Macerated fruit - term of death? failed childbirth; maceration, mummification and calcification of the fetus

Maceration of the fetus (m. fetus) M. tissue of the fetus after its antenatal death, due to exposure to amniotic fluid.

Big Medical Dictionary. 2000 .

See what "fetal maceration" is in other dictionaries:

- (lat. maceratio, from lat. macero I soften, soak) separation of plant or animal cells in tissues. Natural maceration is the result of the dissolution of the intercellular substance. In medicine and pathology ... ... Wikipedia

MACERATION- (from Latin tasegage to loosen, soak), changes caused by the action of water on fabrics. M. is possible during life as a result of prolonged contact of the skin with water, for example. so-called. "bath skin" and "skin of laundresses". AT… …

I Maceration (lat. maceratio soaking, softening) softening and loosening of tissues due to prolonged exposure to liquid. Maceration of the fetus (m. felus) M. of the tissues of the fetus after its antepatic death, due to exposure to ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

1. Softening of a solid by immersing it in a liquid. 2. In obstetrics, the natural decomposition of a dead fetus inside the uterus. Source: Medical Dictionary... medical terms

MACERATION- (maceration) 1. Softening of a solid by immersing it in a liquid. 2. In obstetrics, the natural decomposition of a dead fetus inside the uterus ... Explanatory Dictionary of Medicine

Death of the fetus during pregnancy (antenatal death) or during childbirth (intranatal death). Among the causes of antenatal fetal death, a significant place is occupied by diseases of a pregnant infectious nature (influenza, pneumonia, pyelonephritis and ... Medical Encyclopedia

RECTAL EXAMINATION- rectal examination, manipulation performed through the rectum in order to diagnose diseases of the internal organs and determine pregnancy. R. is especially valuable and. in large animals, since they have external palpation of organs through the abdominal ... ... Veterinary Encyclopedic Dictionary

Maceration (from Latin macerare "to soften") In medicine and pathology, soaking tissues (usually skin) with liquid and swelling them. In obstetrics, the natural decomposition of a dead fetus inside the uterus. In pharmacology, the process of infusion of herbal or ... ... Wikipedia

PREGNANCY- PREGNANCY. Contents: B. animals .................... 202 B. normal .................. 206 Development of the fetal egg .......... 208 Metabolism in B............. 212 Changes in organs and systems in B. ... 214 Pathology of B......... ...........… … Big Medical Encyclopedia

BIRTH- BIRTH. Contents: I. Definition of the concept. Changes in the body during R. Causes of the onset of R ............................ 109 II. Clinical current of physiological R. . 132 Sh. Mechanics R. ................. 152 IV. Leading P .............. 169 V ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Ab with the expulsion of a premature baby - under the norms of childbirth, the entire kmpl of childbirth or part of the forerunner, "premature childbirth." If there is a coat, you can expect that the premature baby will remain alive. Etiol f-r abortion (infection) can lead to profound changes in the org of the fetus. Dry the fetus, place it in a warm place, wrap it in a warm blanket, feed it with mother's milk and colostrum, heated to body temperature. It is useful to infuse the mother's blood. In the absence of a sucking reflex, it is usually not possible to feed a premature baby. If for some reason it is impossible to use the mother's milk, it is necessary to find a nurse for the premature baby and put her on it.

With artificial feeding, it is necessary to take into account the composition of mother's milk. When replacing mother's milk with the milk of animals of other species, the composition of the latter should be brought closer to the composition of the milk of animals of this species by adding the missing nutrients to it. So, before feeding the foal, cow's milk should be diluted twice or in boiled water and sugar should be added. Puppies and kittens can drink whole cow's milk; piglets are given artificial "pig's milk".

Abortion with the expulsion of a dead fetus (miscarriage). The most common outcome of abortion. If the embryo dies during the period when the organs and tissues have already taken shape, it, as an inclusion alien to the body, causes a reaction from the uterus, which is expressed in the appearance of contractions and the expulsion of the fetal bladder over the next 3 days. In the uterine cavity, as a rule, the environment is aseptic, therefore, when the fetus dies in the absence of putrefactive and pyogenic microbes, and the reactive ability of the uterus is poorly expressed, the corpse can remain in the uterus without obvious signs of decomposition for up to 2-3 days.

The death of the fetus can be judged by the following signs:

fetal movements are imperceptible;

the mammary glands swell, and colostrum appears in them;

in milking animals, milk yield decreases, the quality of milk changes (milk coagulates when boiled, acquires the properties of colostrum).

Complete abortion with the expulsion of a premature baby or miscarriage is the most favorable outcome of abortion. If the zoohygienic minimum is observed, the animal, as a rule, quickly recovers and can become pregnant again. After an abortion, the mare is released from work for at least 7-10 days; for aborted queens of other species, the same conditions should be created as for women in labor.

Abortion With mummification of the fetus With reduced reactivity of the uterus (atony), the dead fetus may linger in its cavity and become mummified.

Mummification is the drying of the fetus. This abortion outcome can occur only in the presence of a set of conditions that prevent the possibility of penetration into the uterus of putrefactive and pyogenic microorganisms. It should be borne in mind that mummification often occurs with idiopathic infectious abortions (brucellosis, salmonellosis, etc.).

A favorable condition for mummification is the absence of communication between the uterine cavity and the external environment, i.e., mummification can occur with a well-closed cervix, which prevents microflora from entering the uterus from the vagina. Sometimes the fetus and the uterine cavity remain in an aseptic state, even if the cervix sometimes opens slightly, but it is important that at this moment the integrity of the fetal membranes is not violated and microbes do not penetrate the vagina.

Mummification is more often noted in reproaches and small cattle, less often it is found in mares. In pigs, fetal mummification is often associated with normal fetal development (incomplete abortion). in pigs, up to 14% of fetuses undergo mummification;

The process of mummification lies in the fact that after the death of the fetus, and sometimes, apparently, even before his death, the amniotic fluid begins to dissolve. After that, the tissues of the fetus are also dehydrated; they decrease in volume, become denser and finally hard. The surface of mummified fruits is usually smooth and shiny. If the fetus has developed a coat, then after an abortion the hair is often preserved and is well retained by the mummified skin. The fetal membranes can turn into parchment-like sheets that adhere tightly to the fetus; sometimes they soften (macerate), merging with the viscous, patho-like, brown, odorless, sticky mass accumulating in the uterus.

Simultaneously with the decrease in the amount of fetal water, the uterus also gradually shrinks, tightly covering the fetus. The fruit shrinks, shortens, which leads to a change in its shape; it is compressed mainly along the length (shortening of the uterine horn), so it looks humpbacked. Sometimes the tissues of the fetus calcify, turning into a stony body.

Diagnosis mummification of the fetus is put on the basis of the following signs:

the absence of signs of expected childbirth or the cessation of the increase in signs of pregnancy;

the absence of sexual cycles in the normal general condition of the female;

detection in the uterus during rectal examination of a solid body covered by the uterus;

well-defined corpus luteum (in cows), always detected in one of the ovaries.

The mummified fetus can remain in the uterus sometimes for years. Usually, animals with such a fetus are culled due to infertility, so the maximum period of stay of this fetus in the uterus has not been established. The expulsion of mummified fetuses more often occurs during the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle; in multiple pregnancies, they remain with normally developing fetuses until delivery. In pigs, sheep and goats, during childbirth, normally developed fruits are often alternately hatched and mummified ones are expelled.

Treatment. Cervical dilatation and intrauterine infusions, injections of sinestrol, oxytocin, or pituitrin are recommended. During the expulsion of the mummified fetus, obstetric care comes down to moisturizing the birth canal with mucous decoctions, a solution of soap and infusing liquids into the uterine cavity to relieve pressure on the fetus from the walls of the uterus and facilitate its progress through the birth canal.

Abortion with fetal maceration. Maceration of the fetus is characterized by softening and liquefaction of its tissues in the uterus. It is more often observed in pigs, cows (trichomoniasis), rarely in mares and animals of other species and occurs mainly when the death of the fetus is accompanied by the development of catarrhal or purulent-catarrhal inflammation of the uterus in the absence of putrefactive microorganisms. Sometimes inflammation of the uterus is primary, it causes the death of the fetus and subsequent maceration of its tissues. Maceration is basically an enzymatic process. Tissue melting begins with the fetal membranes or with the digestive organs. The maceration that has begun often stops; the process ends with mummification, and the fetus is evacuated in a macerotic-mummified state. In the latter case, along with mummified individual parts of the body, there are exposed bones of the facial part of the fetal skull, especially the jaws, melting of internal organs, and other signs of enzymatic processes.

Maceration usually ends with complete melting of all soft tissues of the fetus; in the uterine cavity, a mushy or mucous brown, yellow-brown, sometimes white mass with a musty smell accumulates, in which scattered segments of the skeleton are enclosed. Over time, a significant part of the liquid contents of the uterus is absorbed, and the bones remain in it for an indefinitely long time. If an animal is in heat, the uterus is freed from the contents, especially when douching. More often, the macerated soft tissues of the fetus along with the bones are periodically released from the external genital organs.

Sometimes maceration is complicated by an inflammatory process that involves all layers of the uterus. Perimetry can grow together with the serous membrane of the intestine, bladder, parietal peritoneum, etc. When suppurated, the uterus can perforate, as a result of which its contents enter the abdominal cavity, into the intestinal lumen or through the fistula of the abdominal wall into the external environment. Often, the penetration of purulent-putrefactive microorganisms causes the death of the animal from septicemia or pyemia.

With twins, one fetus may macerate while the other continues to develop normally (incomplete abortion).

Diagnosis. One of the first symptoms is the cessation of the increase in signs of pregnancy. Fluctuation of the uterus can be felt through the rectum. In cows, the placenta is not palpable, because after the detachment of the fetal part of the placenta, the tissues undergo a reverse development - they are partially or completely absorbed. If you manage to get your hand to the ovaries, a corpus luteum is felt in one of them.

Usually, the reason for suspicion of maceration is the periodic discharge of white or brown masses from the genitals with a simultaneous deterioration in the general condition of the animal or without a general reaction. Vaginal examination reveals hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix, and sometimes the opening of the canal. Isolation from the neck of mucous masses with separate bones confirms the presence of a macerated fetus.

- fetal death during pregnancy. It can be provoked by somatic diseases, diseases and anomalies of the reproductive system, infections, intoxications, abdominal trauma, Rh-conflict, multiple pregnancies, severe birth defects of the fetus and other factors. Antenatal fetal death is manifested by cessation of uterine growth, lack of movement and fetal heartbeat, weakness, malaise, pain and heaviness in the lower abdomen. The diagnosis is established by the results of the examination and the data of instrumental studies. Treatment in the first trimester - curettage, in the II and III trimester - urgent delivery.

General information

Antenatal fetal death (intrauterine fetal death) - the death of the fetus during fetal development (before the onset of childbirth). Causes 39% of stillbirths. Statistical data on the prevalence of this pathology vary significantly, due to the difference in the classifications of intrauterine deaths in different countries. In the UK, the perinatal mortality rate (includes antenatal and intrapartum mortality) is 0.58%, in the US it is 1%, excluding miscarriages before 20-22 weeks of gestation. Antenatal fetal death is provoked by various external and internal factors. May pose a threat to the life and health of a pregnant woman. In the case of multiple pregnancy increases the likelihood of developmental delay and death of the second fetus. Diagnosis and treatment is carried out by specialists in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.

Causes of antenatal fetal death

This pathology can occur under the influence of various endogenous and exogenous factors. Among the endogenous factors that cause antenatal fetal death include infectious diseases (influenza, pneumonia, measles, rubella, hepatitis), vitamin deficiencies, somatic diseases (congenital heart defects, cardiovascular insufficiency, severe liver and kidney diseases, anemia of various origins), diabetes mellitus and other diseases of the endocrine system of the mother.

In addition, the group of endogenous causes of antenatal fetal death includes gestosis (eclampsia, nephropathy), severe fetal anomalies, Rh conflict, blood group incompatibility, polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, placental circulation disorders (with abnormalities of placental attachment, placental abruption, fetoplacental insufficiency and arteriovenous anastomoses of the vessels of the common chorion in twins), a true knot of the umbilical cord, entanglement of the umbilical cord around the neck of the fetus and inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system of the mother.

Exogenous factors that provoke antenatal fetal death are toxic effects (smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, taking certain medications, acute and chronic poisoning with household and industrial poisons), ionizing radiation and abdominal trauma. According to studies, the leading positions in the list of causes of this pathology are occupied by severe fetal malformations, placental pathology, infections, injuries and intoxications. Sometimes the cause of antenatal fetal death remains unclear.

pathological anatomy

After death, the fetus may remain in the uterus for several days, months or even years. In this case, maceration, mummification or petrification is possible. 90% of fetuses undergo maceration - wet necrosis resulting from contact with amniotic fluid. Initially, tissue necrosis is aseptic in nature. Some time after antenatal fetal death, necrotic tissue may become infected. Severe infectious complications are possible, including sepsis.

Macerated fruit looks soft, flabby. In the early stages of maceration, the skin is reddish, covered with blisters, alternating with areas of exfoliated epidermis. When the infection is attached, the fetus becomes greenish. The head and body are deformed. An autopsy is performed to determine the cause of antenatal fetal death. An autopsy reveals tissue soaking with fluid and lung atelectasis. Cartilages and bones are brown or reddish, epiphyses are separated from metaphyses. With a long stay in the uterus, autolysis of the internal organs is possible. Sometimes, during a delay in the uterus, the fetus is saturated with blood, forming a blood mole, which subsequently transforms into a fleshy mole.

With antenatal death of the fetus in the third trimester, independent childbirth is possible. In the absence of labor, stimulation is prescribed. According to the indications, fruit-destroying operations are performed. With hydrocephalus, frontal and pelvic presentation, the threat of uterine rupture and the serious condition of the patient, a craniotomy is performed. With a running transverse presentation, decapitation or evisceration is performed, with a hanger delay in the birth canal, a cleidotomy.

Prevention of antenatal fetal death includes timely detection of genetic abnormalities, diagnosis and treatment of somatic diseases, rehabilitation of chronic foci of infection, abandonment of bad habits, cessation of contact with household toxic substances, elimination of occupational hazards, prevention of injuries and thoughtful prescription of drugs during pregnancy.

Fetal death in multiple pregnancy

Intrauterine fetal death is detected in 6% of multiple pregnancies. The probability of development depends on the number of fetuses and chorions. The greater the degree of multiple pregnancy, the higher the risk of death of one of the twins. In the presence of a common chorion, the probability of death of one of the fetuses increases several times compared to dichorionic twins. The immediate causes of antenatal fetal death are intrauterine growth retardation, placental abruption, severe gestosis, chorioamnionitis, or the formation of an arteriovenous anastomosis with a common chorion.

The form of pathology depends on the time of death of the fetus. In the early stages of pregnancy (up to 10 weeks), the “missing twin” phenomenon is observed. The dead embryo is rejected or absorbed. In the presence of two chorions, the death of one twin does not affect the development of the other. With a common chorion in the second twin, the likelihood of cerebral palsy and intrauterine growth retardation increases. Antenatal fetal death in such cases often remains unrecognized and is regarded as a threat of abortion.

Upon death at the end of the first or beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy, the dead fetus does not disappear, but is mummified. It is squeezed by the growing fetal bladder of a brother or sister, “dries out” and decreases in size. With a common chorion, the second twin often has congenital malformations due to the intake of decay products into the body through the common circulatory system.

With multiple pregnancies and suspected antenatal fetal death, immediate hospitalization is indicated to conduct an examination and resolve the issue of pregnancy management tactics. During the examination, the gestational age and the number of chorions are determined, the condition of the living fetus is assessed, somatic diseases and diseases of the mother's reproductive system are detected. With a common chorion and antenatal fetal death diagnosed at the beginning of the second trimester, parents are advised to consider terminating the pregnancy due to the high risk of intrauterine pathology in the second twin.

At a period of 25-34 weeks of gestation, a thorough examination of the surviving fetus (ultrasound, MRI) is necessary. With a satisfactory condition of the fetus, prolongation of pregnancy is indicated. The need for urgent delivery in case of antenatal death of the fetus is determined taking into account the condition of the mother and the surviving child, the likelihood of developing intrauterine disorders and the risk of complications due to prematurity. Indications for delivery on the part of the pregnant woman are somatic diseases and diseases of the reproductive system that prevent the prolongation of pregnancy. Relative indications on the part of the fetus are anemia, terminal blood flow and the threat of fetal death during arteriovenous anastomoses. As an absolute indication for delivery, antenatal fetal death after 34 weeks of multiple pregnancy is considered.

In the presence of two chorions, urgent delivery is usually not required. The patient is placed under constant supervision, which includes daily monitoring of temperature, blood pressure, edema and discharge, as well as regular tests to assess the state of the blood coagulation system. The condition of the living fetus is assessed by the results of Doppler uteroplacental blood flow, biometrics and echography of the brain. After birth, an autopsy of the dead twin is performed and the placenta is examined to identify the cause of antenatal death of the fetus.

The causes of pregnancy disorders in sows can be errors in feeding and keeping animals, congenital or acquired defects, various diseases.

Depending on the severity of adverse factors affecting the sow and the state of health of the sow herself, a violation of the normal development of the fetus, as well as their death, is possible.

Owners of household plots and peasant farms should be able to recognize diseases and pathologies of fruiting in order to be able to take the necessary measures in a timely manner, if necessary. Abortion occurs most frequently during gestation in sows.

Abortion(miscarriage) - termination of pregnancy with subsequent complete or partial resorption of the embryos or with the expulsion of dead or premature fetuses from the uterus.

The lack of protein, minerals, vitamins A, D and E in the diet can not only predispose, but also serve as the main cause of abortion or the birth of a rickety, non-viable offspring.

Abortion in pregnant sows can be facilitated by feeding poor quality, frozen, moldy and sour feed. Long-term (more than 20 days) feeding to pregnant sows of a large amount of cotton cake and meal () adversely affects the development of embryos. In this case, the sow is observed poisoning with damage to the stomach, liver, kidneys. The cause of abortions can also be poisoning when feeding sprouted potatoes () or feed affected by ergot. Sometimes abortions in sows occur after drinking them with ice water.

The cause of abortions can be a variety of injuries of the uterus and fetuses through the abdominal walls with crowded content of pregnant sows, their frequent movement, runs through narrow passages.

With a traumatic abortion in a sow, bloody outflows from the external genital organs are noted, weak attempts appear, the sow lies, sometimes groans. On a thorough clinical examination of the aborted sow, we find injuries on the skin (abrasions, bruises, swelling). Aborted fetuses may have bruises under the skin and tissues, hemorrhages on the fetal membranes, but most often, upon careful examination of the fetus, no obvious signs of injury are found.

Additional information is provided in our article -.

Sometimes the cause of abortions in sows can be various anomalies and diseases of the fetal membranes, fetal umbilical cord, etc. .

In order to find out the cause of the abortion, as well as to take the necessary preventive measures in a timely manner, in each case it is necessary to examine the fetus and fetal membranes. If many sows abort within a few days, this indicates errors in feeding or the presence of contagious diseases. A veterinary specialist serving private household plots, peasant farms and farms sends feed for mycotoxicological research to the veterinary laboratory, as well as aborted fetuses in order to exclude infectious and parasitic diseases. When the cause of the abortion is established, measures are taken according to the current instructions.

Aborted sows need to provide the necessary obstetric care in a timely manner. Since the expulsion of aborted fetuses may be delayed. Often, the fetuses that linger in the uterine cavity undergo mummification (drying), maceration (when only the bones of the fetus remain in the uterus, and the soft tissues melt and dissolve) or putrefactive decomposition.

Mummification single or all fetuses in a sow occurs when microbes do not enter the fetus. Most often, fetal death with subsequent mummification of the fetus is detected in the sow in the second half of gestation. On external examination, such a fruit is colored brown, covered with dirty masses, strongly wrinkled and shaped like a kitten curled up into a ball. In the case of mummification of the fetuses, they remain in the uterine cavity for a long time. The general condition of the sow is usually not disturbed, but sexual cyclicity does not appear. Such sows should be culled.

It is not uncommon for owners to find one or two mummified fetuses in sows during normal births. Due to their small volume, they easily pass through the birth canal of the sow and obstetric care is usually not required.

fruit maceration in a sow, it can be complicated by an inflammatory process of the uterine mucosa (). In the sow, signs of maceration appear in a variety of ways. At first, they are imperceptible, but after a few days, the owners of household plots and peasant farms notice a decrease in appetite, a depressed state, and an increase in body temperature occurs. With a long course of the disease, the owners note the emaciation of the pregnant sow. Purulent-mucous contents are secreted from the external genital organs. Often in the machine on the floor, along with purulent secretions, the bones of the fetus, pieces of fetal membranes are found.

To free the uterine cavity from macerated fetuses, the sow is injected intramuscularly with 1-2 ml of a 1% oil solution of sinestrol once, but preferably in fractional doses of 0.5 ml daily for three days. Starting from the 1st or 2nd day after the appointment of sinestrol, oxytocin is used - 20-50 IU (4-10 ml) intramuscularly or subcutaneously in fractional doses of 10 IU every 2-3 hours (3-5 injections in total).

With a satisfactory general condition, the sow is recommended to be given a walk, since active movements help to increase the tone of the muscles of the uterine horns.

For the same purpose, a warm (30-35 ° C) physiological solution of sodium chloride or a weak (1:10,000) solution of potassium permanganate with vaseline oil is injected into the uterine cavity. These solutions are poured into the uterus in the amount of 2-3 liters 1-2 times a day. After the introduction of a warm solution, a reflex contraction of the muscles of the uterus occurs, the sow has attempts and the expulsion of macerated fruits or their parts is accelerated. Animals usually tolerate such treatment well, and within 4-9 days the uterine cavity is freed from pathological contents, signs of inflammation are reduced. In the presence of abundant purulent discharge, antibiotics and sulfanilamide preparations suspended in oil are introduced into the uterine cavity, for example, a 5% suspension of tricillin in fish oil in an amount of -50-100 ml. Additional information on treatment is provided in the article -.

Putrid decomposition (emphysema) The fetus in a sow occurs when putrefactive (anaerobic) microbes enter the uterine cavity and is accompanied by the formation and accumulation of gases in its tissues, under the influence of which the fetus increases in volume, loses its shape.

At first, the dead fetus, which lies near the cervix or body of the uterus, is subjected to decay in the sow, and the neighboring fetus is also affected over time, followed by the rest. An increase in the volume of the fetus and the accumulation of gases cause a strong stretching of the walls of the uterus.

Depending on the duration of the disease, the general condition of the sow is disturbed. The sow refuses to feed, there is an increase in body temperature to 40-42 ° C, veterinary specialists register violations in the activity of the cardiovascular system. Sometimes the owners of private household plots and peasant farms note weak attempts in them, as a result of which watery contents of a red-brown color with a fetid odor are released from the genital slit. On clinical examination, the vulva and vagina are dry and swollen, as a result of which internal (vaginal) examination by hand often becomes impossible. In some cases, it is possible to insert a hand and feel the presenting parts of the emphysematous fetus.

Forecast. Adverse.

Treatment It is only successful in the early stages of the disease. When the first signs of the disease are detected, antibiotics are administered intramuscularly to the sow. To expel dead fetuses, drugs are injected under the skin that enhance uterine contractions: 20-30 IU (4-6 ml) of oxytocin, 1-2 ml of pituitrin or 1-1.5 ml of a 0.5% aqueous solution of prozerin. Repeatedly oxytocin or pituitrin is prescribed after 2-3 hours, prozerin - after 50-60 minutes.

Owners of household plots and peasant farms should keep in mind that in the absence of timely obstetric and gynecological care during abortions, severe complications can occur in sows, which often cause infertility in sows.

Osteomalacia. This is a chronic disease characterized by softening (decalcification) of bones and a change in their shape as a result of a violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism.

The cause of osteomalacia is the long-term monotonous feeding of pigs with feeds that do not contain enough calcium and phosphorus salts (potatoes, beets, bard, pulp, brewer's grains, etc.). An excess of calcium in the diet with a lack of phosphorus, or vice versa, can also cause osteomalacia. The disease in sows is most often observed in the winter in the absence of exercise and ultraviolet radiation. Under these conditions, osteomalacia is especially often noted in sows fertilized before the onset of body maturity.

During pregnancy, the need for calcium and phosphorus in sows increases, and if these substances are not supplied in sufficient quantities with feed, then sows begin to take and consume them from their own bone tissue. As a result, the bones become thinner, become soft, fragile, and under mechanical stress, sows easily develop cracks and bone fractures.

Sick sows lie more, their owners of household plots and peasant farms note a reduced and perverted appetite, veterinary specialists register pain in the limbs and lameness when palpating the bones. Too prolific and abundant milk sows sometimes have a curvature of the limbs, swelling of the facial bones, hunchback. In severe sows, owners note exhaustion, weakness, sometimes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, dermatitis, eczema.

For the treatment of osteomalacia, it is necessary to exclude acidic feeds from the diet of sick animals (vinasse, sour pulp, silage, etc.), as well as reduce the supply of feeds poor in calcium and phosphorus (beets, potatoes, ground cereal grains).

In the diet, the owners of household plots and peasant farms should include easily digestible feeds containing calcium and phosphorus (green feed, grass meal, reverse), as well as mineral supplements (meat and bone meal or bone meal, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate or defluorinated phosphate) 60-100g each per day per sow.

With a lack of vitamins, fish oil is given at 40-50 ml per day or vitamin D2 concentrate at 500-600 thousand. ED per head daily for two weeks. It is useful for sows to prescribe ultraviolet irradiation every other day for two weeks.

Prevention osteomalacia in sows should be aimed at normalizing vitamin and mineral nutrition, primarily at providing pregnant sows with phosphorus-calcium supplements and vitamin D. Additional information on osteomalacia is set out in our article -.