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If a pregnant woman has a reduced protein in the blood. The main types of proteins in human blood plasma. Decreased blood protein levels

High protein in the blood during pregnancy is a dangerous position for the successful implementation of childbirth. Total blood protein during pregnancy- this is exactly the indicator that displays the picture of protein metabolism, shows the composition of the blood serum of all available proteins. According to the norms of protein in a woman's blood, it should vary from 64 to 84 hl.

The degree of total protein is the main laboratory coefficient, since different proteins are responsible for numerous actions of the human body and the movements that occur in it:

  • Inconsistency, viscosity, blood clotting;
  • The size of the blood fluid in the vascular reservoirs;
  • Transfer of exogenous, endogenous lipid element, hormone, pigments;
  • According to the blood vessels as absolutely all vital vital organ;
  • Stability of the hydrogen characteristic of blood PH;
  • The protective function of the body and so on.

As a whole, blood protein implies the union of two key parts - albumin and globulin. The first of the elements is a product of the liver, and the second is the result of the synthesis of lymphocytes.

The presence of low hemoglobin, that is, the level of protein in the blood fluid, is a fairly common occurrence during carrying a baby.

Due to the physiological transformation of the activity of the body of a girl carrying a child, a gradual decrease in hemoglobin is carried out. An increased level of protein in the blood of a pregnant woman is detected under certain factors, both external and internal. And sometimes hereditary.

An increased level of hemoglobin is detected in women who have bad habits such as smoking. In order to avoid the possible harmful consequences, highly qualified specialists recommend that during pregnancy planning to exclude all bad habits a few months before conception and subsequent bearing of the baby. Since this increase in protein in the blood during pregnancy has the ability to be triggered by the position of the renal, cardiac activity of the expectant mother.

Increased protein in the blood during pregnancy is characterized by the following symptoms:

  • Violation of the visual apparatus;
  • Drowsiness, fatigue;
  • Lack of desire to eat.

This symptomatology has similar features to the process that manifests itself during a reduced protein level. When carrying a baby, blood fluid must be systematically donated for research, because a high level of hemoglobin affects the density and viscosity of the blood.

Every expectant mother should know that increased hemoglobin leads to the death of a child in the first trimester or to the development of fetal hypoxia. This is because the thickened blood fluid in the presence of high protein does not have the ability to sufficiently saturate the amniotic fluid with nutrients, and the development of the fetus is slowed down.

It is very important to consider the fact that when carrying a child, you need to drink a lot of fluids at the first signs of a high hemoglobin level. With an elevated protein for a long time, it is necessary to consult a hematologist and carry out the necessary course of restorative therapy.

Highly qualified specialists and doctors of the antenatal clinic categorically prohibit taking vitamins without their own prescription, since many of the drugs contain elements of group B, folic acid, zinc, copper, and they, in turn, help to absorb iron, which leads to an increase in the level of protein in the blood during pregnancy ...

The presence of increased hemoglobin in a woman during the first trimester of bearing a child can lead to fetal freezing in the period of 5 months. Therefore, when carrying a baby, you need to very carefully monitor the level of protein in the blood, since it is he who has a strong effect on the body of the baby and mother.

In the presence of the usual course of pregnancy, a huge number of adaptive and adaptive processes are carried out in the functioning of the girl's body, which are aimed at ensuring adequate flow of the gestational period, as well as the growth and formation of the baby. The cardinal restructuring of the female body is associated with a change in the blood system of hemostasis, endocrine immune, biochemical conditions, which is reflected in the blood test.

It is known that laboratory data on blood fluid studies in girls carrying a child, as well as in non-pregnant girls, of course, have differences.

Increased protein in the blood during pregnancy is a signal of impaired functioning of the body. The protein rate per day should not exceed more than 63-83 g / l. Its slight variation has every chance of manifesting itself in the presence of stressful situations, as well as vigorous physical activity.

If the indicator is sufficiently lowered from the norm, this level is not a pathological process, and the increased amount of protein included in the norm helps to provide the body with more optimal activity of the anticoagulant and coagulation system. Carries out the formation and promotes the growth of babies of the uterus, mammary glands, placenta, the body's immune defense.

Every mom-to-be should remember that protein is directly dependent on nutrition. Girls carrying a child need to be very careful and scrupulous about their own diet. It must be fortified with nutrients and properly formulated. After all, the general state of health of the unborn child depends on what the mother uses.

Elevated blood protein during pregnancy: biochemical diagnostics

In order to find out the level of protein in the body, every pregnant girl must carry out a biochemical analysis of blood fluid. For diagnostic manipulations, blood sampling is carried out from a vein.

You cannot eat anything before the procedure, as it is performed on an empty stomach. In addition, you should not overeat before taking the study. Diagnostics recommend taking water before manipulation, which is purified and does not contain gas.

If a pregnant girl takes any medications, she needs to warn the diagnostician, since the substances contained in the medicine will affect the protein level indicators.

At times it happens that a specialist prescribes a biochemical test several times if there is a suspicion of the presence of:

  • Serious liver disease.
  • Chronic and acute infectious process.
  • Systemic pathology.
  • Malignant neoplasm in which a protein produces an excess amount.
  • Fluid deficiency, due to exposure to nephritis, intestinal obstruction, vomiting, diarrhea.
  • Autoimmune pathological processes.

The results of biochemical analysis help the female doctor to find out the root causes of high protein in the blood during pregnancy, as well as to determine the measures of influence on its decrease.

Future mothers should remember that timely diagnosis of the pathological process helps to prescribe the most effective recovery and fights against high levels of protein in the blood at an early stage. In the presence of any unknown symptoms, it is imperative to consult a highly qualified gynecologist and obstetrician to prevent further complications.

Traditionally, a biochemical blood test during pregnancy is carried out 2 times for the entire period. At the time of registration of the antenatal clinic. From 28 to 30 weeks if during this analysis there is no need for an earlier diagnosis.

Protein throughout pregnancy should remain within the permissible limits, since its decrease, as well as its increase, has a direct impact on the development of the fetus and the life of the expectant mother.

For the full operation of all systems of the human body, you need to monitor the level of protein in the blood, which performs many important functions: it is responsible for immunity, blood clotting, and participates in the construction of cells.

It is especially important to maintain a normal protein level during pregnancy, since it is this substance that ensures the development of the fetus, the ability of the mother's body to resist various viral diseases.

However, pregnant women often experience deviations from the norm up or down, which requires urgent adjustments with diet or medication.

Total protein in the blood: the norm during pregnancy

The protein level is determined by biochemical analysis of blood taken from a vein. The study is carried out in the morning, before breakfast.

Even small nuances affect the result, so it is necessary to carefully follow all preparation recommendations:

  1. You should not eat a lot the day before. It is necessary that there is a large interval between blood sampling and food intake - from eight hours. Therefore, if you have a habit of having dinner late in the evening, it is better to refrain from eating before taking the test.
  2. Do not drink sweet tea prior to the study. Before the procedure, you can use only purified, always non-carbonated water.
  3. You need to come to the clinic for blood sampling on an empty stomach.

The norm for a woman during pregnancy is an order of magnitude lower than that of an ordinary person. Her total protein should be in the range from 55 to 65 g / l, while in a girl who is not going to become a mother yet, protein can reach 85 g / l. This difference is due to changes in the maternal body.

Low blood protein during pregnancy: causes

Total protein may be lower than the rates dictated by the norm during pregnancy. If the difference is insignificant, then most likely this is due to research errors. During the procedure for taking material for analysis, it is important not only the preparedness of the pregnant woman, but also how tight the tourniquet is, in what position the patient is. Too low protein during pregnancy can be due to the following reasons:

  • The presence of liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors).
  • Digestive system problems (pancreatitis, intestinal inflammation).
  • Severe forms of poisoning.
  • Disorders of the kidneys.
  • Excess or lack of water in the body.
  • Oncology.
  • Hereditary diseases.
  • Autoimmune diseases.
  • Prolonged fasting or unbalanced nutrition.

The presence of any diseases leads to the fact that the protein is not absorbed by the woman's body. If its level is low, it is necessary to urgently be examined to determine the reasons for this. Based on them, a course of treatment is prescribed, aimed at eliminating the problem. Timely detection and correction of protein deficiency will help to carry the baby healthy.

The total protein in the blood is not always lowered during pregnancy due to some health problems. Sometimes this is due only to improper nutrition, the lack of protein foods in the diet.

How to raise blood protein during pregnancy

A woman preparing to become a mother should especially carefully monitor her health, because a lot depends on this: the normal course of pregnancy, the full development of the fetus, the timely birth of a child. That is why, in the presence of the slightest deviations identified by research, it is impossible to postpone taking the measures necessary for treatment.

The first thing to do is to go with the test results to your doctor who is observing the pregnancy. You should not try to figure out the problem yourself by asking questions on various forums and following the advice of unknown people. This approach can only exacerbate the situation, which initially might not have been dangerous at all. A consultation with your doctor will help you find the right solution. His recommendations must be followed rigorously.

There are two ways to raise your total protein level during pregnancy:

  1. Medication. Prescribing drugs is carried out only after the reasons for the changes that have occurred have been determined. The doctor recommends drugs based on the diagnosis and condition of the pregnant woman. They can be aimed at curing diseases that caused a lack of protein, or helping the body to assimilate the latter.
  2. Compliance with a diet. One of the most common problems for women during pregnancy is the lack of a balanced diet. The reasons for this may be due to poor appetite, severe toxicosis, when certain foods provoke bouts of nausea in a pregnant woman, or simply eating habits that a girl has developed even before pregnancy.

Often, a lack of protein is observed in vegetarians who do not follow the sufficient intake of protein foods. In all these cases, the only sure way to fix the problem is to follow a special diet.

Low Protein Eating

There is a special list of foods to eat when protein depletion. It looks like this.

The most protein-rich foods:

  • fermented milk products;
  • a fish;
  • seafood;
  • nuts;
  • meat.

Medium protein foods:

  • fat meat;
  • sausage;
  • eggs;
  • milk.

Also, the list of recommended products for consumption contains various vegetables, fruits, berries, almost free of protein, but necessary to saturate the body with useful microelements, without which protein may simply not be assimilated.

There is a reservation regarding fatty foods, raw smoked products: they should not be completely abandoned, but such food should be consumed in limited quantities. For women during pregnancy, the recommended daily protein intake is twice as much as usual. It is also important to remember about the variety of the menu: you cannot constantly eat the same set of products.

Preventive measures

Preventing changes in blood protein levels is also related to nutrition. There are several simple rules that must be followed constantly, and not only during pregnancy.

  1. Regular meals without missing meals (there should be at least four per day).
  2. Inclusion in the diet of foods of animal origin: fish, eggs, meat.
  3. The use of fermented milk products, legumes, nuts.
  4. Drinking water regularly (at least a liter every day).
  5. Consumption of a sufficient amount of vegetables, fruits.
  6. Quitting smoking, alcohol.

You should also constantly monitor your health to prevent the development of diseases leading to changes in protein levels during pregnancy.

Protein in the blood during pregnancy is an important indicator of the state of the body. Therefore, its definition is always assigned under this state. The concept of "total protein" includes the total amount of all protein formations found in the blood serum.

Protein in the human body is an organic polymer and the basic structural unit of all cells and systems; most important processes cannot occur without its participation. Its main functions are as follows:

  • participation in the process of developing immunity;
  • transfer of substances and microelements with blood flow to all organs;
  • blood clotting.

It is the protein in the blood that determines its main rheological properties, and its indicators directly indicate the state of homeostasis.

Protein norms during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the doctor prescribes many studies and tests. The most objective test of the body for normal kidney function is urine analysis. During the normal course of pregnancy, the kidneys excrete no more than 120 mg of protein per day. An increase in this indicator may indicate that a pathological process may develop that can occur exclusively during pregnancy - gestosis (nephropathy).

Of course, we are talking about a pronounced increase, since minor fluctuations around the normal indicator can be associated with physical or psycho-emotional overload.

During preeclampsia, characteristic symptoms are also high blood pressure and the formation of edema. If these signs are detected at an early stage, then it is possible to take timely measures and prevent the development of preeclampsia and eclampsia (cerebral edema and severe convulsive syndrome). These serious conditions can be life-threatening for the mother and her unborn baby.

How to donate blood correctly?

In the blood serum, the protein during the normal course of pregnancy ranges from 63-83 g / l. During the entire period of pregnancy, the process of donating blood is prescribed several times. This should be done only on an empty stomach, which for many women in a position presents certain difficulties, since the symptoms of toxicosis are intensified as a result of the lack of a morning meal. Nevertheless, it is necessary to be patient, as the result of the research depends on it.

  • tumor process;
  • liver disease or kidney problems;
  • acute or chronic infectious processes;
  • systemic diseases.

Decreased protein

A phenomenon such as a decrease in the level of total protein in the blood serum in pregnant women, or hypoproteinemia, can be observed with a reduced intake of protein from food (with diet or toxicosis), or with problems with absorption (chronic gastrointestinal diseases), may indicate liver disease and its violation synthesis (parenchymal hepatitis, carcinoma, metastatic lesions). A flood of the body and an increase in the volume of the liquid part of the blood lead to similar results.

A decrease in total protein can also be recorded during thermal burns, when its increased breakdown occurs in the body, the same process can be caused by cancerous neoplasms, thyrotoxicosis, some hereditary diseases, and severe physical overload.

Minor changes in the direction of decrease can be detected due to the fact that during pregnancy the total blood volume increases, since the need for blood supply appears with the intensive growth of the fetus.

Increased protein during pregnancy

An increase in the value of total protein can be noted during pregnancy only in some cases, but this result indicates serious abnormalities in the body and is an alarming signal. This can happen in such cases:

  1. Severe acute infectious diseases or exacerbation of a chronic infection.
  2. Autoimmune processes, such as lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis, reactive arthritis.
  3. With myeloma or lymphogranulomatosis, when there is an overproduction of a pathological protein and paraproteinemia occurs.
  4. Decrease in the liquid component of the blood (with severe vomiting, diarrhea, the development of nephritis).

What can be done?

Before interpreting the results of a biochemical analysis, you should make sure that it was carried out correctly, in compliance with all the doctor's requirements. If the protein values ​​are very different from normal values, then in such cases it is necessary to find out what is the reason for this phenomenon.

In the event that a pregnant woman has a low protein in the blood, the child may have developmental inhibition, since this component is necessary for the construction of all organs and systems of the future organism. Therefore, a timely visit to a doctor with this problem can prevent many negative consequences not only for the mother, but also for the baby.

If the protein in a pregnant woman is lowered due to its not entering the body from the outside, then the diet should be revised and more foods with a high protein content should be introduced. These are cheese, all kinds of dairy products, legumes. Be sure to eat meat dishes.

In case of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, all efforts should be directed at eliminating inflammatory processes in the stomach, taking enveloping agents, and reducing the use of fatty, spicy and sweet foods.

Many pathological conditions require immediate referral to narrow specialists (gastroenterologist, oncologist, rheumatologist, endocrinologist) to decide further tactics of pregnancy management and the possibility of providing maximum assistance with minimal consequences for the unborn child.

A biochemical blood test allows you to assess the work of internal organs and body systems - liver, kidneys, the ratio of trace elements in the body, their deficiency and excess. A biochemical blood test is taken strictly in the morning on an empty stomach, at least after an eight-hour fast. Blood is drawn from the cubital vein. During pregnancy, a biochemical analysis must be submitted twice - when registering and at 30 weeks of pregnancy.

In the early stages of pregnancy, that is, when registering with an antenatal clinic, this blood test shows changes in the body of a pregnant woman that existed before pregnancy, identifies chronic diseases and pathological conditions of various organs and body systems.

The study of blood biochemistry at 30 weeks shows how correctly the woman's body adapts to the state of pregnancy, identifies failures in adaptation processes and helps in the timely diagnosis of pathological conditions that arise in the body of the expectant mother, thus preventing serious complications of pregnancy.

With various diseases of a pregnant woman, the frequency of delivery of a biochemical blood test, as well as the list of the studied parameters, may change. For example, in case of early toxicosis, it is mainly liver enzymes and the electrolyte composition of the blood (the concentration of trace elements in it) that are investigated, in kidney diseases - protein, urea and creatinine, in diabetes mellitus - protein, liver enzymes, trace elements, glucose.

A standard biochemical blood test usually includes an assessment of the following indicators - total protein, bilirubin, glucose, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, iron, calcium.

Total protein

This is the most important indicator of protein metabolism in the body of a pregnant woman. Protein has many important functions. In pregnant women, the total protein content is usually assessed. Normally, it is 64–83 g? /? L (it must be remembered, however, that in some laboratories the standard values ​​may differ slightly, which is due to the technology of the analyzes). In the third trimester, there may be a slight decrease in the concentration of protein in the blood. Total whey protein is composed of a mixture of proteins with different structures and functions. With pronounced changes in the protein content, individual groups of blood plasma proteins - albumin and globulins - can also be determined. Albumin is synthesized mainly in the liver, globulins - in blood cells, lymphocytes. Their definition and ratio allows you to more accurately assess the dysfunctions of internal organs.

A slight decrease in the level of protein (and physiological hypoproteinemia) is observed in pregnant women in the third trimester due to the so-called "dilution" of blood, that is, an increase in the volume of its liquid part - plasma, as well as due to the increased use of albumin for the construction of fetal tissues. In addition, a decrease in protein is noted with insufficient intake of it with food (for example, with improper nutrition of a pregnant woman, with toxicosis of the first half), with intestinal pathology, diseases of the liver, pancreas and kidneys, and bleeding.

An increase in the amount of protein can be with dehydration, acute and chronic infectious diseases.


Lipid metabolism

Of lipids (fats) during pregnancy, cholesterol (cholesterol) is mainly determined, sometimes triglycerides. Cholesterol is the most important indicator of lipid metabolism, serves as a structural component of cell membranes, participates in the synthesis of sex hormones, bile acids, vitamin D.

The content of cholesterol in the blood is highly dependent on age. The normal level of cholesterol in the blood of a young woman is 3.15–5.8 mmol? /? L. During pregnancy, in the second and third trimesters, there is a physiological increase in total cholesterol levels up to 6.0–6.2, which is caused by an increased formation of cholesterol in the liver, since the need for it increases to build the vascular bed of the placenta and fetus, and increased synthesis of hormones.

In the blood, cholesterol is in the form of highly soluble complex compounds with special transport proteins. These complex compounds are called lipoproteins. Depending on the solubility of such complex compounds and some of their other physicochemical properties, low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are distinguished.

During pregnancy, the increase in cholesterol levels occurs mainly due to LDL, while the level of HDL is practically unchanged. The level of HDL is normally 0.9-1.9 mmol? /? L, does not depend on age and does not change during pregnancy, LDL - in women aged 18 to 35 years, approximately 1.5-4.1 mmol? /? L, during pregnancy, the LDL level increases to about 5.5 mmol? /? L. A lipidogram (a comprehensive study of the lipoprotein composition of the blood) must be examined in obese patients and in the presence of diabetes mellitus.

Triglycerides are fats that are the main source of energy in the cells of the body. They enter the body with food, and are also synthesized by the cells of adipose tissue, liver, and intestines. The normal value of the content of triglycerides in the blood depends on age and in young women is approximately 0.4-1.7 mmol? /? L. During pregnancy, an increased level of female sex hormones and a reduced amount of protein in the blood lead to a physiological increase in triglyceride levels in the second and third trimesters up to 2.7 mmol? /? L.

Cholesterol level

High cholesterol It is noted in some hereditary genetic diseases, liver and pancreas diseases, diabetes mellitus, decreased thyroid function, kidney disease, excess fat intake.

Lowered cholesterol occurs during starvation, severe toxicosis of the first half of pregnancy, excessive thyroid function, infectious diseases.

Cholesterol level HDL is markedly increased in diabetes mellitus, increased thyroid function, obesity and decreased in smoking, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, eating carbohydrate-rich foods.

LDL level increases in diabetes mellitus, kidney and thyroid diseases and decreases in chronic anemia, diseases of the lungs and joints, excessive thyroid function. A decrease is noted with insufficient thyroid function, a diet poor in animal fats, and stress.

Triglyceride level in the blood is increased in some hereditary diseases, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, decreased thyroid function, pancreatic diseases, kidney pathology, in inflammatory liver diseases. Reduced triglyceride levels with malnutrition, chronic lung disease, increased thyroid function.


Carbohydrate metabolism

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. The main biochemical indicator is the blood glucose level. The normal level of glucose in the venous blood is 4.1–5.9 mmol? /? L. Glucose levels vary during pregnancy. Most often, it remains the same as before pregnancy and decreases slightly. This is due to hormones that the placenta produces and an increased level of pancreatic hormone -
insulin, which is involved in carbohydrate metabolism. A blood glucose test is mandatory for all pregnant women, and in the presence of risk factors for diabetes mellitus in pregnant women (so-called gestational diabetes), the blood glucose level is assessed more often, sometimes even a glucose tolerance test is performed - determining the blood glucose level on an empty stomach and 2 hours after taking 75 g glucose.

Glucose level

An increase in glucose levels is primarily noted in diabetes mellitus, as well as in some other endocrine diseases, in diseases of the pancreas, liver, kidneys, severe stress, and smoking.

A decrease in glucose concentration can be in case of liver diseases, dysfunction of the thyroid gland and other endocrine glands, and diseases of the pancreas.

Bilirubin

One of the important indicators of a biochemical blood test, which is necessarily assessed in all pregnant women, is blood pigment - bilirubin... Bilirubin is a bile pigment that is formed as a result of the breakdown hemoglobin- Respiratory protein contained in erythrocytes(red blood cells).

During the breakdown of hemoglobin, free bilirubin is initially formed, which is transported from the spleen to the liver in combination with the protein. Then, in the liver, free bilirubin binds with a special acid (glucuronic), resulting in the formation of direct, less toxic bilirubin, which is actively secreted into the bile ducts and excreted in the bile. Bilirubin is contained in blood serum in the form of two fractions: direct (bound) and indirect (free) bilirubin, which together make up total blood bilirubin. During pregnancy, the determination of total bilirubin is mandatory, direct and indirect can be determined only in the presence of pathological changes in the level of total bilirubin. The normal level of total bilirubin is on average 5–21 µmol? /? L; during pregnancy, the bilirubin content usually does not change.

Concentration in blood

An increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood is noted with anemia due to the accelerated decay of erythrocytes, a lack of vitamin B12. In this case, the increase in total bilirubin occurs mainly due to the free fraction. With liver diseases and blockage of the bile ducts, an increase in the level of total bilirubin occurs due to direct and indirect bilirubin. With an increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the serum above 27–34 µmol? /? L, jaundice appears - a yellow coloration of the skin and sclera of the eyeball.
A reduced amount of bilirubin is noted with the use of large amounts of vitamin C, caffeine, and certain medications.


Enzymes

A standard biochemical blood test necessarily includes an assessment of the body's enzymes - these are specific proteins that are involved in various biochemical reactions as catalysts (substances that accelerate the reaction rate).

The main enzymes evaluated during pregnancy are ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase and, sometimes, according to the testimony, they examine pancreatic alpha-amylase.

Alanine aminotransferase(ALT). It is a cellular enzyme that is involved in metabolic processes. The maximum amount of ALT is found in the liver and kidneys, so it is used to diagnose damage to these organs. The normal value of the content of this enzyme in the blood is up to 35 U /? L and does not change during pregnancy.

An increase in ALT levels is noted in various liver diseases, a slight increase can be observed in toxicosis of pregnant women, and a decrease in vitamin B6 deficiency.

Aspartate aminotransferase(ACT). This enzyme is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, skeletal muscles, nervous tissue and kidneys, to a lesser extent in the pancreas, spleen and lungs. The normal content in blood plasma is up to 31 U /? L and usually does not change during pregnancy.

A slight increase can be observed with complications of pregnancy such as dropsy and nephropathy (kidney damage) of mild to moderate severity. A significant increase in AST is observed in severe heart diseases - myocardial infarction, pulmonary thrombosis, with extensive muscle injuries, acute pancreatic disease, and impaired bile outflow. Decreased levels can occur when there is a lack of vitamin B6 in the body.

Alkaline phosphatase- an enzyme involved in the exchange of phosphoric acid. It is involved in processes associated with bone growth, the highest activity of alkaline phosphatase is found in the cells of bone tissue, liver, kidney, intestinal mucosa and placenta. Normally, the level of alkaline phosphatase in adult women is 40–150 U? /? L. In the third trimester of pregnancy, due to the active production of this enzyme by the placenta, its level can increase by about 2 times.

A pathological increase in the level of alkaline phosphatase occurs in fractures, bone diseases, liver diseases, impaired production and outflow of bile.
Reduced function of the thyroid gland, a lack of zinc and magnesium in food, and the intake of preparations of female sex hormones lead to a decrease in its concentration in the blood.

Pancreatic amylase Is an enzyme produced by the cells of the pancreas. Determination of this enzyme is not a mandatory parameter of the biochemical blood test and is usually prescribed additionally for diseases of the pancreas. The normal value does not depend on the duration of pregnancy and is less than 50 U /? Ml. With pathology of the pancreas, the level of pancreatic amylase in the blood increases significantly.

Kidney function

Nitrogenous substances- these are the end products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids, the content of which in the blood makes it possible to assess the excretory function of the kidneys. Of all nitrogenous substances, urea and creatinine are mandatory in the standard biochemical blood test.

Urea Is the main product of protein metabolism in the body, which is excreted mainly by the kidneys. The normal concentration of urea in the blood is 2.5–6.4 mmol? /? L. In the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the level of urea in the blood decreases due to an increase in the volume of circulating blood and an increase in renal filtration to 1.5–5.3 mmol? /? L.

An increase in the concentration of urea in the blood is observed with various kidney diseases and with a diet with a high protein content. A decrease in the level of urea in the blood can be observed with liver diseases, poisoning, starvation.

Creatinine- the metabolic product, produced mainly in the muscles, is excreted from the body through the kidneys, therefore, its increased value usually indicates a decrease in filtration in the renal glomeruli and a decrease in renal excretory function. Normal values ​​of creatinine in women are 53–97 µmol? /? L, in pregnant women in the second and third trimesters, the level of creatinine decreases to 35–70 µmol? /? L.

An increase in creatinine in the blood is observed with kidney disease, massive muscle damage, dehydration, increased thyroid function, and the predominance of meat in the diet. A decrease in creatinine levels occurs with fasting, a vegetarian diet, and taking glucocorticoid drugs.


Trace elements

Sodium- the most important element associated with the regulation of water distribution in the body. The normal sodium concentration is 136-145 mmol? /? L. In pregnant women in the second and third trimesters, the level of sodium in the blood may be slightly increased - up to about 150 mmol? /? L. This occurs as a result of a delay in the body of the pregnant sodium, potassium and chlorides, which is due to the peculiarities of the hormonal status and renal filtration. Sodium is involved in the excitation mechanisms of nerve and muscle cells.

An increase in sodium in the blood occurs when fluid intake is limited and fluid loss is intense, such as vomiting and diarrhea. A decrease in sodium levels can be observed with excessive abuse of diuretics, insufficient thyroid function. This can cause general weakness, lead to the development of various neurological disorders.

Potassium- the main intracellular microelement involved in metabolic processes, the formation of immunity, the transmission of nerve impulses in cells. The normal level of potassium in adults is 3.5–5.5 mmol? /? L; in pregnant women, potassium usually rises to 4.5–6.6 mmol? /? L by the end of pregnancy.

An increase in the level of potassium in the blood is noted with renal failure, dehydration, and an overdose of certain medications. With a decrease in potassium levels, cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and decreased muscle tone develop. These conditions can be caused by impaired intake of potassium from food, profuse vomiting, kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, magnesium deficiency.

Chlorine- an important trace element that maintains the balance of water in the body. Its normal value is 98-107 mmol? /? L, by the end of pregnancy the level may slightly increase to 100-115 mmol? /? L.

An increase in the level of chlorine is noted with dehydration of the body, renal failure, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex. Decreased levels of chlorine are determined with intense vomiting, overdose of diuretics and laxatives.

Determination of sodium, potassium and chlorine is mandatory in case of toxicosis in the first half of pregnancy, the presence of diabetes mellitus in a pregnant woman.

Calcium- the main component of bone tissue. This element in the body performs many functions: it participates in the processes of muscle contraction, secretion of hormones, regulation of the activity of many enzymes, and the process of blood coagulation. The normal concentration of calcium in young women is 2.20–2.55 mmol? /? L; during pregnancy, the calcium level can decrease to 2.0 mmol? /? L. Calcium deficiency during the waiting period of the child is associated with its active consumption for the formation of the fetal skeleton, as well as a change in the hormonal state of the pregnant woman's body and a decrease in the amount of blood proteins.

An increase in the concentration of calcium in the blood can be observed in diseases of the kidneys, parathyroid glands, abuse of diuretics. Decreased concentration is observed in liver failure, pancreatic diseases, lack of vitamin D.

Iron- a vital trace element involved in the transport of oxygen. The normal level of iron in women is 7.2–30.4 µmol? /? L. During pregnancy, increased iron consumption can lead to its decrease and the development of iron deficiency anemia - a violation of the synthesis of the respiratory protein of the blood - hemoglobin. Determination of the concentration of iron in the blood serum allows you to diagnose latent anemia, when the level of hemoglobin in the general blood test is still normal, but the iron stores in the body are already depleted. In the presence of anemia during pregnancy, an analysis for serum iron is necessarily prescribed, and in some cases, according to indications, also additional tests to assess the exchange of iron in the body: the level of transferrin, ferritin, iron-binding capacity of blood serum, etc.

An increase in the concentration of iron can occur with lead poisoning, deficiency of vitamins B6 and B12. A significant decrease in the level of iron is noted with a decrease in the function of the thyroid gland, liver and kidney diseases.

A biochemical blood test helps to identify deviations from the norm, diseases in the body of a pregnant woman and to carry out treatment in a timely manner, and therefore, to avoid serious pathology on the part of the fetus. Based on the need, the number of the studied parameters can be reduced and increased by the attending physician.

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