General characteristics of delinquent behavior. The main theoretical approaches to understanding delinquent behavior delinquency

08.07.2019

Lecture 4. Psychology of illegal behavior

1. Theoretical approaches to the determination of criminal behavior.

2. Delinquent behavior as a form of deviant behavior of a person.

3. Conditions for the formation of delinquent behavior.

4. Illegal motivation.

Question 1. Theoretical approaches to the determination of criminal behavior

There are various scientific directions in the study of personality:

biogenetic;

sociogenetic;

Personogenetic.

With all the variety of approaches to understanding the personality, the following aspects of this problem are traditionally distinguished:

1) the versatility of the phenomenology of personality, reflecting the objectively existing diversity of manifestations of man in the evolution of nature, the history of society and his own life;

2) the interdisciplinary status of the problem of personality, which is in the field of study of social and natural sciences;

3) the dependence of the understanding of personality on the image of a person, explicitly or covertly existing in culture and science at a certain stage of their development;

4) the discrepancy between the manifestations of the individual, personality and individuality, studied within the relatively independent of each other biogenetic, sociogenetic and personogenetic directions of modern human knowledge;

5) breeding a research setting that orients a specialist to understanding the development of a personality in nature and society, and a practical setting aimed at shaping or correcting a personality in accordance with the goals set by society or set by a specific person who turned to a specialist.

The focus of representatives of the biogenetic orientation is on the problems of human development as an individual with certain anthropogenetic properties (inclinations, temperament, biological age, gender, body type, neurodynamic properties of NS, organic urges, drives, needs, etc.) different stages of maturation as the phylogenetic program of the species is realized in ontogeny.

Representatives of different currents of sociogenetic orientation study the processes of human socialization, the development of social norms and roles, the acquisition of social attitudes and value orientations, the formation of the social and national character of a person as a typical member of a particular community.

The focus of personogenetic orientation is on the problems of activity, self-awareness and creativity of the individual, the formation of the human self, the struggle of motives, the education of individual character and abilities, self-realization and personal choice, the incessant search for the meaning of life.

The psychology of personality deals with the study of all these manifestations of personality; various aspects of these problems are covered in pedagogical, legal, penitentiary psychology, and other sciences.

Thus, a distinctive feature of modern psychological knowledge is a systematic approach to considering the causes and factors of deviant behavior, the development of this problem together with representatives of various branches of science: lawyers, sociologists, physicians. This, in turn, allows a comprehensive approach to the organization of crime prevention activities. A significant role is played by the psychological and pedagogical equipment of those social institutions that in practice carry out psychological, law enforcement, preventive and penitentiary activities.

Question 2. Delinquent behavior as a form of deviant behavior of a person

The problem of delinquent (illegal, antisocial) behavior is central to the study of most social sciences, since public order plays an important role in the development of both the state as a whole and each citizen individually.

With regard to illegal behavior, various approaches and conceptual apparatus are used. In the psychological literature, it is most often referred to as delinquent behaviour. The concept comes from the Latin delinquens - "misdemeanor, fault." By this term we mean unlawful behavior of a person - actions of a specific person that deviate from the laws established in a given society and at a given time, threaten the well-being of other people or the social order and are criminally punishable in their extreme manifestations.

Delinquent(from lat. delinquentis) - offender, criminal. In the United States, the term is applied to juveniles found guilty of criminal acts.

Deviant behavior(English deviation - deviation) - actions that do not correspond to officially established or actually established in a given society (social group) moral and legal norms and lead the offender (deviant) to isolation, treatment, correction or punishment. The main types of deviant behavior: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution, sexual deviations. Blue - deviant behavior, deviation.

The concept of deviant behavior is broader than the concepts of "delinquency" (illegal, criminal, criminal behavior) and "antisocial behavior" (asociality).

Delinquent behavior - illegal, criminal, criminal behavior of people, mediated by their external (motor) and internal (mental) activity.

A person exhibiting illegal behavior is qualified as a delinquent person (delinquent), and the actions themselves are classified as delicts.

In general, delinquent behavior is directly directed against the existing norms of state life, clearly expressed in the rules (laws) of society.

In the specialized literature, the term under consideration is used in various meanings. A. E. Lichko, having introduced the concept of “delinquency” into the practice of adolescent psychiatry, limited it to minor antisocial actions that do not entail criminal liability. These are, for example, school absenteeism, involvement in an asocial group, petty hooliganism, mockery of the weak, taking small money, stealing motorcycles. V. V. Kovalev objects to such an interpretation of delinquency, pointing out that delinquent behavior is criminal behavior.

In the materials of the WHO (World Health Organization), a delinquent is defined as a person under the age of 18 whose behavior harms another individual or group and exceeds the limit set by normal social groups at a given moment in the development of society. Upon reaching the age of majority, the delinquent automatically turns into an anti-social personality. In psychological literature, the concept of delinquency is associated with unlawful behavior in general. This is any behavior that violates the norms of public order. This behavior may take the form of minor violations of moral and ethical standards that do not reach the level of a crime. Here it coincides with antisocial behavior. It can also be expressed in criminal acts punishable under the Criminal Code. In this case, the behavior will be criminal, antisocial.

The above types of delinquent behavior can be considered both as stages in the formation of illegal behavior and as relatively independent manifestations of it.

The variety of social rules gives rise to a large number of subspecies of illegal behavior. The problem of classifying various forms of delinquent behavior is interdisciplinary in nature.

In the socio-legal approach, the division of illegal actions into violent and nonviolent(or selfish).

A.G. Ambrumova and L.Ya. Zhezlov proposed a socio-psychological scale of offenses: anti-disciplinary, anti-social, delinquent - criminal and auto-aggressive behavior.

To address issues such as determining the severity of delinquency and measures of influence on the individual, it is also important to systematize the types of offenders.

In 1932 N. I. Ozeretsky proposed an actual and today typology of juvenile delinquents according to the severity and nature of personality deformations:

random,

habitual,

professional offenders.

Among juvenile delinquents, A.I. Dolgova, E. G. Gorbatovskaya, V. A. Shumilkin and others, in turn, distinguish the following three type:

1) consistently criminogenic - the criminogenic "contribution" of the individual to criminal behavior when interacting with the social environment is decisive, the crime follows from the habitual style of behavior, it is determined by the specific views, attitudes and values of the subject;

2) situational-criminogenic - a violation of moral norms, an offense of a non-criminal nature and the crime itself are largely due to an unfavorable situation; criminal behavior may not correspond to the plans of the subject, be, from his point of view, an excess; such adolescents often commit crimes in a group while intoxicated, without being the initiators of the offense;

3) situational type - insignificant severity of negative behavior; the decisive influence of a situation arising through no fault of the individual; the lifestyle of such teenagers is characterized by the struggle of positive and negative influences.

Similarly, V.N. Kudryavtsev speaks of professional criminals (persons who regularly commit crimes, living on the proceeds from them), situational(acting depending on the situation), random(who broke the law only once).

Delinquent behavioras a form of deviant behavior of a person has a number of features.

1. This is one of the least defined types of deviant personality behavior. For example, the range of acts recognized as criminal is different for different states, at different times. The laws themselves are ambiguous, and because of their imperfection, a large part of the adult population can be classified as “criminals”, for example, under such articles as tax evasion or inflicting physical pain on someone. Similarly, everyone knows that it is wrong to lie. But a person who tells the truth always and everywhere, regardless of circumstances, will look more inadequate than one who lies appropriately.

2. Delinquent behavior is regulated primarily by legal norms - laws, regulations, disciplinary rules.

3. Illegal behavior is recognized as one of the most dangerous forms of deviations, since it threatens the very foundations of the social structure - public order.

4. Such behavior of the individual is actively condemned and punished in any society. Delinquent behavior is regulated by special social institutions: courts, investigating authorities, places of deprivation of liberty.

5. Illegal behavior inherently means the existence of a conflict between the individual and society - between individual aspirations and public interests.

The problem of delinquent behavior is especially relevant for the younger generation. Demonstrative and defiant behavior towards adults increased among young people, excessive cruelty and aggressiveness appeared, and crime increased sharply. It is noteworthy that most crimes are committed by persons under 30 years old, teenagers stand out among them, and more and more new types of deviant behavior appear, namely, participation in racketeering, cooperation with the mafia, and the commission of economic crimes. Among the offenders, the vast majority are unemployed teenagers. Therefore, this problem is very important in our time, and persons who have committed unlawful acts need psychosocial, psychoconsulting and psychotherapeutic work.

Delinquent behavior comes from latin delinquens – "misdemeanor, fault". This term refers to the illegal behavior of a person - the actions of a particular person that deviate from the laws established in a given society and at a given time, threaten the well-being of other people or the social order and are criminally punishable in their extreme manifestations. A person who exhibits illegal behavior qualifies as delinquent person (delinquent), and the actions themselves torts.

In the specialized literature, the term under consideration is used in various meanings, A.E. Lichko, having introduced the concept of “delinquency” into the practice of adolescent psychiatry, limited them to minor antisocial actions that do not entail criminal liability. These are, for example, school absenteeism, involvement in an asocial group, petty hooliganism, mockery of the weak, taking small money, stealing motorcycles. VV Kovalev objects to the interpretation of delinquency, pointing out that delinquent behavior is criminal behavior.

The term “delinquent”, which has become widespread abroad, is mostly used to refer to a juvenile delinquent. In psychological literature, the concept of delinquency is associated with unlawful behavior in general. This is any behavior that violates the norms of public order. This behavior may take the form of minor violations of moral and ethical standards that do not reach the level of a crime. Here it coincides with antisocial behavior. It can also be expressed in criminal acts punishable under the Criminal Code. In this case, the behavior will be criminal, antisocial.

The variety of social rules gives rise to a large number of subspecies of illegal behavior. The problem of classifying various forms of delinquent behavior is interdisciplinary in nature. In the socio-legal approach, the division of illegal actions into violent and non-violent is widely used. V.V. Kovalev identifies antidisciplinary, antisocial, illegal, as well as non-pathological and pathological forms.

In 1932 N.I. Ozeretsky proposed a typology of juvenile offenders that is still relevant today in terms of the severity and nature of personality deformations: casual, habitual, persistent and professional offenders.

Among adolescents who committed offenses, A.I. Dolgova, E.G. Gorbatovskaya, V.A. Shumilkin et al. distinguish the following three types:

1. Consistently criminogenic- the criminogenic "contribution" of the individual to criminal behavior when interacting with the social environment is decisive, the crime follows from the habitual style of behavior, it is determined by the specific views, attitudes and values of the subject;

2. Situational-criminogenic- violation of moral norms, an offense of an uncriminal nature and the crime itself are largely due to an unfavorable situation; criminal behavior may not correspond to the plans of the subject.

3.Situational type– insignificant expressiveness of negative behavior; the decisive influence of a situation arising through no fault of the individual.

It is very important to determine the conditions for the formation of delinquent behavior. It is often difficult to understand why quite ordinary-looking people suddenly commit a serious crime. Most often these are mentally healthy individuals, including children and adolescents. By revising determination of illegal actions usually they speak of a combination of external conditions and internal causes that cause such behavior.

social conditions play a role in the origin of illegal behavior. First of all, they include multilevel social processes. These are, for example, the weakness of power and the imperfection of legislation, social upheavals and a low standard of living.

The social cause of the antisocial behavior of a particular individual may also be the tendency of society to hang labels.

The microsocial situation plays a significant role in the origin of delinquent behavior. Its formation, for example, is facilitated by: an asocial and antisocial environment (alcoholism of parents, an asocial and antisocial family or company); neglect; large and incomplete family; intra-family conflicts; chronic conflicts with significant others.

Summarizing the literature data, we can list the following macrosocial factors that cause delinquency:

frustration of children's need for tender care and affection from parents;

physical or psychological cruelty;

insufficient influence of the father;

acute injury;

indulging the child in the fulfillment of his desires;

excessive stimulation of the child - too intense early love relationships with parents, brothers and sisters;

inconsistency in the requirements for the child on the part of the parents;

change of parents;

chronically expressed conflicts between parents;

assimilation by a child through learning in a family or in a group of delinquent values.

Individual determinants essentially determined gender differences. For example, it is well known that illegal behavior is more typical for males. You can talk about crimes that are more characteristic of women or men.

age factor determines the peculiarity of behavior at different stages of ontogenesis. The age dynamics of the frequency of offenses is manifested as follows: the age of most criminals ranges from 25 to 35 years. It makes sense to talk about antisocial behavior only after reaching 6-8 years. At primary school age (6-11 years), delinquent behavior can manifest itself in the following forms: petty hooliganism, violation of school rules and discipline, truancy, running away from home, deceit and theft. Illegal actions in adolescence (12-17 years) are conscious and arbitrary. Along with the “familiar” for this age violations, such as theft and hooliganism - among boys, theft and prostitution - among girls, their new forms have become widespread - drug and arms trafficking, racketeering, pimping, fraud, attacks on businessmen and foreigners .

In addition to sex and age, it stands out constitutional factor. For example, the child's impulses may be so strong that he can hardly endure the state of hunger, under the influence of which he may begin to steal.

The question of influence psychopathology on the delinquent behavior of the individual remains debatable. The most common anomalies associated with delinquent behavior are: psychopathy; alcoholism; neurotic disorders; residual effects of craniocerebral injuries and organic diseases of the brain; intellectual deficiency. Many authors consider poorly motivated, often unexpected for others, brutal murders precisely as a manifestation of pathological behavior: a violation of affects (depression, dysthymia) and a personality crisis (psychopathic development).

Many authors tend to conclude that the antisocial orientation of the individual plays a decisive role in the formation of delinquent behavior. This is about specific motivation, which is the direct cause of illegal behavior: the system of the most stable and dominant motives of the individual - internal motives, needs, attitudes, values, interests and beliefs. In the case of antisocial behavior, the following unconscious motives of delinquency may operate:

desires that require immediate satisfaction;

experience of impotent anger, despair - aggression, seeking relaxation;

resentment requiring vengeance;

envy, impelling to the restoration of justice;

distrust and the desire to maintain a distance;

fantasies of grandeur and omnipotence.

In foreign psychological and medical literature, the term is widely used to describe the delinquent behavior of adults (from 18 years old). sociopathic (antisocial) personality which is a psychological type, described through the deep psychological mechanisms of the functioning of the personality. The main contribution to the study of sociopathic dynamics has been made by psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis views delinquents as those who are unable to resolve their internal conflicts. Anti-social people break with reality and save themselves from inner reality by taking forbidden actions, suppressed by the state and prosecuted by law. The main psychological defense of sociopathic people is omnipotent control. The need to exert pressure is paramount. It protects against shame (especially in gross psychopaths) or distracts from the search for sexual perversions (which can also underlie criminality). With delinquent behavior, a projection onto society of negative personal qualities is often used. At the same time, society looks illusory worse than it really is. The famous lack of conscience in sociopaths indicates a lack of primary mutual attachments to other people.

The mechanism of formation of an antisocial orientation is not entirely clear. It has been proven that babies differ in temperament from birth. In this case, the constitutional prerequisites for sociopathy may be, for example, greater basal aggression or reduced reactivity of the nervous system. A special constitution can explain the constant desire of such people for thrills, their reduced ability to perceive pedagogical influence. The attitude towards such children on the part of parents is characterized by: instability, lack of discipline, indulgence, emotional misunderstanding, exploitation and sometimes cruelty. In such unstable and threatening circumstances, the child does not receive a sense of security at the necessary moments of development, which may push him to spend the rest of his life in search of confirmation of his omnipotence. It is generally atypical for families of antisocial individuals to understand and articulate their feelings.

In the case of illegal and antisocial behavior, the main strategy of social and psychological influence is the organization of conditions for social punishment (mainly in prisons and corrective labor colonies). The main forms of psychosocial work in the case of delinquent behavior are counseling, psychotherapy, forensic psychological examination, socially useful work and the organization of a sanogenic environment.

Psychotherapy in closed institutions is focused on solving a number of problems: it is necessary to establish the individual's need for psychotherapeutic assistance, determine personal characteristics using adapted techniques, create "psychotherapeutic oases" protected from destructive influences, relieve mental stress, reduce sensitivity to criminal, stressful effects. Finally, there is a need for social learning and an increase in the ability of the convicted person to solve problems in and out of this environment.

Thus, the effectiveness of psychological impact in the case of delinquent behavior depends on the effectiveness of a set of measures: organizational, economic, pedagogical, medical, social measures.

Violation of the norms of law, but not so significant that they are subject to criminal liability, is called in sociology delinquent behavior. The concept of delinquent behavior covers a fairly wide range of violations of legal and social norms. These are such violations as: petty hooliganism, minor theft of products in a store (committed by the buyer, since the theft of a seller is considered an official crime), petty theft in transport or in the market, fights without causing serious bodily harm, fraud (calculation) of the buyer by the seller, fraud of the tax inspector, being late for work, crossing the street or smoking in the wrong place, etc.

The list of delinquent behavior of schoolchildren, according to foreign and domestic sociologists, usually includes such offenses as: not returning home at night, drinking alcohol, molesting adults, fighting, illegally keeping weapons, inflicting serious bodily harm on someone with knives, stealing, skip classes, smoke marijuana, leave school, take pocket money from other students, disturb public places, damage public property, write and paint on walls, etc.

Thus, any behavior that is not approved by public opinion is called deviant, and behavior that is not approved by law is called delinquent. Disapproval does not mean punishment. Criminal punishment delineates the boundary between delinquent and criminal behavior. Teenagers who are registered in the police room are delinquent, but not criminals. That's what they become when they go to jail.

As a form of deviant behavior, delinquency in modern Western society is characterized by the following features:

the contribution of social position. Basically in the slums reigns anomie and lawlessness;

the influence of patterns of civilization. Not all children in the slums are delinquent, as different families live here too. The highest delinquency was found among adolescents with the lowest status, who do not know the disciplinary system in the family and often participate in yard parties;

presence of situational factors. Teenagers commit crimes not because they like to take risks, but because cars that were stolen, weapons that were used, passers-by who were used to violence, etc. were turned up on the arm;

formation of delinquent collectives and subcultures. Most delinquent acts take place in a crowd, a group, a team. In the group, the individual receives support for his provocations. Gangs and subcultures are gradually formed.

Violations of social norms by young people can be serious or not serious, conscious or unconscious. All serious violations, whether conscious or not, that fall under the category of unlawful act are considered delinquent conduct.

Deviance and delinquency are two forms of deviation from normal behavior. The first form is relative and insignificant, the second is absolute and significant. The most vulnerable group to delinquency is the youth. But not any, but one that undergoes socialization in a criminal or deviant environment. Such an environment or family is also called dysfunctional. Usually these are drinking parents, criminals who have been in prison, drug addicts and drug dealers. The behavior of children is greatly influenced by the parental model of behavior. Children often copy the behavior of their parents.

Areas with a high density of delinquent and criminal behavior are called criminogenic. In these places, the percentage of young offenders is higher than the average for other areas. Categories of the population that are more likely to commit criminal or delinquent acts are called risk groups. These include, in particular, young people. Delinquent behavior among adolescents is more common than in other age groups for a number of reasons. The most important is the social immaturity and physiological characteristics of the emerging organism. They manifest themselves in the desire to experience the thrill, the lack of ability to predict the consequences of their actions, the hypertrophied desire to be independent. A teenager often does not meet the requirements that society places on him, he is not ready to fulfill certain social roles to the extent that others expect him to. In turn, he believes that he does not receive from society what he has the right to count on.

Sociologists have established the following trend: the more a person learns patterns of delinquent behavior, the more often he encounters them and the younger his age. Street companies and their surroundings are of great importance and have a strong impact on adolescents. The desire to succeed, to stand out sometimes turns for teenagers into a path that leads from deviant behavior to delinquent behavior. Previously, sociologists were sure that the delinquency of the young is a by-product of poverty. This is not true. It has become clear from recent studies that juvenile delinquency is evenly distributed across all strata. One argument is that upper-middle and upper-class students were more likely to engage in school vandalism than children from poor families. The main reason for adolescents from wealthy families is an increased desire for pleasures that are provided by wealth. And for those who come from poor families, the cause of delinquent behavior is other factors than wealth and hedonism. Basically, these are school failures: poor grades, bad behavior in the classroom, unwillingness to learn, inability to find a common language with teachers and parents, and the negative influence of classmates. They begin to skip classes and use alcohol, and possibly soft drugs.

Deviantology [Psychology of deviant behavior] Zmanovskaya Elena Valerievna

Chapter 2 Delinquent Behavior

DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

Delinquent behavior as a form of deviant behavior of a person Conditions for the formation of delinquent behavior Illegal motivation Antisocial (sociopathic) personality

Delinquent behavior as a form of deviant behavior of a person

We begin the description of certain types of deviant behavior with the characteristics of delinquent behavior. The problem of delinquent (illegal, antisocial) behavior is central to the study of most social sciences, since public order plays an important role in the development of both the state as a whole and each citizen individually.

With regard to illegal behavior, various approaches and conceptual apparatus are used. In the psychological literature, it is most often referred to as delinquent behavior . The concept comes from the Latin delinquens- "misdemeanor, fault." By this term we will understand the unlawful behavior of a person - actions of a particular individual that deviate from the laws established in a given society and at a given time, threaten the well-being of other people or the social order and are criminalized in their extreme manifestations. A person who exhibits illegal behavior qualifies as delinquent person (delinquent) , and the actions themselves torts.

criminal behavior is an exaggerated form of delinquent behavior in general. In general, delinquent behavior is directly directed against the existing norms of state life, clearly expressed in the rules (laws) of society.

In the specialized literature, the term under consideration is used in various meanings. A. E. Lichko, having introduced the concept of “delinquency” into the practice of adolescent psychiatry, limited them to minor antisocial actions that do not entail criminal liability. These are, for example, school absenteeism, involvement in an asocial group, petty hooliganism, mockery of the weak, taking small money, stealing motorcycles. V. V. Kovalev objects to such an interpretation of delinquency, pointing out that delinquent behavior is criminal behavior.

The term “delinquent”, which has become widespread abroad, is mostly used to refer to a juvenile delinquent. Thus, in the WHO materials, a delinquent is defined as a person under the age of 18 whose behavior harms another individual or group and exceeds the limit set by normal social groups at a given moment in the development of society. Upon reaching the age of majority, the delinquent automatically turns into an anti-social personality.

In psychological literature, the concept of delinquency is rather associated with illegal behavior in general. it any behavior that violates the norms of public order. This behavior may take the form of minor violations of moral and ethical standards that do not reach the level of a crime. Here it coincides with antisocial behavior. It can also be expressed in criminal acts punishable under the Criminal Code. In this case, the behavior will be criminal, antisocial.

The above types of delinquent behavior can be considered both as stages in the formation of illegal behavior and as relatively independent manifestations of it.

The variety of social rules gives rise to a large number of subspecies of illegal behavior. The problem of classifying various forms of delinquent behavior is interdisciplinary in nature.

In the socio-legal approach, the division of illegal actions into violent and non-violent (or selfish) is widely used.

Within the framework of clinical research, the complex taxonomy of offenses by V.V. Kovalev, built along several axes, is of interest. On the socio-psychological axis - antidisciplinary, antisocial, illegal; on clinical-psychopathological - non-pathological and pathological forms; on the personal-dynamic - reactions, development, state. A. G. Ambrumova and L. Ya. Zhezlova proposed a socio-psychological scale of offenses: anti-disciplinary, anti-social, delinquent - criminal and auto-aggressive behavior (it should be noted that these authors refer only criminal behavior to delinquent behavior) .

To address issues such as determining the severity of delinquency and measures of influence on the individual, it is also important to systematize the types of offenders. In 1932, N. I. Ozeretsky proposed a typology of juvenile delinquents that is still relevant today in terms of the severity and nature of personality deformations: casual, habitual, persistent and professional offenders .

Among adolescents who committed offenses, A.I. Dolgova, E. G. Gorbatovskaya, V. A. Shumilkin and others, in turn, distinguish the following three types:

1) consistently-criminogenic - the criminogenic "contribution" of the individual to criminal behavior when interacting with the social environment is decisive, the crime follows from the habitual style of behavior, it is determined by the specific views, attitudes and values of the subject;

2) situational-criminogenic- violation of moral norms, an offense of non-criminal nature and the crime itself are largely due to an unfavorable situation; criminal behavior may not correspond to the plans of the subject, be, from his point of view, an excess; such adolescents often commit crimes in a group while intoxicated, without being the initiators of the offense;

3) situational type - slight manifestation of negative behavior; the decisive influence of a situation arising through no fault of the individual; the lifestyle of such teenagers is characterized by the struggle of positive and negative influences.

Similarly, V.N. Kudryavtsev speaks of professional criminals (persons who regularly commit crimes, living on the income from them), situational (acting depending on the situation), random (who broke the law only once).

Delinquent behavior as a form of deviant behavior of a person has a number of features.

First, this one of the least defined types of deviant behavior personality. For example, the range of acts recognized as criminal is different for different states, at different times. The laws themselves are ambiguous, and because of their imperfection, a large part of the adult population can be classified as “criminals”, for example, under such articles as tax evasion or inflicting physical pain on someone. Similarly, everyone knows that it is wrong to lie. But a person who tells the truth always and everywhere, regardless of circumstances, will look more inadequate than one who lies appropriately.

Second, delinquent behavior predominantly regulated by law- laws, regulations, disciplinary rules.

Thirdly, illegal behavior is recognized one of the most dangerous forms of deviations, because it threatens the very foundations of social order - public order.

Fourthly, such behavior of the individual is actively condemned and punished in any society. The main function of any state is to create laws and monitor their implementation, therefore, unlike other types of deviations, delinquent behavior is regulated by special social institutions: courts, investigating authorities, places of detention.

Finally, fifthly, it is important that illegal behavior inherently means conflict between the individual and society- between individual aspirations and public interests.

Conditions for the formation of delinquent behavior

Despite various public measures aimed at encouraging citizens to follow established laws and regulations, many people violate them daily. It is often difficult to understand why quite ordinary-looking people suddenly commit a serious crime. Most often these are mentally healthy individuals, including children and adolescents.

When considering the determination of illegal actions, one usually speaks of a set of external conditions and internal causes that cause such behavior. Of course, in each case there is a unique combination of factors, however, it is possible to identify some general trends in the formation of delinquent behavior.

social conditions play a role in the origin of illegal behavior. These primarily include multi-level social processes. These are, for example, the weakness of power and the imperfection of legislation, social upheavals and a low standard of living.

According to R. Merton, some people cannot give up delinquent behavior, because in the current consumer society, the vast majority strives for income, consumption and success at any cost. People, one way or another "pushed aside" from public goods, it is difficult to achieve the desired goals legally.

The social cause of antisocial behavior of a particular individual can also be society's tendency to label. In a number of cases, stable antisocial behavior is formed according to the principle of a vicious circle: a primary, accidentally committed crime - punishment - the experience of violent relationships (maximum represented in places of detention) - subsequent difficulties in social adaptation due to the label "criminal" - the accumulation of socio-economic difficulties and secondary delinquency - a more serious crime - etc.

This tragic circumstance is wonderfully presented in the film version of Stephen King's prison drama The Shawshank Redemption (1994, staged by F. Darabont). The protagonist of the film, Andy Dufresne, was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of his wife, which he did not commit. His ability to resist institutionalized violence, his ingeniously planned escape, is a remarkable exception to the general rule. Another character in the drama - librarian Brooks Hatmid, after spending 45 years in prison, unsuccessfully tries to commit a new crime in order to stay "at home". He commits suicide shortly after his "forced" release, unable to bear the burden of freedom. In this case, the person becomes a victim of a system of violence and social stereotypes.

Moreover, P. Kuter points out that many law-abiding people have aggressive criminal impulses that are not realized by them in specific actions, but are projected onto other people, for example, those who commit offenses. As a result of these projective processes, offenses can be overly severely assessed and unfairly punished, which in turn leads to increased delinquency.

Thus, society itself, paradoxically, through unjustified actions and overly serious punishments, brings up criminals that one would like to get rid of. The state, proclaiming the fight against violence, uses it itself (often even more) in relation to the offender. Today, 86 countries of the world have an article on the death penalty in their legislation. In general, people are forced violent relationship stereotype. Authorities persecute delinquent individuals, demonstrating their strength to them in the same way that they acted in relation to their victims. A vicious circle arises, moving along which delinquent individuals harm themselves and others.

The special role of the social situation in the determination of criminal behavior is evidenced by observations of people's behavior under a totalitarian regime. P. Kuter cites the results of studies by Dix, who studied heredity and personality development in a number of mass murderers from the German SS (before and after their work in concentration camps). It was revealed that the criminal behavior of the SS men, although accompanied by their various personality disorders, manifested itself only in socially sanctioned conditions - during the period of study and work in concentration camps. Before and after the Nazi regime, the individuals studied generally did not commit crimes.

V. N. Kudryavtsev points out to a state of alienation criminal from your environment occurring at an early age. Thus, 10% of aggressive criminals believed that their mother did not love them in childhood (only 0.73% in the "normal" sample).

Summarizing the literature data, we can list the following microsocial factors that cause delinquency:

Frustration of the child's need for tender care and affection from parents (for example, an extremely harsh father or insufficiently caring mother), which in turn causes early traumatic experiences of the child;

Physical or psychological cruelty or a cult of power in the family (for example, excessive or constant use of punishments);

Insufficient influence of the father (for example, in his absence), which impedes the normal development of moral consciousness;

Acute trauma (illness, death of a parent, violence, divorce) with fixation on traumatic circumstances;

Indulging the child in the fulfillment of his desires; insufficient exactingness of parents, their inability to put forward successively increasing demands or to achieve their fulfillment;

Overstimulation of the child - too intense loving early relationships with parents, brothers and sisters;

Inconsistency in the requirements for the child on the part of the parents, as a result of which the child does not have a clear understanding of the norms of behavior;

Change of parents (guardians);

Chronically expressed conflicts between parents (a situation is especially dangerous when a cruel father beats his mother);

Undesirable personality traits of parents (for example, a combination of an undemanding father and an indulgent mother);

Assimilation by a child through learning in a family or in a group of delinquent values (explicit or hidden).

As a rule, at first, experiencing frustration, the child experiences pain, which, in the absence of understanding and mitigation, turns into disappointment and anger. Aggression attracts the attention of parents, which in itself is important for the child. In addition, using aggression, the child often achieves his goals by controlling others. Gradually, aggression and breaking the rules are systematically used as ways to get the desired result. Delinquent behavior is reinforced.

In the study "Juvenile delinquency: trends and prospects", M. Rutter and D. Gidler point to a clear connection between the characteristics of early childhood development in the family and the subsequent degree of obedience of the individual, but argue that the mechanisms of such influence of the family are still unclear. They also note a correlation between social change and the rise in crime, again emphasizing the lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of this connection. Using the example of juveniles, researchers conclude that there are multiple causes for criminal behavior, including the influence of peer groups, social control and social learning, biological and situational factors. From their point of view, it is absurd to look for a single explanation or a single prevention strategy.

Individual determinants illegal behavior are of particular interest for psychological analysis.

In turn, individual characteristics are significantly determined gender differences . For example, it is well known that illegal behavior is more typical for males. Despite the growth of women's crime, its relative indicators are significantly lower than men's, for example, women's crimes in Russia in 1998 amounted to 15% of the total number of registered cases.

You can talk about crimes that are more characteristic of women or men. Such delicts as murder of children, prostitution, shoplifting, are more often committed by women. Men are more likely to steal cars, commit robbery, theft, inflict bodily harm, and kill. There are also typically male crimes, such as rape.

age factor determines the peculiarity of behavior at different stages of ontogenesis. The age dynamics of the frequency of offenses is manifested as follows: the age of most criminals ranges from 25 to 35 years; the number of crimes is steadily growing from 14 to 29; the maximum number of cases of committing crimes falls on 29 years; from 29 to 40 years there is a gradual decrease; after 40 years of crime are rare.

Obviously, it makes sense to talk about antisocial behavior (as opposed to, for example, aggressive) only after reaching a certain age, in our opinion, not earlier than 6–8 years. As a rule, a small child cannot be sufficiently aware of his behavior, control it and correlate it with social norms. It is only at school that the child first and truly encounters fundamental social requirements, and only from school age is the child expected to strictly adhere to the basic rules of behavior.

There are also "qualitative" features of the manifestation of delinquent behavior at different ages. Social Behavior Disorders in the early stages of ontogeny, probably represent problems in the mental development of the child or neurotic reactions that are of a transient nature. For example, theft of a five-year-old child may be associated with hyperactivity, a neurotic need for attention and love, a reaction to the loss of a loved one, a delay in intellectual development, and the inability to obtain the necessary food and things.

From the moment of entering the school, the situation fundamentally changes - the stage of intensive socialization of the individual begins in the conditions of the increased mental capabilities of the child. Since that time, certain actions of the child can indeed be considered as close to illegal. At primary school age(6 - 11 years old) delinquent behavior can manifest itself in the following forms: petty hooliganism, violation of school rules and discipline, truancy, running away from home, lying and theft.

It should be noted that the socio-economic crisis in Russia contributed to the growth of delinquent behavior, including in the children's age group. The impoverishment of a part of the population, the collapse of public education institutions, the change in social attitudes - all this inevitably leads to the fact that an asocial street child becomes a habitual hero of city streets. Street hooliganism of younger schoolchildren (thefts, scams near telephone booths, extortion) is combined with vagrancy, the use of drugs and alcohol. Obviously, in such cases, children's deviant behavior naturally turns into delinquent behavior in adolescence and adulthood.

Illegal actions in adolescence(12–17 years old) are even more conscious and arbitrary. Along with the “familiar” for this age violations, such as theft and hooliganism - among boys, theft and prostitution - among girls, their new forms have become widespread - drug and arms trafficking, racketeering, pimping, fraud, attacks on businessmen and foreigners . In 1998, about 190,000 juvenile delinquents (10% of the total number of lawbreakers) were registered. According to statistics, most of the crimes committed by teenagers are group crimes. In the group, the fear of punishment decreases, aggression and cruelty increase sharply, and criticality towards what is happening and towards oneself decreases. The most illustrative example of gang misbehavior is the "revelry" of fans after a football match, among whom young people make up the majority.

VN Kudryavtsev believes that a criminal career, as a rule, begins with poor study and alienation from school (negative-hostile attitude towards it). Then there is alienation from the family against the background of family problems and "non-pedagogical" methods of education. The next step is to join a criminal gang and commit a crime. It takes an average of 2 years to complete this path. According to available data, 60% of professional criminals (thieves and swindlers) started this path at the age of sixteen.

By determination, the following groups of adolescent offenders can be distinguished.

The first group is represented by adolescents who, due to a number of reasons, have undeveloped higher senses(conscience, sense of duty, responsibility, attachment to loved ones) or ideas of good and evil, which distorts their emotional reaction to actions.

The second group includes teenagers with hypertrophied age reactions, which indicates the transient nature of their oppositional and antisocial behavior (under other favorable conditions).

The third group consists of those who consistently reproduce the delinquent behavior of their immediate environment and for whom such behavior is normal(with a negative image of himself, lack of self-control skills, poorly developed conscience, consumer attitude towards people).

The fourth group includes teenagers with mental and neurotic disorders(along with delinquent behavior, they have painful symptoms or signs of intellectual underdevelopment).

Finally, a fifth group of adolescents stands out, deliberately choosing delinquent behavior(who do not suffer from mental disorders, have sufficient self-control and understand the consequences of their choice).

The most unfavorable prognostic signs (in terms of further formation of antisocial behavior) can be considered: lack of conscience and guilt, pathological deceit, consumer attitude towards people, indifference, slovenliness, pronounced psychopathology.

In addition to sex and age, it stands out constitutional factor . The researchers note that constitutional features may well direct the development of the individual in an antisocial direction. For example, the child's impulses may be so strong that he can hardly endure the state of hunger, under the influence of which he may begin to steal. Or, perhaps there are marked individual differences in the ability of young children to form close relationships.

The question of influence psychopathology (at any age) on the delinquent behavior of a person remains debatable. “The problem of the correlation of mental deviations and antisocial behavior is one of the most complex and confusing in psychiatry,” remarks V.V. Korolev. The most common anomalies associated with delinquent behavior are: psychopathy; alcoholism; neurotic disorders; residual effects of craniocerebral injuries and organic diseases of the brain; intellectual disability .

People with mental anomalies show a reduced ability to realize and control their actions due to intellectual or emotional-volitional pathology. At the same time, deviations from the medical norm cannot be considered specific causes of criminal acts, although in some cases they are combined.

When a mental disorder is combined with certain conditions, one can expect the occurrence pathological effect, significantly reducing human sanity, i.e., his ability to be aware of his actions and control them.

Many authors also consider unmotivated, often unexpected for those around them, brutal murders precisely as a manifestation of pathological behavior. Yu. B. Mozhginsky points out that in the case of such crimes committed by a teenager without signs of mental disorder before the murder, two main pathological tendencies: disturbance of affects(depression, dysthymia) and identity crisis(psychopathic development). These violations are certainly combined with a specific socio-psychological context. Among them, the author names a conflict situation, prolonged stress (protracted conflict in the family), the influence of a teenage group (group values and rules), an inferiority complex, and a minor external threat.

X. Remschmidt in the etiology of delinquent behavior of adolescents highlights mild emotional damage without signs of other mental illnesses; pronounced emotional disturbances, which are manifested by fears, anguish or a violent way of behavior.

Mood disorders in some cases combined with attraction pathology, for example, pathological behavior with occasional compulsive urges to set fires (pyromania) or steal (kleptomania). Runaway and vagrancy belong to the same series of impulse disorders. Generally disordered desire syndrome characterized by: impulsiveness, stamina, alienation to the individual and invincibility. X. Remschmidt, describing depressive delinquents, speaks of alternating states of "intensification of drives and aggression" and "absolute loss of drives".

The data presented make it possible to say that affective profile is one of the most significant personality traits associated with antisocial behavior and depending in turn on a combination of internal and external factors.

Thus, according to the determination of behavior, several main groups of delinquent individuals can be distinguished:

situational offender(whose illegal actions are mainly provoked by the situation);

subcultural delinquent(violator identified with group anti-social values);

neurotic delinquent(whose asocial actions are the result of intrapsychic conflict and anxiety);

"organic" offender(committing illegal actions due to brain damage with a predominance of impulsivity, intellectual insufficiency and affectivity);

psychotic delinquent(committing torts due to a severe mental disorder - psychosis, clouding of consciousness);

antisocial personality(whose antisocial actions are caused by a specific combination of personality traits: hostility, underdevelopment of higher feelings, inability to intimacy).

Illegal motivation

The external and internal conditions discussed above contribute to the formation of delinquent behavior. At the same time, when describing the offender, most authors tend to conclude that the decisive role of the antisocial orientation of the individual in the development of delinquent behavior. This is about specific motivation , which is the direct cause of unlawful behavior. V.N. Kudryavtsev speaks about antisocial orientation of the individual. Other authors use similar terms: criminogenic personality deformation, antisocial attitude, antisocial orientation, illegal motivation. These terms denote the system of the most stable and dominant motives of the individual - internal motives, needs, attitudes, values, interests and beliefs.

Illegal motivation can have different origins, forms and severity. V.V. Luneev proposes to consider the following leading motivations for illegal actions: selfish-greedy, violently selfish, anarchist-individualistic, frivolously irresponsible, cowardly cowardly.

AI Dolgova, using the example of adolescents, identifies violent and selfish types of personality deformation. At violent type there is a desire for self-affirmation, a desire to present oneself as a strong, fair, sympathetic nature, always ready to help. However, the ideas of justice among such persons are distorted, their morality, in fact, is the morality of the criminal. They are characterized by group selfishness, close attachment to an informal group, cruelty, a cult of strength, and a belief in the correctness of their behavior. For selfish type more characteristic is not group, but individual egoism. Its representatives have more defective value orientations, they are fully aware of the illegal nature of their actions. Such adolescents are distinguished by secrecy, immorality, the presence of selfish attitudes, and deeper social neglect. In practice, for the most part, you have to deal with combinations of these types.

Illegal motivation, as a stable system of dominant motives of a particular person, is directly related to his legal consciousness. Legal consciousness assumes: 1) knowledge of laws and their understanding; 2) acceptance of the rules as personally significant, conviction in their usefulness and fairness; 3) willingness, ability and habit to act in accordance with laws and regulations. Obviously, normal social development involves the process of transforming cultural (including legal) norms into individual values. Refracted through a system of personal meanings, legal norms in combination with volitional regulation provide such a personality quality as law-abiding.

N.F. Kuznetsova conducted a survey to identify the motivation for law-abiding adults (1984). Among the respondents, 52.3% noted their conviction in the usefulness of laws and order; 27.4% - the habit of following the laws. Single answers (from 4 to 1.5%) - the influence of the example of others, the fear of losing the trust of others, personal calculation, the desire to avoid condemnation. Only 0.9% of respondents noted the fear of punishment as a motive for law-abiding behavior. In young people, the fear of punishment is more pronounced: 7% of the respondents named it. However, in general, the fear of punishment does not prevent the commission of a crime. According to a study of 2,000 prisoners, only 4% of the respondents thought about the subsequent punishment at the time of the crime. Research data show that criminals are 5 to 9 times less obedient to the law than normal people.

Thus, the motivation for the implementation of the rules or their violation can be very diverse. Separate motives that encourage illegal actions can be: the desire to immediately get pleasure, the desire to assert oneself, the desire for comfort or high social status, oppositional behavior (an internal desire to violate prohibitions), behavioral stereotypes (the experience of being in a criminal environment), aggression and sadistic inclinations , following social stereotypes and traditions, the need to feel belonging to a group and receive its approval, boredom, the desire for risk and thrill, frustration, the need for forced protection, altruism (offending for the sake of other people or a high goal).

In the film León (1996), director Luc Besson contrasts two motivational lines of delinquent behavior.

The first line is embodied in the image of Leon - a "cleaner", an honest killer, initially deprived of the possibility of choice. An illiterate immigrant from Italy, Leon (Jean Reno), arrives in America without a profession or a livelihood. "Good old" Tony "helps" Leon by using him and providing him with a job as a hitman. Leon does not know what it is to want to live and love life. He just survives alone in a cruel world. He honestly does his job, strictly observing the principle - "only not women and children." The accidental appearance in his life of the girl Matilda, who lost her family, revives in him the human essence - compassion, care, love. Leon dies in the fight against the true killers, protecting his only love.

The second line is represented by the hero of Harry Oldman - a psychopathic police officer who heads the drug department. Having outstanding personal qualities, invested with power, he uses them to commit sophisticated crimes. The only law of this undoubtedly delinquent person is lawlessness. Possessing many things, he is able to get real pleasure from only one thing - contemplation of the fear of death on the face of another person.

Obviously, when confronted with delinquent behavior, we must first investigate the motives behind it.

In psychoanalytic studies that reveal unconscious motivation, delinquency is seen as a consequence of internal conflict and primitive defenses. In the case of antisocial behavior, the following unconscious delinquency motives may operate:

Desires requiring immediate satisfaction;

The experience of impotent anger, despair - aggression, seeking relaxation;

Resentment requiring vengeance;

Envy, impelling to restore justice;

Distrust and desire to keep a distance;

Fantasies of greatness and omnipotence.

From the point of view of personal dynamics, A. Eichorn points to the existence of two main types of delinquency:

borderline neurotic state with symptoms of antisocial behavior; when a person is in a state of internal conflict and some part of it prohibits delinquent behavior, causing a feeling of guilt. When guilt dominates, the delinquent behaves strangely, such as wearing a stolen hat or not benefiting from a stolen hat. He clearly seeks exposure and often gets caught. He has nightmares. He is relieved after the punishment. In some cases, the feeling of guilt arises in criminals before committing a crime. Here the delinquency arises from the desire of the individual to obtain relief from the pressure of the super-ego;

antisocial behavior without signs of neurosis. In this case, the conflict "brought out" is an open conflict with the environment due to early frustration of libidinal desires.

But the unconscious need for punishment and the fixation of the pleasure principle at the stage of dominance are expressed in both situations.

Antisocial (sociopathic) personality

The dominant and most often manifested in a particular individual motives determine general orientation of the individual. In foreign psychological and medical literature, the following terms are widely used to describe the delinquent behavior of adults (from 18 years old): "antisocial", "sociopathic", "psychopathic" personality. These concepts are not identical to the concepts familiar to us - "criminal personality", "characteristic psychopath" - and cannot act as a medical diagnosis. Sociopathic (antisocial) personality is a psychological type described through the deep psychological mechanisms of personality functioning. The main contribution to the study of sociopathic dynamics has been made by psychoanalysis. August Eichhorn(1876-1949), known for his work with troubled adolescents, defines delinquency as "a dynamic phenomenon, the result of the interaction of mental forces producing distortions" .

This distortion is primarily associated with a violation of the relationship between the ego and the super-ego. The super-ego (as a critical instance) may not be formed, in other cases it may be excessively harsh - punishing. Finally, the ego-ideal (as part of the super-ego) may contain anti-social identifications.

N. McWilliams describes a sociopathic personality through a pronounced need to feel power over others. This can manifest itself as a desire to influence people, manipulate them, "rise" above them. Many authors note that this character is associated with basic incapacity for human affection.

The level of social adaptation in this case may be different. A. Eichhorn introduced the concept explicit and latent delinquency. If in the first case antisocial actions take place, then in the second case this state exists, but does not manifest itself outwardly.

A person with an antisocial personality organization does not necessarily commit crimes, but his life as a whole is determined by a specific motivation. Representatives of some respected professions, undoubtedly, to a greater extent than others, show a tendency to pressure and control (teachers, judges, surgeons), combining their individuality with the interests of society.

Individuals who have embarked on the path of violating the law, all the more so can be described quite accurately from the point of view of this psychological diagnosis. An interesting fact is that if a sociopathic personality manages to avoid prison or self-destruction, it tends to "burn out" by middle age (by the age of forty), often reaching the level of "exemplary citizen".

Psychoanalysis regards delinquents as those who do not able to resolve their internal conflicts. Anti-social people break with reality and save themselves from inner reality by taking forbidden actions, suppressed by the state and prosecuted by law. The main psychological defense of sociopathic people is omnipotent control. They also use projective identification, many subtle dissociative processes, and acting out. The need to apply pressure as McWilliams points out, takes precedence. It protects against shame (especially in gross psychopaths) or distracts from the search for sexual perversions (which can also underlie criminality).

Often used in delinquent behavior projection on the society of personal negative qualities. At the same time, society looks illusory worse than it really is, and representatives of law enforcement agencies are reduced to "cops" with the most negative characteristics.

famous lack of conscience in sociopaths, it indicates not only a defective super-ego, but also a lack of primary mutual attachments to other people. For an antisocial personality, the value of other people is reduced to their usefulness, which is often determined by the explicit or unconscious consent of the latter to endure “slaps”. Sociopathic people openly brag about their victories, shenanigans, or deceptions if they think the listener will be impressed by them. strength. It never ceases to amaze lawmen how easily criminals confess to a murder and calmly recount it in gruesome detail while concealing lesser offenses or what they think might be seen as signs of weakness.

For example, in a television interview with the NTV channel (October 1998), the serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko emotionally told that his purpose was in the murders, that he was not afraid of anything, and that he had surpassed God himself. The offender formulated his goal as "causing fear", explaining that even being taken into custody, he causes animal fear in people. In the majority of ordinary cases, when explaining criminal acts, there is a tendency to minimize one's role, downplay one's responsibility: "they just quarreled, thought badly, etc."

The fact that delinquents do not suffer discomfort because of their behavior, constitutes one of the main difficulties of social and psychotherapeutic influence on them.

Thus, the main mechanism of self-regulation of a sociopathic personality is acting out inner tension and negative feelings. At the same time, such people have an instant impulse to action. They also do not have the experience of increasing self-esteem through control of their own impulses. Sociopaths are often viewed as not worried enough. N. McWilliams explains this circumstance by instant acting out outside in combination with a refusal to recognize "weak" feelings. This means that if a sociopath does experience anxiety, then he acts out it so quickly that others around him do not have time to notice it.

The mechanism of formation of an antisocial orientation is not entirely clear. It has been proven that babies differ in temperament from birth. In this case, the constitutional prerequisites for sociopathy may be, for example, greater basal aggression or reduced reactivity of the nervous system (higher threshold of excitation). Indeed, in order to feel upbeat and good, a sociopath needs an edgy, more shaking experience. Special constitution may explain their constant desire for thrills, their reduced ability to perceive pedagogical influence and learn socially acceptable behavior, their inability to enjoy the things that other people usually do - music, nature, a good job. The congenitally hyperactive, demanding, or absent-minded child needs much more involvement of the father figure than is customary. A child with much more energy than parents can learn that you can ignore the needs of other people, do whatever you want, skillfully control the behavior of others.

Parental attitudes toward such children are characterized by instability, lack of discipline, indulgence, emotional misunderstanding, exploitation, and sometimes cruelty. The childhood of antisocial people is often marked by neglect, an abundance of danger and chaos (a chaotic mixture of harsh discipline and over-indulgence; a weak mother and a quick-tempered sadistic father; alcoholism and drugs in the family; family breaks). In such unstable and threatening circumstances the child does not receive a sense of security at the necessary moments of development, which may push him to spend the rest of his life searching for confirmation of his omnipotence.

For families of antisocial personalities, on the whole, it is not typical to understand and pronounce their feelings (the phenomenon of alexithymia). While most of us use words to express ourselves, sociopathic personalities use them to manipulate. Parents are unable to respond to the emotional needs of the child. They may also unconsciously show disobedience and hatred of authority, reacting with outrage when educators or others restrict their child's behavior. In general, the parents are deeply involved in the child's demonstration of power, and the sociopath has serious difficulty gaining self-respect in the normal way through experiencing the love and pride of his parents.

In the stories of the most destructive, criminal psychopaths, it is almost impossible to find consistent, loving, protective family influences. Z. Freud pointed out that: "The Trust of Love is the most important and the very first source of authority. The antisocial individual has probably simply never experienced the normal degree of affection and mutual love. He did not identify with those who cared for him. Instead, identification with an "alien self-object" that is experienced as predatory was made possible.

Quoting Meloy, McWilliams writes about "insufficiency of deep and unconscious identifications originally with a primary parental figure and especially archetypal and guiding identifications with the society and culture of humanity as a whole.

The subsequent contacts of the child with adults outside the family circle also do not enrich his personality with the necessary identifications. People around are loved as long as they contribute to satisfaction, and hated as soon as they deny it. Due to the lack of a full-fledged Super-I, there are no internal requirements that would cause a feeling of guilt. While there is an intellectual understanding of the consequences of behavior, there is no emotional understanding. Momentary pleasure is more important than the threat of future displeasure.

Thus, disruption of early object relations leads to severe personality disorder, experienced as an inability to establish attachment and recognize authority.

Despite the obvious similarity, O. Kernberg notes psychological heterogeneity of the “antisocial personality” group itself and proposes to single out several diagnostic subgroups in it.

If the actual antisocial disorder is not identified, there may be a so-called malignant narcissism. It manifests itself in a typical narcissistic personality disorder (grandiosity, superiority of the Self), characterologically rooted aggression (sadism towards others or self-directed aggression), paranoid tendencies and self-righteousness. Unlike the antisocial personality per se, malignant narcissism retains the potential for attachment and involvement with other people or feelings of guilt. Such people can understand other people's moral convictions, can be realistic about their past, and plan for the future.

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Great Definition

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DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

from lat. delictum - misdemeanor, eng. - delinqvency - offense, offense) - antisocial illegal behavior of an individual, embodied in his actions (actions or inactions) that harm both individual citizens and society as a whole. The concept of "P.D." representatives of criminology, sociology, pedagogy, social psychology and other branches of knowledge operate.

Particularly keen interest in scientific research is given to juvenile delinquency. The increase in the number of delicts committed by young people at a minor age, the increase in the proportion of serious violent crimes in their composition pose a threat to society. The causes that cause torts, the conditions that contribute to their spread among the youth, the personality characteristics of the delinquent (offender), the specifics of his socialization, delinquent subcultures, issues of prevention and prevention of offenses and a number of other problems are subject to study.

The infliction of harm by a delinquent is associated with an encroachment on a person, his rights and freedoms, property, the rights of legal entities, other public and state interests, as well as the legal order established by the state. Various types of P.D. not only subject to social condemnation. They are formalized by the state in the rules of law by describing the features that characterize them, and defining them as offenses for which various types of liability are established in the legislation.

Acts committed by a delinquent may constitute civil torts: causing property damage to a person or organization, causing moral damage to a person, discrediting the reputation of a person or legal entity, etc. Persons who commit them are subject to liability established by civil law.

The delinquent also include administrative offenses, expressed in violation of traffic rules, petty hooliganism (foul language, obscene language in public places, insulting harassment of citizens and other similar actions that violate public order and tranquility of citizens). Drinking alcoholic beverages on the streets, at stadiums, in squares, parks, in all types of public transport and in other public places are also considered as administrative offenses; appearance in public places in a drunken state, insulting human dignity and public morality; bringing a minor to the state of intoxication by parents or other persons. Such delicts as prostitution, distribution of pornographic materials or objects, etc., the list of which is quite extensive in the legislation on administrative offenses, also entail administrative liability.

Disciplinary offense as a type of P.D. - this is an unlawful, guilty non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by an employee of his labor duties. Disciplinary offenses (absenteeism without good reason, absenteeism without good reason for studying by students, appearing at work in a state of alcoholic, narcotic or toxic intoxication, drinking alcohol, using narcotic or toxic drugs at the workplace and during working hours, violation of labor protection rules, etc. .) entail disciplinary liability provided for by labor legislation.

A special public danger is represented by such a type of P.D. as a crime. Crimes are only those socially dangerous acts that are provided for by criminal law and prohibited by it under the threat of punishment. These include theft and murder, car theft and vandalism (desecration of buildings and damage to property), terrorism and rape, fraud, and illegal trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. These and many other crimes entail the most severe measures of state coercion - punishment and other measures of criminal liability (community service, fine, arrest, imprisonment, etc.), which are applied to persons who have reached the age of criminal responsibility: 16 years, and for some crimes - 14 years. The commission of acts recognized as crimes by persons who have not reached criminal liability entails the use of measures of influence that are of an educational nature (announcing a reprimand or a severe reprimand, placement in a special educational institution, etc.).

Sometimes P.D. mixed with deviant (deviant) behavior (Deviant Behavior). In fact, these concepts are not the same. They relate to each other as species and genus, part and whole. Any P.D. is deviant behavior, but not all deviant behavior can be attributed to P.D. Recognition of deviant behavior as delinquent is always associated with the actions of the state represented by its bodies authorized to adopt legal norms that enshrine in the legislation this or that act as an offense. State translation by P.D. into the category of acts that are not offenses, leads to their transition to the category of either deviant, or socially neutral, or even socially approved behavior. For example, feeding livestock and poultry bought baked bread, flour, cereals and other food products until March 1994, depending on the circumstances, was recognized in Belarus as an administrative offense or a crime, and then moved into the category of morally condemned deviant or socially neutral behavior. Commercial mediation, recognized as a crime in accordance with the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus of 1960, has lost the character of P.D. Since November 1991 and with the development of market relations, it has become the norm of behavior in the field of entrepreneurial activity.

Great Definition

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