Ever since the invention of speech, people have not been able to agree with each other.

(Henryk Jagodzinsky)

Historically, club life has been in full swing around socionics since its inception. For science, this is both good and bad. It is good because it promotes its popularization, attracts young forces, suggests interesting subjects for further research. And it's bad because such a situation encourages a huge number of amateurs who, along with real researchers, are trying to introduce their "new word" into this spontaneously developing knowledge.

About aliases

In particular, the invention of new terms and pseudonyms for socionic types, which supposedly better reflect the state of affairs, is very common. For some reason, their authors think that after three months of acquaintance with socionics after reading three newspaper articles, they better mastered the subject of socionics than those who have been studying it for decades.

Often, the rejection of classical aliases is argued by the fact that their carriers were “incorrectly” typed earlier. And the newly-minted inventor, who had already typed his entire family according to the tests, accurately determined that Balzac was not BALZAC, and M. Gorky was not MAXIM.

It seems to them that the further development of socionics is impossible without solving these issues. Apparently, according to their ideas, all adherents of the old system of pseudonyms and terms must either agree with their argument or die out so that science can finally move forward.

But we do not consider the problem of terminology so serious as to breed long-term irreconcilable "scientific" debates around it.

In this book, as well as in our classes, we have used the earliest type alias system proposed by Aushra Augustinavichute at the dawn of socionics. She was not criticized only by the lazy, but we have our own arguments in favor of this decision.

We bring them to your attention and after that we will consider the issue settled, since, from our point of view, it is not worth having such passions boil around it. In the end, this is just the consensus that, in theory, everyone should strive for.

We use sixteen classical pseudonyms (see table in the preface) for the following reasons:

1. Out of respect for Aushra and for those generations of socionics who, since 1968, have accumulated a huge semantic and figurative material around each of these names. In addition, I would like the club folklore of early socionic times to be available to students.

2. It is not yet fully understood what made Aushra, an extroverted intuitive, snatch these sound combinations from the flow of information. We had to observe how a person who heard the pseudonym of his type for the first time accepts it as a comfortable name, somewhat coinciding with the idea of ​​himself. Moreover, he may not know anything about the prototype. So sometimes we say that the name is very suitable for a person, and sometimes not. Let's look at this carefully.

3. Behind each of the aliases is a certain semantic field. All these names have existed in culture for a long time and for a person who grew up in it, they carry certain associations. And in this they compare favorably with abbreviations - after all, they cannot be confused with each other.

In addition, authors often submit manuscripts with abbreviation errors. The apparent scientism greatly complicates the perception of the text at all stages. Editors must have a good knowledge of socionics in order to catch these typos. And savvy readers simply take a pen and write “unscientific” human names next to the abbreviations.

And by the way!

In brackets - about science. Where there are no complexes about being unscientific, for example, in elementary particle physics, scientists try to somehow bring the names of phenomena that are unimaginable to ordinary consciousness closer to familiar images. Therefore, such terms as “quarks”, “spin”, “strangeness”, “color”, etc. have appeared in physics. All these words help to work in that amazing world that begins beyond the threshold of quantum mechanics.

In socionics, we are often offered incomprehensible phrases like “somendostase in murmesin” (one GABIN immediately asked for two servings of this for a sample) to denote human qualities that have been observed for centuries, familiar to us from childhood. You should not encourage your complexes to such an extent.

4. The more rigid the concept, the narrower the scope of its definition. But the concept of type is quite broad and applies to all areas of life. That is why it does not fit into a narrowly professional definition.

Suppose the type is called ANALYST. From the name, we understand that he tends to classify everything. But you can’t say: “You are programmed for emotions and avoid fights because you are an ANALYST.” Such a phrase is perceived as unreasonable and rather strange.

Now imagine that we will call the same type ROBESPIERE. In this case, it is quite possible to say that he is characterized by an analytical approach to the world, he tends to avoid aggression and his mood depends on the surrounding emotional background. It is quite clear that such a phrase will not cause bewilderment in anyone.

5. The authors are aware that the specific people who gave the name to the type could be typed incorrectly at the dawn of socionics. But this does not change anything for us, because the process of teaching socionics is now based not on the study of the biography of Marshal Zhukov or the works of Maxim Gorky and Balzac.

With competent training based on the Jungian basis and model A, students should form a complete image of the type, which is assigned to this pseudonym. The practice of testing and observing gives an idea of ​​the real manifestations of each type, and this is quite enough to work with him.

Modern students sometimes do not know anything about specific people who gave their names to socionic types.

And this frees us from the need for confrontation both with the adherents of the pseudonym system and with the inventors of new words in socionics.

6. For those who maintain their authority with the help of scientific terminology, there is always the opportunity to refer to the basic names of types that no one has canceled. You can, of course, call the interlocutor not MAXIM, but a logical-sensory introvert, or LSI. And when he finally gets confused, offer a table for translating scientific terms into human language - concise and figurative, like all living things.

The old alias system has no more flaws than any other. But it has an undeniable advantage - a thirty-year history of existence.

On the types of literary characters and public people

For some reason, an “important” problem of socionics is considered to be a discrepancy in the definition of types of literary characters and famous personalities by different authors. In our opinion, these discrepancies have quite socionic reasons.

A person's belonging to a certain type is a completely objective phenomenon, but in order to identify this type, certain conditions are needed. First, sufficient qualification of the expert. And secondly, a sufficient amount of comprehensive information.

As for public people, they are usually not available for direct testing. Typing actually takes place in absentia - according to interviews processed by journalists, according to television appearances prepared by image makers. As a rule, a mask, carefully thought out in accordance with certain goals, is exhibited in public. As practitioners, we can assert with all responsibility: what is hidden behind it is impossible to understand without direct communication with a person.

In addition, the information provided is carefully dosed and often does not contain the entire basic set of features. Thus, the facts are not enough to reliably determine the type. Then they are completed with the help of imagination or by association with characters whose type has already been determined.

Differences in the types of literary characters are also understandable. The authors often allow inaccuracy (in the socionic sense) of portraying the characters of the characters. In addition, it is impossible to obtain additional information from a fictional character, which, on the contrary, is always available in real life. In this regard, an accurate diagnosis of the type of character is sometimes not possible.

But we should not transfer these difficulties to real life. After all, a socionic specialist can not only observe a living person with all his reactions, but also ask him competent questions in order to obtain reliable information and draw a conclusion about his socionic type.

Another important reason for the discrepancies is related to the typical limitations of the Expert Advisor itself. Any person has a specific set of features that determine his own perception. Accordingly, it is difficult for him to adequately assess the manifestation of opposite signs in another person. In this field, some distortions in the conclusions are possible.

Something needs to be done about this!

Working in tandem with a partner with complementary characteristics can protect against this kind of mistake. Then a "stereoscopic" perception of the object of study is provided. What is poorly distinguished by one partner, the other partner in a dual pair is seen by experts.

And in cases of absentee typing and work with insufficient information, it is especially important not to miss a single grain of reliable data. And what one may not notice, the other will certainly see by their strong functions.

In this regard, we do not consider the debate about the type of a famous actor (who professionally plays any character) or the hero of a sensational novel (the author usually ascribes to him the reactions that the plot requires) to be particularly productive. This is nothing more than one of socionic entertainment. Therefore, it seems to us that we should not treat the absentee typing of public people as the ultimate truth. Moreover, the question of what type this or that idol belongs to is not decisive in socionics.

The typing of public people is neither indicative nor important for socionics, since it takes place in incorrect conditions.

On the interpretation of terms

Another fundamental issue is the interpretation of the basic terms of socionics. We are talking about Jungian signs: logics And ethics, sensory And intuition, rationality And irrationality, extraversion And introversion. The general meaning of these concepts is clear enough. But the distortions and vulgar interpretations that one has to face every now and then require the establishment of terminological order in this matter.

Let us note only the most common semantic distortions and incorrect interpretations of these concepts.

Logic is ethics.

Those who are just starting to study socionics and find out that people are divided into ethics and logicians often fall into the temptation of simplified interpretations.

One can hear, for example, such an opinion that ethics have nothing to do in science, because they do not know how to think. Once, in one of our groups, at the very first lesson, we heard the following phrase from a shocked logician: “Since ethical people do not have logic, it means that they cannot think correctly! This is wrong thinking!”

And vice versa, it is believed that logicians, due to weak ethics, cannot productively build relationships, be attentive to their loved ones. They are sometimes spoken of as ill-mannered, clumsy, callous people, incapable of subtle empathy.

In fact, there is no such ethic who would not be able to learn the multiplication table or calculate the change in the store. And there is no such logician who could not be taught to say hello and be attentive to his loved ones. It is clear that here everyone does not play in his own field, but within the framework of a universal culture, the everyday level of mastering these skills can well be achieved even in weak functions.

When we talk about the differences between logics and ethics, they refer to something else. First of all, we are talking about the ability for creativity, which, undoubtedly, is more productive through strong functions than through weak ones.

In addition, there is another important, but difficult to determine feature without proper preparation. This is the main channel through which a person perceives such global cultural realities as the sphere of logical meanings and the sphere of morality. Both ethics and logic, in their strong functions, are sure of their absolute reality. But in terms of weak functions, they do not take these realities seriously.

Logicians are sure that causal relationships exist objectively in the world. Meaning for them is a real concept, it may or may not be present in each specific statement. It is an entity that cannot be ignored and that does not depend on the arbitrariness of the subject. And no matter what quasi-logical constructions the logician has to face, he can immediately identify gaps in meanings and gaps in reasoning. Thus, he can always distinguish meaningful statements from nonsensical ones.

Ethics, of course, will not argue with the fact that there are causal relationships, but subconsciously they expect that with a very strong desire, circumstances can be changed, specific facts can simply be ignored or any conclusions can be drawn from them. The main thing is that there is someone for whom it would be worth doing, or an ardent desire to see things just like that. And they in the depths of their souls consider the rules and laws to be just a convention, which, in all likelihood, could be different.

Just think!

When signing the contract, one ethicist uttered the following phrase: “Of course, I will sign ... Although you and I understand that this document simply seals the contract between two good people. After all, you and I already know that we will not break our word. What indescribably shocked the head of the editorial office, who, as you might guess, was a logician.

But the same ethicists are absolutely sure of the existence of global cosmic laws of harmony or retribution to everyone for his actions. The concepts of divine love, the ideals of humanism, morality, a spotless conscience, as well as love and friendship, are discussed by them with full knowledge of the matter and absolute confidence in their reality. And behind the variability of ethical norms in different historical epochs, the ethicist sees the living content of ethical reality.

As for logicians, for their part, ethical norms seem to them a convention that could well have been different, but turned out to be optimal for survival in given historical conditions. It is hard for them to believe that there really is some real substance behind the talk about conscience and ideals.

Just think about it!

A logical woman once said to her friend: “You know, stories about unrequited love and feelings that people continue to have for each other for years and decades have always seemed to me just beautiful stories, invented for no one knows what.”

"How! she exclaimed in bewilderment. “Do you really doubt that true love exists?!”

As you can imagine, she was an ethicist.

This is the global difference between the two value systems on which logic and ethics are based. And the obvious manifestations of logic and ethics in life, described in the tests, are only a consequence of this. But let's not forget that both value systems complement each other and are equally necessary for humanity to survive.

Sensory is intuition.

Mutual suspicions of sensorics and intuitives in the absence of each other's imagination are based on a confusion of concepts. Let's try to figure it out.

Any person, whether intuitive or sensory, perceives the world around us with the help of the senses. Every healthy person uses eyes, ears, mouth, nose and touch for this, receiving certain sensations through them.

And by the way!

Visual sensations supply about 80% of all information about the world. No less important role is played in the modern world, where everything sounds, and auditory sensations. From an evolutionary point of view, these two most powerful channels appeared later, and therefore are more vulnerable to genetic inheritance (which is exactly what we see in blind and deaf people). More ancient and, therefore, more stable in terms of inheritance are gustatory, tactile and olfactory sensations. Being more primitive, they also carry a smaller amount of information.

The resulting complexes of sensations are formed in the mind into images of the real world. The reproduction of these images from memory is called representation. Any person - both sensory and intuitive - is naturally able to imagine what he once saw, heard, touched, ate or smelled. Otherwise, exactly half of humanity called "intuitives", apparently, would have been wiped off the face of the earth long ago.

And yet, if we compare the images of sensations among intuitives and sensorics, then it is quite obvious that sensorics concentrate their attention much more accurately on those forms in which the world manifests itself. Intuitive does not notice much of what is literally in front of his nose, what sounds in the immediate vicinity of him, and in general what is happening to him "here and now."

The same can be said about the reproduction of complexes of sensations from memory. The sensory operates with representations much better, since it has a tenacious memory for all sorts of specific impressions of the world. In this sense, he can be called an expert in the field of representations. This is due to the fact that according to strong socionic functions (in this case it is sensorics), information is perceived more voluminously and multidimensionally. Weak functions have a smaller dimension, so the perception of them is flat, many nuances merge or fall out of sight.

That is why if a sensoric and intuitive task is set to describe the taste of an exotic fruit, remember the clothes of a friend at yesterday's meeting, present last year's vacation at sea in all details - purely sensory tasks of specific perception, then the sensoric will cope with them much better than the intuitive. The richness of impressions and the accuracy of their reproduction by the sensor cannot be compared with the limited capabilities of the intuitive in this area. In the latter, all representations are either too abstract, general, or somewhat erased, blurry, fuzzy. Many details are not only not retained in memory, but are skipped already at the moment of perception.

When sensorics say that intuitives do not have developed imagination, they mean precisely performance. Here it would be more correct to say that intuitives do not have a sufficiently high quality performance about the real world, because their sensory is a weak function and the perception of specific images is flat or one-dimensional.

On the other hand, according to their strong function, intuitives see not only existing, but also many other possible combinations of images that fill the world. And here we are dealing with what, in fact, it would be correct to call imagination. If for representations there are real objects of the surrounding world and their properties, then imagination are compositions of images that can be combined in the mind in the most fantastic combinations. And here the sensory is weaker, because the set of combinations in his head is much more limited and completely non-expert.

The sensory can quickly and confidently distinguish a green bead from a pea or fresh flowers from artificial ones, but an intuitive will always distinguish the real possibility of the most unexpected events from empty fantasizing, that is, something that can never happen. Practice shows that sensorics cannot even introduce these concepts, explain how an empty fantasy, which seems real to him, differs from a possible, albeit very bizarre, turn of events.

For example, an intuitive may, without sufficient sympathy, relate to the horrors that the sensory pumps up, waiting for a family member who is delayed somewhere. He simply does not develop an image of possible misfortunes, so real for the sensory. The intuitive understands that the sensory fantasy that has gone wild has nothing to do with the real possibilities of the situation, which are clearly visible to him. But it is not uncommon for the same intuitives to return tickets for flights of aircraft with which something later happens, although from the point of view of sensors there is no real reason for this - after all, the probability of air crashes on passenger lines is extremely small.

In natural language words "performance" And "imagination" are often confused, sometimes even acting as synonyms. One can say without loss of meaning "Imagine this taste" and "Imagine this taste". But in socionics, we are obliged to distinguish between these concepts in order to more accurately understand what, in fact, is the difference between sensory and intuitive perception of the world.

Just think!

A conversation between two friends.

Did you see this girl walking towards us? Well, in a red dress with a decollete?

Ethical-intuitive girl:

- In a red dress? I don't know... With such an ironic expression?

Girl of the sensory-logical type:

I didn't notice what expression she had on her face.

Rationality is irrationality.

Often, these signs primarily mean such concepts as organization or disorder. This is also an aberration of natural language, traces of everyday interpretation of terms. And in the culture it is generally accepted that it is good to be rational (that is, reliable, predictable, responsible). And irrational (that is, unreliable, unpredictable, irresponsible) is bad. In fact, carelessness is not a property of a type, but a property of a person. Extremely careless may look, for example, rationals HAMLET or HUGO. This is due to their business activity, which is not their forte. At the same time, the irrational ZHUKOV or GABIN can act in a very organized way, since both have a strong creative logic, backed up by sensory. Therefore, if this feature is interpreted in this way, it may seem that it is not clear enough to correctly identify typological features.

The deep difference between rational types and irrational ones is the appeal of the former to past experience (and in the most general sense, to the past experience of all mankind), and the latter to the changes that the future brings with it. Very characteristically, on this basis, the attitude of one and the other towards plans is divided.

For a rationalist, a plan is a convenient and understandable road along which he, loaded with his experience, can move into the future without fear of surprises and unnecessary adventures. The plan for the rational is desirable. He acts as a necessary means that will lead him to the goal. If it is impossible to make a plan or carry out the planned, the rational feels insecure, confused. He tries to avoid such situations, preferring to live each day with a premeditated decision.

Just think!

Rational mother says to her daughter:

- Remember: a decent person should have plans for the day! So what are your plans for today?

From the point of view of the irrational, the plan drawn up yesterday, obliging him to be guided by the peculiarities of yesterday's situation, is at least useless in the new situation, and at the maximum, even dangerous, because it imposes a harsh cliché on current, changing circumstances. In this regard, the irrational tries to get rid of the plan as quickly as possible, fulfill it and feel free again. This allows him to quickly respond to the peculiarities of the current moment.

Just think!

The irrational lowers his legs from the bed and mournfully says to himself under his breath:

- I don’t want to do anything today from what I planned for myself in the evening.

If for the rational the plan is a guarantee of some stability in the future, allowing him to move forward, then for the irrational the plan is a lattice, an annoying obstacle that does not allow him to flexibly fit into the ever-changing flow of events, as his nature requires.

Returning to the origins (to C. G. Jung), socionics postulates the equal value of these two qualities. For the development of culture, irrational responsiveness to change is no less important than the rational preservation of traditions.

Extraversion - introversion.

Common, ordinary ideas leave their mark on these two terms. Usually, they are understood as the opposition of sociability and isolation, although, according to the plan of K. Jung, who developed these concepts in his time, the difference between extraverted and introverted attitudes was based on something else.

The modern interpretation, which has taken root in the public consciousness, rather originates in the works of G. Eysenck. So, for example, in his book The Structure of Personality, paraphrasing Jung, he writes that an extrovert:

- “appreciates wealth, wealth, power, prestige”;

- “seeks social approval, follows the principles, trusts others, easily makes friends, is outwardly active”;

– “changeable, loves new things, emotionally excitable”;

- "impartial, rational, mercantile, stubborn";

- "strives to be free, carefree, dominant."

Since nothing specific has been written about the introvert, then, apparently, one should think that the introvert:

- does not appreciate wealth, wealth, power, prestige;

- does not seek social approval, does not follow the rules, does not trust others, makes friends with difficulty, is outwardly passive;

- inert, conservative, emotionally unexcitable;

- not indifferent, irrational, not mercantile, obedient;

- does not strive to be free, carefree, dominant.

It's a strange creature. But then the remark of G. Eysenck in the same book is no longer surprising: “It is known that healthy people (not extroverts, not introverts and not neurotics) ...”, etc.

From the beginning of the phrase it becomes clear that the author refers to these manifestations as pathology. Therefore, he determined the difference in the perception of the world by an extrovert and an introvert on groups of hysterics (in his opinion, extroverts) and psychasthenics (in his opinion, introverts). In the experiment, the level of claims of both was measured, as well as the speed of the task and the number of errors made were recorded. According to the author, the experiment was supposed to give an idea of ​​the difference in the claims of extraverted and introverted types.

In order not to puzzle over the oddities of this approach, let's turn to the original source.

Here is what K. Jung wrote in the introduction to the book Psychological Types about extraverted and introverted attitudes: to the subject and to his own mental processes in another case.

Jung introduced the concepts of extraversion and introversion as two opposite attitudes of precisely healthy consciousness. An extrovert is more focused on the objects of the external world, perceives primarily their external manifestations and himself as an object among other objects.

An introvert is more focused on the subjective perception of reality, on his interactions with objects, to which he ascribes the same subjective perception as his own.

Moreover, Jung specifically emphasized that it is precisely “those cases that are under normal conditions” that are meant here. And further: “Where there is such a perversion of the type due to external influence (the imposition of the opposite attitude. - E. W. and L. B.), the individual subsequently becomes for the most part neurotic, and his cure is possible only through the identification of an attitude naturally corresponding to the individual.

From this phrase it is clear that not only are attitudes not pathological, but quite the opposite – their distortion leads to pathology, to neurotic disorders.

It is clear that the extraverted and introverted attitudes are opposite in nature, therefore only one of them dominates in each particular person. In one case, a person perceives the world as a set of objects, the connections between which he restores upon observation (extraversion). In another case, his perception is based on the multitude of his connections and relations with the world, on the identification of motives, and objects are only nodules in this network of relations (introversion).

For an extrovert, relationships arise at the moment the object appears in the field of attention. If there is no object, there is no relationship with it. It `s naturally.

For an introvert, there are only those objects with which he is in a relationship. No relationship - no object. Why would he then?

Just think about it!

It looks like this in real life. For example, in a bus, during a sharp turn, someone steps on a person’s foot. An extrovert will most likely demand (at least mentally) that a person hold on tighter to the handrail - there he is, specially attached - so that this does not happen again at the next turn. The handrail is indicated, the object is informed and called to order - the job is done, you can calm down.

The introvert is primarily interested in whether the subject accidentally or intentionally neglected the handrail, he spat on other passengers or did not want to offend them, but did not guess to play it safe. It is important what he intends to do next: think about others or not. If he regrets, this is enough for the introvert, because then the measures will be taken by the subject himself and there is no need to worry.

The generally accepted distinction between extroverts and introverts on the basis of sociability / isolation is deeply secondary. The fact is that an extrovert, able to keep all objects in the field of his attention, may not communicate with them at all - only observe. At the same time, an introvert can communicate violently in turn with everyone in the company and eventually serve a huge number of people by sharing his relationship with everyone.

Most of the discrepancies and errors in socionic “research” are not due to the fact that Jung did not clearly describe the main features of types, but to the fact that neophytes most often cannot break through everyday, vulgar interpretations of these concepts to their deep meaning.

On socionic and non-socionic personality traits

One of the most common misconceptions and simplifications is the notion that strong features are automatic. Then we hear: “Logic? So he understands everything”; “Ethic means very decent.” It is assumed that the sensory must certainly cook well or be well coordinated, and the intuitive must not make mistakes in forecasts, etc.

Just think!

Often such simplified representations are extended to the type as a whole. It is believed that:

DON QUIXOTE - always smart, with a broad outlook.

DUMA is a peacemaker, he will never start a quarrel.

HUGO - always cooks well and feeds everyone in a row.

ROBESPIERE - remarkably versed in formalities.

HAMLET is always cheerful and energetic.

MAXIM is disciplined and orderly.

ZHUKOV is smart and a good organizer.

Yesenin is a charming and cheerful, lyrical hero and cheers up others.

NAPOLEON is a skillful politician.

BALZAC - inherent accuracy and ability to make forecasts.

JACK is a great entrepreneur.

DREISER - the keeper of morality, a fighter for morality.

STIRLITS is an excellent technologist and administrator.

DOSTOYEVSKY is an unsurpassed humanist who is incapable of offending anyone.

HUXLEY is sociable and responsive.

GABIN - a master, inclined to manual work.

All this is too simple. These are nothing more than the most common and even primitive representations of types. Of course, these properties can be seen in model A, but in life they do not always appear. What is it connected with?

The fact is that many human properties are contained in a person only potentially. For example, a suitable larynx device is not enough for a child to master speech. In order for him to speak on his own, he needs to hear coherent human speech for several years.

There are known cases of the return to society of children raised by animals. The only achievement of such children is a few dozen hard-to-memorize words. The assimilation of social norms is out of the question here.

There are also cases with babies who are brought up in orphanages. With a lack of communication and the absence of family patterns of behavior, they begin to speak much later than their peers from ordinary families. In addition, their speech is often quite primitive.

The same thing happens with strong socionic functions. Potentially, they are given to us (to each their own), but they need constant training and loading with relevant information. Only under this condition can the potential be transformed into the real.

Every time we meet a person with a purely pronounced type who has mastered his strong functions, it turns out that in childhood there was someone next to him who taught him and developed these qualities in him. And vice versa, when the type is expressed and does not appear clearly, it always turns out that its potential strengths were not loaded in childhood. As a rule, those around him tried to “develop” some other qualities in him in accordance with their ideas.

For example, in a logical family, an ethical child is more likely to be taught mathematics, despite the fact that he might be a talented psychologist or artist. Or a logical child in the hands of an ethical mother may be banned from working on a computer because, in her opinion, this will prevent him from acquiring the skills to communicate with people.

As a result, strong functions in such a child are underloaded and undeveloped in full due to lack of information and training. Weak functions can be overloaded with an abundance of information and skills, but they still will not succeed in truly creative work that could bring real satisfaction. All this gives rise to complexes and creates dead ends in the development of personality.

Something needs to be done about this!

Only socionics can truly solve such a problem. To determine in which sector of culture the creative potential of a person (his strong functions) is realized to the maximum, only a specialist in socionic diagnostics is capable of.

In fact, behind the concept of a socionic function is what in everyday life we ​​call abilities. And they, as you know, need development, and do not fall from the sky in finished form. Talent is first and foremost hard work. But only this work should be applied in the sphere of a person’s true abilities (his strong functions), and not where he wanted, for example, parents in accordance with their ideas or their own unrealized dreams.

It is only necessary to keep in mind that even the successful development of strong functions does not guarantee a person infallibility in working on them. In principle, no one is immune from mistakes. It's just that with strong functions, we will notice an error earlier and correct it more successfully. Therefore, errors in strong functions, as a rule, do not become fatal either for others or for the person himself.

For the full disclosure of the type, it is necessary that in childhood there should be an information loading of its strong functions while ensuring a sparing mode of operation of weak functions.

But the problem of individual development has another side, which is not related to socionics, although it is often mixed with it without any understanding, giving rise to confusion. We are talking about the general culture of a person, his involvement in society.

In every society, there are certain requirements for the general culture of a person in all four individual aspects of the world, which allow him to be included in public life.

Since the idea of ​​systematic education was established in society, methods have been developed that make it possible, with greater or lesser difficulty, to convey to everyone the entire multifaceted universal social experience.

And by the way!

In modern society, everyone has to master all aspects of the world.

Belonging to a person, for example, to a logical type does not justify boorish behavior.

Belonging to an ethical type does not relieve a person from the need to learn the multiplication table and comply with laws and regulations, etc.

Intuitives these days cannot help but care about hygiene, health and their appearance.

And sensors should be more open to new things, to changes, try to move in the flow of time.

The general culture has developed in all four aspects, and the necessary cultural minimum must be mastered by each of its representatives.

It can be assumed that the measure of a person's general culture is precisely the level of information loading of weak functions.

Thus, regardless of the type, a modern person must master the minimum communicative set of information and skills that is accepted in this culture in all aspects. And in the conditions of systematic education, there is nothing impossible in this.

This is not about the creative process. The task of mastering the already accumulated knowledge and skills does not require creative formulation, but is for the student only learning task, which is served using well-known teaching methods.

The degree of mastering such educational material depends on personal diligence and good memory, and not on the type of student. Methods are designed so that everyone can cope with the material.

That is why an experienced diagnostician will not be confused by an ethicist who demonstrates good training in mathematics or physics. In fact, this means that he has mastered the knowledge that has already become the property of society.

For example, a diligent ethicist, and besides, a rational one, can sometimes cope better with this task and be much more successful than a lazy irrational logician.

The family level, favorite teacher, degree of ambition and, finally, simply genetically inherited abilities, including a good memory, play a role in the development of social experience for weak functions.

Thus, the general cultural level is not a socionic sign, but reflects the amount of our efforts to master social experience. It can be any of any type. And this, by the way, is one of the serious reasons that make it difficult to determine the type at first sight (or from the first test).

Qualified statements on any aspect do not indicate that the information is presented from a strong function. In this case, we can simply deal with a weak function that has assimilated knowledge that has already become the property of society.

The question arises: how to distinguish a well-trained weak function from a poorly developed strong one during diagnostics. The only reliable criterion here is the ability or inability of a person to set a task in a non-standard situation.

If during the interview the respondent is given clearly formulated tasks, it is enough for him to have a certain level of knowledge and general culture to solve them (regardless of the type).

If the question posed requires a creative approach (self-selection of essential features (parameters) of the situation, formulation of the problem, definition of boundary conditions, the ability to see possible non-standard solutions to this problem), it can be dealt with only with the help of expert vision with strong functions.

The same thing happens in the learning situation. With the complication of the educational task, which requires the involvement of the creative potential of students, the assimilation of material from strong functions is many times more successful and faster than from weak ones. And this should be kept in mind when developing teaching methods.

Only the effective work of the function in the conditions of solving a non-standard task can confirm the guess that we have a really strong function (basic or creative), which perceives the situation as an expert.

One should also not confuse typical features and a system of values ​​(including moral ones) of a person of a certain type.

Just think!

A highly developed logical type can be a creator, or it can be a destroyer.

A highly developed ethical type can be a humanist, or it can manifest itself as a low intriguer.

A developed sensory type can become a responsible leader, or it can become a bandit.

A developed intuitive type can show its potential in the field of research, or it can become a charlatan-predictor.

It depends in general terms on how positively or negatively oriented a person is, but in general on his worldview and value system.

Therefore, when describing and discussing types, value judgments should be avoided. Type itself is neither good nor bad, neither moral nor immoral, just like any other objective parameter, such as shoe size, blood type, hair color.

Value judgments can only apply to a real person. In addition, they always contain an element of a personal relationship to a particular person and are completely far from a professional socionic approach.

A competent socionician should clearly distinguish between socionic and value characteristics in human manifestations.

About subjective reality

It is generally accepted that the world is something that exists outside of us independently of our consciousness. It is one and varied, it develops according to objective laws, and the method of its cognition is to study its features as impartially as possible, building up from one's own illusions.

Fine. But what about what is commonly called the inner world? Does he exist or not? Is it significant or can it be ignored? Or maybe our perception of reality is also a part of this world, revealing some very important properties of it?

For 300 years of "scientific worldview" we have become so mired in "objectivity" that subjective reality has to be rediscovered. But the objective and the subjective are a dialectical pair of concepts, through the equal interaction of which development takes place. Each of these approaches has its own advantages and equal rights to an adequate reflection of reality.

Thus, when a child is born, he finds certain conditions in the world in which he will have to! to exist, and begins to intensively adapt to them. It is the objective reality represented by the natural and cultural background that will determine what language he will speak, and what food he will adapt to, and what medicines he will use, and what manners and knowledge he will learn. In this sense, the thesis of K. Marx is justified, that being determines consciousness.

But this is not the end of a person's life. The image of external reality is transferred to his consciousness, his inner world is formed. As everyone grows older, a worldview develops, ideas about the world are clarified, a certain attitude towards everything that surrounds it develops.

It is also important that a person forms ideas about the ideal. It is they who act as the driving force behind the transformation of reality. Everyone tries, to the best of their ability and ability, to bring the existing reality closer to what seems to him harmonious and fair.

At this stage, subjective reality begins to play a leading role. Objective reality is transformed according to ideal patterns that exist only in the human mind, and through the activities of all mankind is included in culture.

Imagine!

Thus, the results of achievements in all informational aspects of reality are accumulated in the socio-cultural "piggy bank". All 16 types throughout the history of mankind constantly contribute, based on the subjective perception of the world, characteristic of each type.

The new generation finds the results of such an impact of the subjective principle on objective reality, but perceives this result as external in relation to itself, that is, as objective. A new cycle of development begins.

Since the achievements of all 16 types become the property of a common culture, it develops in all directions. And thanks to the idea of ​​education, which has recently come into use, this knowledge is actively and purposefully transmitted to every head and becomes a common property.

It may seem that the objective and subjective approaches are incompatible. But in exactly the same way, 100 years ago it seemed that it was impossible to combine the “incompatible” in one object, for example, corpuscular and wave properties. After some effort of thought, a way out was found, and now there is nothing heretical in this dualism.

Let's try to take the same step: to see the dialectical interaction of the objective and the subjective in the process of human cognition of the world. This will allow us to clarify something important both in the world and in man.

When socionics opened the channels of information interaction between a person and the world, we saw that objective logical and technological research is only a quarter of all the mechanisms given to a person for understanding the world. The remaining three-quarters of the channels are fundamentally illogical. And all attempts at their logical description are nothing more than an imitation that does not reflect their deep properties. But you can’t declare most of the information about the world insignificant just because rules, laws and evidence are not applicable to it! Indeed, it is often non-logical criteria that give a quick and accurate answer to our request.

And by the way!

For example, whether it is cold or warm in a room, we feel good even without looking at the thermometer. Moreover, the thermometer can show quite acceptable temperature, but we are cold. In fact, in this case, you should dress warmer, because in order not to get sick, it is not the objective value of the parameter that is more important, but well-being.

Another example. Everyone had to learn to ride on a swing. The logic behind this process is quite simple. It is necessary to determine the resonant frequency of the pendulum through the length of the suspension and then perform pumping. Having an accurate stopwatch and a ruler, such actions are not difficult to perform. But for some reason no one does it.

We put a two-year-old child on a swing, swing it and say: “Pull out your legs - one! Now again! Take your time, feel when you need to push again. What is characteristic is that very soon he begins to feel it himself, because he has integrated into the system and feels its (i.e., his) resonance very accurately. Without any calculation. This way of mastering reality is much shorter and more accurate, not only in this case. When a phenomenon is irrational, when logical patterns are not visible in it, it is trust in one's perception that can lead a person to the right decision.

In life, there are many examples of subjective, but at the same time adequate mastering of reality. The feelings of people bring high poetry and music into the world, a sense of harmony - beautiful works of art and architecture, forebodings and insights - brilliant ideas. And all this tangibly affects the world in which we live, reveals its deep properties, helps other people to understand it. As we can see, subjective reality cannot be called an insignificant factor in social life.

But what do we really know about the subjective world of each of us? Only that it is a reflection in the head of fragments of the objective world with some kind of distortion. What fragments? With what distortions? In what can you trust your perception, and in what you should not? It is socionics that gives us the opportunity to establish the picture of the world that is formed in each type in accordance with its structure.

Now we can accurately answer the question of how the world seems to a person of this type (without going into details of his fate), what is adequate in it to the surrounding reality, and what is distorted and simplified due to the weakness of the corresponding channels of information perception. Now we can imagine the fundamental structure of the inner world of a different type of person! And we must take this into account. We will have to change our habits of evaluating the other according to our own standards - after all, we already know the standards that he must meet.

Let's try to remember the truths that socionics has revealed to us.

What is well understood by us is not absolutely obvious. There are types to whom this information is given with difficulty. They are no worse and no more stupid than us - they are just different.

- What seems unimportant and uninteresting to us is not so for everyone. There are types that are able to extract information from what we cannot evaluate. They are not better or smarter than us - they are just different.

- There are no people who adequately perceive all the information about the world (that is, talented in everything). They have no less weaknesses than any other person, they also need complementary support.

– We are obliged to “accept a person as he is” only within the framework of his type, but not in a state of complete licentiousness and disregard for others.

- We must remember that there are no neutral topics for conversation and each topic can touch a sore point of someone present.

We must be aware that each type is inclined to represent the world in terms of its strong functions and underestimate it in terms of its weak ones. Thus, the structure of the internal reality of each type is given by its model A.

This means that by talking with a person about his assessments and methods of achieving a goal and feeling how they are similar or different from ours, we can reveal the structure of his type.

But subjective does not mean arbitrary. It must be understood that before relying on one's subjective perception, it should be formed in accordance with the already accumulated, objectively existing knowledge in a particular area.

If the diagnostician is well versed in his model, if he does not try to transform himself into another “more worthy” type, then the feeling of “friend or foe” becomes a powerful tool for constructing a hypothesis about the type of the subject. In difficult cases, this can be one of the main methods to help find the truth. Although completely subjective.

Socionics affirms the equality of objective and subjective ways of perceiving the world, their equal cognitive value and ability to reach the truth. In socionic diagnostics, subjective methods are necessary, since the human information system is essentially irrational and is not limited to logic.

The subject of socionics. What does she do and what does she not do?

There are no new directions, there is one: from person to person.

(Art. Dace)

The theory of informational metabolism, informational psychoanalysis, the science of mutual understanding, even metapsychology - as soon as socionics does not call itself. All this is correct, but not clear. What can a particular person expect, having mastered this knowledge? Will he improve his informational metabolism? Will anyone get an understanding? Will he successfully analyze his psyche? Not without it, of course. But so many myths and simplistic interpretations have grown around socionics that each time starting a new group, one has to clarify the area of ​​applicability of this knowledge and dispel the unjustified expectations of students.

About worldview

The knowledge that humanity has at its disposal can be conditionally divided into two types. The first type includes everything that, although it is clearly of value for culture, nevertheless may not be in demand by individual representatives of the human race.

Strange as it may seem, this is basically the kind of knowledge that we have been accustomed to consider obligatory since our school years. And now let's ask ourselves a question: who among us uses the full knowledge of chemistry, physics, geography, medicine, etc.? Who is really familiar with the work of A. Pushkin, F. Tyutchev, W. Shakespeare, A. Akhmatova or D. Kedrin?

We can safely say that not everyone has read the novels of L. H. Tolstoy. Many people know little about fine arts, architecture and philosophy. Not everyone is a connoisseur of the works of Vivaldi, Debussy, loves the songs of the Beatles, is generally fond of music.

It is paradoxical, but the fact is that you can join all this knowledge, or you can bypass them. This happens if a person in a certain way has developed life circumstances, value orientations, ideas about what to put together the mosaic of his own, personal culture.

But there is also knowledge of another kind, without which it is difficult to manage in everyday life. This is what is commonly called a worldview, an idea of ​​the picture of the world as a whole and of one's place in this very world. Without it, it is difficult to move through life. This kind of knowledge is the basis of a person's personality, it is something like a compass, with the help of which we go through different life situations, set and achieve our own goals.

You can find many people who do not know who Kandinsky is, but there is not a single person who would not have developed in his head - albeit miserable, albeit contradictory - his own worldview values.

In different eras, the worldview of each individual person included its own, special components. For example, in the Middle Ages, it was unthinkable without religious faith, without a clear awareness of one's place in the hierarchy of social strata of society, or even without belief in rituals that seem strange to people at the beginning of the 21st century. Agree, there are hardly many hunters these days to soak the liver of a boar in the bile of a porcupine for two weeks, and then, for example, undertake to treat love fever with this potion.

There are a number of specific features in the worldview of modern man. Without delving into this practically inexhaustible topic, let us pay attention only to some of the features characteristic of our time. It is clear that nowadays it is not customary for us to do bloodletting and poultices, but everyone knows well that you need to brush your teeth in the mornings and evenings, and also wash your hands before eating.

And by the way!

Note that remarkable hygiene skills were mastered relatively recently and practically saved Europe from epidemics of plague and cholera. Most likely, they saved more lives than all the doctors put together, of those who selflessly tried to put a barrier to these terrible diseases.

But modern man is distinguished not only by the idea that it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, not only by the awareness of the need to solve environmental problems. An integral part of modern ideas that are part of our worldview is also a person's knowledge of himself. No one will deny that most people today would like to live their lives interestingly and prosperously, work in the area that would best suit their abilities, find happiness in their personal lives.

The most important among other worldview values ​​is also the ability to build positive relationships with other people. At the same time, it is quite clear: in order to achieve harmony and peace with those around us, we must first of all know and understand both ourselves and others well.

All these and many other problems can be largely solved by socionics - the successor of Freudian psychoanalysis and Jung's theory of psychological types. Today it becomes quite obvious that the modern worldview cannot do without it, since there is no person to whom everything that she tells about would not apply. The knowledge developed within the framework of socionics concerns not just “all people”, but literally everyone without exception. This is a science about ourselves, about all those who surround us, about our relationship with them. They form the basis of the mental hygiene of any modern person.

Socionic knowledge is called upon to form the basis of a new worldview oriented towards real humanism. With the help of socionics, ideas about equal rights and opportunities for all people can be filled with concrete content.

Specificity of socionic knowledge

Socionic knowledge has its own specifics. When we study the natural sciences, we expect to contribute to them, to expand their scope. When we study grammar, for example, we don't contribute anything to it. But, having become literate, we are irreversibly transformed ourselves. Through literacy, a person connects to an immense array of knowledge, to culture in general. He gets the opportunity to lead a qualitatively different existence within the framework of this culture, breaking out of the circle of purely everyday concerns.

Moreover, the reverse process is practically impossible. The idea that there are inexhaustible depths in culture still remains with a person, no matter how he descends.

The information that socionics provides, as well as literacy, irreversibly changes a person's ideas about himself. He opens up such aspects of life that he had not previously suspected, despite the fact that he encounters them daily.

An analogy can be made here. Everyone knows the magic pictures with a stereoscopic effect. If you peer into the diversity of the image in a certain way, then volumetric figures suddenly appear from the plane of the sheet, creating a sense of space.

Just think!

Approximately the same feeling is experienced by people who have discovered a socionic vision in themselves. Behind familiar phenomena, phrases, everyday situations and collisions, a person begins to see the depth and meaning of people's information interactions.

Socionic knowledge becomes a tool with the help of which both the character of a person and complex relationships with other people are analyzed and then amenable to correction. Moreover, a person who has truly mastered socionics will not return back to vulgar everyday ideas. He will no longer think that all women have weak logic, and men, on the contrary, are all smart; will not say that any man should be strong and aggressive, and a woman should be weak and dependent.

After studying socionics, statements of this kind sound like obvious illiteracy. Yes, they were never true. It's just that socionics frees a person from the need to cling to dogmas, gives a reliable way to determine who is what in reality.

But it is quite difficult to explain how this happens to an external observer. It is necessary to plunge into the element of the socionic worldview. Only after that everything will fall into place.

Imagine that you can't read. How difficult it would be to convince you that by learning just 33 characters of the alphabet, you will discover a huge new world. You will learn about what people thought and felt a hundred and a thousand years ago, how they lived, what discoveries they made and are making now. Before you will be revealed the achievements of philosophical thought, and esoteric secrets that have come down to us from previous centuries. You would not believe it and you would be right.

Any new knowledge is always fraught with the unexpected and does not coincide with what a person who has not yet mastered it can think about it. Therefore, you need to have some courage and determination to start studying.

The specificity of socionic knowledge, fully assimilated by a person and applied in a humanistic way, is that it irreversibly changes ideas about oneself, relations with others and with the world as a whole.

About our "on-board computer"

Let's talk about this in more detail. Socionics studies information processes in the human psyche, and therefore, analogies with a computer are quite appropriate here. Of course, analogies do not prove anything, but they clarify something.

Let's try to consider the human information system in the same terms in which we consider the device of a computer. Without a doubt, the authors, even in a nightmare, would not have thought that a person is exhausted by such a computer analogy! But the processing of information in these two systems (computer and human), in fact, has much in common. After all, the human psyche is nothing but a mechanism of informational interaction of an individual with the environment. In it, as in a computer, several functional parts can be distinguished.

In an ordinary computer, this is primarily “hardware”, that is, boards, circuits, wires, and so on. Let's imagine that a human nervous system corresponds to them - the brain, nerves, receptors, etc., which is the subject of interest of neurophysiology, neurology, physiology of the sense organs.

Over time, any computer accumulates its own unique set of files: someone has games, someone has music, someone has programs and calculations, someone has memoirs. It is very difficult to make the contents of two computers identical.

The same is with human information baggage. Each of us has his own, unlike others, history of mastering life, his own fears and complexes, joys and discoveries. Our experience is the son of our own "difficult mistakes", and you can't get it in someone else's head.

The specific paths and nooks and crannies of our unique personality are in the hands of psychologists and psychiatrists. If the need arises, we will contact them. These specialists will help us understand ourselves, reassess our values, get rid of unnecessary attitudes, etc.

But in any computer, in addition to the above, there is also an operating system, which, in fact, allows this “box with electronics” to work. This is the basic language in which the information of our computer is perceived, processed and issued. And its general capabilities depend precisely on its operating system.

So in our "on-board computer" - the human psyche - a certain "operating system" is loaded, in the language of which we perceive all the information about the world around us. How does the other person perceive the world?

Usually these questions are referred to the conduct of psychology. But it is rooted in the study of the psyche of an unhealthy person and specializes in returning these people to a conventional "normal". Thus, it is implicitly implied that such a single norm exists for all.

It is important to note that, unlike psychology, socionics studies healthy people, their differences among themselves, and the resulting various ways of mastering reality. There were 16 of them.

Socionics considers a representative of each of the 16 types as a highly specialized information system, significantly different from all others. Moreover, these differences are the specifics of the type of psyche (its device), and not a deviation. Thus, it turns out that there are 16 normal types of the psyche. In socionics they are called types of informational metabolism.

Just think!

Being a carrier of a certain type of informational metabolism, a person expertly selects from the surrounding world precisely those informational aspects that he can process in the best way.

Such is the specialization of our psyche, which is not at all universal. This is confirmed by numerous observations that normal, healthy people differ from each other in their propensity for different ways of mastering the world.

The study of the fundamental properties of the human psyche, which are behind this phenomenon, is what socionics is engaged in. It considers the operation and interaction of our "on-board computers" in terms of the most general principles.

Since not all types interact smoothly with each other, and some are generally difficult to compatible, she explains how to achieve a productive exchange of information, how to "change encodings" so that someone else's message is read.

Socionics studies the types of "operating systems" of our "on-board computers" and their interaction with each other.

From general to specific

Socionics works with the human psyche at the level of very general patterns. Figuratively speaking, it creates a "map of personality" on a global scale. As if from outer space we see the general outlines of "continents and oceans", the highest "mountains" and bright "cities", without distinguishing between small "ravines" and "hills". Such a map already allows us to successfully navigate the “planet of our life”, to find the best paths to our goals.

A socionic expert does not need to delve into the small details of a person's personal life in order to determine his type.

Do you know that…

With socionic typing, it does not matter what a person ate for breakfast, whether he had scarlet fever, whether a black dog bit him as a child, and whether he likes to sleep on his right side.

But after determining the type, a specialist can give many practical recommendations. These include advice on mastering the typical features of a person, on correcting his relationships with loved ones (if it was possible to identify their types), on focusing on a certain field of activity, on avoiding certain life stories.

Socionics describes the informational interaction of a person with the world with the help of four pairs of dichotomous signs. These are not just freely listed properties, which could be more or less. This is a minimal but sufficient set of independent parameters that fully describe the "space" in which a person's information life takes place.

In other words, the Young basis is indeed a basis in the mathematical sense of the word. It represents the axes of the coordinate system of a special space in which information circulates. Thus, any information system can be described by a set of four Young parameters.

The discovery of such a way of describing the information interaction of a person with the world can be compared with the invention of a system of geographical coordinates.

Imagine!

If we, for example, wanted to describe the place where the treasure was buried before the invention of the coordinate notation, then it would look like this.

From Paris, exit along the northern road, turn left at the second fork, after a hundred steps on the right - a lone oak. From it, four steps to the east and a depth of two meters.

The same place from Berlin was described, of course, in a different way.

On the southern road at the twelfth crossroads, turn right, after a hundred steps on the left there is a lone oak tree, etc.

From Zhmerinka for this treasure, most likely, one would have to get to Paris first, then according to the instructions. And, of course, all paths would be different.

Approximately so approaches to work with the person the psychology. And she's right in her own way. However, with this approach, small details, moreover, submitted by the client in a subjective manner, have to be long and difficult to build into a general picture of life. In the psychological literature, one can find references to the fact that this takes weeks, months, and even years of painstaking work.

But still, as we see, in this way the “treasure” can be found.

However, if we find out that the treasure is located at a point with coordinates 44 ° 23 "N and 21 ° 37" L, we will find it completely regardless of both our own location and the landscape of the area in which it is buried .

Approximately so approaches socionics to work with information system of the person.

Having coordinates and a compass in hand, a person will always get to a given point. And the fact that he had never been there before, that he does not know whether the forest is there or the sea, that he has no idea which road to go there from Amsterdam - all this and much more will not interfere with him at all. reach the true destination of your journey.

A socionic specialist, without trying out the "terrible secrets" of a person's life, determines the properties of the language in which a person speaks with the world and other people. It helps to restore the normal structure of interaction and clear communication channels between partners. And his “compass” is the qualification and deep knowledge of those basic properties of our information system, which Carl Gustav Jung brilliantly spotted in the world back in 1920.

Thus, going from general patterns to their particular manifestations in people's lives, socionics in its recommendations relies not on the features inherent in an individual, but on typical characteristics.

The socionic approach allows you to see clear typological patterns in the turbulent flow of the personal life of any person, as well as to identify and systematize his true life problems. during one session. After that, general recommendations can be made that do not require any prior intimate confessions on the part of the client. Having received such recommendations, a person himself will be able to bring clarity and make the necessary correction in his life. If he really needs it.

It is known that a horse can be led to a pond, but you cannot make it drink. The same applies to socionic knowledge. You can try to give it, but to take it or not to take it, to apply it or reject it, is the business of the person himself.

It is the socionic approach, starting from general typical patterns, that immeasurably increases the effectiveness of determining the structure of a personality, and through it, revealing the true problems facing a person.

What socionics does not claim

Socionics is often suspected of trying to usurp problems that it does not claim to solve.

For example, it does not replace psychotherapy. A socionic specialist is not engaged in reprogramming a person, instilling in him the necessary attitudes and removing harmful ones. In general, work with the human psyche should remain the responsibility of a specialist psychologist or psychotherapist.

Socionics cannot and does not claim to explain the infinite variety of all human manifestations. She is interested only in the most general typological features of people. Accordingly, the forecasts that it gives contain information only about how beneficial the information structure of a person is influenced by his decisions and actions. Knowing the type of a particular person, this can be said quite accurately. For example, the profession he has chosen will destroy or strengthen his psyche.

With the same accuracy, socionics can predict the general patterns of development of relationships in each pair. There are stories that will strengthen these relationships, and stories that will destroy them. But, of course, socionics does not even undertake to predict what words people will say to each other, for example, on Wednesday evening after dinner. However, psychology hardly sets itself such a task.

Socionics is often reproached for imposing some mandatory typical behavior on people. She doesn't claim that either. She simply believes that it is better for a person to know his objective properties (in this case, the properties of his "on-board computer") than not to know.

Similarly, knowledge of the type often eases the problems of choice that we have to make every day. We just know in advance where we will feel natural and comfortable, and where unnecessary stress awaits us.

Imagine!

Imagine for a moment that we decided, for the sake of morality, not to know what gender we are. Will such “purity” make our social life easier? And which door - with a cockerel or with a hen - will we choose in public places?

One can also draw such an analogy. When raising a newborn baby, we are sure that although he likes to crawl on all fours and gurgle more, we will still encourage him to get up on his feet and learn to speak. We are going against his will because we intend to realize his human potential. And this cannot be considered violence against his personality, but should be considered as the development of his abilities. Otherwise, he cannot become a human being. "Freedom" from obligatory human manifestations will turn savagery for him.

Socionics also does not invent its own laws, but, like physics or chemistry, simply discovers them in the world. Therefore, it would be strange to accuse her of dictatorship. That is why one should not, in the rush of the struggle for personal freedom, take into account her recommendations every other time. It's like blaming the law of universal gravitation for claims to dictatorship and, defending your independence, go out the window every other time. That is, of course, you can ... But it would be better not to do this.

It can be briefly summarized that socionics is a science about 16 types and 16 objective ways of information interaction of people with the world and with each other. In this area, its laws work rigorously, and it does not pretend to anything else.

Self-regulation of socionic knowledge

Some would like to understand what they believe, others would like to believe what they understand.

(Art. Jerzy Lec)

They say that G. Reinin owns the words that we all sit firmly in Jung's basis. However, it cannot be said that everyone has mastered it to the fullest. Socionics, as knowledge about the informational interaction of a person with the world, offers to comprehend all aspects and methods of this interaction, inherent in eight socionic functions. She argues, following Jung, that for real knowledge of the world it is equally necessary:

– not only to study its laws, but also to feel its harmony;

- not only to see the big picture, but also to master specific applications of knowledge;

- to appreciate not only the rich experience of ancestors, but also to trust their direct vision of the originality of the current moment;

- take into account not only objective criteria, but also the subjective perception of each person.

But we, as a rule, are limited only by the logic of this science. And sometimes we do without it at all.

This chapter is an attempt to understand the mechanisms development socionic knowledge. It is assumed that such reflection will help to form more effective ways of transmission.

Dead ends of socionic knowledge

Reading socionic books, examining research papers, one can notice that they quite quickly break away from real life and turn into a game of beads for a closed group of "specialists". These can be ultra-deep theories, or funny square dances, or attempts to determine types by the expression of the eyes and the shape of the ears in the photograph. Thus, knowledge degenerates into elite entertainment for those who are attracted by the idea of ​​a closed caste of people initiated into a teaching inaccessible to others.

Let's apply the socionic concept of equality of all four aspects of information to socionics itself. Let us consider in more detail what the distortions of knowledge look like when one of the four informational aspects sharply prevails in its development, while the other three are not considered important.

Logic deadlock.

This is clearly visible when logical approach that is popular in our culture today. Schemes and models are becoming more and more complicated, theories and terms are becoming more abstract and scientific. Connections branch out in the geometric profession, but how it will look in life is a second question and no one is interested. Strictly speaking, the game of the mind does not have to correspond to something in reality. Like chess, for example. This does not interfere with her charm.

However, socionics promises to clarify the issues of mutual understanding. And a person who counts on this plunges into a sea of ​​​​theory in the hope of understanding his complex life. In front of him in the four-dimensional space stands eight, and even a sixteen-member model of the type, which can act in two (or maybe more) subtypes. And one must imagine the exchange of information between two such structures, calculate where stresses are possible and how to eliminate them. Then you need to translate your theoretical research into human language and try to apply it in life. And before that, by numerous tests, determine your type and type of partner. Next follow the calculation. Few follow this path to the end. Enthusiasm dries up sooner.

Ethical impasse.

Difficult, but also possible to describe ethical degeneration of knowledge. It gives rise to innumerable descriptions of types, more and more personal. Legends about “beautiful” intertype relationships appear and “terrible” ones are hushed up. Diagnosis is based on the principle "do you like this type of description" or depends on the sympathy of the consultant. The consultations themselves turn into washing the bones, and the communication of socionics turns into a club of lovers of this activity.

But a person who has turned to socionics wants to improve his relations with the world, and not only with the master, who “took” him as a student. He must master the methods of reliable diagnostics and constructive relationship building. His tolerance must have a real basis and extend not only to the good people in the club, but also to any representative of any type. What if his loved one belongs to the types that the club decided to criticize? Then, for example, embarrassment for such a stupid choice of a partner will be added to the existing problems.

Intuitive dead end.

intuitive the degeneration of socionic knowledge looks something like this. The main interest is transferred to the expansion of borders. There is a continuous generation of hypotheses, free associations and bizarre analogies become the main methods. Underestimation of applied issues and consistent development of the material leads to stratification into the creative elite - those who are able to see the essence without explanation, fans - those who admire it, and plebeians - those who are not interested in comprehensive expansion.

Expecting to know a holistic picture of human relationships, the student runs the risk of getting a dozen universal theories of everything in the world. He will learn how all esoteric currents are connected with socionic models, how popular concepts of modern psychology are included here, what hypotheses are in place in related fields. But there will be no one to patiently unravel the specific knot of his own relations. “I described a similar case in my work X. Look and figure it out,” the master will say with dignity.

Sensory dead end.

touch degeneracy, apparently, is a bias in specificity. Gaining practical power over people or securing your comfort. Such an orientation contributes to the transformation of knowledge into handicraft and applied knowledge, and not its development. Activity quickly turns into commercial or socio-political.

A person interested in knowledge, if he is allowed to access the resource at all, will receive several recipes, which are enough to impress the customer. New ideas that can disrupt the usual procedure will most likely not arouse interest - they are not looking for good from good. Observable facts can be crammed into existing concepts with the same practical result. An inquisitive student will find it difficult to confine himself to handicrafts instead of research.

Objectivist dead end.

Absolutization objectivity gives an endless search for "disjoint features", "objective tests" and increasingly precise definitions. Cumbersome mass experiments with the measurement of physiological parameters are designed to reveal that key indicator (for example, the acidity of gastric juice?), Which certainly distinguishes all logicians from all ethics. Without this, the next step becomes impossible.

Subjectivist dead end.

Care in subjectivity also brings its limitations. “I feel that way” is not up for debate.

Opportunities for joint analysis of the situation and exchange of experience are narrowing. The other person feels differently - well, okay. Socionic work turns into a one-man show, available only for contemplation.

Difficulties arising in the development of knowledge in each of these cases are associated with inattention to its other aspects.

Benefits of a holistic approach

Defects in any of the four aspects of information lead to a characteristic distortion of knowledge. Socionics also gives us their specific description and ways of elimination.

Logic flaws affect in the absence of a systematic understanding of socionic information. For from the fact that the type is defined, certain things follow rigorously. For example, the impossibility of full-fledged creativity for weak functions or full responsibility for circumstances for strong ones. And if the consultant goes along with the subject's ardent desire and allows him to choose the type that he likes best, the mistakes can be quite dramatic. After all, a small shift in typical traits can lead to completely opposite recommendations, for example, in choosing a partner.

An experienced consultant achieves complete clarity in the definition of the type and does not hide it from the subject, because he does not consider any type to be worse than the others and can convincingly prove this. It will help the subject to realize his strengths, recall how successful creativity was in strong aspects, and explain why some plots caused tension in relationships with loved ones. Schemes of intertype interactions help to identify and take into account quite subtle effects without any worries and avoid misunderstandings.

Ethics flaws introduce the following distortions. If a person did not like the type that fell out on the tests, and no one nearby comforted him, knowledge cannot be fully assimilated. A person will be embarrassed by his weaknesses, envy "strong" types, try to prove to himself and the world that in fact he is DON QUIXOTE or NAPOLEON, just some cunning subtype, or a different type altogether. If a person has not been able to figure out the basic properties of his personality, this will not allow him to correctly recognize the same signs in other people. Therefore, his diagnostic skill will not be reliable. A mistake in diagnosing a partner will nullify all calculations.

To accept your weaknesses and the weaknesses of your partner as a normal state, you need serious work on yourself. For emotional acceptance of his type, a person must see the harmony of his image, marvel at the disharmony of someone who claims to be universal perfection, want to develop his strong functions, understand that partners need them, etc. And an experienced teacher must be able to lead him through these creative experiences.

Sensory bugs- these are inconvenient schemes, hardly applicable to real life, impractical methods. The vagueness of images, a huge number of parameters that differ slightly from each other, complicated, inconvenient, formalized or vague language make the specific application of theoretical constructions difficult and, most importantly, ambiguous.

It is impossible to turn to the master for advice every time or bring a partner of interest to a party. In addition, when disagreements or misunderstandings arise, the ethical arguments “trust me” or “this is how I see it” do not help clarify the issue. And the recommendations, which often come down to finding a dual and tolerating it, because this is the most “good” relationship, as a rule, do not pass the test of practice.

With proper sensory elaboration, the result of complex modeling or reasoning should be obtained in the form of a convenient and clear recipe: if you touch on these topics, there will be resentment, you will touch on others, interest will arise, etc. A person should see that the socionic approach is less laborious than ordinary partner showdowns that it is faster and with less loss leads to an acceptable result.

The teacher is faced with the task of making a person feel that his life has become more organic, more comfortable, his area of ​​responsibility has been clearly defined, his real strength is in his hands. The practical development of socionics includes taking responsibility for one's life in terms of strong functions, the ability to help those who have weaker functions, and specific skills for building positively all 16 types of relationships. The teacher must teach a person to comfortably exist in his own type, without destroying the personal spaces of those around him - carriers of other types that are not always convenient for him.

flaws in intuition are expressed in a very weak predictive potential of complex logical constructions. Suppose the calculation showed that the child will never love mathematics, and the parent is a programmer genius. What's next? Don't communicate? Break a child? Give him up to his mother-in-law? The reasons for choosing the right option are extremely vague.

And if the partner is a dual, but quarrels still happen? What else needs to be taken into account by a particular couple in order for the socionic fairy tale about the harmony of complementary relationships to come true?

Scattered, narrowly focused recommendations also generate a fragmented, fragmented picture that does not give a complete picture of the possibilities of the socionic approach. After all, external enthusiasm and fun in a club environment can relieve tension for one evening, but the prospects for further building relationships may still remain unclear.

With the ability to take into account a holistic picture of live information interactions, a person sees the possibilities and consequences of the schemes applied by him and will be able to choose the optimal one. The overall picture can be determined not only by the types of contact participants calculated from the tests, but also by the traditions of their families, the composition of interested persons in the environment, previous experience and real type distortions caused by today's problems. It is unlikely that the entire set of possibilities can be calculated, but an experienced teacher will teach that one should not push the situation into a scheme, but, on the contrary, from all possible schemes, one should look out for a system that most plausibly models life.

Even with such a cursory review, one can see that with any distortion, knowledge loses its life potential, slows down development and goes out. Apparently, its one-sided development has its limits.

Mechanisms of self-regulation of socionic knowledge

In the described phenomenon, one can see a subtle self-regulation mechanism inherent in socionic knowledge itself, when effective progress in a chosen direction requires mastering all its sides, as well as all-round efforts both from the student himself and from his teachers. Only then can it become a life resource of a person.

Let's consider those steps, on which the assimilation of socionic knowledge by a student should take place, so that it becomes the ideological basis of his culture.

First stage development of socionic knowledge is its application to one's own person. A person is interested in his signs in a new classification for him. Here to come:

- master and accept your poles of the Jungian basis;

- find and fix in the mind their manifestations for each of the signs;

- to understand a certain limitation of one's own approach to reality;

- learn to live with it.

After the student has accepted his strengths and weaknesses, he gets the freedom to follow his talents, responsibility for "his" sector of information, he also loses the feeling of guilt for imperfection in the field of weak functions. Self-understanding stabilizes self-esteem, clarifies the path of life, stimulates creativity.

Refusal to accept one's own properties leads either to the rejection of this knowledge in general, or to the blurring of the lines between types, the blurring of the idea of ​​Jung's features, the inability to clearly perceive each of the types. A person tries to prove to himself and the world that his weak functions are stronger than some strong ones, that he can master any skill or knowledge. The qualitative definiteness of the type is lost, the image of the type is not fixed in the mind. As a result, knowledge is not assimilated, the skill of working with it cannot be formed.

Second phase learning socionics is the application of knowledge to another person. Must see here:

– how each alien pole of the Jungian basis works;

- you need to feel its difference from your own vision of the world;

- recognize the equality of the other view;

– learn to take it into account in real life.

The realization that another type is tuned to other aspects of the same situation allows you to acquire a three-dimensional vision, use its expert assessment in a problematic area of ​​the world, realize real differences in the perception of information, and learn diagnostics. Only then will counseling proceed from the real needs of the client and be conducted in the language of his type, and not from the point of view of his own values ​​and preferences.

If another type stubbornly seems imperfect, then the possibility of fruitful cooperation with him is cut off. The information that is available to him through his strong functions is underestimated and rejected. Evaluation is based on the principle “who is more perfect, he or I”. And sooner or later, it is here that the development of a person who has taken up the study of socionic knowledge will stop.

Third stage mastering socionics - understanding that neither the type nor the relationship is a fatal sentence. You need to understand that the name is not destiny. Of course, life may require the solution of a problem that falls on the weak functions of a person. Of course, intertype relationships with loved ones may not be the most comfortable, for example, control. But the way of constructive living of the situation always exists. It depends on the desire of the subject.

With some effort, the problem can be translated into the language of strong functions and solved or removed there. And in complex intertype relationships, a person must take responsibility for their development. There is always the opportunity to consciously choose plots that do not destroy communication, to refuse self-assertion at the expense of the partner’s pain point, to find and solve internal problems indicated by specific relationships. This is how the skill of constant comprehension of real interactions is acquired, and material for generalizations appears.

If “not their own” tasks are simply discarded, and a person tries to break off “difficult” relationships, then someday the entire space of his life will be filled with fragments and fragments. He will be forced to walk along the same beaten paths along the heaps of repressed problems. Moreover, the issues of self-esteem and personal creativity may be resolved, and the issue of interaction with others will remain open.

Fourth stage assimilation of socionic knowledge so far only emerges in the imagination. It should bring with it the understanding that in order to achieve group goals, it is necessary to agree on the personal goals of the participants. And among other things, this makes it possible for a more complete personal realization than individual activity. That is, going to the goal together is easier than alone.

When abilities and desires serve for the benefit of the general development of the group, everyone gains invaluable experience, which is so necessary for orientation in the world. Then there is an awareness of the constant demand for their talents. A community arises, in its best manifestations reminiscent of something ideal, the motto of which can be "one for all and all for one."

The one who uses the group to achieve his own goals remains somewhat detached from group values. And the common values ​​themselves may not arise if they are of no interest to anyone in the group. This is not an automatic process at all. And if it is not supported by the general interest, it will certainly die out. All personal problems here can be solved quite successfully, only the powerful potential of the collective consciousness will not be used.

Practice shows that a one-sided study of socionic knowledge has its limits and quickly degenerates into empty entertainment. The real development of knowledge occurs only when all four aspects are taken into account and the ability to apply the principles of socionics to oneself.

Fundamentals of socionic diagnostics

Did you manage to draw a conclusion from human anatomy, and for what purposes was it created?

(Art. Jerzy Lec)

Obviously it didn't work. Apparently, the study of anatomy is not enough for this. Now all hope for socionics. That is why it should not be limited to anatomy, but turn its attention to processes of a higher order - informational ones.

Illusory simplicity of diagnosis

Socionics is becoming more and more popular, successfully conquering the minds. And this is not surprising. After all, the basis of its concept is simple and consistent. Its findings are observable in everyday life. Her recommendations help people build relationships and effectively solve accumulated problems.

Every year the number of books on socionics increases. The concept of socionic type is gradually becoming familiar. Anyone who has read about the characteristics of types and intertype interactions wants to define themselves and their loved ones, choose a scheme suitable for describing real relationships that have developed in life.

But here lies the danger for the neophytes.

Something needs to be done about this!

The dubious recommendation “determine your type from the attached tests and descriptions” still flourishes in the wide literature. Moreover, descriptions are often not free from subjective perception.

Imagine!

You can read in them that “such and such a type will never offend anyone” (well, just release in the courtroom due to innate humanism). Or “such and such type is distinguished by greed for money” (it is necessary to put the cashier without looking). Of course, this does not correspond to the real state of affairs.

Often the author, being a prisoner of his subjective experience, extends to the whole type what is inherent in one of his acquaintances of this type. This is not always justified and causes a fair rejection of many readers of the same type.

Something needs to be done about this!

Such descriptions make it difficult to diagnose, they turn away from knowledge, which is not at all to blame for its vulgar interpretation.

And then we hear the objections of a man with whom never happened what would be "required" by his type, from the point of view of the author. Thus, doubts arise about the accuracy of socionic models and about the objectivity of socionic knowledge. What is the matter here?

As in any other diagnosis, determining a sociotype requires an appropriate qualification, which cannot appear after reading one popular book.

Hidden difficulties in mastering knowledge

The fact is that comprehending the art of diagnostics requires considerable effort, both mental and emotional.

Man is an irrational being, his behavior is quite free and unpredictable, therefore a rigid description of the type will never completely coincide with a specific object.

In addition, the interaction of a person with the world (which, in fact, is studied by socionics) is by no means limited to just one logical aspect. This means that socionics does not fit within the framework of traditional ideas about science as a formal-logical system of knowledge. Essential factors, without which this knowledge cannot claim to be complete, are the other three components of human interaction with the world: ethics, sensory and intuition.

Just think!

From the very beginning, socionics basically postulates the equal value of all four informational aspects of the world. They are needed for the cognition of reality and for the cognition of the system that cognizes this reality (the human psyche).

But at this particular moment in history, at the suggestion of a three-hundred-year-old European tradition, there is a distinct Scientist bias in the development of this knowledge. And then it becomes unclear why such types as ethics and intuitives are needed. It is difficult to believe in their significance for science and for life in general. Of course, this is not true.

In life, all aspects that socionics notes are intertwined on an equal footing - logic, ethics, sensory, and intuition. And in the development of socionics one cannot do without the use of non-logical methods. Our current culture does not recognize their significance, it mainly values ​​logic and sensory, but this is rather a defect of culture, indicating its one-sidedness.

Socionic knowledge is not assimilated only through the logical aspect of information. Without taking into account the other three aspects, mistakes are inevitable.

understandable– does not mean simple

The deceptive simplicity of the socionic concept provokes a frivolous attitude to the content of this science. There is a feeling that after reading one book you can already consider yourself a socionic and type everyone around. But in fact, the simplicity of understanding the basics does not always mean the simplicity of the inner content. And there are many examples of this in modern life.

Let's just give two examples.

Genetics, the principles of which are successfully mastered by high school students, is simple in its approaches. How traits are inherited when crossing peas in Mendel's experiments and why the ratio of these traits appears as 3 to 1, children can understand already in the fifth grade. However, the search for the causes of hereditary diseases is a task for a specialist researcher. Correction of genetic disorders is still an open question. And the decoding of the human genome using the most sophisticated equipment and supercomputers took decades.

And here is another example that will help to better understand the idea of ​​simpler and more complex levels in different areas of human knowledge.

In the end, each of you will agree that, having successfully learned how to turn on the light in the room, we still have no reason to consider ourselves experts in energy.

The computer, which is so well known today even to preschoolers, requires both high-tech production and the involvement of many specialists of various profiles for its creation. It is clear that a person who has achieved success in passing a game cannot yet consider himself a universal specialist in working with a computer. Both the production of computer chips and programming - extremely complex, highly skilled activities - remain beyond his perception.

The same fully applies to socionics. The external simplicity and elegance of the idea should not obscure the fact that the subject of socionics is the human information system, designed for adequate knowledge of the surrounding world and survival in it. But a system capable of adequately reflecting this world, in terms of the complexity of its structure, should be comparable to the object itself. Otherwise, aspects of the world not taken into account by consciousness would be a constant threat to humanity as a whole, which, ultimately, would be threatened with extinction.

But the thousand-year practice of the existence and successful survival of mankind shows that it perceives the world adequately. Man and the world are commensurable objects. Even the ancients said: "What is outside, so is inside; what is above, so is below." That is why the world is, in principle, cognizable, which Einstein considered its most amazing property.

The system of information metabolism is comparable in complexity to the structure of the world itself. And this, in turn, means that for its knowledge we must involve a system of no less complexity, that is, all human information resources.

If we measured, for example, the size of a person's shoes, we would only need to compare his foot with a ruler. If we were interested in blood type, we would compare our sample with a test sample. The object of our attention is the human information system. This means that we must compare it with some reference sample of the same system.

Imagine!

To accurately measure the performance of each system, a device of a higher class than the system under study is required.

The complexity of any devices is certainly lower class than the human psyche. Therefore, the hopes that some tests or computer programs will save us from having to make a responsible decision for the diagnosed type are illusory. You will have to become a high-class tool yourself, i.e., hone your diagnostic skills.

But the one who “learned” socionics only from the formal side, without emotionally accepting his own type and without developing tolerance for other types that are not similar to himself, has gone only a small part of the way.

The fact is that the adoption of one's own type is also necessary in order to form in one's head those images in which one's own strong and weak functions are manifested. This makes it possible to identify the same aspects in other people according to the “friend or foe” principle. Only on this basis, a competent diagnosis is possible. Without this, a person cannot actually become a good expert, because even in himself he is poorly aware of those areas where his perception is not competent enough.

If holistic images of informational aspects and sociotypes are not formed in the mind, if the vision of the specific state of the subject at the time of testing is not trained, then there is no need to talk about the ability to determine types.

Since a person is essentially irrational, the definition of his sociotype cannot be left at the mercy of any devices and tests (rational in nature). Only another person who masterfully owns socionic methods, and only in direct communication with the respondent, can reliably determine his type.

Hypothesis development - how it's done

Comparing other people with yourself is a laborious task and often gives rise to many misconceptions, since each person is a very multidimensional being, and it is incredibly difficult to trace all the psychological similarities and differences between him and an expert.

The great merit of C. G. Jung is that he discovered those basic information structures that make up each socionic type. Moreover, these structures are bipolar in themselves, it is enough to make the conclusion “friend or foe” 4 times, and the primary diagnosis of the psychological type will be complete.

Therefore, the development of diagnostics should begin with a good knowledge of your type, your poles of the Jungian basis, your own formula of the “A” model.

It is also necessary to clearly know the semantics of the aspects of the world, that is, to understand which words and images relate to one socionic function, and which to another. It is also necessary to clearly distinguish, for example, ethical from logical manifestations, sensory from intuitive, etc.

Just think about it!

The thing is, people don't understand each other. Behind the same words for them are different images and meanings. And the diagnostician, of course, must know this and be able to clarify the image that the respondent broadcasts.

For example, a person confidently explains how a scheme of human relations should be built so that partners do not have claims against each other. It is clear that this is concern for relationships, and it could be attributed to the function of introverted ethics. But it's not. Ethics, as a rule, does not replace ethics with logic, does not build schemes. Most likely, these are attempts to solve disturbing issues from the position of strong formal logic, which is trying to spread to all aspects of life.

In this case, the words and expressions used by a person will make it clear with the dictionary of what function he discusses this (of course, ethical) topic. And if you do not learn to hear the true semantics of the working aspect, errors are very likely.

The manifestation of each function in different positions of the "A" model is also significantly different. And we must learn to see from what position this information comes: from the base, role-playing or some other.

Something needs to be done about this!

It is necessary to develop the skill of informational analysis of human behavior: to notice characteristic features, movements, turns of speech, etc. In these trainings, you should rely on your type, using information on your strong functions.

In practice, it is easiest to see in what way a person is similar to us, and in what way he is opposite. It is only necessary not to be mistaken in your abilities, to accept your type.

In the information system of the subject there are all functions that reflect all aspects that are available in the world. So, for an adequate representation of a person, we need to use All methods given to us for the knowledge of the world. Ignoring any way of processing information will lead to distortion of facts and errors.

But in the head of an experienced diagnostician, on the basis of extensive knowledge and observation of many characteristic features, a holistic image of the type is synthesized with all possible variants of reactions. In part, this image is rational and can be transferred to paper. In part, it is irrational - based on sensations and a holistic vision - and cannot be transferred except from hand to hand. This is fine.

Mastery always has to be learned from the master, not from books.

rational methods

Rational methods for obtaining type information can be divided into objective and subjective.

Objective - comparison of visual features V with characteristic features of certain types - based on statistics, descriptions in the literature, personal experience of the researcher. It cannot be considered exhaustive, since there is a huge range of individual manifestations of a person related to heredity, upbringing, culture, etc.

Therefore, if the subject is similar to some person with an already known type, then it does not at all follow that he is of the same type. According to our observations, even identical twins often have close, but still different socionic types. External similarity is not yet a guarantee of type matching.

At the same time, it happens that people of the same type are completely different from each other. This is where heredity can play a role. For example, thin, asthenic parents may have an asthenic child, who will turn out to be a sensory child. His external data can deceive an inexperienced person. After all, one cannot say at first glance that such outwardly dissimilar people as B. Okudzhava and E. Leonov belong to the same socionic type of DUMA.

Subjective method - the use of tests and the subsequent calculation of the answers with which a person assessed himself from his point of view is based on the ability of the person himself to judge himself sensibly. Such a method, as already mentioned above, also cannot claim to be complete, since the mentioned ability is by no means inherent in everyone and not always.

Often people don't think about themselves in the way that tests require. A person can say more about his habits, about what kind of food or color of clothes he prefers, than to realize whether he "lives more in his heart or in his mind," as some tests ask.

In addition, in the absence of common reference ideas in the culture in this area, everyone can understand something completely different by this.

How do you need to know yourself in order to separate the answers to such questions into different poles?

“I do what gives a quick tangible return”;

“I do what is unusual and untried.”

After all, it is easy to imagine a person who likes to do something unusual, which at the same time gives a quick return. And it is difficult to imagine a person who sincerely believes that he loves to do something routine, which does not give any return. Usually, in such cases, respondents complain that the question was posed incorrectly.

It should also be remembered that rational methods for determining the type may contain logical and ethical approaches.

Logical The (analytical) approach is based on the analysis of the answers of the subject, the synthesis of a suitable model, the identification of inconsistencies in the answers to the hypothesis, the definition of the problem that distorted the structure of the type.

However, it also happens that respondents answer questions designed to reveal information coming from the functions of the vital (unconscious) ring from the mental (conscious) ring. And this is natural, because sometimes a person himself tries to understand what his immediate unconscious reactions are. Or, on the contrary, it happens that he is trying to guess which of his reactions might look better in a testing situation or be more pleasing to the experts.

Here the need is especially clear ethical approach, the purpose of which is to create a benevolent atmosphere, to show a person that he is not appreciated, but simply accepted with all his problems. This accelerates its adaptation during testing and extinguishes the manifestation of the SUPEREGO block.

When analyzing the work of the vital ring, an ethical approach helps the expert to enter the image of a complementary partner and cause the respondent to manifest the functions of the children's block. You also need to be able to provoke the manifestation of a restrictive function in the subject, creating a suitable game situation. The expert needs to strive to ensure that the client accepts information about his type with confidence and is ready to accept his “weaknesses”.

As you can see, rational methods are not able to cover all the various manifestations of informational metabolism of a particular type.

Irrational Methods

To obtain reliable information, it is also necessary to monitor the current situation during testing: from which block - for children, adolescents or adults - the answer comes, the question is perceived tensely or naturally, whether the testee is deceiving us or not, etc. Not a single computer will be able to put itself on another person's place.

Irrational criteria for assessing the state, such as sincerity or confusion, are difficult to translate into machine codes. And this is another reason why our hopes to shift the responsibility for diagnosis to tests are nothing but pure illusion.

Both man and the world are dynamically changing systems. Socionics shows us that the ephemeral concrete moment of reality is no less important than a scrupulously constructed theory and accumulated experience. This means that the irrational comprehension of the world by a person plays the same role as the rational one.

People as information models, that is, objects that socionics deals with, are extremely complex. Therefore, to constantly keep in mind all the components of socionic models in their interaction with other type models is, in fact, an impossible task. And here irrational methods come to the rescue.

They can also be divided into objective and subjective.

To an objective methods include - assessment of the respondent's behavior, his immediate reactions to the situation, his comments on testing, observation of changes in the behavior of the subject as he adapts. Here, too, one should not rush to conclusions, since a person often exposes a communicative model for communication that hides the true type.

Everyone must have observed this phenomenon in life, when someone from relatives or acquaintances behaves completely differently in a company and at home. In the family, such a person can be withdrawn, unemotional and even boring, but in public he becomes cheerful and artistic. This is not hypocrisy. It's just that the block of social adaptation (the SUPEREGO block) relies on completely different functions than the basic block (EGO). At the same time, the expert must be able to distinguish instantaneous transitions of a person from block to block. This is an objective irrational manifestation of the type.

To subjective Methods include the reconstruction of the respondent's motivation (whether he is afraid, whether he wants to be liked, whether he wants to know himself) and the feeling of "friend or foe" when analyzing answers to dichotomous tests (comparing the answers of the subject with his own feelings for each test). Here the danger lies in the haste of conclusions, arbitrary interpretation of the statements of the subject.

Whether a person is frightened or relaxed, whether he is trying to impress is not written on his forehead. An expert should be able to feel its state, evaluate the reasons why certain functions are activated during testing, and make the necessary correction for this.

For example, the manifestation of the creative and restrictive functions differ only in that the latter is colored more negatively. If a person resorts to a restrictive function, one gets the impression that he is in a deaf defense. The expert must be able to feel this tension as his own discomfort flashed in communication. For this, subjective perception must be sharpened and extremely focused.

It should also be remembered here that irrational methods can contain sensory and intuitive approaches.

Socionic theory shows that the properties of models can result in many different behaviors. Which of them a person demonstrates at the moment in a particular situation, sensory will tell.

touch perception reflects information about the specific state of the subject: his constitution, health, volitional qualities, orientation in space, etc. With its help, it becomes possible to distinguish reality from abstract fantasy and fill the formal schemes with living life.

Through observations, starting from practice, sensory provides material for further analysis. Without a concrete reference to reality, theorists are often inclined to linear extrapolations that have nothing to do with life.

The direct sensation of how a real person manifests himself is formed by a sensory consultant from unconscious fixations of various sensory information: appearance, manner of movement, handling of objects, direct dynamic reactions, conformity of clothes to the season, etc. Underestimation of this component can lead to errors in diagnostics. Here it is important to distinguish skills well acquired by virtue of upbringing from direct manifestations inherent in the type itself.

intuitive perception includes, first of all, a holistic vision and organic manifestations of a person.

Of course, having studied the socionic theory, one can successfully talk about it at the festive table. But if we want to apply this knowledge in practice, it is necessary to be able to quickly translate into the language of socionics any conflicts that arise around. And it is with the help of intuition that it becomes possible to quickly create a holistic view of the current situation, to feel the direction of its development as a whole.

Otherwise, it is impossible to work in real time. Otherwise, each consultation will require home calculations, a miscalculation of all available options for the development of events, a lot of time and explanations that are already too late.

In the case of working with a distorted personality type, it is often only an intuitive “insight” that allows you to separate the communicative model from the true type and build a primary hypothesis. After all, a real person who comes for a consultation can be in different states, demonstrate all kinds of masks. Sometimes only an intuitive can see behind these heaps how its true model lives and works, starting from the idea of ​​a holistic image of a type and its possible problem.

When the subject's answers, consistent in form, create a fuzzy, double image, or diverge from the impression that the person is trying hard to give, one should trust intuition and try to give the testing some unexpected angle in which it will be possible to separate previously mixed aspects. Here it is important not to escape from reality into the world of your own illusions.

Another way to clarify the type of person is to analyze the informational relationship that occurs between the diagnostician and the client. Information passes better or worse, what efforts are needed to explain, it is easy or difficult to understand the answer - all these are diagnostic signs, and not a reason for emotions. It's also worth learning to use. Without the identification of all these factors, the diagnosis will not be reliable.

Irrational techniques are situational; by definition, they cannot have clear recipes. In this area, one must rely on a good knowledge and acceptance of one's type and on a clear distinction between the informational aspects through which information passes at any moment.

Optimal diagnostic mode

Since in the adult block of each person (including the diagnostician) there are rational and irrational, extraverted and introverted functions, a reliable diagnosis is, in principle, possible. But all these functions must be trained and creatively mobilized in the fullness of their qualities in the process of diagnostics.

However, it is clear from socionics that one person cannot combine all the required qualities at the expert level. Knowing his type, each socionic can see what mistakes in diagnostics he systematically makes. The only reasonable way to a reliable diagnosis is to work in tandem with a more or less complementary partner. And here, like air, mutual trust and attention to the manifestations of complementary functions are necessary.

Therefore, only a well-working couple is the minimum high-class system that can serve as a measuring tool for socionic diagnostics.

A complementary pair is an elementary unit that allows you to effectively conduct both the teaching of socionics and counseling. In connection with this, it would be logical to issue one certificate for the right to practice in socionics for a well-established pair of specialists.

Test Method Pitfalls

Now it is completely clear that the feature tests offered in every book on socionics refer to the rational, subjective component. All other components remain outside the scope of this tool. As a result, most of the information content of the psyche is not covered by the study. Rational object data remain outside the brackets, which a person may not see in himself, but others notice well, as well as all irrational moments, both objective (features of the current moment) and subjective (a person’s state and his expectations).

Is it possible to form a correct idea of ​​the subject of research from the fourth part of the information?

And by the way!

The answer to this question is contained in the old parable of the blind men who studied the elephant according to the fragments that each of them came across. As a result, they never figured out whether the elephant looked like a rope or a burdock leaf.

It is worth noting that for a socionic expert, observation of the completion of tests still provides certain information for some preliminary conclusions, but for a novice researcher who naively calculates the number of points, this approach prepares an unpleasant surprise. Often, tests show one type, visual signs indicate another type, a person’s behavior matches the description of a third type, and according to the table of intertype relationships, the ends do not meet at all. It's lucky that newcomers simply don't notice all these inconsistencies and refer authoritatively to what they like best. But such an approach only testifies to dilettantism.

The test method does not give a reliable idea of ​​the type of informational metabolism of a real person.

And looks are deceiving!

Another "fashionable" hobby is the definition of the type of photography. Apparently, this method seduces with its effectiveness. But photography again reflects the objective rational side of appearance, and this is just a part of the diverse human manifestations.

We must not forget that appearance is largely associated with genetically inherited traits. A socionic type is not inherited. Therefore, external signs are only indirectly related to informational metabolism. Typologically characteristic are not the nose or ears, but movements, looks, gestures, that is, the dynamic reactions of a person to the influence of the environment. The fact is that the way information is processed determines certain motor skills. An expert distinguishes a person's genetic manifestations from dynamic ones, and an amateur measures the degree of protruding ears with a compass.

Physical appearance itself is not a manifestation of a socionic type.

What to rely on?

But, strictly speaking, even dynamics is secondary. Since we are dealing with the psyche, the primary diagnostic processes are information processes - the receipt and processing of information, that is, the phenomena of consciousness, and not physiology. Obviously, speech is the main information tool of a person. The statement, in fact, is the product of informational metabolism.

It is the analysis of statements in the socionic perspective that is the main, most direct, as well as the most unmistakable and reliable method of diagnosing the type. The rest of the methods are only indirect. The signs from which they proceed manifest themselves only statistically and cannot serve as a reliable tool when working with people. In addition, they do not follow from the theory of informational metabolism itself.

This is how legends about the "reliable" physical signs of the type are formed. Here we are dealing with private observations of individual researchers in their own interpretation, and even understood in their own way by their students. This is too shaky a basis for serious conclusions about a person's belonging to a type and his purpose.

The only reliable product of information metabolism is a person's statement (oral or written). But for a correct diagnosis, it must be correctly deciphered in the key of socionic aspects.

The price of a mistake

But the mistakes of novice socionics during testing are very expensive for people.

It must be borne in mind that some types are prone to uncritical perception of knowledge received from an "authoritative" source. Filling out a test in a smart book and the recommendations gleaned from it often serve as a guide to action, to restructuring one's own life. And if the type is defined incorrectly, the consequences can be devastating for him and for those around him. Indeed, in accordance with the “theoretical recommendations”, partners and professions are being selected, and the way of life is changing.

In our practice, there was such a case. A young girl, HUGO, was mistakenly identified as NAPOLEON somewhere. The difference between these types, contained in the sign of rationality / irrationality, is rather difficult to grasp.

NAPOLEON is irrational, but inert and makes quite a solid impression, so he can be mistaken for rationality.

HUGO is active, easily switches attention from one object of application of his energy to another. But this is because getting things done is not important to him. He needs to have time to embrace those around him with his vivid emotions. And in this he is just consistent. But in business he does not show such consistency, as a result of which he can be mistaken for an irrational.

Thus, it is clear that it is not difficult to confuse these two types. This is exactly what happened in the case described.

But one must understand that it is for HUGO that such a mistake leads to very dramatic consequences, because this type is uncritically receptive to scientific knowledge - they seem to him very authoritative.

With her inherent energy, the girl developed a vigorous activity in search of a dual partner, since such recommendations can often be found in socionic books. And, unfortunately, she succeeded. But the trouble is that the found BALZAC - the dual of NAPOLEON - for HUGO is just a conflictor.

A very unfavorable situation has developed. If before the girl was cheerful, cheerful, optimistic, then, having married her alleged dual, she suddenly faded and no longer showed optimism about family life.

An error on one sign in testing (in this case, rationality-irrationality) may not greatly affect recommendations for personal development, choosing a profession, etc. But already at the next step, concerning the choice of a partner and building relationships with others, recommendations even for such closely related types can be diametrically opposed.

People, on the basis of an expert's opinion, can change their profession, find another partner, or orient children to a certain type of activity, and therefore the probability of determining the type, even 85%, is not suitable here, in our opinion. The expert should give the client his opinion about his type only when he is absolutely sure of the diagnosis.

The expert must understand what a huge responsibility he takes on when determining the sociotype.

Competent verification of the hypothesis

The whole procedure described above is nothing more than a type hypothesis. For complete certainty, the initial conclusion must be subjected to mandatory verification. How to implement it?

Socionics itself makes it possible to repeatedly verify the primary type hypothesis with the help of appropriate concepts. This:

is the Young basis;

- model A;

- Rhine groups.

Let's expand on their content in more detail.

Jung's basis. We are talking about the four pairs of dichotomous signs discovered by C. G. Jung, which describe the perception of information by each person.

What exactly manifested itself in communication with the subject:

- logic or ethics,

- sensing or intuition,

- rationality or irrationality,

- extraversion or introversion?

A competent diagnostician should understand this with complete clarity. The testing process should be conducted in such a way that not only the strength of one sign is revealed, but also the weakness of its opposite.

And here the conclusion should be made in accordance with one's own strong functions, and in the area of ​​one's weak ones, the initiative should be transferred to the partner. It looks strange, for example, the conclusion of an intuitive: “He has such a strong will!” After all, the will can be just a demonstration, calculated on the impression. Much more weighty would be the conclusion of an intuitive expert about a weak predictive ability, or a low reaction rate, or the respondent's lack of a holistic vision. And the conclusion about willpower is better left to the sensory expert, who is not confused by the demonstration of manly postures.

Model A. This is the main tool of social analysis. The socionic type model created by Aushra Augustinavichute, which distributes all eight socionic functions according to the strength and awareness of manifestation, provides excellent material for clarifying the conclusion about the type.

The diagnostician must have a good idea of ​​how functions manifest themselves in different positions of model A, be able to notice these manifestations or call them, if necessary. Here, again, it is more convenient to work in pairs, since it is quite difficult to activate unconscious functions. But sometimes only a violent manifestation of the restrictive function makes it possible to finally resolve the question of type.

For clarity, let's return to the above example with the girl HUGO, mistaken for NAPOLEON. If the diagnostician could provoke the manifestation of her seventh function, he would never be mistaken.

HUGO's restrictive relationship ethic goes something like this: "He who has no conscience cannot control himself!"

But the manifestation of the restrictive sensory of NAPOLEON’s sensations can be like this: “Are you sure that comfort matters at all?”

Of course, after such a statement, the type is determined more easily. But putting the sensory ethic in a state of forced defense in order for the restrictive function to work is an extremely difficult task. As a rule, he is not afraid of anyone or anything, and he treats testing with a slight curiosity, trying to control the process. And this requires the simultaneous retention of the goal (sensory stability) and the invention of unusual turns of the conversation (intuitive resourcefulness), plunging the subject into a state of mild disorientation.

Reinian signs. These are eleven pairs of additional dichotomous features discovered by G. Reinin, according to which different types differ from each other. They are much less studied than the above signs, but have no less diagnostic power.

Calculated purely mathematically, Reinin's signs found their correlations in the structure of model A, and they can be observed in practice with some training.

For example, the sign of statics/dynamics (the color of the manifested functions) our students begin to determine approximately at the fifth lesson - three weeks after their start.

The sign of questiness/declaration works well in conversations. In the first case, this is a speech, interspersed with short questions of the speaker to himself. In the second, it is, as a rule, an unstoppable story on a favorite topic.

Of course, the theory, and most importantly, the practical development of Reinin's signs as a diagnostic tool needs further understanding and saturation with practical material. But even now it is a good tool that sometimes helps to resolve a confusing issue and bring clarity to the diagnostic process.

Reinan groups. These are the four types discovered by G. Reinin, which are combined into groups according to three identical characteristics. They reflect some important properties of the interaction of these types with the world. An example of such a generality is the already established concept of a quadra in socionics. In each quadra, for example, there is a specific attitude to the world, called the spirit of the quadra, which manifests itself in addictions to certain ideas, art, humor, and patterns of behavior.

An important contribution to the description of some of these groups was made by V. Gulenko. By his efforts, groups with common attitudes towards the type of activity (clubs), stimulus groups, groups with different stress resistance, and many others have been studied.

The group qualities of a type can also be diagnostic features. For example, it is difficult to confuse the same HUGO and NAPOLEON when they talk about the ideal social structure. Here you can see how the difference in belonging to the first and third quadras will manifest itself.

HUGO will most likely be enthusiastic in calling for the construction of a society of universal justice, and NAPOLEON will take care that no one ever dictates anything to him. In such plots, as a rule, the social utopias of the first quadra differ markedly from the existentialism of the third.

The use of each of these approaches separately is completely sufficient to put forward a hypothesis, and together, being relatively independent, they provide multiple confirmation of the reliability of the conclusion about the type.

At the end of the chapter, I would like to reiterate what was said earlier. Such methods of type determination, popular among dilettantes, as testing, orientation to a verbal portrait of a type, identification from a photograph or other visual signs, do not follow from the theory of information metabolism itself. These are secondary (moreover, statistical) signs that are not directly related to the circulation of information in the human mind.

At the same time, the four approaches listed above are the basis of socionic theory, since they relate specifically to information processes and help to identify the parameters of personality that are of direct interest to us. Mastered from all four informational aspects and applied in a paired, complementary mode, they provide reliable diagnostics and adequate counseling.

Over the years of formation and development and up to the present time, society has accumulated a significant amount of knowledge about human psychology, its types, and behavioral features. This knowledge is usually associated with the science of the human psyche - psychology. However, the theoretical section of this science is not yet universally available, and is difficult to understand for a wide range of readers. The introduction of the main theoretical provisions that take into account the individual psychological properties of a person into practice requires thorough training of specialists capable of using rather complex and cumbersome testing methods.

This situation is one of the reasons for the search for simple and at the same time reliable methods for determining the individual psychological characteristics of a person, what is called the type of personality.

Attempts are being made to synthesize the achievements of psychology and other branches of knowledge, in particular, dermatography, graphology, iridology, and even astrology. This approach reflects the general trend of systematic human research.

In each of the above areas of knowledge about a person, his psychology, special research methods are used, the aggregates complement each other. Next to them, another branch of knowledge arose - socionics, which demonstrates a completely new scientific approach to the study of individual psychological characteristics of a person. In a broad sense, socionics is the science of stable types of human thinking and behavior, as well as human communities, patterns of relationships that arise in the process of interaction between individuals and collectives as a whole. its conclusions and recommendations are based on the analysis of patterns of energy-information exchange between people.

Socionics as a science arose at the intersection of philosophy, psychology, sociology, its founder should be considered the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), and the direct creator - the Lithuanian researcher Ausra Augustinavichute.

A fundamentally new step in the understanding of man was the concept of relations between types. That is, socionics is not limited to describing the type of person (his individual psychological properties), but establishes what relationships arise between different types of people's individuality. This creates the possibility of predicting the relationship between individuals, according to the psychological climate in the family, team. Understanding the patterns of human interaction helps to master stress safety techniques, harmonize relationships in the family, at work, and among friends.

This innovation is combined with the comparative simplicity of mastering the conceptual apparatus of socionics, with its focus on everyday life. Therefore, there are all prerequisites for the penetration of socionics into many areas of our lives. Pointing to its practical knowledge, S. Kashnitsky rightly notes that many areas of human activity: management theory, management, pedagogy, career guidance, prevention of family relationships, occupational mental health, medicine, the practice of parliamentarism, diplomacy, politics, creativity - looks completely different when looking at them through the prism of socionics.

Socionics has existed for more than twenty years, but so far it is more of an amateur than a professional status and is being developed by the efforts of enthusiasts. It seems that the point is that our economic and political system is absolutely incompatible with the mental structure of an ordinary person. Socionics confirms that there are no bad or good people in nature. Their difference from each other is evaluated not by the criterion of "good-bad", but by different ways of perception, processing and transmission of information. In real life, human nature was ignored. It was believed, for example, that a constant, everyday motive for activity should be a selfless striving for universal happiness while completely forgetting the needs of one's own nature. Therefore, the real "psyche" was classified and banned. On the other hand, the image of a "Soviet person" was formed, which supposedly does not have its own individual psychological characteristics.

As a result of this situation, a significant event in the literary life of the country was the publication of the works of Eric Berne and Dale Carnegie, which describe human psychology, which manifests itself in ordinary life - at a party, in the family, at work. The latter author also teaches how to use the acquired knowledge in everyday practice. The problem of applying elementary knowledge in psychology has become the subject of attention of Ukrainian researchers. Acquaintance with the indicated literature today practically helps to master the skill of communication, to form some psychological qualities - emotional, strong-willed, cognitive, which together constitute the psychological culture of the individual.

Within the framework of socionics, a classification of types has been developed, based on the typology of C. G. Jung. The latter, in turn, is theoretically formulated in a number of concepts. their development is necessary to understand why the diversity of human characters is reduced to a limited number of their types. A person is individual, unique, peculiar, but certain traits can be found in many other people. The set of psychological qualities that manifest themselves in the same imagination of thinking and behavior in different situations is called the type of personality or socionic type (abbreviated - socio-type).

C. G. Jung determined that the divergence of sociotypes is rooted in different ways of perceiving the world. These methods are fixed in the corresponding concepts. The fundamental divergence divides people into two broad categories, expressed in terms of "extroversion" and "introversion". They contain a characteristic of the individual psychological differences of a person, expressed in the predominant orientation of the personality either to the world of external objects, or to the phenomena of his own subjective world 3.

We concretize the characteristics of extroverts and introverts by describing their behavior in everyday life from the standpoint of socionics.

General provisions include such statements.

1. Extroverted thinking is oriented towards an object and about “objective data. This thinking can be both concrete factual and ideological. It is important to understand that facts and ideas are taken from outside, that is, they are “delivered” by tradition, upbringing and the course of education.

2. The introverted decision of thinking focuses primarily on the subjective factor. The subjective direction thus affects the processing of factual data and the operation of abstract concepts. C. G. Jung pointed out that the introvert collects facts as a means of proof, but the main thing for him is the presentation of a subjective idea.

C. G. Jung cited the names of C. Darwin and E. Kant to illustrate extraversion and introversion. One was an extrovert, the other was an introvert. The first strove for objective reality, operated on facts. The other was characterized by a negative attitude towards the object, - in proving his idea, he came out of subjective grounds. At the same time, although he

3 Details from the position of management psychology sociotypes and their distribution were presented in section 5 of the guide. - Note. ed.

sought to carry his idea into the world, showed great practical unsuitability (Table 15.1).

Table 15.1

Sociotype
extrovert	Introvert
In a conversation, he is always ready to answer questions, willingly gives information about himself. If, for example, the conversation takes place between a doctor and a patient, then the latter, being an extrovert, is ready to unconditionally fulfill all the instructions of the former.	In conversation, he is restrained. Activates when a topic appears that matches his ideas
Contact, easily goes to psychological rapprochement with a partner, makes new acquaintances. Has good adaptability and is able to settle in life	Has a high rate of loneliness, loves concentration and silence, which contributes to reflection. A person of this type in childhood prefers activities alone rather than collective games.
In his free time he prefers spending time with people, constantly looking for new adventures. If there are travelers among them, then this activity does not serve educational purposes, but the search for new experiences. Easier to be influenced by others, often gullible. Views are not establishing	He prefers to spend his free time with his family or with good friends and acquaintances. External events have little effect on the introvert - what matters is what he thinks about them. He has a more pronounced tendency to think, weaker - to actions.

However, the differences between extroverts and introverts are not limited to this. C. G. Jung himself, speaking about extraversion and introversion, noted that both ways of perceiving the world have both advantages and disadvantages:

1. Extroverts with the qualities of "dynamics" have the ability to explore large areas. For example, Americans who were immigrants from Europe, during the development of the American continent, were overwhelmingly extroverts. This advantage is countered by the fact that the direction of thinking "to master the world, circumstances" is not connected with the achievement of one's own inner, spiritual world. Extroverts are not inclined to put their mental life as the subject of their attention.

2. Introverts are not as dynamic as extroverts. However, introverts have a more developed ability - to draw the right conclusions. At the same time, a significant danger is such a feature that a strong passion for one's own, personal ideas can finally lead a representative of this sociotype into the world of illusory ideas.

Of course, such a dichotomy - "advantage-disadvantage" - is manifested in many phenomena of the mental life of extroverts and introverts.

C. G. Jung labeled the Western world as extroverted, the Eastern - introverted. He represented the further development of civilization as a process of interpenetration of extraverted and introverted cultures. These thoughts are confirmed by the processes that are taking place in our time. The Western world is increasingly accepting what is produced by Eastern culture. And the East is learning from the West business ingenuity and prudence, while maintaining the historically developed psychoculture.

The dichotomy "extraversion - introversion" is concretized by the second pair of concepts: "rationality - irrationality". Specifying them, they are called because they indicate a difference in the means of perceiving the world of a more general order, which, as already noted, include extraversion and introversion. That is, extroverted people and introverted people can be both rational and irrational. Let's reveal the essence of these concepts.

1. Rationalists are people with an analytical mindset, which is characterized by discreteness, the sequence of highlighting the most significant signs of information perception. First of all, they are interested in the cause-and-effect relationship between the phenomena of the surrounding world. Regarding another phenomenon, they are trying to create a certain consistent concept. The lack or inconsistency of facts causes a feeling of dissatisfaction, which they try to eliminate by searching for additional information. This quality is outwardly manifested in reasonableness, prudence of actions. These people in their life practice adhere to the wisdom set forth in the proverb “measure seven times - cut once.” When planning the next event, they try to apply all the latest experience. .

2. irrationalists are characterized by a synthetic mindset, which is based on a holistic perception of the world. These are people with a predominantly figurative type of thinking. The irrationalist is primarily interested in the logic of images, the logic of feelings. Abstract schemes do not satisfy them. Therefore, they try to color the teaching of any material with comparisons, ideas, metaphors. Many incomprehensible phenomena are given a mystical interpretation. The external synthetic mindset is expressed in the impulsiveness of actions, the driving motive of which is emotions, as a reaction to circumstances in a particular place and at a particular time. These actions are not the result of past analysis, but rather, they are an adaptation to a real situation that causes some feelings and emotions. they are not upset if their actions are not logically connected with recent events. From the point of view of rationalists, such a means of reaction to information is of little transfer.

Of course, the division of characteristics into rational and irrational is rather conditional. Everyone can find traits in himself, some of which will correlate with rationality, the other - with irrationality. Therefore, when deciding whether to belong to one or another type, one must rely on the principle of dominance, that is, to determine what qualities are in reaction to the external and internal world.

In Figure 15.1 we will reflect the scheme, at the first approximation it will allow us to determine the sociotype of a person.

C. G. Jung determined that within the framework of the extraverted (rational and irrational) and introventive (rational and irrational) ways of perceiving the world, the distribution of the entire information flow into separate components is carried out. Each component is perceived in its own way. The Swiss psychologist identified four ways:

1. Sensation - a way by which a person perceives information about the existence of an object.

2. Intuition - a way by which a person perceives information about the hidden possibilities that are inherent in the object.

3. Thinking - a way by which a person perceives information about the properties of an object.

4. Emotions - a way by which a person perceives information about whether an object likes it or not.

1. Thinking - logical.

2. Emotional - ethical.

3. Sensitive - touch.

4. Intuitive - intuitive.

Table 15.2

Let us find out the meaning of such elements of human cognition as logic, ethics, sensorics, intuition.

Let us present in a simplified form the theoretical postulates underlying the explanation of various sociotypes. To do this, let us turn to the philosophical category of reflection. Reflection processes play a universal organizational role in the development of matter and material systems. Material processes are characterized by the exchange of information. The latter, in fact, is a type of display in which the organizational relationship is expressed. It is established as a measure of the co-organization of objects. This measure of co-organization is information.

From this point of view, we will consider a person as an information system endowed with consciousness, and interpersonal relations - as the interaction of information systems.

In order to orient in the surrounding world, a person must select from a single stream of information what is necessary for life support. Thus, being a material system, a person will be organized with the surrounding world and his own kind. To do this, she needs to accept and process information about:

o realities of the world;

o the existence of objects and phenomena of the objective world;

o their spatial arrangement;

o the ratio of the existence of objects and phenomena;

o the mechanism of interaction of material objects;

o ways of their development;

o energy processes occurring in the objective world;

o their ratio.

So, we have identified eight components of the overall information flow.

Of these components, four - provide information about the objective world, about its various aspects. The elements of consciousness that process this information are called extraterrestrial. This corresponds to the definition of extraversion as a form of perception of the world, determines the direction of the orientation of the individual to the outside world.

The other four components provide information about the relationship between the objective world and the inner world of a person in all aspects. The elements of consciousness that process this information are called Introverted. This name corresponds to the definition of introversion as a form of perception of the world, which leads the direction of the orientation of the individual to the inner, subjective world.

Table 15.3

Let's present the above in the form of a table, having previously introduced the symbols for the elements of consciousness (Table 15.3):

1. extraverted logic, affects P (lat. Profiteor- I declare my business), the traditional designation is ■. This is business logic, that is, information about such a method of work that would give benefits, profit; systems: "useful - disinterested", "profitable - unprofitable", "economical - uneconomical" and others.

2. Introverted logic, affects b (lat. Logos- word, mind, science), traditional designation. This is objective logic, that is, information about the composition and mechanism of operation of something, as well as a comprehensive, objective consideration of an object or phenomenon; systems: "main - secondary", "whole - part", "necessary - superfluous" and others.

3. extraverted ethics, affects E (lat. Emoveo- I worry), the traditional designation is IC This is the ethics of emotions, that is, information about the emotional state of a person, his mood; systems: "cheerful - sad", "excited - depressed", "quiet - restless" and others.

4. Introverted ethics, affects I (Lat. Relations- attitude), traditional designation - C This is the ethics of relations between people, that is, information about who treats whom; systems: "loves - does not love", "friends - not friends" and others.

5. extraverted sensory, affects - and (lat. Fazio - I do), the traditional designation is o. This is volitional sensory. Information about the ownership of space, force; systems: "strong - weak", "strong-willed - weak-willed", "attack - defense", and the like.

6. Introverted sensory, affects 5 and (lat. sensus- feeling), the traditional designation - about. This sensory of feelings, that is, information about the quality of the environment, is reflected in the well-being of a person; systems: "good - ugly", "convenient - inconvenient", "pleasant - unpleasant" and the like.

7. extraverted intuition corresponds to / (lat. Intueur - I carefully look), the traditional designation is A. This is the intuition of opportunities and abilities, information about possible prospects, the ability to guess something, bypassing logical proof; systems: "capable - incapable", "interesting - uninteresting", "promising - unpromising".

8. Introverted intuition, affects T (lat. Tempus- time), the traditional designation - L. This is the intuition of time, information about the development of events in the past and future of the system: "early - late", "dangerous - safe", "now - then", and the like.

The perception of information according to certain realities of the world is enough for a person to be able to adapt to the surrounding natural and social environment by solving various problems.

In C. G. Jung, the typology of personality is developed in accordance with which of the realities of the world a person perceives better. Let us give brief characteristics of the logical, ethical, sensory, intuitive types, without focusing on the differences between the extraverted and introverted attitudes of the individual.

Boolean type. Representatives of this type are characterized by a consistent perception of time: "past - present - future".

At the same time, the past, life experience, is perceived not as personal, but as an abstract, historical past, in which it is important that there is little essential, necessary value for that time. Any question of the present is solved by finding out where it comes from, how it develops, where and what it will lead to.

About the events of the present, there is no pronounced emotional reaction. Therefore, representatives of this type are often accused of a cold, indifferent attitude to what is happening. However, it is not. The fact is that this type of interest is a holistic process, and not individual moments. Logical thinking considers that events follow one another in time, and when they enter into a complete character.

This approach to evaluating external events is also reflected in the inner life. Representatives of the outlined type live "in accordance with principles", and not "depending on the situation." They prefer continuity and consistency. Therefore, they try to ensure that their actions take place within the framework of a single concept, and randomness is minimized. Chaos alarms and excites them. Therefore, the speed of action is not characteristic of them.

The program of action is discussed in detail. As a result, in their reaction to events they are often inert, in crisis situations they are inactive. At the same time, the ability to deal with such situations grows as the crisis deepens. They are good at planning over time, evaluating each logical step, task, implementation program. Of course, with training, representatives of other types will also be able to do these actions. However, only representatives of the logical type, without deviating, strictly adhere to the program.

Representatives of the logical type, like others, have certain features in communication. For them, communication is an information exchange carried out verbally, that is, it is an information process. Its main feature is the abstraction from the emotional evaluation of what is presented. The focus is on the message itself, the statement of facts. The logic of the presentation of the material is subordinated to the main goal - the description of the subject, the allocation of the laws of its functioning. In this case, as a rule, there is no orientation to the listener's reaction in terms of the emotional evaluation of the message. The logic of presentation is guided by its own analysis, understanding of the subject and phenomena, even if this analysis is divorced from reality. Disagreement with the material presented is perceived by representatives of the logical type not as disagreement with their personal subjective-personal position, but as an inability to perceive the logic of the subject, or as criticism of their ability to logical analysis. To convince representatives of this type, serious logical arguments are always needed - to which they are calm. If the criticism affects their ethical ideas, the attitude can become sharply negative.

The main motive for business communication of representatives of the logical type is the desire for joint intellectual activity on a specific issue. This desire is also manifested in comradely, friendly relations. In communication, they try to choose for themselves a partner who would satisfy their need for understanding problems. Orientation to spirituality stipulates that they refrain from categorical judgments, from forms of duty. At the same time, they are removed from the manifestation of their feelings and relationships, and are often perceived as balanced individuals.

ethical type. Representatives of this type are characterized by a different perception of time. their time circulates in personal life experience - the past becomes the present, and then returns to the past again. This should be understood to mean that the personal past determines all their reactions in the present. They are based on the understanding: "This seems to remind me of ...". Having past experience fills them with confidence; and, conversely, in a new environment, there are manifestations of oscillation. Decisions that can break the connection with the past or change lives are tried to be avoided.

At a young age, they may resort to adventure and risk - due to lack of personal experience. As they get older, they become more conservative. Conservatism is expressed in the fact that they evaluate events not according to their possibilities, but according to how they relate to past experience in terms of their emotional significance. For them, only those events that can become vivid impressions matter. They prefer strong experiences, even if they are unpleasant.

Representatives of the ethical type avoid blaming others. They can apologize for all sorts of little things. A person is evaluated not so much for objectively inherent qualities, but for his emotional attitude towards her (likes, dislikes). The main motive for actions is personal motivation. Therefore, it is not always clear to them when a person does something out of principle (logical type), practical utility (sensory type), or simply because of the desire to succeed in the future (intuitive type).

Features of communication of representatives of the ethical type are characterized by the desire to state the issues of interest to the interlocutors. They are maximally focused on a person, on his value ideas, interests. Make attempts to emotionally involve partners in the process of communication; and they themselves need manifestations of complicity and compassion on their part. To achieve this result, they strive to reduce the communicative distance, when it is possible to allow the highest possible degree of openness, trust for a particular situation. They try to "grab" the emotional attitude of partners to the material presented.

The presentation of the material is saturated with numerous examples obtained from literature and personal life. Often this leads to a streak-like process of thinking, a violation of the straightforwardness of the logic of evidence. This shortcoming is compensated by a demonstration of personal interest, emotionality. This feature indicates that representatives of this type are sensitive to objections, criticisms, emotional innocence.

Intuitive type. Representatives of this type are distinguished by a special perception of time. Intuition, as a function of cognition, consists in processing information about the potential development of an object (person) in time. For the intuitive type, the present is only a "shadow of the future", the past is generally vague. In their thoughts always go ahead. For them, what will be is more real than what is. Therefore, they are rather impatient, as a result of which others get the impression of their frivolity, impracticality.

Such people easily change from one activity to another as soon as they have a new idea. Routine, monotonous work is not suitable for them. Interested in promising ideas, go forward. While people are thinking about the idea expressed, they are already addicted to the new one. For this reason, they rarely achieve their own goals.

Often mistaken when asked about the time (without clock). they find it difficult to go according to plan. If they are not focused on themselves, then, as a rule, these are people who are endowed with considerable charm, attractiveness for other people.

As a rule, they do not take into account how other people see the future. If you have your own vision, - in any way strive to change the world in accordance with your beliefs.

Features of communication with representatives of the intuitive type are as follows. they can be recognized by a subtle understanding of the essence of another person, which is very clearly manifested in communication. Usually, in a conversation, they do not support a topic that interests them. But, if the conversation takes on the direction they need, they become inflamed, showing openness, immediacy and creativity. To express their own thoughts and convince the interlocutor, they try to attract the entire array of knowledge, use successful comparisons, metaphors, improvisations. Often the excess of material used for proof is displayed on the logic of presentation. Accordingly, elements of inconsistency appear in reflections. This shortcoming is compensated for by the captivating style of presentation.

touch type. Representatives of this type are characterized by a developed ability to perceive objects in space, feel and evaluate the dimensions of spatial relationships well, experience the harmony of the world around them, its qualitative characteristics. Other representatives of this type subtly feel the state of their health, the strength of their muscles, they know the limits of their influence on other people. As a rule, they have perseverance, a significant potential of strong-willed qualities. In critical situations, they demonstrate courage, self-confidence, quickly and decisively respond to external influences.

The above qualities make it possible to classify representatives of this type as people of a practical warehouse. The main motive of activity is to obtain a beneficial effect. They show themselves well in the field of joint activities, where it is necessary to bring the work begun to the end. They know how to successfully defend their own life positions, material interests. Thanks to these qualities, they gain success in the struggle for power, in climbing the social ladder, and firmly occupy a place in the hierarchy of interpersonal relations.

Features of communication with representatives of the sensory type are determined by their practical direction. Representatives of this type prefer to enter into the process of conversation, mainly to solve any practical task that is important to them. They try to transfer information in such a way that the partners have no doubts about the veracity of what is stated. At the same time, they do not focus on the consistency or inconsistency of the stated, do not try to illustrate with additional material, which is explained. The main thing for them is to show, emphasize (often in a categorical form) the useful effect contained in the information, to force partners to become supporters of their position.

So, if the partner of a representative of the sensory type is a representative of the intuitive type, then the latter is subject to the force of argumentation of a sensory nature. Because of this, as a rule, conflicts do not arise between intuition and sensorics. Everyone feels their strength and weakness in relation to each other.

Thus, as can be seen, each of the four types has its own characteristics and features. In practice, it is usually very difficult to find a person who would be 100% consistent with one of the above characteristics. It is this opinion that led A. Augustinavichiute to the need to develop a typology based on a combination of 4 elements of consciousness in extraverted and introverted variants, approaching a satisfactory model of personality.

Socionics is a doctrine of informational metabolism, that is, the exchange of information between an individual and the environment. Socionics was created in the 1970s by Aushra Augustinavichyute on the basis of combining the ideas of K.G. Jung and A. Kempinsky. Socionics can be called a typology of cognitive abilities, that is, the ability to perceive and process various types of information.

Socionic type allows you to learn the following about a person:

• what will be the focus of attention in the first place;
• what information will be easier to assimilate, what a person can learn by grasping on the fly, and what - on the contrary, by stuffing cones in all possible ways, and that's all;
• in which areas a person can think non-trivially and come up with something new, and where - only stereotypedly reproduce what he was taught;
• how a person will react to different types of information.
• what kind of information he tends to consider important and listen, and what kind of information he ignores or gets annoyed with.

The socionic type is determined by Jung's dichotomies. A dichotomy is a pair of mutually exclusive features, one of which is more pronounced than the other (that is, a person has more inclinations to perceive related types of information than to the opposite). There are four in total:

• Logic/Ethics. Socionic logicians see the world as a set of objects that obey certain laws, they try to understand and use these laws. Ethics see the world as a set of subjects, each of which has its own aspirations, desires, interests, which ethics try to influence. Ethics usually find it easier to find an individual approach to a person, while logicians - to reduce everything to a certain system of rules and laws, and act on their basis.
• intuition/sensorics. Intuit easily abstracts from the information coming from the senses and easily switches to his memories, imagination, etc. The sensory is more closely connected with this information, more collected in the here and now. As a result, the intuitive is better oriented in time and predicts the development of the situation and sees non-trivial possibilities, the sensoric is better oriented in space and masters the work with his hands easier.
• extraversion/introversion- in socionics, this feature is responsible for the accuracy of focusing attention and the depth of information processing. An extrovert has a wider area of ​​attention, he covers more information with it, but processes it less carefully. An introvert focuses attention on fewer objects, but studies them in more detail and perceives the relationships between them better.
  Important: socionic extraversion/introversion have little to do with sociability and ease of climbing! Ethics and irrationality are more responsible for this.
• Rationality/irrationality. According to Jung, two processes occur in parallel in the psyche: perception and evaluation of what is perceived. For irrationals, perception prevails over evaluation, therefore they evaluate the perceived synthetically, as a kind of holistic picture. This gives a faster understanding of the situation, greater flexibility of thinking and speed of reaction. For rationals, evaluation prevails over perception: they divide the perceived situation into many components and evaluate them separately, their thinking can be called analytical, as opposed to synthetic among irrationals. Rationals are usually slower, switch more slowly, but their thinking is more controlled: the rational can almost always reproduce the course of his reasoning and actions and explain why he did it, while the irrational is far from always the case.

All four dichotomies are independent, so there are 16 types in total (two to the fourth power). Types are denoted by three letters: for irrationals, the letter is first indicated, denoting intuition or sensory (I or C), then the letter denoting logic or ethics (L and E, respectively). For rationals, it is the other way around: first comes logic/ethics, then intuition or sensorics. The third letter indicates extraversion/introversion. That is, ILE is an intuit, a logician, an extrovert. Intuition comes before logic, so it is an irrational type. And LIE, on the contrary, is a logician, an intuitive, an extrovert. Here logic stands before intuition, which indicates the rationality of this type. Types also have aliases taken in honor of well-known representatives of types, for example, the already mentioned type of ILE is called “Don Quixote”. Briefly, information perception settings for different sociotypes are described in, and more detailed descriptions are available on the SocType.Ru website.

Between sociotypes there are intertype relationships that differ in terms of favorableness. They are based on how socionic aspects will be distributed according to model A - the main model of the psyche used in socionics. In particular, relationships of duality and activation are well suited to create a family of family relationships. In them, the strong functions of one of the partners cover the weak ones of the other. Identity (coincidence of types), mirror and mirage relations are also well suited for communication, friendship and joint travel.

To determine what relationships exist between socionic types, you can use the table of intertype relationships on the site Intertype.Ru. It also describes the basis on which they arise. You can read more about the basics of socionics on the website Sociomodel.Ru.

Types are also grouped into small groups. The most famous of which are quads and clubs. The quadras consist of types for which the same types of information are of interest, and communication between which is easy and unconstrained. In clubs - types with the same strong functions, which are focused on certain types of activities (conditionally they are divided into research, management, social and humanitarian).

The easiest (but not the most reliable) way to determine your sociotype is to pass several socionic tests, for example, on the TypTest.Ru website. It is advisable to take tests several times at different times of the day and different emotional states.

Socionics - This is the doctrine of how a person perceives information about the world around him and interacts with other people in information. It was created in the 1970s by a Lithuanian economist and sociologist Aushroy Augustinavichute. It is based on the doctrine Jung "Psychological types" and theory Anthony of Kempinski about informational metabolism. The word "socionics" itself comes from the Latin societas - society.

Under informational metabolism the process of perception and processing of information by the psyche about the surrounding world and the processes occurring in it is understood.

Attempts to describe the types of human behavior were made by the same Hippocrates who introduced the concept temperament. Carl Jung, studying human behavior, deduced 4 main functions of the psyche: intuition, thinking, sensation and emotions. Having singled out 2 installations - extraversion and introversion, he formed a system of 8 types.

Socionics can be viewed from two points of view:

1. Typology. The study of the human psyche.
2. sociopractice. regulation of human relations.

Socionics is based on a systematic approach and modeling. It does not belong to the field of psychology or sociology, it is an independent direction.

One of the main problems of socionics is the lack of objective criteria for determining the socionic type of a person. Since they were deduced speculatively, it is impossible to rigorously check the results of typing. Therefore, socionics does not belong to the sciences, but is only a direction. However, it is recognized by a number of leading psychologists.

As a sociologist, she helps to optimize human relations and joint activities. Ideas about socionic types, aspects and intertype interactions are widely used in people's daily lives.

Aushra Augustinavichyute deduced 16 socionic types:

1. "Don Quixote", "Seeker" - intuitive-logical extrovert (logic, intuit, extrovert, irrational).
2. "Duma", "Intermediary" - sensory-ethical introvert (ethicist, sensory, introvert, irrational).
3. "Hugo", "Enthusiast" - ethical-sensory extrovert (ethic, sensory, extrovert, rational).
4. "Robespierre"(Descartes), "Analyst" - logical-intuitive introvert (logic, intuit, introvert, rational).
5. "Hamlet","Mentor" - ethical-intuitive extrovert (ethic, intuit, extrovert, rational).
6. "Maksim" ("Maksim Gorky"),"Inspector" - logical-sensory introvert (logic, sensory, introvert, rational).
7. "Zhukov", "Marshal" - sensory-logical extravert (logic, sensory, extravert, irrational).
8. "Yesenin","Lyric" - intuitive-ethical introvert (ethic, intuit, introvert, irrational).
9. "Napoleon"(Caesar), "Politician" - sensory-ethical extravert (ethicist, sensory, extravert, irrational).
10. "Balzac","Critic" - intuitive-logical introvert (logic, intuit, introvert, irrational).
11. "Jack" ("Jack London"),"Entrepreneur" - logical-intuitive extrovert (logic, intuit, extrovert, rational).
12. "Dreiser","Keeper" - ethical-sensory introvert (ethic, sensory, introvert, rational).
13. "Stirlitz","Administrator" - logical-sensory extrovert (logic, sensory, extrovert, rational).
14. "Dostoevsky","Humanist" - ethical-intuitive introvert (ethic, intuit, introvert, rational).
15. "Huxley""Counselor" - an intuitive-ethical extrovert (ethicist, intuit, extrovert, irrational).
16. "Gabin","Master" - sensory-logical introvert (logic, sensory, introvert, irrational).

Socionics claims that the type of a person does not change during life, but the content of some aspects can be changed. The type is determined by the following methods:

• Test,
• Interview (questionnaire),
• Behavior analysis,
• Analysis of behavior, verbal and non-verbal reactions during the training.

These approaches can be used individually or in combination.

This direction has now found wide application in practice:

• HR management. Helps in the selection of personnel, the formation of a cohesive team for more efficient functioning.
• Dating organization. Currently, there is even a dating service, which is called "Socionic dating". Meetings are also organized according to socionic types.
• Pedagogy, training. Selection of groups for organizing training. Socionic practices are being introduced into the education and upbringing of children.

Despite all the problems that exist today in socionics (reliability, reliability of methods, problems of scientific status, discrepancies between schools, terminological confusion), she has there is a big advantage which is that it works with the innate personality structure. Socionics helps to better understand people's behavior, predict their reactions. The socionic approach allows us to reveal the essence of the conflict of generations, to reveal the peculiarity of our relationships with parents and children, work colleagues.

Socionics not only helps to understand your personality type, but also answers the question "What's next?"

"COZIONIKA- the science of the sixteen-type nature of people and the laws of relations between them "
(Aushra Augustinavichute, founder of socionics.)

Socionics studies the laws by which the human psyche perceives and processes information about the world around it, classifies people according to and describes between them, see below.

Areas of application of socionics: predicting behavior, determining the qualities and abilities of people, choosing a profession, predicting and building relationships, self-knowledge and self-development.

How did socionics appear?

Socionics was created by the Lithuanian economist and sociologist Aushra Augustinavichyute (1928–2005) in the late 1970s and early 1980s; the typology of K.G. Jung, presented by him in the work "Psychological Types" and the theory of informational metabolism by A. Kempinsky.

A. Augustinavichute investigated the processes of perception and processing by a person of information about the surrounding world, built and created.

The theoretical and practical base was developed in the period 1995-2005. and is completely based on the original ideas and discoveries of C. G. Jung, A. Augustinavichyute and other socionics, in fact being their further development and continuation.

What does socionics study?

Socionics discovered that a person has 16 types of psyche - psychotypes. Each person from birth has one specific type of psyche, which remains unchanged throughout life. The classification of psychotypes is based on the fact that the information received by a person about the surrounding material world is differentiated and its different aspects are perceived by our psyche with varying degrees of awareness. Each type of psyche receives information about some aspects of the surrounding reality in the most complete and well-understood form, and about others in a much less conscious and compressed form.

The definitions of aspects in socionics are based on four fundamental physical concepts: Energy, Matter, Space and Time. The model of the human psyche used in socionics reflects the quality of perception of aspects and the nature of interaction with them of each of the 16 psychotypes.

Conventionally, the structure of the information flow, perceived by the human psyche from the point of view of socionics, can be depicted as follows:

The main difference between socionics and socionics is that it does not just observe from the outside and describes the behavior of people, but studies the structural differences in their perception of information about the world around them and the nature of this information itself. This approach allows socionics to take a much deeper look at the reasons underlying the actions and qualities of a person, to see his potential capabilities and inclinations, even if they are not manifested at a given moment in time.

We can say that socionics is the science of what a person is and who he is in his inner nature, while other typologies consider and describe only his actions and behavior.

What is the use of socionics?

Knowing and understanding your type will allow you to take a completely different look at the nature of many of your qualities and aspirations, to better know yourself and your abilities, your strengths and weaknesses, which will be best combined with your abilities and character. Socionics opens up the opportunity for a person to learn to be themselves to the fullest extent, often people experience great relief from just one realization and acceptance of who they really are.

Having learned to determine the psychotypes of others, one can understand what dictates certain actions of a person, what causes differences in people's behavior, their abilities, interests, habits. Knowledge of socionics will allow you to easily determine your compatibility with other people, understand how your future relationships will develop, which qualities of a partner should be used and which ones should be preserved.

Use socionics as an effective tool for predicting people's behavior and building relationships!

Based on the materials of Dukhovsky T.A.

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