIV-infected or born to HIV-infected mothers; located in closed preschool institutions (children's homes, orphanages, specialized boarding schools (for children with neuropsychiatric diseases, etc.), anti-tuberculosis sanitary institutions). Note. Hemophilus influenza vaccination course for children aged 3 to 6 months. consists of 3 injections of 0.5 ml with an interval of 1-1.5 months. For children who have not received the first vaccination at 3 months, immunization is carried out according to the following scheme: for children aged 6 to 12 months. from 2 injections of 0.5 ml with an interval of 1 - 1.5 months. for children from 1 to 5 years old single injection of 0.5 ml
Children at 4, 5 months.	First vaccination against polio
	Second vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
	Second vaccination against haemophilus influenzae	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group who received the first vaccination at 3 months.
	Second vaccination against polio	Conducted by vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (inactivated) in accordance with the instructions for their use
Children at 6 months.	Third vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group who received the first and second vaccinations at 3 and 4.5 months. respectively
	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group, who do not belong to risk groups, who received the first and second vaccinations at 0 and 1 months. respectively
	Third Haemophilus influenza vaccination	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children who received the first and second vaccinations at 3 and 4.5 months. respectively
	Third vaccination against polio	It is carried out for children of this age group with vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live) in accordance with the instructions for their use. Children in closed preschool institutions (children's homes, orphanages, specialized boarding schools for children with neuropsychiatric diseases, etc.), anti-tuberculosis sanitary and health institutions), according to indications, are vaccinated three times with vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (inactivated)
Children at 12 months.	Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group
	The fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Conducted in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children at risk
Children at 18 months	The first revaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group
	The first revaccination against poliomyelitis
	Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Revaccinations are carried out once for children vaccinated in the first year of life
Children at 20 months.	Second revaccination against poliomyelitis	It is carried out for children of this age group with vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live) in accordance with the instructions for their use
Children in 6 years	Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children of this age group who have received vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps
Children 6-7 years old	Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus
Children in 7 years		It is carried out for tuberculin-negative children of this age group who are not infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis with vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis in accordance with the instructions for their use
Children under 14	The third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of toxoids with a reduced content of antigens for children of this age group
	The third revaccination against polio	It is carried out for children of this age group with vaccines for the prevention of poliomyelitis (live) in accordance with the instructions for their use
Adults from 18 years old	Revaccination against tuberculosis	It is carried out for tuberculin-negative children of this age group who are not infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis with vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis in accordance with the instructions for their use. In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with tuberculosis incidence rates not exceeding 40 per 100 thousand population, revaccination against tuberculosis at the age of 14 is carried out for tuberculin-negative children who have not received the vaccine at the age of 7
	Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of toxoids with reduced antigen content in adults from 18 years old every 10 years since the last revaccination
Children from 1 to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children and adults of these age groups according to the scheme 0-1-6 (1 dose - at the beginning of vaccination, 2 dose - one month after the 1st vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start immunization)
Children from 1 to 18 years old, girls from 18 to 25 years old	Rubella immunization	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines for children from 1 to 18 years old, not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, and girls from 18 to 25 years old, not sick, not previously vaccinated
Children from 6 months, students in grades 1-11; students of higher professional and secondary vocational educational institutions; adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational institutions, transport, utilities, etc.); adults over 60	Flu vaccine	It is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines annually for these categories of citizens
Children aged 15-17 inclusive and adults aged 35 and under	Immunization against measles	Immunization against measles for children aged 15-17 years, inclusive and adults under the age of 35, who have not been previously vaccinated, who do not have information about measles vaccinations and have not had measles before, is carried out in accordance with the instructions for the use of vaccines twice with an interval of at least 3 months between vaccinations. Persons previously vaccinated once are subject to a single immunization with an interval of at least 3 months between vaccinations

National vaccination calendar for epidemic indications for 2017 with a table

The vaccination calendar for epidemic indications begins to operate in conditions of the threat of an epidemic of a particular disease. Specific guidance is provided in the table below for the national immunization schedule. The national vaccination calendar for 2017 in the table takes into account the bulk of contact infections transmitted, including from blood-sucking insects.

Vaccination name		The timing of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications
Against tularemia	Population living in territories enzootic for tularemia, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, irrigation and drainage, construction, other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, commercial, geological, prospecting, expeditionary, deratization and disinsection; on logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health improvement and recreation areas of the population. Persons working with live cultures of tularemia pathogen	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against the plague	Population living in plague-enzootic territories. Persons working with live cultures of the plague pathogen	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against brucellosis	In the outbreaks of goat-sheep type, persons performing the following work: on procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where brucellosis diseases of livestock are registered; for the slaughter of cattle sick with brucellosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it. Livestock breeders, veterinary workers, livestock specialists in farms enzootic for brucellosis. Persons working with live cultures of the pathogen of brucellosis	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Anthrax	Persons performing the following work: livestock workers and other persons professionally engaged in the pre-slaughter maintenance of livestock, as well as slaughter, skinning and butchering of carcasses; collection, storage, transportation and primary processing of raw materials of animal origin; agricultural, irrigation and drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, commercial, geological, prospecting, expeditionary on territories enzootic for anthrax. Laboratory workers handling suspected anthrax material	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against rabies	For prophylactic purposes, persons at high risk of contracting rabies are immunized: laboratory workers working with street rabies virus; veterinary workers; gamekeepers, hunters, foresters; persons performing work on catching and keeping animals	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against leptospirosis	Persons performing the following work: procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms located in territories enzootic for leptospirosis; on the slaughter of cattle sick with leptospirosis, procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from animals sick with leptospirosis; on the capture and maintenance of stray animals. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of leptospirosis	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against tick-borne viral encephalitis	Population living in enzootic territories for tick-borne viral encephalitis, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, irrigation and drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, commercial, geological, prospecting, expeditionary, deratization and disinsection; on logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health improvement and recreation areas of the population. Persons working with live cultures of tick-borne encephalitis pathogen. Persons visiting enzootic territories for tick-borne encephalitis for the purpose of recreation, tourism, work in summer cottages and garden plots	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against Q Fever	Persons performing work on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and animal products obtained from farms where diseases of cattle fever are registered. Persons performing work on procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in enzootic areas for Q fever. Persons working with live cultures of Q fever pathogens	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against yellow fever	Persons traveling abroad to areas enzootic for yellow fever. Persons working with live cultures of yellow fever pathogen	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against cholera	Persons leaving for cholera-disadvantaged countries. Citizens of the Russian Federation in the event of a complication of the sanitary and epidemiological situation with cholera in neighboring countries, as well as on the territory of the Russian Federation	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against typhoid fever	Persons employed in the field of municipal improvement (workers serving sewer networks, structures and equipment, as well as enterprises for the sanitary cleaning of populated areas - collection, transportation and disposal of household waste). Persons working with live cultures of typhoid fever pathogens. Population living in areas with chronic waterborne epidemics of typhoid fever. Persons traveling to regions and countries that are hyperendemic for typhoid fever. Contact persons in the foci of typhoid fever according to epidemiological indications. According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or an outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents on the water supply and sewerage network), as well as during an epidemic, while mass immunization of the population is carried out in a threatened area	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against viral hepatitis A	Persons at risk of occupational infection (doctors, nursing staff, public service workers employed in food processing enterprises, in public catering organizations, as well as servicing water supply and sewerage facilities, equipment and networks. Persons traveling to disadvantaged regions and countries where outbreaks are registered Contact in the foci of hepatitis A	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against the shigellosis	Workers in infectious diseases hospitals and bacteriological laboratories. Persons employed in the field of public catering and public amenities. Children attending childcare facilities and leaving for health camps (according to indications). According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or an outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents on the water supply and sewerage network), as well as during an epidemic, while mass immunization of the population is carried out in a threatened area. Preventive vaccinations are preferable before the seasonal rise in the incidence of shigellosis	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against meningococcal infection	Children, adolescents, adults in foci of meningococcal infection caused by meningococcal serogroups A or C. Vaccination is carried out in endemic regions, as well as in the case of an epidemic caused by meningococcal serogroups A or C	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Measles	Contact persons from the foci of the disease, who were not sick, not vaccinated and who do not have information about preventive vaccinations against measles, vaccinated once without age limitation	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against hepatitis B	Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been ill, have not been vaccinated and have no information about preventive vaccinations against hepatitis B	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against diphtheria	Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been ill, have not been vaccinated and have no information about preventive vaccinations against diphtheria	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against mumps	Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been ill, have not been vaccinated and have no information about preventive vaccinations against mumps	As per instructions for use of vaccines
Against polio	Contact persons in outbreaks of poliomyelitis, including those caused by wild poliovirus (or if the disease is suspected), are subject to vaccinations:
	children from 3 months to 18 years old	Once
	paramedics	Once
	Children who arrived from polio-endemic (unfavorable) countries (territories) from 3 months. up to 15 years
	Persons without a fixed abode (if identified) from 3 months. up to 15 years	Once (if there is reliable data on previous vaccinations) or three times (if they are not available)
	Persons who have come into contact with those arriving from poliomyelitis-endemic (unfavorable) countries (territories), from 3 months of life without age limitation	Once
	Persons working with live poliovirus, with materials infected (potentially infected) with wild poliomyelitis virus, regardless of age. Immunization against poliomyelitis for epidemic indications is carried out by oral poliomyelitis vaccine. Indications for immunizing children with oral poliomyelitis vaccine for epidemic indications are the registration of a case of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus, isolation of wild poliovirus in biological samples from humans or from environmental objects. In these cases, immunization is carried out in accordance with the decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which determines the age of children to be immunized, the timing, procedure and frequency of its implementation.	Once upon a time when applying for a job

It is allowed to administer inactivated vaccines used within the calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications and the national calendar of preventive vaccinations on the same day with different syringes in different parts of the body.