2 degree of the placenta at 29 weeks of gestation. Low placentation during pregnancy: causes, consequences and recommendations. I week of pregnancy: discharge from the genital tract

28.05.2021

During pregnancy, special attention is paid to the condition of the placenta. Much depends on her health: the well-being and development of the baby, his life. When assessing the placenta, a parameter such as the thickness of the "child's place" is used. You will learn about what it should be at different periods of gestation, what may be the reasons, consequences of deviations from the norms by reading this article.

Structure and function

The placenta is a temporary organ that is needed only in the process of carrying a child. It provides a close connection between the mother and the fetus, acting as an intermediary in the most important processes for the development of the baby: gas exchange, nutrition, excretion of waste products. Through the uteroplacental blood flow, the baby receives blood enriched with oxygen, vitamins, minerals and water from the mother. Urea, creatinine, carbon dioxide are excreted back through the placenta.

The placenta is a "factory" of hormones needed to safely carry and give birth to a baby. It produces hCG, progesterone, estrogens, placental lactogen. Without a sufficient level of these hormones, it will not be possible to endure the baby, and breastfeeding will be a big question.

The placenta begins to form after implantation of the ovum into the uterine cavity. This usually happens 8-9 days after ovulation if the egg is fertilized. First, the appearance of the placenta is preceded by the chorion, thanks to which the blastocyst attaches to the functional layer of the endometrium of the uterus. Gradually, the chorion grows, new layers appear, and by the 14-16th week of pregnancy, the young placenta begins to perform its functions.

The "baby's place" grows and thickens until the middle of the second trimester, then the growth of the placenta stops, and its maturation or aging begins. Until 30 weeks, the placenta normally has a zero degree of maturity, then it becomes denser: deposits of calcium salts appear in it. Until the 34th week of pregnancy, the first degree, and after it (almost before childbirth) - the second. The third degree, indicating that the placenta has almost completely exhausted its resources and capabilities, is fixed shortly before childbirth (with the normal course of pregnancy).

Norms

Before 20 weeks of gestation, the thickness of the placenta has no diagnostic value. The "child's place" is determined by ultrasound, the place of its attachment is fixed, but the thickness will be measured only after 20 weeks. An ultrasound sensor will determine the thickest part of the placenta, take a measurement - it is this indicator that is considered decisive. It is important whether the thickness corresponds to the standard values for the current gestational age. The rates are shown in the table below.

Here is a table of the thickness of the placenta by week.

Gestation period (weeks)	Placenta thickness (normal range), mm
	16.7-28.6, usually 21.9
	17.4-29.7, on average - 22.8
	18.1-30.7, on average - 23.6
	18.8-31.8, on average - 24.5
	19.6-32.9, usually 25.3
	20.3-34.0, usually 26.2
	21.0-35.1, usually 27.0
	21.7-36.2, on average - 27.9
	22.4-37.3, on average 28.7
	23.2-38.4, on average - 29.6
	23.9-39.5, usually 30.5
	24.6-40.6, usually 31.3
	25.3–41.6, usually 32.1
	26.1-42.7, on average - 33.0
	26.8-43.9, on average - 33.8
	27.5-45.0, on average - 34.7
	28.0-46.1, on average - 35.5
	27.8-45.8, usually 34.3
	27.4-45.5, usually 34.0
	27.1-45.2, usually 33.7
	26.7-45.0, usually 33.4

The stated values are average. In practice, there may be minor deviations from these norms, and in each specific case, the doctor makes an informed decision based on the individual circumstances and characteristics of pregnancy. However, obvious deviations that are not limited to tenths of a millimeter require additional examination. A thin placenta that is no more than 20 mm thick or a thick placenta that is no more than 5 cm is abnormal.

If, in addition to the thickness of the placenta, which does not correspond to the timing, there are no other pathologies and complications of pregnancy, the decision is usually made to wait and observe. It is possible that the placenta has its own structural features, and they should not inspire concern if this thickness does not affect the functionality of the "child's place".

Causes and consequences of deviations

Deviations from the norms are of two types: a thick placenta or a very thin placenta. Both are risk factors, because anomalies in the structure of the "child's place" disrupt its functions, on which the well-being and development of the baby directly depends. It is worth considering both situations in detail.

Thick

Placental hyperplasia is spoken of when the thickness of the "child's seat" is higher than the upper limit of the permissible range of standard values. The greater the difference, the more serious the situation. A thick placenta alarms doctors much more than a thinned one, because with hyperplasia, the temporary organ ages and matures faster, and this is fraught with premature birth, fetal hypoxia, fetoplacental insufficiency and delayed development of the crumbs.

If the placenta ages prematurely, the baby in any case does not receive enough oxygen, vitamins and nutrients. He may show symptoms of intoxication of the body, because the placenta is worse and slower to cope with the excretion of waste products.

There are many reasons that can cause hyperplasia of the "child's place". This, for example, is diabetes mellitus in the expectant mother. With it, not only the thickness is disturbed, but also the structure of the placenta - an additional lobule may be present.

Thickness can be increased due to chronic anemia, which some pregnant women begin to experience early in their pregnancy.

If a woman has a viral illness (for example, influenza or ARVI) at an early stage, the likelihood that placental hyperplasia will occur is very high. By thickening the "child's seat" can respond to infections of the genital tract, sexually transmitted diseases, as well as "winged" infections (chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, and others).

At any stage of pregnancy, the thickness of the placenta can begin to increase due to the Rh-conflict, if the Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby, as a result of which sensitization has occurred. In the later stages, hyperplasia of the "child's place" threatens pregnant women with preeclampsia, edema, high blood pressure and overweight.

The functions of the placenta with thickening significantly deteriorate, especially the protective function. If the hyperplasia is due to an infection, such a placenta will not be able to protect the baby, he is more likely to become infected and may die in utero. The early stages of thickening do not make themselves felt in any way. Only with the passage of ultrasound diagnostics is it possible to determine such a violation.

But at a later date, the woman will be "informed" about the development of the pathology by the baby's movements: he will begin to show pronounced anxiety, and then episodes of motor activity will become more rare. On CTG, violations of the fetus can be detected, uteroplacental blood flow on USDG will also be impaired.

Treatment is prescribed only after determining the exact cause of the anomaly. If this is an infection, a woman is prescribed a course of antimicrobial or antiviral therapy, with diabetes mellitus, a standard course of treatment by an endocrinologist is prescribed, with gestosis, hospitalization may be required, as well as a diet, and normalization of blood pressure. Unfortunately, there are no medications that can lower the thickness of the placenta.

A woman is recommended drugs to improve blood flow in the uteroplacental vessels. Most often used "Actovegin" and "Curantil". In addition, vitamins and mineral supplements, iron supplements are prescribed.

In case of Rh-conflict, intrauterine blood transfusion can be performed.

Thin

If the thickness of the placenta for a given period does not exceed the values of the lower limit of the permissible range, they speak of underdevelopment or hypoplasia of the "child's place". The functionality of such a placenta is significantly limited, and only in one case it can be a variant of the norm: the woman herself has a fragile, slender physique and bears a small baby. In this case, the development of the crumbs will not suffer.

In all other cases, an underdeveloped "child's place" can lead to negative consequences: hypoxia, developmental delay, the threat of death of the baby. A thin placenta is sometimes an indicator of genetic abnormalities in the fetus. The risks of thinning the placenta increase after early viral infections, as well as due to sexually transmitted diseases.

Gestosis in the second half of pregnancy is one of the most common causes of hypoplasia, as is the presence of chronic diseases of the kidneys, heart, thyroid gland in a woman. Smoking during pregnancy, as well as the intake of alcohol and drugs, often leads to thinning.

Usually, with hypoplasia, there is a delay in the intrauterine development of the baby. You can cope with the problem by using drugs that improve uteroplacental blood flow, taking vitamins, and correcting the mother's nutrition. If the reasons are malformations or chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus, it is not possible to eliminate IUGR.

Since there is no way to independently feel the thinning or thickening of the "child's place", a woman should regularly and on time visit her doctor during pregnancy, undergo all the required examinations, take tests and do an ultrasound scan. Refusing to be examined can cost a mother and her baby dearly.

When detecting deviations in the thickness of the placenta, you do not need to fall into experiences- medicine has a sufficient arsenal of tools, techniques and medications to support the baby, to prolong gestation until the due date.

Avoid viral and infectious diseases during pregnancy, do not take medications without a doctor's prescription, stop smoking and alcohol, eat right, and be sure to monitor your blood pressure and weight.

The absence of risk factors reduces the likelihood of placental abnormalities.

For what the placenta is, what it is intended for, how it is located in the uterus, see the next video.

The child's height from crown to tailbone is 26 cm, total height 37 cm, weight 1200-1400 grams. The uterus continues to increase in size, its height above the navel is already 7.5-10 cm, and above the pubic symphysis - 29 cm.The total weight gain is 8.5-11.5 kg.

29th week of pregnancy

Usually, at the beginning, a woman begins to get very tired, it seems that nature itself is sending you on maternity leave. This is due to the fact that the volume of circulating blood at the 29-30th week increases to its maximum and is 5-6 liters. In parallel with this, the placenta begins to produce large amounts of the hormone progesterone, which relaxes the tone of blood vessels, including arteries, veins and capillaries. A woman can observe that under the skin, especially on the arms, chest, abdomen, legs, blue nets of blood vessels have become very noticeable. As a result, in pregnant women at the beginning of the 7th month, blood pressure usually drops, they begin to quickly and often get tired. If after rest you still feel tired, then inform your doctor about this symptom, so severe fatigue can be a consequence of anemia. Spend more time in the fresh air, breathe deeply, because a lack of oxygen can cause fetal hypoxia. Ask your husband and family to help you around the house, your rest is a guarantee of the child's health, it is not for nothing that in most families it is customary to "rush" with a pregnant woman and fulfill all her requirements and desires.

In addition to physical fatigue, a pregnant woman may now feel psychological fatigue caused by fear of childbirth, anxiety for the life and health of the child, and anxiety about whether she will cope with the stress after childbirth. The situation is further warmed up by the fact that our women, although they themselves know how hard and terribly pregnant they are, but for some reason they love to talk about passions about the maternity hospital, "bad" doctors, cruel nurses, about the procedure for straining and sleepless nights with a child who has tummy hurts. Either it is a national tradition, or a mentality, but our advice: Do not take these stories to heart, especially since what happened to other women will not necessarily happen to you. In addition, you can pre-tune yourself to the negative, which then happens, but on a psychological basis. It is better to read magazines for young mothers, they are bright, colorful and, in the latest trends in obstetrics, gynecology and pediatrics, tell useful things that may be useful to you in the future. From such magazines, you can cut out in the maternity hospital reminders about poses that reduce pain during labor, about the respiratory system, there are often topics like "School for young parents in pictures", where it is shown how to swaddle a baby, how to wear it correctly, how to massage, how correctly and in what positions to breastfeed. In addition, bright, positive pictures of smiling mothers and babies will set you in a positive mood. To cheer yourself up, do not forget about self-care: buy yourself beautiful pregnant clothes, do light makeup, do not forget about skin, hair and body care, pamper yourself with delicious and healthy products.

29th week of pregnancy - Now let's talk about the baby

Every day he becomes more plump and prettier. If suddenly premature birth occurs at the 29th week, then the baby has a lot of chances to survive, because he can already maintain his body temperature on his own, thanks to a good layer of subcutaneous fat accumulated over the last couple of months. By the 30th week, the baby will already weigh about 1.5 kg, by the time of childbirth, its weight will increase even more than 2 times and will be approximately 3.2-3.5 kg. After the 38th week, the growth of the baby slows down and the baby born after this period, but before the 42nd week is considered full-term. Due to the increase in size of the baby, you may also notice that he has become more relaxed in his tummy. Now there is less space in my mother's tummy, and he does not constantly perform acrobatic sketches, you mainly hear jerks with arms and legs. If the baby is in breech presentation, talk to the doctor - there are special gymnastic exercises that can help the baby roll over, swimming is very useful in this case. But do not worry in advance, there are still 10 weeks ahead and the child can take the correct position on his own. Another major change that occurs with the baby at the 29th week is the beginning of the functioning of his own immune system. Until that time, he was protected by the mother's immune cells, but now the baby is able to protect himself, which also increases the chance of his survival in case of premature birth.

Premature birth can occur for many reasons, the main ones being:

- defects and deviations in the development of the uterus;

- multiple pregnancies, when the uterus grows too much in size;

- abruption and placenta previa;

- rupture of membranes of the membranes (for example, due to injury or fall);

- insufficiency of the cervix;

- fetal malformations;

- intrauterine fetal death;

- an intrauterine device not removed in time;

- previous abortions or miscarriages (especially shortly before pregnancy);

- diseases of the expectant mother (diabetes mellitus, diseases of the thyroid gland, heart, sexually transmitted diseases);

- bad habits of the mother during pregnancy (smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction);

- incorrect determination of the gestational period of pregnancy.

If you have a predisposition for the above reasons, then it is imperative and timely to visit a doctor, take all the necessary tests, do an ultrasound scan and other procedures prescribed by a doctor. This will help, in case of danger of premature birth, to correctly determine the cause and decide whether to keep the pregnancy further or to give birth, whether to give the woman the opportunity to give birth herself or to have a cesarean section. In case of danger of premature termination of pregnancy, in addition to medications, the doctor will definitely prescribe you bed rest. Follow the doctor's orders, and you and your baby will be fine.

The placenta is the primary organ that determines the normal course of pregnancy. The thickness of the placenta by week plays a significant role in the life support of the developing fetus.

Placenta interesting
what to do at the doctor's care
ultrasound pain severity
to the doctor is comfortable listening

Translated from Greek, this word means "cake". Despite the frivolity of the name, the organ is of exceptional value.

Its uniqueness is that:

firstly, it lives only during pregnancy and is rejected within 15 minutes after the birth of a child, it is not for nothing that it is called a “child's place”, like any living organ, it goes through all the stages of formation, development and even aging;
secondly, the placenta is the only organ that simultaneously belongs to the mother and the child, the thickness of the placenta depends on the week of pregnancy, the norms are indicated in a special table.

Formation and hormonal functions

The base of the placenta is made up of villi that begin to form on the seventh day after conception. Inside the villi, the blood of the embryo circulates, and outside the villi is washed with the mother's blood.

Intuitive layout

There is a two-system process of blood circulation and gas exchange: maternal and fetal. Oxygen enters the fetus and returns to the mother's blood with carbon dioxide.

Depending on the week of pregnancy, the thickness of the placenta increases, active growth occurs at 19-35 weeks.

A very important point: mixing of the maternal blood flow and the baby's blood is excluded. A membrane is located between the vascular systems, which has the property of blocking the passage of harmful substances, allowing only those necessary and useful for the child to pass. This function is called the "placental barrier".

The planned development and formation of the child's place leads to full functioning by about 12 weeks of gestation.

There are several levels of maturity of the placenta, which are determined by the norms of thickness using ultrasound at 20 weeks of gestation. First, the place of attachment is determined, then the area with the largest size, according to which the thickness is calculated.

In addition to providing respiratory and other functions for the baby, there is an important hormonal function. The placenta contributes to the production of about fifteen hormones with various properties that are necessary for the normal bearing of a child. They preserve and prolong pregnancy.

Until week 27, the placenta is at an early stage of development. Starting from 32 weeks, the thickness rate changes and the second stage of development begins. Closer to childbirth, she begins to age, which speaks of the third stage of maturity.

Possible developmental disorders

There are cases of malfunctioning of the child's place under the influence of external or internal circumstances. If the pregnancy is proceeding normally, then the thickness of the placenta is constantly increasing and is closer to the 36th week of the term from 20 mm to 40 mm. Any deviations from the norm in the weeks of pregnancy and in the thickness of the placenta pose a threat of serious consequences.

No deviations from the norm

Quite often, doctors diagnose hypoplasia - this is a reduced thickness of the placenta. If this is an insignificant deviation from the norm, then you should not panic. A significant refinement of the child's seat is a rather rare occurrence. Moreover, there are sizes that fit a particular woman. They depend on the physique and other special parameters, when the norm of the thickness of the placenta is determined individually in accordance with the weeks of the gestation period. The diagnosis is made only after genetic examination and consultation.

During the gestation period, a decrease in the placenta can occur repeatedly. The reasons can be different:

the use of alcoholic beverages or drugs, smoking;
improper nutrition, diet;
depressive or stressful conditions;
hypertensive condition of a pregnant woman;
the presence of infectious and inflammatory processes;
preeclampsia, edema, the presence of protein in the urine.

Sometimes hypoplasia is associated with congenital malformations of the child, which threatens serious problems for the baby's health.

If by the 30th week of pregnancy, the thickness of the placenta is significantly underestimated and is less than 28 mm, this can lead to the following consequences:

there will be a change in the baby's heartbeat, usually the rhythm becomes weak;
hypodynamia will develop.

There are opposite cases - this is hyperplasia, when the placenta is greatly enlarged. The reasons for this fact may be different:

the presence of toxoplasmosis, syphilis or diabetes mellitus in a pregnant woman;
with Rh-conflict;
disruption of kidney function or dropsy in a baby;
the development of thrombosis in the villi of the placenta;
transferred virus or latent carrier of a viral disease.

Active thickening of the placenta can cause premature birth. The functions of providing the fetus with oxygen, hormones and nutrition begin to work intermittently. Treatment involves ongoing medical examination.

Procreation

If by 31 weeks the norm of the thickness of the placenta is significantly increased and is an order of magnitude more than 32 mm, then this can lead to the following consequences.

The manifestation of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the fetus is possible. If timely measures are not taken, then there is a risk of asphyxia, intrauterine death of the child from suffocation.
There have been cases of intrauterine growth retardation, which leads to different diagnoses after childbirth. For example, cerebral palsy in a child.

There is a threat of miscarriage or premature birth.

Compliance table

Week of pregnancy	Thickness norm
20	21,8
21	22,6
22	23,4
23	24,2
24	25,1
25	26,0
26	26,9
27	27,8
28	28,7
29	29,6
30	30,5
31	31,4
32	32,3
33	33,2
34	34,1
35	34,9
36	35,6
37	35,1
38	34,6
39	34,1
40	33,5

Mom's and Dad's baby

What should be the norm for the thickness of the placenta during pregnancy, you can find out by looking at the parameters in the specified table. For example, a size of 31 mm corresponds to 30-31 weeks of pregnancy. This value indicates that you are at the first stage of maturity, which is ideally consistent with the norm.

One of the main parameters of an organ that characterizes its condition is the determination of the degree of maturity. The performed ultrasound examination makes it possible to identify in advance the physiology and pathology of the child's place.

The specialist deciphers the indicators

Using the indicated table, you can always be aware of the changes taking place inside you, as well as monitoring the norms of the thickness of the placenta regarding the duration of pregnancy.

Ways to enlarge the placenta

There are no specific schemes and recipes for increasing or decreasing the thickness of the placenta. There is no cure as such, but it is possible to maintain the mother and fetus in a stable condition.

Complex therapy consists of:

constant supervision and medical advice;
elimination of the reasons that caused the deviation of the thickness of the placenta from the norm with respect to the duration of pregnancy;
taking vitamins and medications prescribed by your doctor.

The main task is to improve hypodynamics for the formation of the placenta and the development of the fetus. Where you can go is indicated below.

: Borovikova Olga

gynecologist, ultrasound doctor, geneticist

The placenta ("baby's place") is a temporary organ through which the mother and child's organisms are connected.

The full development of the fetus depends on the correct location and functioning of the placenta, therefore, its condition is assessed by doctors during pregnancy.

Timely identified changes can be medically corrected, so that the pregnancy will develop successfully.

The formation of a "child's place" begins already from the first days of pregnancy, when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall. This process ends by 12-16 weeks of gestation, and from that moment the placenta begins to fully function. It performs the following functions:

respiratory - supplying the fetus with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide;
trophic - providing the child with the nutrients he needs;
endocrine - hormonal support for pregnancy. The placenta itself produces a number of vital hormones, and also transfers the mother's hormones to the fetus;
barrier - protection of the child from exposure to harmful substances, but not from all. Medicines, alcohol, nicotine are able to penetrate through it;
immune protection - prevention of immune conflict between the organisms of the mother and the child.

The placenta can function correctly only if there are no abnormalities in its condition. Location, structure and thickness are monitored periodically during pregnancy.

How long are the indicators tracked?

The placenta is visualized during an ultrasound examination already at 11-13 weeks of gestation, but its thickness begins to be monitored from 20 weeks.

During an ultrasound scan, the thickest part of the organ is measured, after which the resulting indicator is compared with the accepted norm for each week of pregnancy.

Table. Placenta thickness rates at different weeks of pregnancy

Week of pregnancy	Placenta thickness, mm	Range of normal values, mm
20	21,96	16,7-28,6
21	22,81	17,4-29,7
22	23,66	18,1-30,7
23	24,52	18,8-31,8
24	25,37	19,6-32,9
25	26,22	20,3-34,0
26	27,07	21,0-35,1
27	27,92	21,7-36,2
28	28,78	22,4-37,3
29	29,63	23,2-38,4
30	30,48	23,9-39,5
31	31,33	24,6-40,6
32	32,18	25,3-41,6
33	33,04	26,0-42,7
34	33,89	26,8-43,8
35	34,74	27,5-44,9
36	35,59	28,0-46,0
37	34,35	27,8-45,8
38	34,07	27,5-45,5
39	33,78	27,1-45,3
40	33,5	26,7-45,0

Normally, the thickness increases up to 36 weeks of gestation. Then its growth stops and by the date of delivery, the thickness of the organ decreases slightly.

If the thickness at a certain stage of pregnancy goes beyond the established norms, this is a sign of its malfunctioning. This state of the placenta is fraught with a delay in the intrauterine development of the fetus, so a woman needs drug therapy.

Sometimes the value of the thickness of the placenta is slightly outside the permissible range, but this does not affect the development of the fetus in any way. In this case, doctors take a wait-and-see tactic, monitoring the state of the placenta and fetus in dynamics.

Thick placenta

Hyperplasia (thickening) of the placenta is diagnosed when its thickness exceeds the upper limit of the permissible norm.

The following factors can provoke a thickening of the placenta:

acute viral infections;
sexually transmitted diseases (eg, gonorrhea, syphilis);

A thickening of the placenta is a much more serious pathology than its thinning. The thick placenta ages faster, which can lead to.

At the same time, the "child's place" ceases to fully fulfill its functions.

This condition is dangerous for the child: he may develop hypoxia (oxygen starvation), intrauterine growth retardation. If placental hyperplasia is caused by a sexually transmitted disease, then the infection can be transmitted in utero to the fetus. In especially severe cases, antenatal fetal death is also likely.

The initial stage of thickening of the placenta, which does not yet affect the well-being of the child, can only be determined using ultrasound.

A later stage of hyperplasia, when the fetus is already beginning to suffer, can be suspected by the changed nature of the child's movements or on the CTG apparatus.

The effectiveness of the treatment of hyperplasia depends on the correct diagnosis of the cause of the disease. To determine the factor that provoked the thickening of the "child's place", a woman needs to undergo a set of diagnostic procedures:

examination for TORCH infection;
general urine and blood tests;
gynecological smear for flora;
blood test for antibodies;

It is impossible to influence the thickness of the placenta with the help of medication, but uteroplacental blood flow can be improved. For this, the expectant mother is prescribed a course of treatment with drugs "" or "Actovegin".

At the same time, the underlying disease that caused the hyperplasia is being treated. Depending on the diagnosis, the woman is prescribed a course of antibiotics, antiviral drugs, drugs to lower blood sugar, or.

In the case of Rh-conflict, only intrauterine blood transfusion is effective; in severe cases, the pregnancy must be terminated.

If the thickness of the "child's place" is less than it should be in the norm, hypoplasia of the placenta is assumed, that is, its underdevelopment and limited functionality.

A thin placenta can be a physiological feature of women of short stature and fragile physique. In this case, the discrepancy between the size of the placenta does not affect the development of the child in any way.

But there are other reasons why the thickness does not fit into the lower limits of the norm:

genetic abnormalities in the fetus;
infectious diseases carried by the mother during pregnancy;
late toxicosis;
concomitant diseases (atherosclerosis, and some others);
the mother's use of alcohol, tobacco or drugs during pregnancy.

The thin placenta is not able to provide the child with the required amount of nutrients and oxygen. This leads to a delay in the development of the fetus.

If, in the presence of a thin placenta, ultrasound determines the low weight and growth of the fetus, doctors prescribe additional examinations - CTG and Doppler.

They will allow you to assess the severity of intrauterine growth disorders.

Placental hypoplasia can only be corrected if it is caused by a mother's illness. The woman is placed in a hospital, where the underlying disease is treated and the child's intrauterine development is corrected.

The patient is prescribed drugs that stabilize blood flow in the placenta. The entire period of treatment is monitored by the child's heartbeat and its activity.

In some cases, when placental hypoplasia provokes a serious deterioration in the child's condition, emergency delivery is performed. But with the current level of development of medicine, such a result is rather an exception. With the timely identification of the problem, competent drug support and monitoring of the condition of the fetus, the treatment of hypoplasia is successful.

The discrepancy between the thickness of the placenta and the gestational age cannot be determined and leveled independently. Therefore, a pregnant woman should not avoid visiting doctors and undergoing necessary examinations.

If, as a result of the diagnosis, a thickening or thinning of the placenta is revealed, there is no need to be upset prematurely. Treatment of this pathology is carried out only when there is a threat to the full development of the fetus.

In this case, the woman will be asked to undergo a course of treatment in a hospital. Timely therapy will help maintain the work of the placenta and the negative impact on the child will be minimized.

Another week is over. Your baby has already grown noticeably - up to 36 cm, and weighs more than a kilogram. Now he already looks quite like a baby. The face has rounded, the fluff disappears from his body, wrinkles have appeared on his arms and legs. The lubricant that used to cover his entire body now remains only on the tummy and in the area of the folds. The diameter of its head is already 73 mm, and the volume of the breast and tummy is 74.4 mm and 79.3 mm. You notice that he is no longer moving so rapidly within you. He is simply cramped. Soon he will take a position in which he will remain already until the very birth.

The baby's blood now contains all the ingredients it needs to carry oxygen and protect the body from infections. True, before the baby is born, venous and arterial blood is still mixed. And the final separation of the arterial and venous flows will occur later, when the baby's lungs are connected to the enrichment of the blood with oxygen.

The kidneys of the baby emit almost half a liter of urine every day. And the digestive system is developed enough to readjust to milk intake.

Although sometimes you think that you are terribly tired of your pregnancy, there is still at least seven to eight weeks of waiting ahead. But now you can safely postpone your affairs and do the main thing - preparations for the birth of a child. Let the career wait. It's time to go on maternity leave. And, you must admit, now it is very opportune.

Because of the growing tummy, any exit "out into the world" - to the store, to the market, to visit your parents - is a real feat for you. You feel that the usual everyday things are already difficult for you, you have to rest more often. Disturbed by back pain.

The uterus has already risen by 29 cm. From time to time there is a feeling that the skin on the abdomen, due to the rapid increase in its size, does not have time to stretch. In places of stretch marks (striae), itching appears. Perhaps a daily light massage with a damp, hard washcloth and moisturizers will help you. At the very least, they will help relieve dryness.

As a rule, in the later stages, many women complain of heaviness in the legs and notice the veins that have emerged. Varicose veins can manifest itself not only on the legs, similar signs occur in the area of the external genital organs. Similar reasons lead to hemorrhoids. The reason for this is the increased pressure on the vessels during pregnancy. As a rule, the manifestations of hemorrhoids are aggravated by frequent constipation, which occurs for a similar reason - due to the pressure of the uterus on the intestines.

How to avoid such vascular problems? With varicose veins of the legs, it is recommended to wear compression stockings, try to put your legs on a roller or elevation in order to facilitate the outflow of blood. To reduce the tendency to constipation, it is worth adding vegetables, cereals, and plums to the menu. Vitamin C is responsible for strengthening the walls of blood vessels. The same rosehip will bring double benefits - it contains ascorbic acid and improves kidney function.

29th week of pregnancy: discharge from the genital tract

Which secretions speak of health, and which ones - about the danger of infections or premature birth, you have learned a long time ago. And therefore, you are sensitive to the slightest changes.
For any bloody discharge and abdominal pain, an ambulance should be called. Similarly, with watery discharge, amniotic fluid can leak. This means that there is a high risk of infection. In this case, medical supervision is simply necessary.

29th week of pregnancy: nutrition of the pregnant woman

In the last trimester of pregnancy, the risk of gestosis increases, which primarily manifests itself in the form of edema. In order not to create additional prerequisites for them, it is worthwhile to slightly limit the use of table salt. But limiting doesn't mean giving up. The fact is that a lot of salt is usually found in smoked and salted foods. In addition, their use causes thirst, and with a saturated "salt diet", the liquid is retained in the body. While reducing the amount of salt you eat throughout the day will help your kidneys cope with water excretion.

I must say, many pregnant women noticed that during this period they often pull on salty. And in summer, when more water is removed from the body along with sweat, the need for salt increases. It is no coincidence that some women talk about how often they simply could not get drunk with water if it was not salted.

So, the conclusion: table salt (sodium chloride) is needed by the body. But only in moderation. Salt is a part of the blood, helps to maintain blood vessels in good shape, and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses.

Excess or deficiency of anything, including salt, is harmful. Therefore, let the salt you eat supplement only foods that are good for your health. It needs no more than a teaspoon per day. Therefore, those who are very fond of all kinds of smoked meats and pickles need to know that this way you immediately overfulfill the daily norm. And for pregnant women, such an overfulfillment of the plan can result in edema, increased blood pressure and even gestosis.

Alternatively, you can use a salt with a reduced content of sodium chloride, where partly, in percentage, it is replaced by compounds of potassium and magnesium with chlorine.
Iodized salt is also recommended. But the fact is that as soon as you open the pack, iodine immediately evaporates from there. Although, of course, iodine is also very useful.

Ultrasound:
Now the weight of your baby is more than a kilogram - on average by 150-160 g. And the body length is up to 37 cm. Therefore, you notice that when the child moves on the surface of the abdomen, you can feel parts of his body - the heel, the elbow. His bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of red blood cells, is already well developed. Like ribs, intercostal spaces and other organs and systems. Even individual facial features are already quite recognizable. Even teeth and enamel have formed on them, but for the time being they will be hidden under the gums. The kid is sensitive to voices, music, light.