If the parents have a negative Rh factor. How the Rh factor is inherited in humans. Impact of negative rhesus on pregnancy

Many gamers accuse multiplayer role-playing games that they are too monotonous and monotonous, since they do not have any clearly expressed plot. But this is a big misconception, since, firstly, there is a plot in WoW, and it is quite fascinating, even if it does not develop as rapidly as many would like. Secondly, the game itself is filled with a variety of tasks that are not related to the plot, but can give you great pleasure. You will spend many hours passing them, and you are unlikely to get bored. Quests differ from each other in absolutely everything, even in structure. You can use the example of the quest "Shabby Handle" to demonstrate how the chain of tasks is formed in WoW, because it is he who you will meet more often than others.

What is a quest chain?

So, if you are playing a multiplayer role-playing game, then most likely you imagine that the tasks in it can be very different. Some quests are completed in one stage, that is, you are given a task, you complete it, and then you receive a reward for this. But in most cases, as in the "Shabby Handle" quest, everything is not limited to one stage. Sometimes there are many more. For example, in the above-mentioned quest there are only eleven stages. How it works? You receive a certain task, fulfill its conditions, but instead of a reward, you go to the next mission.

You need to continue completing the assignments until you reach the end of the quest, and only then you will receive the well-deserved reward. Naturally, it will be more valuable than in the case of one-stage quests. Accordingly, the more stages and the higher their complexity, the more desirable the reward. You now have an idea of ​​the quest chain, so you can skip to the guide that guides you through the Shabby Handle quest in detail.

Quest start

In WoW, you can get the quest in various ways, for example, from a non-player character. But the quest "Shabby Hilt" is activated the moment you receive this quest item from a mob in one of the specific locations. The Forge of Souls, Pits of Saron and Halls of Reflection are the locations where the Ghost Jailer and Ymirjar Skyscraper meet, and it is from them that you can knock out the item you need - a worn handle. The chance of this, of course, is very small, so you need to either not think about it at all and hope for luck, not concentrating on the drop of the quest item, or throw all your strength into its prey, that is, beat these mobs with the maximum number of buffs that increase the likelihood of a drop of the desired item.

When you get the worn hilt, you can take the first quest, which will be named the same as the item. After that, you need to go to and transfer the found item to Miralia Sunshine. On this quest "Shabby Handle" will end, but the next stage of the chain will begin.

"What Dragons Know" and "Silver Covenant Plans"

The next step is much easier as you don't have to knock out items. This had to be done in order to get the "Shabby Hilt" quest. If we talk about the tasks "What the dragons know" and "Plans of the Silver Covenant", then here you only need to move between locations. To complete the first task, you should go to Dragonblight and talk to Krasus there. The next target is Master Hatorel, who lives in the "Sunreaver's Retreat" tavern - it is to him that you will hand over this quest, after which a new one will appear.

The second quest is a little more dynamic, because in it you will need to go down to the Cloaca and go to one tavern, where you will find the Ambassador of the Silver Covenant. He must be killed and the papers taken from the body in order to take them to Hatorel. But at the exit from the tavern, be vigilant - another member of the union will attack you, which also needs to be eliminated - this will advance you in the "Shabby Hilt" quest chain. Horde or Alliance - the tasks will be the same for both factions, so you can safely focus on this guide in any case.

"Appropriate Disguise" and "Meeting with the Sorcerer"

In the first of these quests, you have to play a mini-game with Shandi Shikblask - you will need to help hang up the laundry - this is required to progress along the Shabby Handle chain. Horde and Alliance, as noted earlier, are the same in this regard, so there is no need to worry about differences. After the mini-game, you can take the camouflage cape and proceed to the next task. There you will need to find the Sorcerer Tibalin, talk to him and take the book from him, which should then be taken to Hatorel. And again the same chain of quests "Shabby Hilt" - the Alliance assumes the same actions as the Horde.

Return to Miralia Sunblaze and Reforge the Sword

The next task is extremely simple. You just need to return to the character specified in the name - Miralia Sunblaze. If you forgot where he is, you need to head to Icecrown. But the next task is much more difficult - you need to go to the dungeon, clean it, collect five saronite bars, kill the boss and take his hammer, and then reforge the same sword that is mentioned at the beginning. After that, return to Miraliy and continue your journey along the "Shabby Handle" 3.3.5 chain (the Horde here is slightly different in passing from the Alliance, but it is almost imperceptible).

"Temper the Blade" and "Halls of Reflection"

In the next quest, the tactics are the same - you clear the entire dungeon, get to the boss and kill him, after which you temper the blade in the crucible that appears. Again, you need to return to Miralius to receive further instructions. You will hardly be surprised, but the next quest is also a journey into the dungeon, only this time you need to pick up a ready-made sword. It is well guarded, so you will have to try to get it. But as a result, you will still have it. After that, you need to return to Miraliy again.

"Journey to and" Thalorien - Dawnseeker

These are the last quests in the Shabby Handle series - the guide is approaching its logical conclusion. So, in the first task, you need to go to the island of Qel Danas to talk to Haldaron Brightwing. This quest is limited to visiting an NPC only. But the last assignment from the chain can be called the most interesting, as it is filled with events. So, you need to go to the south of the island where you communicated with Haldaron.

On the Path of the Dead, life will no longer seem like an easy walk, as representatives of the undead will constantly attack you. Fight them off and continue along the trail until you spot some remains to interact with. Make sure that you are fully healed and ready for battle, as the most serious battle in the entire chain of tasks lies ahead. When interacting with the remains, an event will start - an elf will join you, who will need to be protected from various undead. You should hold out for a certain time without dying and not letting the elf die. After that, you can safely head to Haldaron to demand a reward from him, since the quest chain is over.

Incentives

For every quest in the game, you get a reward. Depending on the character class, for completing a certain task, you will receive either the rarest sword or an equally rare blunt weapon. In fact, every effort is worth getting your hands on such items.

Children are inherited not only in appearance and figure similar to their parents. They receive a whole genetic set of father and mother, the same applies to such phenomena as the development and functioning of the body, all kinds of hereditary diseases of systems and organs, even the smallest details (for example, the structure of hair and nails). Blood and blood parameters are no exception. There are many nuances associated with the Rh factor of blood during conception and further pregnancy.

What is Rh factor?

The blood group and Rh factor (Rh) in humans are unchanged throughout life. These inherited characteristics are laid down during pregnancy. Rhesus is formed as early as 7-8 weeks after conception. Not every pregnant woman knows exactly what effect the parameter can have on carrying a child and on the possibility of getting pregnant.

First you need to understand what the Rh factor means. It means a protein that is localized in red blood cells. Its presence makes the Rh factor positive, the absence - negative. This parameter does not affect the life of a person or his health.

Problems arise when a woman and a man are planning to conceive, due to the risk of Rh factor conflict. Different Rh factors are rare, because 85% of people have protein in their blood, and only the remaining 15% are born with a negative indicator.

The parameter got its name in honor of a macaque named "Rhesus", which took part in research experiments. For its designation, it is customary to use the Latin letter D. If it is positive, they put a capital letter D (it is dominant), negative - d (denotes a recessive gene).

Positive and negative

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The combination of existing Rh factors gives the child one of the options, positive or negative. There are 3 possible combinations:

It would seem that a positive Rh factor, combining with a negative one, suppresses it, being the dominant gene, and the baby should be with a positive parameter. This does not happen in all cases of such a combination. The result of different Rh factors in parents periodically becomes a negative gene in a newborn baby. Sometimes, even if both have positive blood characteristics, the baby may be born with a negative gene. There is no need to accuse your spouse of treason, because this is quite normal.

The main danger in the mismatch of Rh factors in the mother and father is due to the development of the Rh conflict during pregnancy. This is fraught with serious consequences. The protein in the baby's blood is perceived by the mother's body with a negative rhesus as an extraneous element, which provokes the production of antibodies, the action of which is aimed at combating the cells of the child unknown to the mother's body. Carrying a baby will be very difficult, and he may develop:

• anemia;
• jaundice;
• reticulocytosis;
• erythroblastosis;
• dropsy;
• edematous syndrome.

The last two cases can result in the death of the baby. For this reason, it is important to pass a mother-father compatibility test during conception planning in order to avoid complications.

How is it inherited?

The blood group is of 4 types (first, second, third and fourth) and is inherited by the child from the mother and father, like her Rh factor. To understand why Rh-conflict can occur, you should delve a little deeper into genetics. All cells in the human body, with the exception of reproductive cells, have 2 chromosomes of dominant and recessive genes. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, a new cell is formed with a unique set of chromosomes responsible for the external and internal characteristics of the baby.

The table provides information about the Rh factor of a child, depending on which Rh the father and mother have:

Father mother	DD	Dd	dd
DD	+	+	+
Dd	+	+/-	+/-
dd	+	+/-	-

Rh negative in 100% of cases occurs in babies whose parents are also Rh negative. With other combinations, the appearance of any Rh factor is likely. The parent's gender is not important. The process is influenced exclusively by the dominant gene.

Rhesus conflict occurs if the mother has a negative Rh, and the fetus has a positive one. Her body is not familiar with the baby's new cells. However, the problem occurs in less than half of all cases, since it is required that the blood of the baby and the mother mix, and this does not happen during pregnancy, because the placenta protects the fetus. A similar phenomenon is observed when:

• miscarriage;
• abortion;
• ectopic pregnancy;
• bleeding throughout the gestation period.

For this reason, this is unlikely to occur during the first pregnancy. The risk increases with repeated conceptions.

Can a father and mother with a positive Rh have a negative baby?

Is it possible to give birth to a baby with a negative rhesus, if mom and dad have it positive? Such a phenomenon is not considered a pathology or deviation and does not indicate a spouse's infidelity.

Rhesus is passed on to a child with paternal genes. In a man, a couple of genes are responsible for a positive Rh. It appears in two combinations:

1. The first is DD. Both genes are dominant. They occur in 45% of Rh-positive men. In this case, the baby is always born Rh-positive.
2. The second is Dd. Rhesus heterozygosity allows the dominant gene to be passed on to the fetus in half of the cases, which implies that the probability of passing on a recessive negative gene is 50%. The number of males with the combination Dd is about 55%. About a quarter of Rh-positive men have Rh-negative babies. The conflict of rhesus, even if the family has different parameters, does not occur.

Can Rh Negative Parents Have a Positive Baby?

The opposite situation, which is often asked by prospective parents planning to conceive a child. Is it possible for a man and woman with negative Rh to have a positive baby? For this, Rh combinations should be considered. Rhesus negative is a combination of dd, i.e. a combination of two recessive genes. In other words, neither dad nor mom have a specific protein in their erythrocytes, and there is nowhere to get such an antigen from a child. That is, he will be the owner of a negative blood rhesus.

Rhesus factor is a certain property of red blood cells, and it is inherent in most people. If human blood has this property, then it is called Rh-positive. If this property is absent in erythrocytes, it is called Rh-negative.

And if for human health the absence or presence of the Rh factor does not matter, then there are a number of situations, the role of these properties becomes extremely large.

For example, this is very important for a pregnant woman with Rh negative blood. her child's blood will be Rh-positive, then the likelihood of developing a conflict is high, which poses a great danger to the newborn.

Studies show that the Rh factor is inherited, and, in accordance with the general laws of heredity, a child inherits one trait from mothers and the second from father, therefore, the group properties of his blood, including the Rh factor, is composed, as it were, of two "halves".

If a woman has Rh-negative blood, while her husband has Rh-positive blood, and these "halves" are in a sense different, then what will happen?

Research shows that Rh-positive is able to suppress the signs of Rh-negative factor, which makes it unrecognizable, the consequences of which can be quite important.

For example, a woman has blood Rh negative, and for a man - Rh positive but she has a disguised Rh negative trait. The child, inheriting equally inherits from the father explicit positive and latent negative factors, but, in combination with the maternal negative, the child will have Rh-negative blood.

According to the same laws of heredity, an amazing case is possible when parents with Rh-positive blood have a child who has Rh-negative blood.

This is explained by the presence of a latent Rh-negative trait in the mother and father. If they give the child clear Rh-positive properties, then the baby will have the same Rh-positive blood. However, if both parents reward the child with their disguised Rh-negative factors, which in combination become obvious, then there will be a paradox in which both parents have Rh-positive blood, and the child has Rh-negative blood.

If both spouses have Rh-negative blood, then the child will have the same blood... This is a good option, in which the Rh-conflict will not occur. This coincidence is happy, but rare, since Rh-negative blood is not so common - about 15% among Europeans and no more than 5% among Asian residents.

But even if a man has Rh-positive blood, the child is not necessarily in danger, and practice shows that most of the children are born healthy. When talking about danger, doctors talk about the risk, or the likelihood of Rh-conflict.

During pregnancy, the mother and are united into a single biological system, but between them there is a border outpost in the form of a placenta, which protects the fetus from harmful factors. These factors can come from the mother's body, but at the same time the mother is protected from dangerous influences from the fetus. It is the placental barrier that makes it possible to safely resolve most of the Rh-incompatible pregnancies.

But sometimes this barrier turns out to be faulty, in which case they penetrate through the placenta into the mother's body fetal erythrocytes... If the blood of the child and the mother is incompatible with the Rh factor, then the fetal erythrocytes are foreign to the mother, and the body's immune system includes protective reactions against everything foreign. Rh antibodies appear, which begin to eliminate incompatible red blood cells, and this happens not only in the mother's bloodstream. Penetrating into the blood of the fetus, they carry out their destructive work there. The consequence may be intrauterine lesions of the fetus, and, premature birth, or severe illness of the newborn.

Currently, methods have been developed that allow save the child, but this help should not be late, therefore, having information about a woman's Rh-negative blood, doctors are preparing a set of measures to save the life and health of the child.

When does a pregnant woman usually first think about such a concept as "rhesus conflict"? Usually when she finds out that she has negative blood rhesus. And questions arise: what is it and is it possible to avoid the Rh-conflict during pregnancy?

These questions are answered by Maria Kudelina, a doctor, Rh-negative mother of three children.

What is Rh conflict during pregnancy?

Rhesus conflict is possible during pregnancy. This is a conflict between the mother's immune system and the child's blood, when the mother's immune system begins to destroy the elements of the child's blood (red blood cells). This is because there is something on the red blood cells of the child that is not on the red blood cells of the mother, namely the Rh factor. And then the maternal immune system perceives the baby's red blood cells as something foreign, like bacteria and viruses, and begins to destroy them. This can happen when the mother has Rh negative blood and the baby has Rh positive blood.

According to statistics, approximately 15% of people are Rh negative, and 85% are Rh positive. Rh conflict is possible during pregnancy when the mother is Rh negative and the child is Rh positive. If both parents are Rh negative, then the child will also be Rh negative and the conflict is excluded. If the father is Rh positive, with a Rh negative mother, the child can be both Rh negative and Rh positive.

When does Rh conflict occur during pregnancy?

Suppose the mother has a negative Rh, and the child is positive. Is there a Rh-conflict during pregnancy? No. For a conflict to arise, it is necessary that Rh-positive blood has entered the blood of the Rh-negative mother... Normally, this does not happen during pregnancy, the placenta does not allow blood cells to pass through.

In what situations is this possible?

A baby's Rh-incompatible blood can enter the mother's Rh-negative blood in the following cases:

• during a miscarriage,
• medical abortion,
• ectopic pregnancy,
• if a woman has bleeding during pregnancy.

Conflict is also possible if mothers have ever received Rh-positive blood transfusions. It is also possible for the baby's blood to get to the mother during normal childbirth.

Thus, during the first successful pregnancy, the risk of Rh conflict is very small... A tangible risk arises with repeated pregnancies.

Rhesus immunoglobulin - how it works

Modern medicine has the ability prevent the occurrence of Rh conflict when Rh-positive blood enters the mother's blood. Most often, Rh-conflict can be prevented by giving an Rh-negative mother an anti-Rh immunoglobulin (Rho D immunoglobulin) within 72 hours of exposure to Rh-positive blood until the mother's blood had time to develop its own antibodies.

More often this happens after childbirth, in the event that if anti-rhesus antibodies were not detected in the mother's blood during pregnancy... The injection may not be given if the child's blood test shows that he also has a negative Rh.

When synthetic immunoglobulin is injected, the red blood cells of a Rh-positive fetus that enter the mother's body are destroyed before her own immune system has time to respond to them. Mom own antibodies to the erythrocytes of the child are not formed... Synthetic antibodies in the mother's blood are destroyed, usually within 4-6 weeks after administration. And by the next pregnancy, the mother's blood is free of antibodies and is not dangerous to the baby. While own mother's antibodies, if formed, remain for life and can lead to problems in subsequent pregnancies.

Prevention of rhesus conflict is carried out by the attending physician, taking into account the individual characteristics of each case.

What to do for Rh negative women during pregnancy

During pregnancy in a woman with a negative rhesus blood tests are done every month for the presence of anti-rhesus antibodies in her blood. If anti-Rh antibodies appear in the blood of a pregnant woman, this indicates that the blood of a Rh-positive child has entered the mother's blood and a Rh conflict is possible. In these cases, the doctor's observation of the course of pregnancy and the condition of the child becomes more thorough, you need to regularly do blood tests to measure the level of antibodies (antibody titer in Rh-conflict). If anti-Rh antibodies not detected during pregnancy, this means that everything is fine, there is no Rh-conflict and nothing else needs to be done before giving birth.

What to do after childbirth

Ideally, if the baby is taken from the baby as soon as possible after delivery blood test and determine the blood group and Rh factor. In Russian maternity hospitals, blood is most often taken from a child from a vein. If the baby has a negative Rh, the mother can be very happy and she does not need to inject anything in this case.

If the child has a positive rhesus, and the mother did not have anti-Rh antibodies during pregnancy - to prevent a possible Rh conflict during the next pregnancy, an intramuscular injection is given with anti-rhesus immunoglobulin within the next three days until my mother's immune system had time to start producing its own antibodies. This drug can be bought by a doctor's prescription at the pharmacy after giving birth, if it is not in the hospital. Ask your relatives to help you and monitor this important issue for you, if necessary reminding about your rhesus factor your doctor at the hospital.

If the antibodies in the mother's blood have managed to develop, then thanks to the immune memory, they will remain for life. What is the threat? With subsequent pregnancy the likelihood of Rh-conflict increases- a hemolytic disorder, which can lead to various consequences: from the disease of newborns with jaundice and the need to undergo blood transfusions to miscarriages, the birth of premature babies and stillbirth. Fortunately, there are modern treatments available. But still Rh-conflict is easier to prevent than to treat.

Rh-conflict and breastfeeding

In cases where there is definitely no Rh conflict (a mother and a child with the same Rh-negative blood or a Rh-positive child, but no signs of Rh-conflict were detected during pregnancy), breastfeeding is no different from normal cases.

Jaundice after childbirth is not a necessary sign of conflict, so you should not be guided by it. Physiological jaundice appears in a newborn not due to Rh conflict or breastfeeding, but as a result of replacing fetal hemoglobin with normal human hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin is destroyed and gives yellowness of the skin. This is a normal physiological situation and usually does not require intervention.

If the Rh conflict has arisen, then modern medicine has enough ways to help a child. Even a diagnosis of hemolytic disease is not a contraindication to breastfeeding. These babies need more frequent and prolonged breastfeeding.

No breastfeeding in case of hemolytic disease is usually associated with fears that the antibodies in milk will make the situation worse. However, under the influence of the aggressive environment of the stomach, antibodies that enter with milk are almost immediately destroyed. Based on the condition of the child, the doctor determines the possibility and method of breastfeeding: whether it will be breastfeeding or pumping expressed milk. And only if the child's condition is serious, he can receive nutrition in the form of solutions injected into a vein.

There may be no conflict

For women with Rh negative blood, it is especially important that the first pregnancy proceeds safely and ends with a successful birth. After giving birth, you need to do child's blood test for group and rhesus... And if a child with Rh-positive blood, and no antibodies were found in the mother, she is injected with anti-Rh immunoglobulin over the next three days. With the second and subsequent pregnancies, it is also necessary to monitor the absence of antibodies in the mother's blood.

Be careful and everything will be fine with you!