What is Energy Efficiency? Energy efficiency What is the difference between energy efficiency and energy saving

16.10.2019

When analyzing the efficiency of using any type of resources in production, it is worth distinguishing between the concepts of energy efficiency and energy saving. These concepts are similar in that they raise questions of the careful use of energy, regardless of the field of activity, and also touch upon the problem of harmless production and environmental protection. Let us consider both concepts in more detail and define their main difference.

energy saving can be defined as a reduction in the level of resource consumption due to measures to save them.

energy efficiency, in turn, is the rational use of resources, i.e. economically justified consumption of water, electricity, gas and heat in relation to the volume of production.

For example, an enterprise consumes 1,000 kWh of electrical energy every month. The energy saving measures being implemented have resulted in energy savings (savings) of about 100 kWh. Is it a lot or a little? How did this affect the quality of the products? The answers to these questions can be radically opposite, depending on the energy efficiency achieved.

For example, before the introduction of energy efficient technologies, an enterprise showed useful power consumption at the level of 50 kWh per unit of output. After the implementation of a number of measures, the consumption of electrical energy was reduced to 30 kWh per unit of production. At the same time, the quality and volume of manufactured products remained at the same level. Such an assessment clearly shows a positive result of the introduction of energy-saving technologies and measures.

The result of energy efficiency is:

reducing the cost of production;
reducing the cost of an enterprise or a private person to pay utility bills;
increasing the profitability of production;
reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere;
conservation of natural resources.

One of the most effective ways to implement energy-saving technologies is to conclude energy service contracts that provide a comprehensive and systematic implementation of energy-saving measures that increase the energy efficiency of an enterprise.

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energy efficiency

(Energy Efficiency)

Energy efficiency - efficient, rational use of energy.

Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving Program. Energy efficiency of buildings.

Energy efficiency is the definition

Energy efficiency is a set of organizational, economic and technological measures aimed at increasing the importance of the rational use of energy resources in the industrial, household and scientific and technical fields.

energy efficiency- this is the efficient (rational) use of energy, or the "fifth type of fuel" - the use of less energy to ensure the established level of energy consumption in buildings or in industrial processes. This knowledge is at the intersection of engineering, economics, law and sociology.

For the population it is a significant reduction in utility costs, for the country it means saving resources, increasing industrial productivity and competitiveness, for the environment it means limiting greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, for energy companies it means reducing fuel costs and unreasonable construction costs.

Unlike energy saving (saving, saving energy), mainly aimed at reducing energy consumption, energy efficiency(usefulness of energy consumption) - useful (efficient) expenditure of energy. To evaluate the energy efficiency of a product or technological process an energy efficiency indicator is used, which evaluates the consumption or loss of energy resources.

Energy efficiency in the world

Since the 1970s many countries implemented policies and programs to improve energy efficiency. Today, the industrial sector accounts for nearly 40% of the world's annual primary energy consumption and about the same share of global carbon dioxide emissions. The ISO 50001 international standard has been adopted, which also regulates energy efficiency.

Energy efficiency in Russia

Russia ranks third in the world in terms of total energy consumption (after the US and China) and its economy is characterized by a high level of energy intensity (the amount of energy per unit of GDP). In terms of energy consumption country manufacturing takes first place industry, in second place is the housing sector, about 25% each.

energy efficiency and energy saving are included in 5 strategic directions of priority technological development, designated by the General Secretaries of the USSR D. A. Medvedev at a meeting of the Commission for Modernization and Technological Development of the Economy Russian Federation June 18th.

One of the most important strategic tasks of the country, which he set in his decree, is to reduce the energy intensity of the domestic economy by 40% by 2020. To implement it, it is necessary to create a perfect system for managing energy efficiency and energy saving. In this regard, the Ministry of Energy RF a decision was made to transform the subordinate Federal State Institution "Association of Enterprises" Rosinformresurs "" into the Russian Energy Agency, with the assignment of relevant functions to it.

The main incentives are federal subsidies and benefits. One of the leaders among the regions is the Krasnodar Territory. International and federal banks IBRD and VEB are also implementing their projects in the Russian Federation.

energy efficiency and energy saving are included in the five strategic directions of the priority technological development of the Russian Federation, named president RF are a huge reserve of the domestic economy. - a national task, not only economic entities, but also the whole society, public companies, political parties are involved in the modernization of the economy of the Russian Federation, and special attention is paid to energy saving and energy efficiency issues.

The Russian Federation has one of the world's largest technical potential for increasing energy efficiency - more than 40% of the level of energy consumption in the country: in absolute terms - this is 403 million tons of fuel equivalent. The use of this reserve is possible only through a comprehensive politicians.

Currently, in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency, there are three fundamental basic documents: “Energy Strategy for the Period up to 2030”, Federal “On Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency Improvement and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” and “Energy Saving and improve energy efficiency in period until 2020”.

Federal law“on saving energy and increasing energy efficiency” - the basic document defining the state politics in the field of energy saving. Law is aimed at solving the issues of energy saving and energy efficiency improvement in the housing and communal services sector.

For firms effective operation of housing and communal services, the introduction of energy passports is envisaged, a set of measures is defined that provide consumers with the right and opportunity to save resources by choosing energy-efficient goods and services. As a first step, a ban is introduced on the production, import and sale of incandescent lamps with a power of 100 W or more, from 2013 - lamps of 75 W or more, from 2014 - 25 W or more.

The second block of the law combines a set of incentive tools in the public sector, including the obligation of budgetary organizations to reduce energy consumption by at least 3% annually for 5 years, and for the budgetary company the funds saved due to the implementation of energy saving and energy efficiency measures are preserved, as well as the possibility of their redistribution, including to the wage fund.

The law also establishes the obligation to develop energy saving and energy efficiency programs for state-owned companies, budgetary organizations and institutions, as well as for regions and municipalities, and this is linked to the budget process.

The next important aspect is the relationship between the state and business. To stimulate the transition of businesses to an energy efficient policy, economic levers have been established, including the provision of tax incentives, as well as reimbursement of interest on loans for the implementation of energy saving and energy efficiency projects.

A major role in improving energy efficiency is assigned to the subjects of Russia, which are already vested with the relevant powers. Each region, each municipality should have its own energy saving program with clear, understandable targets and an evaluation system.

Department of Energy Efficiency of the Russian Federation

The Department of State Regulation of Tariffs, Infrastructural Reforms and Energy Efficiency is an independent structural subdivision of the central office of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the main activities of which are:

Improving Energy Efficiency

The energy efficiency of the economy of the Russian Federation is significantly lower than the level of energy efficiency of developed countries. D.A. Medvedev set the task of reducing the level of energy intensity GDP by 40% by 2020 in relation to the level of 2007. Taking into account the climatic features and the industrial structure of the Russian economy, this task is ambitious and requires a large-scale and well-coordinated work the entire government of Russia. Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation The Ministry of Economic Development coordinates this work, develops, together with other Ministries and departments, the main part of the regulatory legal framework, accompanies the activities of the working group "Energy Efficiency" under the Commission for Technological Development and Modernization of the Russian Economy under president Russia.

Tariff and price policy in industries natural monopolists

Ministry of Economic Development of Russia together with the sectoral Ministries and the Federal Tariff Service, develops and implements uniform approaches to the regulation of prices (tariffs) for the services of natural monopolists. The purpose of the state tariff and price regulation of infrastructure sectors is to ensure consumers goods and services of subjects of natural monopolists and organizations of the communal complex of established quality at an affordable price.

Restructuring of natural monopoly sectors

Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation together with the sectoral Ministries, carries out transformations in the sectors of natural monopolists aimed at reducing infrastructure barriers to economic development, stimulating the improvement of the efficiency of such sectors and developing competition.

Energy efficiency policy at Russian Railways

Russian Railways is one of the largest consumers electricity: the organization annually uses more than 40 billion kWh electricity, or about 4% of the total Russian consumption. The main volume goes, of course, to the electric traction of trains (more than 35 billion kWh). Such a large purchaser could not stay away from the federal measures to improve energy efficiency, enshrined, in particular, in the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030.

The directions of the energy efficiency policy in Russian Railways are determined by the Energy Strategy of the Russian Railways Holding for period up to 2015 and for the future up to 2030”, developed within the framework of the “Strategy for the development of railway transport in the Russian Federation until 2030”. The strategy provides for two stages: 2011-2015. — the stage of modernization of railway transport; 2016-2030 — a stage of dynamic expansion of the railway network (it is planned to build 20.5 thousand km of new railway lines, 25% of which will be freight-generating, laid in sparsely populated regions without energy).

As part of the strategy, holding intends to actively participate, including in the development of legislative acts of the state in the field of innovations and the development of energy in the interests of railway transport.

Increasing the energy efficiency of the main activities of Russian Railways is planned through: the use of energy-efficient technologies for managing the transportation process, the transition to the use of highly economical means of light signaling and lighting, primarily based on LED technology and intelligent lighting control systems, improving energy resource management systems based on databases of energy surveys, certification and instrumental accounting for the expenditure of energy resources, the introduction of energy efficient technologies at infrastructure facilities.

The program has already shown itself in action. By data Russian Railways, in 2011, more than 4,000 resource-saving technical means were introduced in the amount of 2.7 billion rubles. For 12 months of 2011 from the implementation of resource saving measures in 2009-2010. an economic effect totaling about 1.2 billion rubles was achieved. Data indicators could be achieved by saving fuel and energy resources, material consumption technological processes and improving labor efficiency.

In 2003-2010 measures to improve energy efficiency have already led to a positive result: with an increase of 16.2% in the volume of transportation work in relation to 2003, the balance of resource consumption decreased by 6.3%, and the reduction in the energy intensity of production activities amounted to 19.3%.

Targets in the medium and long term are no less ambitious. Thus, Russian Railways plans to increase the volume of passenger and freight transport by 2030 by an average of 52.3%, and an increase in the consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER) and water by 32.1%.

It is predicted that the saving of fuel and energy resources of Russian Railways in 2015 and 2030 in relation to 2010 will be respectively: electricity— 1.8 and 5.5 billion kWh; diesel fuel - 248 and 740 thousand tons; fuel oil - 95 and 182 thousand tons; coal - 0.7 and 1.4 million tons; gasoline - 15.0 and 32.5 thousand tons; heat energy purchased on the side - 0.56 and 1.2 thousand Gcal. As a result, there should be a decrease costs for the purchase of fuel and energy resources in 2015 by 9.9 billion rubles, in 2020 - by 16.9 billion rubles, in 2030 - by 27.4 billion rubles in prices 2010.

Energy efficiency in the EU countries

In the total volume of final energy consumption in the states of the European Union, the share industry is 28.8%, the share of transport - 31%, services - 47%. Considering that about 1/3 of energy consumption is spent on the residential sector, in 2002 the Directive euro union on the energy performance of buildings, where mandatory building energy performance standards were defined. These standards are constantly being revised towards tightening, stimulating the development new technologies (developments).

Energy service organizations European Union apply a line of 27 different energy-efficient technologies. The fastest growing segment is lighting, with 22% of all projects related to the replacement of lighting equipment with energy efficient ones and lighting management measures. In addition to them, energy management systems (EnMS) are being introduced, behavioral aspects are being studied, boilers are being controlled, their efficiency is increased and their modes are optimized, the introduction of insulating materials, photovoltaics, etc.

Energy-efficient heating of the metro in Minsk.

It is possible to build and operate metro stations without connecting to heating networks, using the metro itself as a source for heating the station premises. At a meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council for the construction of metro facilities and transport infrastructure, the specialists of Minskmetroproekt OJSC presented new technology heating, which has been successfully used in Belarus for several years.

The metropolitan subway is currently overheating due to the release of heat from the rolling stock and from the passengers themselves. In addition, heat comes from lighting fixtures, as well as from station, power and ventilation equipment.

According to the calculations of Minskmetroproekt specialists, using the example of one of the metro terminal stations in the south of Moscow, during the cold season, it is necessary to remove excess heat in the amount of 3.5 MW using tunnel ventilation. At the same time, the plant receives 1 MW of thermal energy from external engineering networks for space heating.

A logical question arises: why, having a heat source, additionally purchase thermal energy? Why can't waste heat be used for technological needs? Specialists of Minskmetroproject propose to transfer thermal energy from places with surpluses to places with shortcomings using modern heat pumps.

Belarusian experts assure that the use of an autonomous heating system at metro stations, where there is an excess of heat all year round, will reduce energy consumption. In addition, there is a significant reduction expense for the construction of additional underground station premises in which heat supply networks are located.

Independence from city heating networks is another obvious plus from using an autonomous heat supply system. On behalf of the Deputy Head of the Construction Department Vladimir Shvetsov, Minsk colleagues will work out feasibility studies for the application of innovative technology using the example of heat supply to two stations of the metropolitan subway and present it to the next meeting of the council.

Construction and buildings

In developed countries, about half of all energy is spent on construction and operation, in developing countries - about a third. This is due to the large number of home appliances in developed countries. In the Russian Federation, about 40-45% of all generated energy is spent on everyday life. for heating in residential buildings in the Russian Federation are 350-380 kWh/m² per year (5-7 times higher than in the EU countries), and in some types of buildings they reach 680 kWh/m² per year. Distances and depreciation of heating networks lead to losses of 40-50% of all generated energy directed to heating buildings. Alternative energy sources in buildings today are heat pumps, solar collectors and batteries, wind generators.

In 2012, the first national Russian standard STO NOSTROY 2.35.4-2011 "Green Building" was put into effect. Buildings residential and public. Rating system for assessing the sustainability of the habitat. The most famous standards of this kind in the world are: LEED, BREEAM and DGNB.

energy efficient skyscraper

The other day, the architect UNStudio presented a new project for the construction of a high-rise complex in Singapore, consisting of two interconnected skyscrapers, one of which is intended for commercial use, and the other will house residential apartments.

The new development, called V on Shenton, will be located in Singapore's Central Business District (CBD) on the site of the iconic 40-story UIC Building and will be part of the city's redevelopment as part of an affordable housing program for urban residents. . The building has an energy-efficient design and boasts many of the latest energy-efficient technologies, but its main distinguishing feature is its hexagonal-panelled façade, which looks like a honeycomb beehive.

However, these panels not only ensure the aesthetic appeal of the complex, but also perform a purely practical function - they maximize natural light and minimize the flow of heat into the interior, thereby contributing to a significant reduction in energy costs. Well, the lush horizontal gardens, "dividing" the buildings into three parts, will be a great place to relax and walk, as well as make the surrounding air fresher and cleaner.

Complex V at Shenton consists of two separate buildings connected by an extensive hall on the ground floor, which contains an entrance portal and a large restaurant. The 23-story office building matches the scale of the surrounding buildings, while the 53-story residential tower stands out sharply from the rest of the city. The entire eighth floor will be occupied by the first heavenly garden, and two more of the same air-purifying gardens will be located in the residential part of the complex.

From an architectural point of view, the corners of the buildings are also interesting - having a rounded shape, they are covered with curved glass panels that optimize the flow of sunlight into the buildings, but at the same time protect it from overheating. Volumetric walls of balconies of residential apartments, exactly repeating the shape of hexagonal panels, create an additional visual effect of the depth of the structure. Completion of the office/residential complex V at Shenton is scheduled for 2016.

Devices

Energy-saving and energy-efficient devices are, in particular, systems for supplying heat, ventilation, electricity when a person is in the room and stopping this supply in his absence. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used to monitor the efficient use of energy.

Measures to improve energy efficiency are being taken with the introduction of energy-saving lamps, multi-tariff meters, automation methods, using architectural solutions.

Heat pump

A heat pump is a device for transferring thermal energy from a source of low-grade thermal energy (with a low temperature) to an acquirer (heat carrier) with a higher temperature. Thermodynamically, a heat pump is similar to a refrigeration machine. However, if in a refrigeration machine the main goal is to produce cold by taking heat from any volume by the evaporator, and the condenser discharges heat into the environment, then in a heat pump the situation is reversed. The condenser is a heat exchanger that generates heat for the consumer, and the evaporator is a heat exchanger that utilizes low-grade heat: secondary energy resources and (or) non-traditional renewable energy sources.

Like a refrigerator, a heat pump consumes energy to implement a thermodynamic cycle (compressor drive). The conversion factor of a heat pump - the ratio of heat output to electricity consumption - depends on the temperature level in the evaporator and condenser. The temperature level of heat supply from heat pumps can currently vary from 35 °C to 62 °C. That allows you to use almost any heating system. Saving energy resources reaches 70%. technically developed countries produces a wide range of vapor-compression heat pumps with thermal power from 5 to 1000 kW.

The concept of heat pumps was developed back in 1852 by the outstanding British physicist and engineer William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and further improved and detailed by the Austrian engineer Peter Ritter von Rittinger. Peter Ritter von Rittinger is considered the inventor of the heat pump, having designed and installed the first known heat pump in 1855. But the heat pump acquired practical application much later, more precisely in the 40s of the twentieth century, when the enthusiastic inventor Robert C. Webber experimented with a freezer.

One day, Weber accidentally touched a hot pipe at the exit of the chamber and realized that the heat was simply thrown out. The inventor thought about how to use this heat, and decided to put a pipe in a boiler to heat water. As a result, Weber provided his family with an amount of hot water that they could not physically use, while some of the heat from the heated water was released into the air. This prompted him to think that both water and air can be heated from one heat source at the same time, so Weber improved his own and began to drive hot water in a spiral (through a coil) and use a small fan to distribute heat around the house in order to heat it.

Over time, it was Weber who had the idea to “pump out” heat from the earth, where the temperature did not change much during the year. He placed copper pipes in the ground, through which freon circulated, which "collected" the heat of the earth. The gas condensed, gave up its heat in the house, and again passed through the coil to pick up the next portion of heat. The air was set in motion by a fan and circulated throughout the house. The following year, Weber sold his old coal stove.

In the 40s, the heat pump was known for its extreme efficiency, but the real need for it arose during the Arab oil embargo in the 70s, when, despite low prices on energy carriers, there was an interest in energy saving.

AT process operation, the compressor consumes electricity. The ratio of generated thermal energy and consumed electrical energy is called the transformation ratio (or heat conversion coefficient) and serves as an indicator of the efficiency of the heat pump. This value depends on the difference between the temperature levels in the evaporator and condenser: the greater the difference, the smaller this value.

For this reason, the heat pump should use as much energy as possible from the low-grade heat source, without trying to achieve its strong cooling. In fact, this increases the efficiency of the heat pump, since with a weak cooling of the heat source, there is no significant increase in the temperature difference. For this reason, heat pumps make sure that the mass of the low-temperature heat source is significantly larger than the mass being heated. For this, it is also necessary to increase the heat exchange areas so that the temperature difference between the heat source and the cold working fluid, as well as between the hot working fluid and the heated medium, is smaller. This reduces energy for heating, but leads to an increase in the size and cost of equipment.

The problem of binding a heat pump to a source of low-grade heat with a large mass can be solved [source not specified 1556 days. the introduction of a mass transfer system into the heat pump, for example, a water pumping system. This is how the central heating system in Stockholm works.

Even modern steam and gas turbine plants at power plants generate a large amount of heat, which is used in cogeneration. However, when using power plants that do not generate associated heat (solar panels, wind farms, fuel cells), the use of heat pumps makes sense, since such a conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy is more efficient than using conventional electric heaters.

In fact, it is necessary to take into account the overhead costs of the goods for the transmission, conversion and distribution of electricity (that is, the services of electrical networks). As a result [source unspecified 838 days] the selling electricity is 3-5 times higher than it, which leads to financial inefficiency in the use of heat pumps compared to gas-fired boilers with natural gas available. However, the unavailability of hydrocarbon resources in many areas leads to the need to choose between the conventional conversion of electrical energy into heat and with the help of a heat pump, which in this situation has its own advantages.

Types of heat pumps

Diagram of a compression heat pump.

1) condenser, 2) throttle, 3) evaporator, 4) compressor.

Depending on the principle of operation, heat pumps are divided into compression and absorption. Compression heat pumps are always powered by mechanical energy (electricity), while absorption heat pumps can also use heat as an energy source (using electricity or fuel).

Depending on the source of heat extraction, heat pumps are divided into:

1) Geothermal (use the heat of the earth, ground or underground groundwater

a) closed type

horizontal

Horizontal geothermal heat pump

Collector placed in rings or windingly in horizontal trenches below the freezing depth of the soil (usually from 1.20 m or more). This method is the most cost-effective for residential facilities, provided there is no shortage of land for the contour.

vertical

Collector placed vertically in wells up to 200 m deep. This method is used in cases where the area of the land does not allow placing the contour horizontally or there is a threat of damage to the landscape.

The collector is placed sinuously or in rings in a reservoir (lake, pond, river) below the freezing depth. This is the cheapest option, but there are requirements for the minimum depth and volume of water in the reservoir for a particular region.

b) open type

Such a system uses as a heat exchange fluid water circulating directly through the ground source heat pump system in an open cycle, i.e. the water after passing through the system is returned to the ground. This option can be implemented in practice only if there is a sufficient amount of relatively clean water and provided that this method of using groundwater is not prohibited by law.

2) Air (the source of heat extraction is air)

Types of industrial models

Heat pump "brine - water"

According to the type of coolant in the inlet and outlet circuits, the pumps are divided into eight types: "soil-water", "water-water", "air-water", "soil-air", "water-air", "air-air" " freon-water", "freon-air". Heat pumps can use the heat of the air released from the room, while heating the supply air - recuperators.

Extraction of heat from air

The efficiency and choice of a certain source of thermal energy strongly depends on climatic conditions, especially if the source of heat extraction is atmospheric air. In fact, this type is better known as an air conditioner. There are tens of millions of such devices in hot countries. For northern countries, heating is most relevant in winter. Air-to-air and air-to-water systems are also used in winter at temperatures down to minus 25 degrees, some models continue to operate down to -40 degrees. But their efficiency is low, the efficiency is about 1.5 times, and for the heating season, on average, about 2.2 times compared to electric heaters. In severe frosts, additional heating is used. Such a system is called bivalent, when the power of the main heating system by heat pumps is not enough, additional sources of heat supply are turned on.

Extraction of heat from rock

The rock formation requires drilling a well to a sufficient depth (100–200 meters) or several such wells. A U-shaped weight is lowered into the well with two plastic tubes that make up the contour. The tubes are filled with antifreeze. For environmental reasons, this is a 30% solution of ethyl alcohol. The well is filled with groundwater in a natural way, and the water conducts heat from the stone to the coolant. With an insufficient length of the well or an attempt to obtain excess power from the ground, this water and even antifreeze can freeze, which limits the maximum thermal power of such systems. It is the temperature of the returned antifreeze that serves as one of the indicators for the automation circuit. Approximately 50-60 W of thermal power is accounted for 1 linear meter of the well. Thus, to install a heat pump with a capacity of 10 kW, a well with a depth of about 170 m is required. It is not advisable to drill deeper than 200 meters, it is cheaper to make several wells of smaller depth 10–20 meters apart. Even for a small house of 110-120 sq.m. with low energy consumption, the payback period is 10-15 years. Almost all installations available on the market operate in the summer, while heat (essentially solar energy) is taken from the room and dissipated in the rock or groundwater. In Scandinavian countries with rocky soil, granite acts as a massive radiator, receiving heat in the summer/day and dissipating it back in the winter/night. Also, heat constantly comes from the bowels of the Earth and from groundwater.

Extraction of heat from the ground

The most efficient but also the most expensive schemes provide for the extraction of heat from the ground, whose temperature does not change during the year already at a depth of several meters, which makes the installation practically independent of the weather. According to [source not specified 897 days] in 2006, half a million installations were installed in Sweden, 50,000 in Finland, and 70,000 were installed in Norway per year. 50 cm below the level of soil freezing in this region. In practice, 0.7 - 1.2 meters [source not specified 897 days]. The minimum recommended by manufacturers distance between the collector pipes is 1.5 meters, the minimum is 1.2. Not required here, but more extensive excavation over a large area is required, and the pipeline is more at risk of damage. The efficiency is the same as when extracting heat from a well. Special soil preparation is not required. But it is desirable to use a site with wet soil, but if it is dry, the contour must be made longer. The approximate value of the thermal power per 1 m of the pipeline: in clay - 50-60 W, in sand - 30-40 W for temperate latitudes, in the north the values \u200b\u200bare less. Thus, to install a heat pump with a capacity of 10 kW, an earth contour 350-450 m long is required, for laying which a plot of land with an area of about 400 m² (20x20 m) is required. With the correct calculation, the contour has little effect on green spaces [source not specified 897 days.

Direct heat exchange DX

The refrigerant is supplied directly to the earth's heat source through copper pipes - this ensures the high efficiency of the geothermal heating system.

Heat pump Daria WP using DX direct heat exchange technology

The evaporator is installed in the ground horizontally below the freezing depth or in wells with a diameter of 40-60 mm drilled vertically or at a slope (for example, 45 degrees) to a depth of 15-30 m. requires the installation of an intermediate heat exchanger and additional costs for the operation of the circulation pump.

The approximate cost of heating a modern insulated house with an area of 120m2 Kaliningrad region 2012. (Annual energy consumption 20,000 kWh)

Energy efficient street lamp

OSRAM has developed an LED module for decorative street lighting and architectural lighting. Street lighting and architectural lighting of most municipal facilities account for a significant portion of total urban energy consumption.

The new latest generation Oslon SSL LED fixture module reduces energy consumption by at least 60% compared to luminaires previously powered by mercury gas discharge lamps. New items allow you to transform classic lighting devices into LED. The construction kit, consisting of an LED module and a support plate, is attached by specialists directly to the lighting device, and the utility worker can then easily install it in the right place, without the use of any additional tools.

Simplicity process installation is comparable in ease to the usual replacement of an electrocartridge or a lamp. In addition, the service life of such light sources is extremely long. And this, in turn, reduces the cost of operating the entire system.

Unlike traditional outdoor lighting, decorative, with the use of new technologies (developments), allows for a comprehensive centralized over lighting. For example, if there is no need to maintain constant lighting in certain sections of the streets, then the use of an LED system in this case can not only save electricity, but also get rid of excess light that interferes with local residents at night.

The introduction of modern “intelligent lighting control” controllers contributes to energy efficiency. For example, thanks to the AstroDIM light control system, the lighting devices go out on their own, according to the programmed mode. Thus, during the night and morning hours, lighting can be switched to lower electricity consumption volumes for additional energy savings.

Building cooling system in the desert

Solar panels and other sustainable energy sources are widely used as efficient cooling and heating solutions in buildings around the world, but the new 25-story buildings in Abu Dhabi have used unique innovations to help manage building temperatures effectively.

The automated solar screen systems were designed by the well-known architectural firm Aedas. These solar screen systems are located at the periphery of the building and open and close depending on the intensity of the solar heat. Solar screen systems in Al-Bahar buildings bear a striking resemblance of large screens to origami triangles.

The solar screens are positioned two meters from the building's periphery on a frame that looks like a mashrabiya, the Arabic equivalent of the shadow-producing nets that feature prominently in Middle Eastern architecture. "Mashrabiya" covers most of the building's exterior façade.

The umbrella triangles are fiberglass coated and programmed to open and close based on the sun's glare to help shade the building's interior from heat. As the sun moves further down along its daily path and its heat intensity decreases, the triangles move out of its path and the devices close automatically at dusk.

As a result of the efficient functioning of the giant screens, the Abu Dhabi Investment Council, which owns the Al Bahar Towers, is expected to drastically reduce their reliance on air conditioning compared to their counterparts.

The other side of the innovation includes heavily tinted windows and artificial interior lighting. Photovoltaic cells located on the south side of a roof or tower continue to generate about five percent the total energy demand of buildings. They feed the equipment that opens and closes the shading system.

- energy efficiency... Spelling Dictionary

energy efficiency- noun, number of synonyms: 1 efficiency (14) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

energy efficiency- energy efficiency energ.

One of the most urgent strategic tasks in the Russian economy at the present time is to reduce its energy intensity. In this regard, based on a review analysis, a theoretical review of existing definitions in this area is carried out in the work, the conclusion is substantiated that in scientific information sources there is no unambiguous point of view, chosen by the majority of scientists, regarding the definitions of the concepts of "energy saving" and "energy efficiency" for today. And the author's content and form of expression of the definitions of the concepts "energy saving" and "energy efficiency" are given, where energy saving is a way to implement a set of measures to reduce energy consumption, ensuring at least the preservation of the previous possibilities for the production and sale of goods (works, services) of the required quality, volume and assortment. And energy efficiency, in turn, is the degree to which the effect (final result) of a particular type of activity corresponds to the applied or consumed energy resources, taking into account their energy saving at a point in time or for a certain period. The criterion of energy efficiency can be formulated as the achievement of either a certain result of activity at the lowest cost of energy resources, or the greatest result of activity at a certain cost of energy resources without overspending.

energy saving

energy efficiency

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2. Bezrukikh P.P. Problematic transition to a new level: the positions of science, legislators and heads of state and departments do not yet coincide [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.vce34.ru/press-center/103.

3. Efremov, V.V., Markman, G.Z. "Energy saving" and "energy efficiency": clarification of concepts, a system of balanced indicators of energy efficiency // Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. - Tomsk: TPU, 2007. - No. 4. - T. 311.

4. The concept of energy efficiency [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://comecoen.com/ru/2012-03-04-18-14-31/2012-03-04-18-15-58.html.

5. What is energy efficiency? Kievenergo [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://kyivenergo.ua/ru/shco_take_energoefektivnist.

6. Electronic journal of the energy service company "Ecological Systems" // [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://esco-ecosys.narod.ru/2009_5/art145.htm.

7. Energy saving in Ukraine [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://max-energy-saving.info/index.php?pg=handbook/32.html.

8. Zubova L.V. Evaluation of the effect and effectiveness of the consequences of the risks of an economic entity, taking into account the provision of acceptable risk tolerance and the necessary competitiveness / L.V. Zubova, D.E. Davydyants // Business in law. Economic and legal journal. - 2010. - No. 4. - M .: Media-VAK, 2010. - S. 186-190. - 0.34 p.l. (including aut. - 0.16 p.l.).

One of the most urgent strategic tasks in the Russian economy at the present time is to reduce its energy intensity. By 2020, the energy intensity of the domestic economy should be reduced by 40%, which will require the improvement of the energy management system to improve energy efficiency.

In a market economy, the target setting, the incentive for entrepreneurial activity is to extract profit, the desire to achieve its maximum value in specific conditions of production and sale.

Obviously, before proceeding to identify directions and specific ways to solve this problem, it is necessary to understand what is meant by energy saving and energy efficiency.

In scientific information sources, there is no unambiguous point of view, chosen by the majority of scientists, regarding the definitions of the concepts of "energy saving" and "energy efficiency" for today.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" provides the following interpretations of the concepts under study:

energy saving - the implementation of organizational, legal, technical, technological, economic and other measures aimed at reducing the volume of energy resources used while maintaining the corresponding beneficial effect from their use (including the volume of products produced, work performed, services rendered);
energy efficiency - characteristics that reflect the ratio of the beneficial effect from the use of energy resources to the costs of energy resources made in order to obtain such an effect, in relation to products, technological processes, legal entities, individual entrepreneurs.

Within the framework of the Russian-German project “Complex ecoenergy”, the following definitions of the concepts “energy saving” and “energy efficiency” are given:

energy efficiency - the efficient (rational) use of energy resources - the achievement of economically justified efficiency in the use of fuel and energy resources (FER) at the current level of development of engineering and technology and compliance with environmental protection requirements;
Energy saving or efficient use of energy, or "the fifth type of fuel" - the use of less energy to provide the same level of energy supply to buildings or technological processes in production.

From which the developers of the "Complex ecoenergy" project conclude that:

there is no single unambiguous interpretation of the term "energy efficiency"
the issue price for the "fifth type of fuel" is very high and is calculated in numbers with many zeros.

V.V. Efremov, G.Z. Markman, analyzing the definitions of the concepts of "energy saving" and "energy efficiency", gives his own point of view. By energy saving they understand the implementation of measures to improve the efficiency of the use of energy resources, electricity and heat. Energy efficiency is considered by them as a technically possible and economically justified quality of the use of energy resources and energy at the current level of development of engineering and technology. The authors directly link the two concepts of "energy saving" and "energy efficiency", defining energy saving through increasing energy efficiency. In our opinion, the definition of energy efficiency as the quality of the use of energy resources does not look very good. Energy efficiency is an assessment and nothing more, for example, 12 or 15% profitability characterizes not only the quality of the use of energy resources.

P.P. Bezrukikh defines energy saving as the implementation of legal, organizational, scientific, production, technological and economic measures aimed at energy efficient production and use of fuel and energy resources. This definition is a modification of the definition given in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation"

The position of scientists from the Republic of Belarus on the problem under consideration. Energy saving is an organizational scientific, practical, informational activity of state bodies, legal entities and individuals, aimed at reducing the consumption (losses) of fuel and energy resources in the process of their extraction, processing, transportation, storage, production, use and disposal. Efficient use of fuel and energy resources is the use of all types of energy in economically justified, progressive ways, with the current level of development of technology and technology and compliance with the law. In the definition of energy saving, there is no connection between the reduction in consumption (losses) of energy resources and the quality of the produced and sold end product. In the second definition, effective use is treated again as use.

The point of view of scientists from Ukraine:

energy saving - organizational, scientific, practical, informational activities of state bodies, legal entities and individuals, aimed at reducing the consumption (losses) of fuel and energy resources in the process of their extraction, processing, transportation, storage, production, use and disposal. Implementation of legal, organizational, scientific, industrial, technical and economic measures aimed at the efficient use of energy resources and the involvement of renewable energy sources in the economic circulation;
energy efficiency is a field of knowledge located at the intersection of engineering, economics, jurisprudence and sociology. Means the rational use of energy resources, the achievement of economically viable efficiency in the use of existing energy resources with the actual level of development of technology and technology and compliance with environmental requirements;
saving energy involves changing people's behavior, such as turning off electrical appliances instead of leaving them on standby. Efficient use of energy results in energy savings, reduced utility bills and environmental protection. As a result, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced;
efficient use of energy resources - achievement of economically justified efficiency in the use of energy resources at the current level of development of technology and technology and compliance with environmental protection requirements.

The definition of energy saving by scientists from Ukraine echoes the point of view of Belarusian scientists. As for the concepts of energy efficiency, they define it as rational use, i.e. through a way, although efficiency itself is not a way. The way can be, for example, efficient use, but not efficiency: profitability as a form of efficiency is not a way, and cost-effective sale of goods means a way to meet the population's demand for consumer goods by exchanging goods for money, which brings profit to the market merchant.

Based on the survey analysis of the cited and other scientific information sources on the problem under consideration, in our opinion, the content and forms of expression of the concepts under study can be defined as follows:

Energy saving is a way to implement a set of measures to reduce the consumption of energy resources, ensuring at least the preservation of the previous possibilities for the production and sale of goods (works, services) of the required quality, volume and range.
Energy efficiency - the degree to which the effect (final result) of a particular type of activity corresponds to the applied or consumed energy resources, taking into account their energy saving at a point in time or for a certain period.
The criterion of energy efficiency can be formulated as the achievement of either a certain result of activity at the lowest cost of energy resources, or the greatest result of activity at a certain cost of energy resources without overspending.

Reviewers:

Gorbunov A.A., Doctor of Economics, Vice-Rector for Science and International Affairs, ANO VPO "Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education", St. Petersburg;

Pilyavsky V.P., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Vice-Rector for Research, Baltic Academy of Tourism and Entrepreneurship, St. Petersburg.

The work was received by the editors on July 23, 2014.

Bibliographic link

Davydyants D.E., Zhidkov V.E., Zubova L.V. TO THE DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPTS "ENERGY SAVING" AND "ENERGY EFFICIENCY" // Fundamental Research. - 2014. - No. 9-6. - S. 1294-1296;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=35057 (Accessed 05/12/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

energy efficiency- efficient (rational) use of energy resources. Using less energy to provide the same level of energy supply to buildings or manufacturing processes. Achievement of economically justified efficiency in the use of fuel and energy resources at the current level of development of engineering and technology and compliance with environmental protection requirements. This branch of knowledge is at the intersection of engineering, economics, jurisprudence and sociology.

Energy efficient technologies can be used in lighting (eg sulfur-based plasma lamps), in heating (infrared heating, thermal insulation materials).

Energy efficiency in the world

Since the 1970s many countries have implemented policies and programs to improve energy efficiency. Today, the industrial sector accounts for nearly 40% of the world's annual primary energy consumption and about the same share of global carbon dioxide emissions. The international standard ISO 50001 has been adopted, which also regulates energy efficiency.

Russia

Russia ranks third in the world in terms of total energy consumption (after the US and China) and its economy is characterized by a high level of energy intensity (the amount of energy per unit of GDP). In terms of energy consumption in the country, the manufacturing industry occupies the first place, and the housing sector ranks second, about 25% each.

"Energy saving and energy efficiency" on the website of the Government of Russia

European Union

In the total volume of final energy consumption in the EU countries, the share of industry is 26.8%, the share of transport is 30.2%, and the service sector is 43%. Given that about 1/3 of energy consumption is in the residential sector, in 2002 the European Union Directive on the energy performance of buildings was adopted, which defined mandatory standards for the energy efficiency of buildings. These standards are constantly being revised towards tightening, stimulating the development of new technologies.

The fastest growing segment is lighting - 22% of all projects are related to the replacement of lighting equipment with energy efficient ones and lighting management measures. In addition to them, boiler control is used, increasing their efficiency and optimizing their modes, the introduction of insulating materials, photovoltaics, etc.

Building

In developed countries, about half of all energy is spent on construction and operation, in developing countries - about a third. This is due to the large number of home appliances in developed countries. In Russia, about 40-45% of all generated energy is spent on everyday life. Heating costs in residential buildings in Russia are 350-380 kWh/m² per year (5-7 times higher than in EU countries), and in some types of buildings they reach 680 kWh/m² per year. Distances and depreciation of heating networks lead to losses of 40–50% of all generated energy directed to heating buildings. buildings may contain heat pumps, solar collectors and batteries, wind generators.

In 2012, the first national Russian standard STO NOSTROY 2.35.4–2011 “Green Building” was put into effect. Buildings residential and public. Rating system for assessing the sustainability of the habitat. The most famous standards of this kind in the world are: LEED, BREEAM and DGNB.

In Ukraine, in 2017, the Law on Energy Efficiency of Buildings was adopted, which defines the legal, socio-economic and organizational framework for activities in the field of ensuring the energy efficiency of buildings and is aimed at reducing energy consumption in buildings. This law defines the main principles of the state policy of Ukraine in this area, namely: ensuring an appropriate level of energy efficiency of buildings in accordance with technical regulations, national standards, norms and rules; encouraging the reduction of energy consumption in buildings; ensuring the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere; creating conditions for attracting investments in order to implement measures to ensure (increase the level) of the energy efficiency of buildings; ensuring thermal modernization of buildings, stimulating the use of renewable energy sources; development and implementation of a national plan to increase the number of buildings with near-zero energy consumption.

In 2018, the requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, established by the order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated November 17, 2017 "On Approval of the Requirements for the Energy Efficiency of Buildings, Structures, Structures", come into force in Russia. The document establishes requirements for buildings, structures and structures aimed at energy saving and energy efficiency improvement in the construction complex of the Russian Federation.

Energy efficiency is the efficient, rational use of energy.

Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving Program. Energy efficiency of buildings.

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Energy efficiency is the definition

Energy efficiency is the efficient (rational) use of energy, or the "fifth type of fuel" - the use of less energy to ensure the established level of energy consumption in buildings or in industrial processes. This branch of knowledge is at the intersection of engineering, economics, jurisprudence and sociology.

For the population - this is a significant reduction in utility costs, for the country - saving resources, increasing industrial productivity and competitiveness, for the environment - limiting the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, for energy companies - reducing fuel costs and unreasonable construction costs.

Unlike energy saving (saving, saving energy), mainly aimed at reducing energy consumption, energy efficiency (utility of energy consumption) is a useful (efficient) use of energy. To assess the energy efficiency of a product or process, an energy efficiency indicator is used that evaluates the consumption or loss of energy resources.

Energy efficiency in the world

Since the 1970s many countries have implemented policies and programs to improve energy efficiency. Today, the industrial sector accounts for nearly 40% of the world's annual primary energy consumption and about the same share of global carbon dioxide emissions. The ISO 50001 international standard has been adopted, which also regulates energy efficiency.

Energy efficiency in Russia

Russia ranks third in the world in terms of total energy consumption (after the US and China) and its economy is characterized by a high level of energy intensity (the amount of energy per unit of GDP). In terms of energy consumption in the country, the manufacturing industry occupies the first place, and the housing sector ranks second, about 25% each.

Energy efficiency and energy saving are included in the 5 strategic directions of priority technological development, designated by the President of Russia D. A. Medvedev at a meeting of the Commission for Modernization and Technological Development of the Russian Economy on June 18.

One of the most important strategic tasks of the country, which was set by the president in his decree, is to reduce the energy intensity of the domestic economy by 40% by 2020. To implement it, it is necessary to create a perfect system for managing energy efficiency and energy saving. In this regard, the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation decided to transform the subordinated FGU "Association" Rosinformresurs "" into the Russian Energy Agency, with the assignment of relevant functions to it.

Energy efficiency and energy saving are included in the five strategic directions of the priority technological development of Russia, named by the President of the Russian Federation, are a huge reserve of the domestic economy. Energy saving is a national task, not only business entities, but also the whole society, public organizations, political parties are involved in the process of modernization of the Russian economy, and special attention is paid to energy saving and energy efficiency issues.

Russia has one of the world's largest technical potential for increasing energy efficiency - more than 40% of the level of energy consumption in the country: in absolute terms - this is 403 million tons of fuel equivalent. The use of this reserve is possible only through a comprehensive policy.

Currently, there are three fundamental basic documents in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency: “Energy Strategy for the period up to 2030”, the Federal Law “On Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” and the State Program “Energy Saving and improving energy efficiency for the period up to 2020”.

The Federal Law “On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency” is the basic document that determines the state policy in the field of energy saving. The law is aimed at addressing issues of energy conservation and energy efficiency in the housing sector.

To organize the efficient operation of the housing and communal services, the introduction of energy passports is envisaged, a set of measures has been defined that provide consumers with the right and opportunity to save resources by choosing energy-efficient goods and services. As a first step, a ban is introduced on the production, import and sale of incandescent lamps with a power of 100 W or more, from 2013 - lamps of 75 W or more, from 2014 - 25 W or more.

The second block of the law combines a set of tools that stimulate energy saving in the public sector, including the obligation of budgetary organizations to reduce energy consumption by at least 3% annually for 5 years, and the budgetary organization retains the funds saved through energy saving and energy efficiency measures, as well as the possibility of their redistribution, including in the wage fund.

A major role in improving energy efficiency is assigned to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which already today are endowed with the appropriate powers. Each region, each municipality should have its own energy saving program with clear, understandable targets and an evaluation system.

Department of Energy Efficiency of the Russian Federation

Improving Energy Efficiency

The energy efficiency of the Russian economy is significantly lower than the energy efficiency level of developed countries. President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev set the task of reducing the energy intensity of GDP by 40% by 2020 compared to 2007. Taking into account the climatic features and the industrial structure of the Russian economy, this task is ambitious and requires large-scale and well-coordinated work of the entire Government of the Russian Federation. The Ministry of Economic Development coordinates this work, develops, together with other Ministries and departments, the main part of the regulatory legal framework, accompanies the activities of the Energy Efficiency working group under the Commission for Technological Development and Modernization of the Russian Economy under the President of the Russian Federation.

Tariff and price policy in the branches of natural monopolies

The Ministry of Economic Development, together with the sectoral ministries and the Federal Tariff Service, develops and implements uniform approaches to regulating prices (tariffs) for the services of natural monopolies. The purpose of the state tariff and price regulation of infrastructure sectors is to provide consumers with goods and services of natural monopoly entities and organizations of the communal complex of established quality at an affordable price.

Restructuring of natural monopoly sectors

The Ministry of Economic Development, together with the sectoral Ministries, is carrying out reforms in the sectors of natural monopolies aimed at reducing infrastructure barriers to economic development, stimulating the improvement of the efficiency of such sectors and developing competition.

Energy efficiency policy at Russian Railways

Russian Railways is one of the largest consumers of electricity: the company annually uses more than 40 billion kWh of electricity, or about 4% of the total Russian consumption. The main volume goes, of course, to the electric traction of trains (more than 35 billion kWh). Such a large consumer could not remain aloof from the federal measures to improve energy efficiency, enshrined, in particular, in the Energy Strategy of Russia until 2030.

The directions of the energy efficiency policy in Russian Railways are determined by the Energy Strategy of the Russian Railways Holding for the period until 2015 and for the future until 2030, developed as part of the Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport in the Russian Federation until 2030. The strategy provides for two stages: 2011-2015. - stage of modernization of railway transport; 2016-2030 - a stage of dynamic expansion of the railway network (it is planned to build 20.5 thousand km of new railway lines, 25% of which will be freight-generating, laid in sparsely populated regions without energy).

As part of the strategy, the holding intends to actively participate, including in the development of legislative acts of the state in the field of innovation and development of energy in the interests of railway transport.

The program has already shown itself in action. According to Russian Railways, in 2011 more than 4,000 resource-saving technical means were introduced to the amount of 2.7 billion rubles. For 12 months of 2011 from the implementation of resource saving measures in 2009-2010. an economic effect totaling about 1.2 billion rubles was achieved. These indicators could be achieved by saving fuel and energy resources, material consumption of technological processes and increasing labor productivity.

In the period 2003-2010. measures to improve energy efficiency have already led to a positive result: with an increase of 16.2% in the volume of transportation work in relation to 2003, the balance of resource consumption decreased by 6.3%, and the reduction in the energy intensity of production activities amounted to 19.3%.

It is predicted that the saving of fuel and energy resources of Russian Railways in 2015 and 2030 in relation to 2010 will be respectively: electricity - 1.8 and 5.5 billion kWh; diesel fuel - 248 and 740 thousand tons; fuel oil - 95 and 182 thousand tons; coal - 0.7 and 1.4 million tons; gasoline - 15.0 and 32.5 thousand tons; thermal energy purchased on the side - 0.56 and 1.2 thousand Gcal. In this regard, the cost of purchasing fuel and energy resources in 2015 should be reduced by 9.9 billion rubles, in 2020 - by 16.9 billion rubles, in 2030 - by 27.4 billion rubles in 2010 prices.

Energy efficiency in the EU countries

In the total volume of final energy consumption in the EU countries, the share of industry is 28.8%, the share of transport is 31%, and the service sector is 47%. Given that about 1/3 of energy consumption is spent on the residential sector, in 2002 the European Union Directive on the energy performance of buildings was adopted, which defined mandatory standards for the energy performance of buildings. These standards are constantly being revised towards tightening, stimulating the development of new technologies.

EU energy service companies use a range of 27 different energy efficient technologies. The fastest growing segment is lighting - 22% of all projects are related to the replacement of lighting equipment with energy efficient ones and lighting management measures. In addition to them, energy management systems (EnMS) are being introduced, behavioral aspects are being studied, boilers are being controlled, their efficiency is increased and their modes are optimized, the introduction of insulating materials, photovoltaics, etc.

Energy-efficient heating of the metro in Minsk.

It is possible to build and operate metro stations without connecting to heating networks, using the metro itself as a source for heating the station premises. At a meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council for the Construction of Metro and Transport Infrastructure, specialists from Minskmetroproekt presented a new heating technology that has been successfully used in Belarus for several years.

Belarusian experts assure that the use of an autonomous heating system at metro stations, where there is an excess of heat all year round, will reduce energy consumption. In addition, the costs for the construction of additional underground station premises, in which heat supply networks are located, are significantly reduced.

Construction and buildings

In developed countries, about half of all energy is spent on construction and operation, in developing countries - about a third. This is due to the large number of home appliances in developed countries. In Russia, about 40-45% of all generated energy is spent on everyday life. Heating costs in residential buildings in Russia are 350-380 kWh/m² per year (5-7 times higher than in EU countries), and in some types of buildings they reach 680 kWh/m² per year. Distances and depreciation of heating networks lead to losses of 40-50% of all generated energy directed to heating buildings. Alternative energy sources in buildings today are heat pumps, solar collectors and batteries, wind generators.

In 2012, the first Russian national standard STO NOSTROY 2.35.4–2011 “Green Building” was put into effect. Buildings residential and public. Rating system for assessing the sustainability of the habitat. The most famous standards of this kind in the world are: LEED, BREEAM and DGNB.

energy efficient skyscraper

The other day, the architectural company UNStudio presented a new project for the construction of a high-rise complex in Singapore, consisting of two interconnected skyscrapers, one of which is intended for commercial use, and the other will house residential apartments.

However, these panels not only provide an aesthetic appeal to the complex, but also perform a purely practical function - they maximize natural light and minimize the flow of heat into the interior, thereby contributing to a significant reduction in energy costs. Well, the lush horizontal gardens, "dividing" the buildings into three parts, will be a great place to relax and walk, as well as make the surrounding air fresher and cleaner.

Devices

Measures to improve energy efficiency are being taken with the introduction of energy-saving lamps, multi-tariff meters, automation methods, using architectural solutions.

Heat pump

A heat pump is a device for transferring thermal energy from a source of low-grade thermal energy (with a low temperature) to a consumer (heat carrier) with a higher temperature. Thermodynamically, a heat pump is similar to a refrigeration machine. However, if in a refrigeration machine the main goal is to produce cold by taking heat from any volume by the evaporator, and the condenser discharges heat into the environment, then in a heat pump the situation is reversed. The condenser is a heat exchanger that generates heat for the consumer, and the evaporator is a heat exchanger that utilizes low-grade heat: secondary energy resources and (or) non-traditional renewable energy sources.

Like a refrigerator, a heat pump consumes energy to implement a thermodynamic cycle (compressor drive). The conversion factor of a heat pump - the ratio of heat output to electricity consumption - depends on the temperature level in the evaporator and condenser. The temperature level of heat supply from heat pumps can currently vary from 35 °C to 62 °C. That allows you to use almost any heating system. Saving energy resources reaches 70%. The industry of technically developed countries produces a wide range of vapor-compression heat pumps with thermal power from 5 to 1000 kW.

One day, Weber accidentally touched a hot pipe at the exit of the chamber and realized that the heat was simply thrown out. The inventor thought about how to use this heat, and decided to put a pipe in a boiler to heat water. As a result, Weber provided his family with an amount of hot water that they could not physically use, while some of the heat from the heated water was released into the air. This prompted him to think that both water and air can be heated from one heat source at the same time, so Weber improved his invention and began to drive hot water in a spiral (through a coil) and use a small fan to distribute heat around the house in order to heat it.

In the 1940s, the heat pump was known for its extreme efficiency, but the real need for it arose during the Arab oil embargo in the 70s, when, despite low energy prices, there was an interest in energy saving.

During operation, the compressor consumes electricity. The ratio of generated thermal energy and consumed electrical energy is called the transformation ratio (or heat conversion coefficient) and serves as an indicator of the efficiency of the heat pump. This value depends on the difference between the temperature levels in the evaporator and condenser: the greater the difference, the smaller this value.

For this reason, the heat pump should use as much energy as possible from the low-grade heat source, without trying to achieve its strong cooling. In fact, this increases the efficiency of the heat pump, since with a weak cooling of the heat source, there is no significant increase in the temperature difference. For this reason, heat pumps make sure that the mass of the low-temperature heat source is significantly larger than the mass being heated. For this, it is also necessary to increase the heat exchange areas so that the temperature difference between the heat source and the cold working fluid, as well as between the hot working fluid and the heated medium, is smaller. This reduces energy costs for heating, but leads to an increase in the size and cost of equipment.

In reality, one has to take into account the overhead costs of transmission, conversion and distribution of electricity (that is, electricity grid services). As a result, [source not specified 838 days] the selling price of electricity is 3-5 times higher than its cost, which leads to the financial inefficiency of using heat pumps compared to gas-fired boilers with available natural gas. However, the unavailability of hydrocarbon resources in many areas leads to the need to choose between the conventional conversion of electrical energy into heat and with the help of a heat pump, which in this situation has its own advantages.

Types of heat pumps

Diagram of a compression heat pump.

1) condenser, 2) throttle, 3) evaporator, 4) compressor.

Depending on the principle of operation, heat pumps are divided into compression and absorption. Compression heat pumps are always driven by mechanical energy (electricity), while absorption heat pumps can also use heat as an energy source (using electricity or fuel).

Depending on the source of heat extraction, heat pumps are divided into:

1) Geothermal (use the heat of the earth, ground or underground groundwater

a) closed type

horizontal

Horizontal geothermal heat pump

The collector is placed in rings or sinuously in horizontal trenches below the depth of soil freezing (usually from 1.20 m or more). This method is the most cost-effective for residential facilities, provided there is no shortage of land for the contour.

vertical

The collector is placed vertically in wells up to 200 m deep. This method is used in cases where the area of the land does not allow placing the contour horizontally or there is a threat of damage to the landscape.

b) open type

2) Air (the source of heat extraction is air)

Types of industrial models

Heat pump "brine - water"

According to the type of coolant in the inlet and outlet circuits, the pumps are divided into eight types: "ground-water", "water-water", "air-water", "ground-air", "water-air", "air-air" freon-water", "freon-air". Heat pumps can use the heat of the air released from the room, while heating the supply air - recuperators.

Extraction of heat from air

Extraction of heat from rock

The rock formation requires drilling a well to a sufficient depth (100–200 meters) or several such wells. A U-shaped weight is lowered into the well with two plastic tubes that make up the contour. The tubes are filled with antifreeze. For environmental reasons, this is a 30% solution of ethyl alcohol. The well is filled with groundwater in a natural way, and the water conducts heat from the stone to the coolant. With an insufficient length of the well or an attempt to obtain excess power from the ground, this water and even antifreeze can freeze, which limits the maximum thermal power of such systems. It is the temperature of the returned antifreeze that serves as one of the indicators for the automation circuit. Approximately 50-60 W of thermal power is accounted for 1 linear meter of the well. Thus, to install a heat pump with a capacity of 10 kW, a well with a depth of about 170 m is required. It is not advisable to drill deeper than 200 meters, it is cheaper to make several wells of smaller depth 10 - 20 meters apart. Even for a small house of 110-120 sq.m. with low energy consumption, the payback period is 10 - 15 years. Almost all installations available on the market operate in the summer, while heat (essentially solar energy) is taken from the room and dissipated in the rock or groundwater. In Scandinavian countries with rocky soil, granite acts as a massive radiator, receiving heat in the summer/day and dissipating it back in the winter/night. Also, heat constantly comes from the bowels of the Earth and from groundwater.

Extraction of heat from the ground

The most efficient but also the most expensive schemes provide for the extraction of heat from the ground, whose temperature does not change during the year already at a depth of several meters, which makes the installation practically independent of the weather. According to [source not specified 897 days] in 2006, half a million installations were installed in Sweden, 50,000 in Finland, and 70,000 were installed in Norway per year. 50 cm below the level of soil freezing in this region. In practice, 0.7 - 1.2 meters [source not specified 897 days]. The minimum recommended by manufacturers distance between the collector pipes is 1.5 meters, the minimum is 1.2. No drilling is required here, but more extensive excavation is required over a large area, and the pipeline is more at risk of damage. The efficiency is the same as when extracting heat from a well. Special soil preparation is not required. But it is desirable to use a site with wet soil, but if it is dry, the contour must be made longer. The approximate value of the thermal power per 1 m of the pipeline: in clay - 50-60 W, in sand - 30-40 W for temperate latitudes, in the north the values \u200b\u200bare less. Thus, for the installation of a heat pump with a capacity of 10 kW, an earth circuit 350-450 m long is required, for the laying of which a plot of land of about 400 m² (20x20 m) is required. With the correct calculation, the contour has little effect on green spaces [source not specified 897 days.

Direct heat exchange DX

The refrigerant is supplied directly to the earth's heat source through copper pipes - this ensures the high efficiency of the geothermal heating system.

Heat pump Daria WP using DX direct heat exchange technology

The approximate cost of heating a modern insulated house with an area of 120m2 Kaliningrad region 2012. (Annual energy consumption 20,000 kWh)

Energy efficient street lamp

OSRAM has developed an LED module for decorative street lighting and architectural illumination. Street lighting and architectural lighting of most municipal facilities account for a significant portion of total urban energy consumption.

The simplicity of the installation process is comparable in ease to the usual replacement of an electrocartridge or a lamp. In addition, the service life of such light sources is extremely long. And this, in turn, reduces the cost of operating the entire system.

Unlike traditional outdoor lighting, decorative, using new technologies, allows for complex centralized control over lighting. For example, if there is no need to maintain constant lighting in certain sections of the streets, then the use of an LED system in this case can not only save electricity, but also get rid of excess light that interferes with local residents at night.

The introduction of modern “intelligent lighting control” controllers contributes to energy efficiency. For example, thanks to the AstroDIM light control system, the lighting devices go out on their own, according to the programmed mode. Thus, during the night and morning hours, lighting can be switched to lower amounts of electricity consumption for additional energy savings.

Building cooling system in the desert

Solar panels and other sustainable energy sources are widely used as efficient cooling and heating solutions in buildings around the world, but Abu Dhabi's new 25-story buildings use unique innovations to help manage building temperatures effectively.

The other side of the innovation includes heavily tinted windows and artificial interior lighting. Photovoltaic cells located on the south side of a roof or tower continue to generate about five percent of buildings' total energy needs. They feed the equipment that opens and closes the shading system.

The project, which is expected to be completed in the next few months, most recently received a prestigious innovation award from the Tall Buildings and Urban Environment Council.

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