Paper craft techniques. Paper techniques: types and descriptions, features, photos and examples of work. Benefits of working with paper for kids
2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462
3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples:
4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. It originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples:
4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples:
- Kusudama (Japanese: "medicine ball") - a paper model, which is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples:
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples:
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples:
5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples:
7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymeric material or plastic, foil, parchment (the technique is called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples:
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)
* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines) ...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples:
1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and cases for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples:
2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples:
3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples:
4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples:
5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples:
* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and creating images:
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images painted on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples:
1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples:
2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples:
3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.
4. Guilloche - the technique of manually burning an openwork pattern on fabric using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples:
5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (so that it does not blur, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples:
6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together the puzzle is very important for the mental development of the child.
It can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples:
7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples:
8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples:
9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; designed to decorate various items (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both from the outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples as well the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples:
10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples:
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples:
11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) - a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples:
12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, and provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with the palms. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples:
13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples:
14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here is some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed in the oven three or four times, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples:
15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples:
*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples:
2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements of geometric shapes to be connected in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.
Example:
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:
3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples:
* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple hand tools (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples:
1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet using a special device - a fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and columns. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples:
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples:
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting - imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.
2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of their creation.
Examples:
3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples:
* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, metal chased plates, all kinds of fabric (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples:
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new kind of arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples:
- Application from "palms". Examples:
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples:
2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples:
3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique is well traced from the English name tunnel - a tunnel - a through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” (book) that is being compiled conveys the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples:
4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples:
They are cut out of paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, soap, plywood (although this is already called sawing), fruits and vegetables, as well as other different materials. Various tools are used: scissors, mock knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples:
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in applications in a stylized form.
Examples:
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples:
- Carving (see below).
5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples:
6. Carving (from the English. carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carving, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking - this is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples:
7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples:
8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples:
9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples:
10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples:
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object or equally detailed thereof. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples:
11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.
Examples:
12. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples:
13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples:
14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples:
15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. By moving the coinage, a new form gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:
In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (combination on some basis) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many applied art techniques are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.
All pleasant creativity!
Your Margaret.
To date, there are many techniques for working with paper. Some of them were created many centuries ago, others are forgotten and are experiencing a rebirth, and still others have gained popularity recently. However, each of them teaches how to create unusually beautiful things, having only this material at hand. Further in the article we will consider the types of techniques for working with paper.
Historical data
The first mention of paper dates back to the 2nd century BC. e. It was invented in China by a court official and began to spread far to the West and Central Asia. In 793, they begin to make it in Baghdad, and then further in the East. In the 14th century, paper mills began to operate in Europe.
By the middle of the 15th century, with the advent of printing, the demand for this material was growing rapidly. The main raw materials for its manufacture are cotton and linen. In the 18th century, with an increase in demand and a shortage of paper, a search began for other raw materials that could satisfy the needs of manufacturers. So, in the 19th century, it began to be made of wood. During the same period, more modern equipment was produced, new methods for manufacturing this material were developed.
Today, the ancient craft is already a highly technical industry. While the manufacturing process has changed in many respects, the production of special varieties with high strength is still based on the use of cotton or linen fibers.
Today it is impossible to imagine our life without paper. In addition to the main purpose, it is used to embody creative ideas, create compositions and decorate. However, even in ancient times, various figures were made with the help of paper, pictures were drawn, and houses were painted and decorated with it. Some techniques for working with paper have been known since ancient times.
Papier mache
From French, this term is translated as "chewed paper". In fact, it is paper torn into small pieces or strips of paper soaked in glue. The finished mass can be poured into the mold. Individual pieces are pasted over objects. After drying, the resulting products are decorated using various decoration techniques.
Initially, this type of art appeared in the Far East. Finished products were varnished and decorated with stones and paintings. Later, this creativity developed in European countries. In the first half of the 18th century, using various techniques for working with paper, papier-mâché objects began to be made in France, then in England and Germany. By the end of the 19th century, this occupation had lost its popularity. However, due to its cheapness and simplicity, masks, Christmas decorations and mannequins continue to be made in this way.
Decoupage
This word is consonant with the French decouper, which translates as "cut". Decoupage is a type of decorative art that allows you to create images and ornaments on surfaces using paper cutouts. It is a very interesting and fascinating technique for working with paper.
It appeared in France in the 17th century. Here it was used most often to decorate furniture. Almost a century later, the art of decoupage swept across Europe. Over time, the technique became so popular that they began to create paintings based on it, specifically designed to decorate household items. And today, many needlewomen with the help of decoupage give a second life to old things.
paper cutting
In ancient China, the art of carving from this material arose against the background of the manufacture of stencils that were used for embroidery. Their ornaments were distinguished by complexity and originality. In Japan, paper-cut stencils were used to print images on fabrics.
Later, this technique of working with paper became known in Europe and was widely used by monks for the design of manuscripts. After the material began to be used almost everywhere, people began to carve figurines, people, animals and scenes from life to decorate their homes. And today in some countries there are competitions and festivals for this type of art, where you can see really unique products.
Paper decoration
There are many ways to finish this material. For many years, the main method of decoration was the use of stencils with outlandish ornaments. With the help of paper decorated in this way, the walls and ceilings of rooms, large and small objects were decorated. With the development of technology, a type of printing called stamping appears. It can be applied to any type of paper or paper products. Currently, such printing is considered one of the most affordable means for decorating a paper web. In specialized stores, you can buy ready-made stencils or make them yourself from improvised means.
Creation of paper structures
By cutting, gluing and folding paper, you can make not only beautiful, but also useful items for the home. To do this, you need to be able to use the techniques of working with paper and cardboard. You can create not only simple compositions, but also complex three-dimensional figures.
Folding paper objects goes back to the more ancient art of fabric making. The most popular is the manufacture of paper structures using origami. This is a technique that allows you to create products from a simple airplane to complex geometric structures.
In the 19th century, in some European countries, folding figures from colored paper began to be taught in kindergartens.
No less popular are designs made of cardboard. In the first half of the 20th century, it was used to make models for future sculptures and architectural structures. Recently, this technique has been widely used to create toy items, including cardboard furniture. It is worth noting that they are durable, environmentally friendly and cheap.
What is paperboard?
This is a technique based on the ability of paper to take one form or another. This is a decorative art that allows you to create and model volumetric three-dimensional compositions and sculptures from paper.
Of all the known various techniques for working with paper, paper-plastic is considered the newest and most modern art form. The first works performed by this method appeared at the beginning of the last century, and by the end of the 20th century, the method was recognized as a separate type of creativity. Today, paper plastic has found its application in interior design, the creation of avant-garde fashion attributes and other areas.
The work in this technique is less painstaking than the application, the result is more reminiscent of three-dimensional objects created on a plane. Models, paintings and sculptures made in the style of paper sculpture are distinguished by their elegance and realism.
Origami, modular origami, kirigami
These are some of the most exotic techniques:
quilling
This name comes from the word quill, which means "bird's feather". The technique of working with quilling paper consists in twisting long strips of different widths into spirals and giving them a certain shape. Then three-dimensional or planar compositions are created from them.
The method originated in Europe approximately in the second half of the 14th - early 15th century. In the 20th century, it was almost forgotten and only in recent years has it begun to gain popularity again. Despite the attitude to paper as something fragile and short-lived, quilling makes you believe the opposite. For example, you can safely put a heavy object on a stand made using this technique without damaging any of the spirals.
Facing
This decorative art belongs to non-traditional paper-working techniques. Allows you to create unusual compositions of various types from it. Trimming is based on work with corrugated paper, in the center of which a rod is placed with the butt end and slightly twisted. The resulting trimming part is transferred to the outline of the drawing, glued, and only then the rod is removed. The following elements are treated in exactly the same way, attaching each part, it is important not to leave voids.
Trimming happens:
- Contour, that is, trimming is glued along the contour of the pattern.
- Planar - occupies the entire surface of the image.
- Volumetric - each part is glued at a special angle, which allows you to get a relief pattern.
- Multi-layered - trimmings are glued into each other.
Application
Of all the different paperwork techniques, this one is one of the most popular. This creative activity consists in alternately gluing pieces of colored paper, fabric, leather, cardboard, leaves, beads, plates and other elements to the base to obtain a complete composition.
Application is available even to young children, it develops thinking and fine motor skills of hands well. Elements of future crafts can be made in advance by an adult or entrusted to a child. The composition can be completely made of glued elements or combined with traced details.
With the help of this technique, whole pictures are created that reflect the mood, movement and character of their characters. For this, silhouettes of people, animals, household items are cut out. In the last century, still lifes and black and white illustrations were made in this way.
What are the benefits of paperwork for toddlers?
According to child psychologists and teachers, accustoming a child to creativity contributes to his comprehensive intellectual development. Working with malleable material allows you to create beautiful things on your own.
Teaching paper techniques to children makes it possible to interest kids of any age. You can start from a simpler application and trimming, and end with quilling and origami. In the process of work, children gain confidence in movements, develop finger flexibility, strive to improve their skills and comprehend more complex types of paper plastic.
An equally important component is the moral and ethical education of children. Paper crafts make it possible to form such qualities as morality, willingness to help, collectivism, sociability, support, joy for a friend, and solving tasks.
The creative process itself develops imagination, spatial and visual thinking, reveals the child's personal potential, intellectual capabilities. Mastering more complex techniques prepares children for independent planning, control and evaluation of their actions, correction of mistakes and self-control.
When using any of these methods, paper safety precautions must be followed. Where scissors are used, remember that this is a dangerous item and must be handled with great care. Children must work with a special tool with blunt ends. It is also important to remember that paper has sharp edges and can be severely injured.
Paper - a material created from wood, clay, adhesives, minerals; the basis of paper is vegetable fibers, which are connected to each other by various weaving.
Paper has played a huge role in human history. It is difficult to imagine our world without paper, which has been used and is used not only for storing and transmitting information, but also for decoration, packaging; making money, photographs, printed circuit boards and more. Some types of fine arts originated with the advent of paper.
And, of course, paper is one of the most accessible materials for creativity.
Plain, colored, corrugated, velvet, wrapping paper; magazines, newspapers, boxes - all this is used in capable hands.
To work in technology cutting out you need, in addition to paper, scissors or a sharp knife. The history of paper clippings began in China shortly after the invention of paper. Over time, cutting paper ornaments has become one of the types of folk art - "Jianzhi". In Asia and Europe, carving became popular in the 13th-15th centuries, and this art became widespread in Eastern Europe in the 19th century. Among the Slavic peoples, paper clippings are called "vytinanka".
For applications From paper you will need scissors and glue. Application comes from the Latin word applicatio, which means "to apply". In this technique, the details of the composition cut out of paper are glued to the background.
In engineering weaving strips are cut out of paper, which are then woven into the base (background) in a certain way.
Origami- "folded paper" - a technique that consists in folding sheets of paper in a certain way to obtain various figures. This art originated in ancient Japan, where gifts were brought to deities in boxes folded from paper. In the 20th century, origami became widespread throughout the world.
The traditional origami product is folded from a square sheet of paper, without glue and scissors. In addition to the classic origami, there are various directions and types of this art that use cutting and gluing (modular origami, kirikomi origami). It is believed that paper plastics have a positive effect on human emotions, so origami is used in art therapy.
quilling, or paper rolling is another technique for working with paper. This is the art of decorating various objects with swirls of paper. Quilling requires narrow strips of paper that are wound on a thin rod. From the resulting spirals, various figures are formed and a composition is made from them, gluing to the base. In the Middle Ages, quilling became widespread in Europe, and now it is around the world.
paper painting - art that came from the East; in Japan it is called "chigire-e" (chigiri-e), in Korea - "handi-gyrim". The technique consists in tearing out pieces of paper using special tools, which will then be glued to the base. A sketch of the future work is applied to the base.
paper modeling - creation of models of various objects with the preservation of proportions. The scan of the model printed (drawn) on the sheet is cut out, bent and glued together.
Papier mache means "chewed paper" in French. Glue, starch and minerals are added to shredded paper or cardboard: gypsum, alabaster. From the resulting paper pulp can be molded; can be molded and pressed. For different types of papier-mâché products - toys, sculptures, bas-reliefs, building materials - different compositions are used; and manufacturing technologies are constantly improving.
"Unconventional Paper Techniques"
The mysterious world of paper transformation
Here are all the sorcerers, wizards, magicians,
They create fairy tales with their own hands.
You can develop the creativity of children in various ways, including by working with various materials, for example, with paper. The technique of working with paper can be different: torn and cut, voluminous applications, mosaics, origami crafts, kirigami, norigami, quilling, creation of various volumes using the technique of paper-plasticity, paper rolling, facing on plasticine.
Classes in the process of using non-traditional paper techniques:
They develop the ability to make small movements with their hands, accustom them to precise movements of the fingers under the control of consciousness.
Develop spatial imagination, teaches to read drawings.
Introduce children to basic geometric concepts.
Stimulate the development of spatial and motor memory, teaches concentration.
Develop creative abilities.
They expand their gaming and communication skills, their horizons and bring up respect for the Japanese cultural tradition.
What is paper
Paper is such a unique material that can be used in completely different jobs. So, you can use paper for its intended purpose - write, print, draw, draw, or you can give the sheet shape and volume, and, suddenly, we have a crane on our hand! And you can cut the paper into pieces, fold it again, glue it together - and you get a panel, a mosaic, a picture! Once again, and we made a toy, a doll, a house, whatever! And let's work harder - make a book, notebook, frame or album! We want to please our relatives - we will build a wide variety of postcards! Everything that already exists in the world, and everything else they can think of, can be made from paper! Paper is AMAZING! No wonder it belongs to one of the greatest inventions of mankind!
Paper types
It is very difficult to list all types of paper, because even if the sheet is a fraction thinner, this is already a different type. Therefore, we will name only those that are often found in life and which can be useful in needlework.
Writing paper - notebook sheets, "Snow Maiden" and similar sheets, notepad paper - the basic basis for needlework.
Coated - shiny, smooth paper, found in books, magazines, posters, posters - for decorative purposes, for decoration, to decorate work.
Newspaper - well-known newspapers, also found in books, notes - both basic material and interesting design.
Rice - now in stores you can find a large number of napkins and cards from this type of decoupage paper - decorative paper.
Design - it has also become fashionable to create paper yourself, in stores you can find designer paper ready for various handicrafts, for example, special blanks for scrapbooking.
Whatman - white thick paper of various sizes, ideal for drawing, sketching, due to its high resistance to abrasion, it can be used in needlework when modeling or creating collages.
Tracing paper - thin, transparent paper - used for copying, for sketches.
Cardboard - the thickest paper - is suitable for various purposes: drawing, design, packaging, modeling.
Sandpaper - flexible, rough paper - for sanding, removing old paint, preparing the surface for priming and painting.
Photo paper is an opaque, thick paper used for printing photographs.
Wallpaper - thick paper in rolls, of various colors and textures - in needlework, you can use both the base material and the design material.
Wrapping - thin, often shiny paper - suitable for decorative and design purposes.
Toilet paper - thin, soft paper - is useful as a base material, for example, in papier-mâché, and for cleaning and blotting surfaces.
Foil - thin, metallic paper - for decorative purposes, to give the effect of silver, gold, etc.
Baking paper - thin, but dense, heat-resistant - is suitable in works where something needs to be heated, melted, glued.
Paper techniques
Paper can be used in a variety of ways. It can be cut, or it can be cut out of it, it can be torn, it can be glued with various materials, it can be bent, bent, shaped, it can be wrinkled or straightened, it can be painted, aged, give new effects and much more. Techniques for working with paper are used differently depending on the direction of needlework. Let's get to know some of them.
Application
One of the most famous types of arts and crafts. Appliqué starts from early childhood. The essence of this direction of needlework is cutting out and then gluing figures, patterns, paintings onto another surface. One of the varieties of appliqué is decoupage. When working in this direction, techniques such as bending, cutting, tearing and tearing, gluing are used.
Openwork cutting
No less than quilling, fine art - cutting out patterns from paper. For such work, it is desirable to use high quality thick paper so that it does not tear when cutting. This direction of needlework can be useful when creating panels, postcards, paintings, three-dimensional models or individual elements for decorating something. Here the paper is cut, cut out, bent, glued, painted, depending on the idea and imagination of the master.
Openwork Christmas tree
Origami:
Age: from 4 years old
The oldest oriental art of folding figures from a square sheet of paper.Origamiit looks like a trick - a wonderful figure is born from an ordinary piece of paper in a few minutes! Origami does not require large material costs, origami classes are absolutely safe even for the smallest children. With the help of origami, a whole world can be easily and quickly created that you can play with! No special skills required and everyone can do it! With the help of origami, it is easy to make unusual and original gifts and decorate rooms. Basically, only such work techniques as folding and bending are used in this direction. Origami is divided into modular, simple, wet folding. Each species has its own characteristics. For complex folding patterns, it is better to use special paper. Origami has also developed its own symbols.
Papier mache
The art of creating voluminous things from paper and sticky mass: these can be masks, sculptures, furniture, caskets, dummies, toys and much more. During work, the paper is soaked, cut, glued, painted.
scrapbooking
A new trendy direction of needlework, which consists in creating an album, notebooks, books for storing photographs, clippings, drawings, etc. The main materials for manufacturing are paper of different formats, textures and qualities. It also requires a lot of special tools. Scrapbooking is an expensive hobby, but very exciting, thanks to which truly unique things are created. In the process of creating a product, all types of paper working techniques are used. Separately, cardmaking is distinguished - the creation of postcards. In this direction, work is carried out similarly to scrapbooking.
Collage
The art of creating compositions, in which objects and materials that differ from the base in color and texture are glued onto a base. When working, all types of paper are used. It is cut, cut, glued, finished.
Modeling
From paper, you can create various models: from simple airplanes to ancient castles. Origami also refers to modeling, but in oriental art, a figure is created from squares of paper without glue or threads, and in this direction paper of various sizes and auxiliary tools are used. The process also uses all kinds of paperwork techniques.
Paper rolling (quilling)
Age: from 5 years.
quilling
Paper rolling is the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
Flowers and patterns are created from paper spirals, which are then usually used to decorate postcards, albums, photo frames. Art came to Russia from Korea. As a hobby it is also popular in Germany, England and America. Quilling is also called "paper filigree".
At first glance, the paper rolling technique is simple. A strip of paper for and twists into a tight spiral, after which it is glued to a sheet of thick paper. This process is repeated many times until the child fills the entire space of the sheet.
It will be convenient to start winding by wrapping the edge of the quilling paper tape on the tip of a sharp awl
Having formed the core of the spiral, it is advisable to continue working without using a tool for a. So you can feel with your fingertips whether the roll is uniformly formed, and adjust the forces in time. As a result, a dense spiral should form, less than a centimeter in diameter. It will be the basis for the further diversity of all forms. After that, the paper spiral dissolves to the desired size, and then the necessary quilling figure is formed from it.
The tip of the paper is caught with a drop of glue. Rolls can be given a variety of shapes by performing compressions and dents.
In total, there are 20 basic elements for quilling, but the principle remains the same: we fold, pinch - using your imagination. You can always come up with new quilling elements yourself.
norigami
It's uniqueauthor's technique format paper design, which makes it possible to make anything out of paper. Think - and it will be done. If you want - learn to invent crafts yourself, if you want - learn to make them after the master. No other paper design technique can be made so quickly, simply and recognizably, even Carlson, even a Chinese dragon, a tank or a submarine, a zebra or an elephant, a giraffe, a horse, a cat, a princess, a castle ...
norigami - a relative of origami: also without patterns, also according to the schemes, also from standard sheets with simple folding. But the difference is in cutting and gluing. becausenori - it's in Japanese"glue" - and fold, and cut, and glue. Children love to work with paper - it is available as a material and easy to use. Working with paper, the child masters various techniques and methods - bending the sheet, gluing, notching. Simple manipulations available to everyone, and the result is a unique creative craft that children take with them. Such an unusual handmade toy will be a wonderful decoration for the home. Boys are happy to construct their favorite cars, tanks and planes, and even dinosaurs out of paper. Girls are princesses, funny little animals. Age of children from 5 years to infinity.
kirigami
Age: from 6 years old
This is the art of paper folding. In a sense, kirigami is a kind of origami technique, but, unlike the latter, the use of scissors and glue is acceptable in kirigami.
The very name of the technique speaks of this: it comes from two Japanese words:kiru - cut andkami - paper.
The basis of crafts using the kirigami technique is a sheet of paper. As a rule, the creation of crafts begins with folding a sheet of paper in half and cutting out various shapes. Shapes can be cut as symmetrically:
and asymmetrically:
Using the kirigami technique, beautiful voluminous folding cards are made (in English they are called pop-up),
as well as entire architectural structures made of paper.
Volumetric application of colored or white paper:
Age: from 5 years
Expressive means: silhouette, texture, color, volume.
Equipment: double-sided colored and thick white paper, PVA glue.
Method of obtaining an image: the child tears off pieces of colored paper, crumples or twists them, and then sticks them on a sheet of thick paper. The work must be done on a large sheet of paper.
Volumetric application of paper napkins painted with gouache
Age: from 4 years old
iris folding
Iris folding originated in Holland. This technique is also called "rainbow folding". The pattern is formed as a result of gluing paper at a certain angle in the form of a twisting spiral. This technique is simple, but at the same time requires attention, accuracy and perseverance. Drawings in iris folding are made using iris templates..
Volumetric decoupage or 3D - decoupage.
Decoupage technique has been known for a very long time. One of the most original types of decoupage is the creation of three-dimensional images. Having become acquainted with this simple technique, you can create, as if alive, flowers, butterflies and much more for friends and family.
Vytanki
Cutting openwork patterns from paper (vytynanka) is a popular hobby in many countries. Each nation has its own traditions, so it is easy to distinguish the work of Chinese masters from Ukrainian ones. For a long time, openwork patterns have been used to decorate homes and interior items, especially for Christmas and Easter. Vytanki is a fairly democratic technique; you can choose a pattern for both a preschooler and a true professional.
Means of expressiveness: spot, texture, color, volume, composition.
Equipment: white napkins, sponges, thick colored paper, PVA glue, gouache.
Method for obtaining an image: the child twists pieces of white napkins into small flagella, and then glues them onto a sheet of thick paper. The twisting procedure is repeated until the space of the depicted object is filled with folded flagella. Now you can take gouache and paint the glued napkins.
So, paper is an amazing material that is exposed to various influences and which can be used in a variety of creative works. Let's value paper and don't throw it away again! Every piece will find its place.But the most important and valuable thing is that working with paper, along with other types of fine arts, develops the child aesthetically. Children learn to see, feel, evaluate and create according to the laws of beauty. A child who knows various methods of transforming materials can consciously choose the type of material and the method of its transformation depending on the specifics of the conceived craft and in accordance with its purpose, combine materials, choose means to implement aesthetic requirements for the result of work.
