Childhood dyspepsia. Folk remedies against PD. Simple dyspepsia - treatment

13.10.2019

Dyspepsia in young patients is expressed by a violation of the digestive system. In simple terms, functional dyspepsia in children is a common "indigestion". In newborns and toddlers under the age of one year, the main causes of indigestion are the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract system and nutritional disruptions (the introduction of something new into the diet, a sharp transition to artificial feeding, lack of variety in nutrition, etc.). In addition to these factors, dyspepsia may be preceded by a genetic predisposition and insufficient production of digestive enzymes.

The main reasons for the development of dyspepsia are errors in feeding the baby. A disturbed diet plays a special role - for example, if the mother feeds the child more often than necessary, this promotes regurgitation, and too much food in the baby can cause vomiting.

Mixed or formula-fed babies are more prone to digestive upset than breastfeeding babies. The selection of mixtures for a long time, or feeding a poor-quality formula will ultimately lead to dyspepsia. In addition, when using the mixture, overfeeding is possible - after all, it is easier to suck from a bottle than from a mother's breast.

Acute digestive disorders in young children can be caused by the following reasons.

Binge eating.
Insufficient enzymatic activity.
The quantitative and qualitative features of the baby's food do not correspond to the performance of his digestive tract.
Introduction of new food, which due to age is too early for the child to consume.

In older children, digestive disorders can also be triggered by a number of factors.

Excessive consumption of food harmful to the body (fried, fatty, smoked, salty).
Hormonal imbalance.

Overeating can cause dyspepsia in children

Concomitant diseases are as follows.

In children, functional, toxic and parenteral dyspepsia are distinguished.

In turn, functional (or alimentary) dyspepsia is a digestive disorder resulting from poor nutrition.

Functional dyspepsia is divided into five types.

Fermentation dyspepsia in children is caused by fermentation processes from the abuse of foods high in carbohydrates. As a result, fermentation bacteria multiply in the colon.
Putrid - intestinal loops colonize putrefactive microbes as a result of oversaturation with protein-rich foods.
Fatty - characterized by excessive consumption of fatty foods.
Toxic dyspepsia is formed as a result of ineffective treatment of functional, and the main source of the problem here is the causative agents of intestinal infections - Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Shigella and other less dangerous microorganisms.
Parenteral is secondary in nature and is a complication after any previous illness (for example, pneumonia).

Based on the types of digestive disorders, such symptoms are distinguished.

Weight loss due to lack of appetite.
Nausea, vomiting .
Restless sleep.
Flatulence (before a year and after a year).
Acute pain in the epigastric region, accompanied by colic.
Frequent loose stools with mucus and lumps from undigested food.

Nausea is one of the symptoms of an upset stomach in a child.

Fermentative dyspepsia, like putrefactive dyspepsia, is distinguished by a specific stool odor.

Newborns are prone to temporary dyspepsia on the 3rd - 5th day from birth. It lasts for several days, while the body adapts to the external environment, and goes away on its own.

The toxic form of the disorder is marked by the appearance of severe signs of the disease - symptoms of meningitis, fever, sudden weight loss, muscle atrophy, as well as the presence of seizures and loss of consciousness may be present. The skin is pale or bluish in color.

With ineffective or prolonged treatment of dyspepsia, the child may develop dystrophy due to impaired metabolism. Rickets and allergies during the course of dyspepsia can lead to pyelonephritis, otitis media, pneumonia.

Be careful, young children are at high risk of developing volvulus, a serious gastrointestinal problem.

How to diagnose

At the first signs of disorder, you should consult a pediatrician who will examine the child and, if necessary, appoint a consultation with a pediatric gastroenterologist. You may need advice and treatment from a pediatric neurologist and psychologist for problems with the nervous system.

The diagnosis is based on the results of instrumental and laboratory studies.

The instrumental survey methods include all of the following.

X-ray of the stomach and follow-up examination of the intestines.
Conducting duodenal or gastric intubation.
Endoscopic examination of the stomach and duodenum.
Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity.
Measurement of gastric acidity using a special test.

Laboratory diagnostics includes the following basic analyzes:

Analysis of blood from a vein for biochemistry.
The study of blood and urine for the enzymatic activity of the pancreas.
Study of feces for the presence of bacteria, worms (all information on worms in a child).
Conducting a coprogram to diagnose the performance of the digestive system.

To diagnose dyspepsia in a child, an abdominal ultrasound is performed

Treatment

Do not worry if you have a single case of vomiting or diarrhea - you just need to correct the baby's nutrition. For example, a new product should be introduced gradually, given in small quantities, and the subsequent reaction to the new product should be monitored. It should be noted that signs of an upset digestive system can be observed if the child is overheated in the sun.

The basic principles of treatment can be represented by the following actions:

Correction of the child's nutrition.
Optimization of the drinking regime.
Traditional methods of therapy.
Belly massage.
Drug therapy.

With increased diarrhea (more than 10 times a day) and vomiting, you should definitely seek medical help. Such a condition may portend not only functional disorders of the digestive system in children, but also be expressed by the appearance of an intestinal infection (dysentery).

Treatment of alimentary dyspepsia

The principles of treatment for this type of dyspepsia are:

normalization of nutrition;
enhanced drinking regime;
using folk remedies;
drug treatment.

Treatment of nutritional dyspepsia involves replenishing the volume of food with a volume of fluid. That is, during an exacerbation, give the child as much drink as possible. If the child is breastfed, then it is worth canceling complementary foods and leaving only breastfeeding.

To cure dyspepsia in a child, it is necessary to strengthen his drinking regimen.

Treatment for nutritional disorders is usually done at home. When normalizing nutrition, it is important to know what will help the baby to heal as soon as possible. The mother's daily action plan is presented below.

First day

Leave the baby without mother's milk for up to 12 hours.
During the absence of milk, replace feeding with baby tea with sugar.
The maximum amount of tea should not exceed 300 ml.
After 12 hours, breastfeed.
The dose of milk after a break is not more than 100 ml.

Second day

Eating mother's milk 5 times a day.
The maximum volume per feeding is 100 ml.
If the child needs more food, then add baby tea.

From the third to the fifth day

The amount of milk per feeding increases to 175 ml.
Weigh the baby regularly.
If the stool is abnormal, then replace breast milk with protein in a volume of 100 ml.

What to do if the mother does not have milk

With artificial feeding, food unloading is carried out, the principle of which is to cancel 2-3 feedings. Feeding is replaced by drinking. If fed with a mixture, then dilute it halfway with water. This therapy is carried out until vomiting and diarrhea stop. The daily plan of the mother's behavior is presented below.

With artificial feeding, food is unloaded and sometimes the mixture is replaced with water

First day

For the first 12 hours, meals are served only with tea.
The maximum volume of tea is 300 ml.
After 12 hours, use the rice water.
The frequency of feeding with broth is 4 times.
The maximum dose of broth is 150 ml per feeding.

Second day

The number of feedings per day is no more than 6 times.
Feed the rice water four times out of six.
A single dose of broth is not more than 150 ml.
Add kefir the remaining two times.
The dose of kefir is 150 ml.

Third day

The frequency of feeding is 5 times.
Feed the rice water twice out of five.
Use kefir or protein milk three times out of five.
Dose of broth or kefir 125 ml per feeding.
You can add 5 grams of sugar to kefir or milk.

Fourth day

The frequency of feeding the baby is 7 times.
Apply protein milk or kefir five times.
Feed the rice water twice.
The dose of any feeding is 150 ml.

From the fifth day, the frequency of feedings is returned to what it was before the dyspepsia. The rice broth is kept for one or two days. Then they are transferred to classic mixtures, fermented milk is better. You can add sugar up to 10 grams to the broth.

In the treatment of alimentary dyspepsia, traditional medicine is helpful. So, for example, chamomile decoctions have an anti-inflammatory effect, and tea brewed from blueberry leaves is an irreplaceable remedy for diarrhea.

Eubiotics ("Bifidumbacterin") will help to eliminate dysbiosis and normalize microflora. For colic, antispasmodics are used - "Papaverine" or "Drotaverin".

It is possible to normalize the intestinal microflora with the help of "Bifidumbacterin"

Treatment of toxic dyspepsia

With toxic dyspepsia, the child is hospitalized urgently. To eliminate acute symptoms of dyspepsia, it is advisable to prescribe antibiotics, saline solutions ("Acesol", "Disol", "Trisol", Ringer's solution), as well as a solution of 5% glucose. If the addition of a secondary infection is not excluded, antibiotic treatment is performed.

So, the main points of treatment of the toxic form of the disorder:

Hospitalization.
Replenishment of the volume of lost fluid.
The use of eubiotics.
Correction of pathological flora with antibiotics.

Lost fluid is replenished with 50 ml of drink every half hour after a case of vomiting or defecation.

How massage can help

Massage is not the last place in the treatment of indigestion in children. With flatulence and colic, abdominal massage is excellent. To carry it out, the child is laid on his back and gently stroking the tummy in a clockwise direction with a gradual increase in pressure. Performing this massage for 5 minutes will help relieve spasms and relax the muscles.

In addition to massage, applying a warm diaper or heating pad to the epigastric region will help relieve colic pain. Of the drugs in this case, use "Espumisan", "Bobotik" or "Plantex".

Parenteral dyspepsia is eliminated by excluding the associated disease.

Conclusion

Thus, dyspepsia always needs a careful assessment of the risk of the child's further condition. With the development of serious painful symptoms, especially in infants, immediate treatment is indicated. A simple and effective technique for the timely recognition of problems dangerous to the child's health is to contact a specialist in time.

Children's dyspepsia has the form of certain disorders in the functioning of the digestive tract. In simple terms, functional dyspepsia in children is presented as banal. If a similar syndrome is observed in a newborn child, the cause is most often the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract.

Dyspepsia can be caused by a hereditary predisposition, as well as a lack of digestive enzymes. Children's dyspeptic syndrome has the form of an organic, functional digestive disorder. This ailment has specific manifestations, namely pain in the epigastric region, discomfort, a feeling of heaviness, heartburn, belching, flatulence, nausea, diarrhea or constipation. The purpose of diagnostics is to determine the main causes of digestive problems.

Basically, EGDS, ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity, a blood test for biochemistry, as well as a study of feces for the presence of lamblia, helminths are carried out. Therapy is carried out on the basis of instrumental, laboratory information. Do not self-medicate, as this can cause complications. If symptoms appear, an urgent need to consult a doctor for help.

Dyspepsia syndrome is considered a common pathology among children. It can occur in children of all ages.

Simple dyspepsia is triggered by malfunctioning of the upper gastrointestinal tract. may indicate that the child has anatomical and physiological features of the digestive tract, nervous system and metabolism. Pediatric dyspepsia is considered a heterogeneous, polietiologic syndrome occurring against the background of numerous pathologies.

There are these types of syndrome in childhood:

parenteral dyspepsia;
functional form;
toxic dyspepsia.

Functional or alimentary dyspepsia is a simple indigestion triggered by improper and inappropriate nutrition.

Varieties of alimentary dyspepsia:

Putrid dyspepsia. It occurs when the intestinal loops are colonized by putrefactive microorganisms and bacteria, which is due to oversaturation of protein products.
Fermentative dyspepsia. It is provoked by frequent fermentation processes arising from the consumption of large amounts of carbohydrates. This causes the colon to become a breeding ground for fermentative bacteria.
Toxic form. Formed due to ineffective therapy of the alimentary form. The main source of pathology is intestinal infections, which include Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella.
Fatty dyspeptic syndrome. The cause of development is considered to be the abuse of fatty foods.
Parenteral dyspepsia. It has a secondary character, arises against the background of complications of various pathologies. Basically, it is a consequence of pneumonia.

In the case of fermentative and putrefactive forms of the disease, the child's feces have a fetid and pungent odor. If you find this symptom, you should contact your pediatrician.

Pathogenesis of the disease

There are the following clinical signs of pathology:

disturbed healthy sleep;
vomiting, nausea;
losing weight;
lack of appetite;
attacks of severe flatulence;
the presence of acute pain in the epigastric region, as well as colic and spasms;
loose frequent stools containing mucus, lumps of undigested food.

In infants, temporary symptoms of dyspeptic syndrome can be observed, which manifests itself on the third or fifth day from the date of birth. Its duration is no more than a few days. Dyspepsia in this case is due to the adaptation of the child's body to environmental conditions. This form of malaise goes away on its own.

The main signs of toxic dyspeptic syndrome:

muscle atrophy and meningitis;
increased body temperature;
rapid weight loss;
convulsions, fainting;
the skin becomes pale or bluish.

If you do not start timely treatment of pathology, there is a risk of dystrophy, which is explained by improper metabolism. Allergies or rickets, manifested against the background of dyspepsia, can provoke otitis media, pneumonia and pyelonephritis.

Features of the therapeutic course

In case of single vomiting, diarrhea, do not sound the alarm. To solve such problems, it is enough to correct the diet. Symptoms of a digestive disorder can also manifest themselves with overheating or on a nervous basis. If a persistent clinical picture is observed, it is necessary to visit a doctor and start treatment. The therapy consists of several important stages: diet, drinking regimen, massage of the abdomen, the use of medications and traditional medicine. In case of frequent diarrhea and vomiting, it is important to seek immediate medical attention. This can cause severe dehydration.

If we are talking about the functional form of the disease, then the food is replenished with fluid. Doctors recommend drinking plentiful, frequent sips. If the baby is breastfed, all complementary foods are removed from the diet.

Dyspepsia is a dangerous ailment that needs timely diagnosis and therapy. If there is an acute, painful clinical picture, it is important to urgently seek medical help.

Acute indigestion in infants is a fairly common pathology, which rightfully ranks second after acute respiratory diseases. The high prevalence of acute digestive disorders in children of the first year of life is due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the alimentary canal.

At the VIII All-Union Congress of Pediatricians in 1962, the classification of gastrointestinal diseases proposed by G.N. Speransky. According to this classification, there are: 1) diseases of functional origin: a) dyspepsia (simple, toxic (intestinal toxicosis), parenteral); b) dyskinesia and dysfunction (pylorospasm, atony of various parts of the alimentary canal, spastic constipation); 2) diseases of infectious origin (bacterial dysentery, amoebic dysentery, salmonellosis, intestinal infection, intestinal form of staphylococcal, enterococcal, mycotic infection, viral diarrhea, intestinal infection of unexplained etiology); 3) malformations of the digestive tract (pyloric stenosis, megaduodenum, megacolon, atresia (esophagus, intestines, anus), diverticulum, other defects of the alimentary canal).

SIMPLE DYSPEPSIA is an acute functional digestive disorder characterized by vomiting, diarrhea without significant disturbance of the general condition.

ETIOLOGY. In etiology, the leading ones are the alimentary factor, defects in care (overheating, violation of the feeding regime), as well as an infectious factor (most often Escherichia coli). Predisposing factors are: early artificial and mixed feeding, rickets, exudative-catarrhal diathesis, hypotrophy, prematurity.

PATHOGENESIS. When overfeeding or feeding food that does not correspond to age due to insufficient enzymatic activity and low acidity of gastric juice in young children, food is insufficiently processed in the stomach, which causes an overstrain of the stomach function. Inadequately prepared food enters the small intestine. The normal course of digestion is disrupted. Since the intestine is an alkaline environment, bacteria begin to multiply intensively in the food lump, the pathogenic properties of the constant intestinal microflora increase.

Bacterial breakdown by putrefaction and fermentation in the intestines promotes the formation of toxic products (indole, skatole, acetic acid) and gases (Fig. 8).

Irritation of the receptors of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines with toxic products leads to the appearance of protective reactions in the form of regurgitation, vomiting, increased intestinal motility, an increase in the secretion of mucus by the intestinal glands and diarrhea. Fatty acids, which are formed as a result of improper breakdown of fat in the intestine, are neutralized by the intake of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium salts from the intercellular fluid and body tissues. These salts react with fatty acids to form fatty acid soaps.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS. The disease begins acutely. Appetite decreases, lethargy appears, sleep is disturbed. The main symptoms are one or two vomiting and loose, green stools with mucus and white lumps. Stool 5-8 times a day. Stool has a sour odor. Green stool is due to the accelerated transition of hydrobilirubin to biliverdin in an acidic environment, and white lumps are soaps formed as a result of neutralization of fatty acids with calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium salts.

In addition, periodically, the child has intestinal colic due to gases accumulated in the intestines, after which the child calms down. Body temperature is usually normal, but sometimes subfebrile can be observed.

When viewed outside of an attack of intestinal colic, the child's condition is relatively satisfactory. There is some pallor of the skin, coated tongue, sometimes thrush on the oral mucosa. The abdomen is swollen, rumbling on palpation, in the area of the anus, diaper rash (the reaction of feces is acidic, which causes skin irritation).

The diagnosis is not difficult. Correctly collected anamnesis (violation of the diet, overfeeding, overheating, etc.), epidemiological history (lack of contact with patients with diarrhea), as well as the clinical picture allow the correct diagnosis. But it is necessary to differentiate with diseases such as dysentery, intussusception, appendicitis. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to exclude those diseases that require urgent surgical care.

TREATMENT. Includes intestinal lavage, the appointment of a water-tea diet for 6-8 hours (use rehydron, oralit, saline sodium chloride solution, 2% glucose solution, boiled water, tea in an amount of 150 ml per 1 kg of body weight per day), diet therapy.

Usually, on the 1st day, 70-80 ml of breast milk is prescribed with the feeding regimen maintained or applied to the breast for 3-4 minutes (usually the baby sucks 20 ml in 1 minute). In the absence of human milk, adapted fermented milk mixtures or kefir at a 2: 1 dilution with rice broth are used. Every day the amount increases, and by the 5th day the volume of food should reach the volume that the child ate before the disease. From the 6th day from the onset of the disease, complementary foods can be introduced if the child received it, but introduced gradually. Grated apple and juices are prescribed from the 6-7th day.

For oral rehydration in case of acute digestive disorders in infants, the Austrian company "HIPP" produces a medicinal product - carrot-rice broth "HIPP ORS 200". The main ingredients of this product are carrots, rice, glucose, salt, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, citric acid. HIPP ORS 200 carrot-rice broth is a homogenized, sterile, ready-to-eat food. 100 ml of the product contains 0.3 g of protein; 0.1 g fat; 4.2 g carbohydrates; 120 mg sodium; 98 mg potassium; 145 mg of chlorides; 135 mg citrate; energy value - 19 kcal / 100 ml; osmolarity - 240 mOsm / l.

Pectin substances contained in "HIPP ORS 200" have the ability to adsorb toxins of microorganisms, gases, products of incomplete hydrolysis and fermentation of food substances. Rice mucus and starch, due to their enveloping action, contribute to the regeneration of the intestinal mucosa and the restoration of digestion processes.

The recommended amount of "HIPP ORS 200" with a mild degree of dehydration is 35-50 ml per 1 kg of the child's body weight per day, with an average degree - 50-100 ml per 1 kg per day. Repeated vomiting in infants is not a contraindication for the use of HIPP ORS 200 therapeutic food. A prerequisite for the use of "HIPP ORS 200" for vomiting is its use in small quantities at short intervals, for example every 10 minutes, 1-2 teaspoons of "HIPP ORS 200".

Be sure to use enzyme therapy. Usually hydrochloric acid with pepsin is used. Creon (pancreatin with minimal lipase, amylase and protease activity) has a good therapeutic effect, which ensures the digestion of food ingredients, facilitates their absorption, stimulates the secretion of the digestive tract's own enzymes, improves its functional state and normalizes digestion processes. The drug is prescribed 1 capsule 3-4 times a day with meals with a little water. You can mix the contents of the capsule with a little applesauce, drink it with juice or warm tea. With insufficient effectiveness, you can increase the daily dose to 6-12 capsules.

It is recommended to prescribe lycrease. Newborns are prescribed 1 - 2 capsules per day (the maximum dose is 4 capsules per day). Capsules can be pre-opened and diluted in milk. Children under 5 years old are prescribed 2-4 capsules per day, from 5 to 10 years old - 4-6 capsules, over 10 years old - 6-8 capsules per day.

You can also use festal, mezim forte, pancreatin, digestal and other enzyme preparations, but since their children's forms are absent, the dosage of drugs should be approached carefully.

Antibacterial drugs are prescribed only if an infectious etiology is suspected or confirmed: furazolidone (10 mg / kg per day 4 times a day after meals), polymyxin (100,000 U / kg per day 4 times a day).

Symptomatic treatment includes, with severe flatulence, the removal of gases through the gas outlet tube, the appointment of white clay (0.25 g 3 times a day), carbolene (0.25 g 3 times a day), smectas (1 sachet per day in 50 ml of boiled water, give during the day). For intestinal colic, a compress on the stomach is used, medicinal enemas with valerian (1 drop of valerian per month of a child's life), a 1% solution of bromine with valerian is prescribed. Subsequently, eubiotics are shown to restore normal intestinal microflora.

Intestinal dysbiosis

With intestinal dysbiosis, from the first days of the child's arrival from the hospital under the supervision of a pediatrician, a number of symptoms are noted, which can subsequently lead to health problems for the baby. This is an insufficient increase in body weight, stunting, the development of rickets and deficiency anemia. Symptoms such as a change in the nature of the stool, alternation of constipation with diarrhea, intestinal colic, flatulence, frequent regurgitation, which affects behavior change: the baby becomes restless, may also indicate the presence of the disease. In severe cases, there is a delay in psychomotor development.

The root cause of the above symptoms is a violation of the ratio of the quantitative and qualitative composition of normal and conditionally pathogenic intestinal microflora, as well as the attachment of pathogenic microflora, which determines the so-called intestinal dysbiosis.

The baby's intestines are inhabited by natural microflora immediately from the moment of birth, and the mother is its main source. In the first hours of life, during the first breastfeeding, the baby's intestines are colonized with lacto-, bifidobacteria. The so-called bacterial ecosystem of the department and the attendants of the maternity hospital, in which the newborn is in the first hours of life, is of direct importance in the formation of the normal microflora of the child's intestines.

There are many causal factors that affect the incorrect formation of the ratio of normal, opportunistic and pathogenic microflora. The most relevant are diseases of the mother, both infectious and non-infectious (chronic pyelonephritis, chronic tonsillitis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, complicated labor (caesarean section, fetal hypoxia), the use of antibacterial agents by a woman in the ante- and postnatal period. the formation of the intestinal microflora of the child at a later date is influenced by artificial feeding with unadapted mixtures, unfavorable living conditions, the effect on the child of radioactive contamination, toxic substances, salts of heavy metals.

Unfortunately, the diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis in outpatient settings in most cases is based only on clinical data. Due to the high cost of enrichment media for growing microflora, the analysis of feces for dysbiosis often becomes an unaffordable luxury for many families, especially those with an unfavorable social status. Despite this, the task of identifying the disease in time, correcting the child's nutrition, and prescribing the correct treatment is before each pediatrician and is his duty.

For the formation of a diagnosis in the treatment of a disease, the most convenient classification is proposed by Professor K. Ladodo in 1991 and supplemented by P. Shcherbakov in 1998, which is still used today. According to this classification, there are four degrees of dysbiosis.

The first degree - the latent phase, the so-called compensated dysbiosis, is characterized by the predominance of anaerobes over aerobes, while the level of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli remains within normal limits. It develops in a healthy child and manifests itself only after the influence of certain negative factors, in particular, a violation of the regime or quality of nutrition. There is no bowel dysfunction.

The second stage is the start-up phase. When analyzing feces for intestinal dysbiosis, the state of the intestine is determined, in which the number of anaerobes is equal to or exceeds the number of aerobes, while the level of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli is very low. In some cases, hemolyzing cocci and rods are detected.

Clinically, this phase is characterized by a decrease in appetite, a slow increase in body weight, a change in the nature of the stool: foamy stools alternate with normal ones.

The third degree is the phase of disinhibition and aggression of microbial associations. When analyzing feces for intestinal dysbiosis, the number of anaerobes is lower than aerobes. The processes of digestion and absorption in the intestine are disrupted, gas formation and intestinal motility increase. The general condition of the child is slightly disturbed. But at the same time, frequent regurgitation appears, body weight increases slowly or does not change. The character of the stool is frothy with an admixture of greenery and mucus. Rashes on the face and limbs periodically occur. The second and third degrees of dysbiosis can be presented as subcompensated.

The fourth degree is the phase of associated (decompensated) dysbiosis. At this stage of the disease, in the analysis of feces for intestinal dysbiosis, there are no bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, there is a significant growth of opportunistic microorganisms (staphylococci, Proteus, Clostridia and others). Clinically, dyspeptic disorders are growing stubbornly, in which the child has bloating, frequent regurgitation, loss of appetite, the stool has a sharp unpleasant odor, liquid, with a green tint. At this stage of the disease, hypovitaminosis, deficiency anemia, rickets, and allergic dermatitis develop, which can subsequently lead to the formation of childhood eczema.

Dysbiosis treatment At the moment, there is a large assortment of such products on the baby food market in our country, the peculiarity of the therapeutic effect of which is the content of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, lactulose in infant formula, which are necessary for the formation of normal microflora in the intestines of the child. In the case of the third and fourth degree of the disease, the parents of the child are not recommended to use diet therapy as an independent type of treatment. In these cases, pre- and probiotics are prescribed by the pediatrician to correct the normal intestinal microflora. Well-proven prebiotics containing lactulose, which stimulates and activates digestion, has a bifidogenic factor. On the market of medicines in our country, probiotics are represented by various forms of living microorganisms, in particular lyophilisates of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, colibacteria, spore-forming strains of the natural intestinal microflora (a combination of live lactic acid bacteria, a concentrate of metabolic products of symbionts of the small and large intestines), as well as specific bacteriophages ( coliprotein, staphylococcal).

The most optimal method for the treatment of dysbiosis today is a complex treatment, which includes not only diet therapy, but also the appointment of specific drugs that improve the motor and secretory function of the gastrointestinal tract. As additional means, you can use decoctions of chamomile, fennel, dill water. Subject to the treatment prescribed by the doctor, spastic pains, flatulence are eliminated, along with the use of enzyme preparations, the secretory function of the pancreas improves, and the stool is normalized. If the treatment with probiotics is not effective enough and the opportunistic microflora is released during repeated crops, it is necessary to use intestinal antiseptics, the feature of which is the targeted effect on the opportunistic microflora, while not affecting the natural intestinal microflora.

Is a disease that affects the healthy functioning of the digestive system in children and causes unpleasant symptoms, including nausea, intestinal upset, vomiting and deterioration in the general condition of the baby.

Diagnosis of this ailment in children consists in identifying the root cause of dyspepsia and its further elimination.

The prevalence of this symptom complex is wide enough. Dyspepsia occurs in 15% to 40% of children. The study of this disease is within the competence of not only a gastroenterologist, but also other doctors.

This is explained by the fact that the frequency of dyspepsia in children depends on anatomical and physiological characteristics, as well as on the functioning of the nervous system and metabolism.

Classification

Dyspepsia in children can be divided into two main forms: toxic and simple.

With a toxic form in young patients, metabolism is disturbed and the body is poisoned with toxins. This form very often develops together with ARVI or otitis media. A simple type of dyspepsia is accompanied by a disorder in the gastrointestinal tract.

Very often, the toxic form is a simple consequence. The process of transition from one form to another is due to the accumulation of harmful elements (decay products) in the child's body and further poisoning of the baby.

Separately, according to the nature of the disorder, the following forms of dyspepsia in children are distinguished:

Functional... With functional dyspepsia in children, the general functions of the gastrointestinal tract are disrupted. Very often, during a gastroenterological examination, this ailment is not detected.
Putrid. This type of dyspepsia is caused by the intake of an excessive amount of proteins into the body of a small patient. The elements of protein breakdown are rapidly absorbed into the intestinal walls and into the blood. At the same time, children develop severe diarrhea, nausea and frequent vomiting.
Fermenting. Most often caused by excess carbohydrates in the body, which is associated with improper feeding of the baby. At the same time, the baby suffers from severe diarrhea.
Physiological. This type of dyspepsia is also called transient catarrh. This condition occurs in newborns, about 3-4 days after birth. The feces are liquid, heterogeneous. Such a chair is excreted for 2-4 days.
Steatorrhea. This type of dyspepsia appears when too many fatty foods enter the body of young children. At the same time, the child's feces become very greasy and sticky, poorly washed off from the diaper.

Causes of pathology

Dyspepsia in children can be triggered by many reasons, some of them are nutritional - related to food.

Among them:

irregular meals by the child;
change of diet;
dry food;
malnutrition and overeating;
abuse of fatty, pickled, spicy foods and dishes.

In the case of children, quite often dyspepsia also occurs on a psychoemotional background:

overwork during training;
frequent travel and change of environment;
family violence;
frequent quarrels between parents in front of the child;
childhood fears and much more.

In infants, dyspepsia most often occurs for nutritional reasons. The stomach of babies is adapted to only one type of food, and its change can lead to significant disruptions in the work of the gastrointestinal tract.

Very often, the cause of dyspepsia is a sudden introduction of complementary foods or not a gradual transition to artificial feeding.

Doctors remind that one of the important factors in the onset of dyspepsia is excessive overheating of the child. Along with sweating in the child's body, there are sharp electrolyte losses and a decrease in acidity.

All children are susceptible to dyspepsia, but much more often weaker, premature babies, as well as small patients who have undergone any complex illnesses, suffer from the disease:

rickets;
allergies;
hypovitaminosis;
diathesis;
anemia;
hypotrophy and more.

Symptoms

A simple type of dyspepsia in the vast majority of cases occurs in children in the first years of life. The following signs may be the harbingers of the disease:

increased stool;
frequent regurgitation;
loss of appetite, refusal to eat;
restlessness of the child.

Usually, after about 3 days, the increase in stool in the baby reaches 6-7 times. The consistency of the stool becomes heterogeneous, liquid, with impurities of mucus. Also, babies have the following symptoms:

regurgitation and vomiting;
bloating;
flatulence.

Intestinal colic bothers children the most. At the same time, just before the act of defecation, the child becomes restless and fussy, crying. The increase in body weight in the child stops due to the baby's refusal to eat.

Typically, simple dyspepsia lasts up to a week. The consequences can be thrush, diaper rash and stomatitis.

In children who are weakened, there may be a transformation of ordinary dyspepsia into a dangerous, toxic form. In this case, the child develops the following symptoms:

indomitable, frequent vomiting;
fever, significant increase in temperature;
stool with a frequency of up to 15-20 times a day.

The stool becomes watery, with elements of the epithelium. The child loses a significant amount of fluid due to diarrhea and vomiting. The following additional symptoms are observed:

dehydration;
weight loss;
sinking of the large fontanelle;
mask-like facial features;
dryness of mucous membranes and skin;
convulsions.

Toxic dyspepsia is the most dangerous ailment for children. With her, babies can experience impaired consciousness, children often fall into a coma. To prevent these conditions and the loss of a child, you should immediately consult a doctor when the first symptoms of the disease are detected.

In older children, functional dyspepsia is manifested by the following characteristic symptoms:

pain after meals;
nausea followed by vomiting;
fast saturation;
a feeling of fullness in the stomach, a state of overeating;
heartburn, burning in the chest area;
alternating diarrhea and constipation;
sweating;
dizziness.

Diagnostics

Dyspepsia in children almost never differs in any special symptoms and this does not allow a diagnosis to be made without carrying out certain diagnostic measures.

The most important condition is the passage of differential diagnostics.

The following instrumental diagnostic methods can be prescribed:

FEGDS;
fluoroscopy;
research of the pH level.

Doctors also recommend that parents keep a special diary where meals will be noted, what exactly and when the child ate, how many times the baby defecated during the day, and what was the consistency of the stool. You can also write in the diary other symptoms and situations that have become stressful for the patient.

Records are kept for at least two weeks in a row. This allows you to identify the causes of the disease and help the doctor make the correct diagnosis.

When diagnosing, the doctor must take into account the facts that are typical for dyspepsia:

lack of growing pain;
no night pain;
the presence of other uncomfortable sensations (headaches, fatigue, drowsiness);
inaccuracies in nutrition.

Differential diagnosis is especially necessary in cases when children suffer from lactose deficiency, helminthiasis and intestinal infections.

It is also mandatory to study the coprogram in children. This allows you to optimally quickly make an accurate diagnosis and start treating a small patient.

Treatment of dyspepsia in young children

Mild forms of dyspepsia do not require hospitalization for the baby. Usually, immediately after the examination and diagnosis, the doctor makes an appointment for therapy, which can be done at home. Also, when prescribing treatment, the doctor must take into account the reason that led to.

For example, if the baby is injured due to overfeeding, the doctor prescribes a temporary restriction of feeding or replacement of some daily meals with warm water or herbal teas. One of the means that affects the child's body is positive dill water.

If the baby has suffered from low-quality mixtures, they urgently need to be replaced, and the complementary feeding should be stopped for a while. Babies can be prescribed sorbents.

This is necessary in cases where the disease threatens to become toxic. Since the illness is almost always accompanied by a strong increase in gas production, the doctor may prescribe the use of a gas tube. The baby's tummy can be easily massaged and warmed with a barely warm diaper.

The main goal of treating children with severe forms of dyspepsia is to restore the water-salt balance, since dehydration threatens not only the health, but also the life of the sick child. Immediately after treatment, the main goal of the doctor is to restore the microflora in the intestines of a small patient. For this purpose, the pediatrician may prescribe a number of medications.

Forecast and prevention

The prognosis for the baby's recovery is almost always favorable. The main thing is to go to the clinic in time to get medical help. With the right approach, the disease goes away within 5-7 days.

Prevention should be based on correct, balanced nutrition of the child.

The diet and food intake should be clearly age-appropriate. In no case should you feed your child with foods unusual for his age. Mom should also monitor the diet if the baby is breastfed. The timing and sequence of the introduction of certain products into the baby's diet must be strictly observed.

In no case should you overfeed your child. This can lead to functional dyspepsia. The amount of stress in a child's life should be reduced to a minimum. The baby should also get enough rest for him. Rest should take place according to the established regimen.

It is worth treating infectious and general somatic ailments in a timely manner. There is absolutely no need to deal with the symptoms on your own. If the child has signs of illness, you need to contact the pediatrician as soon as possible.

Childhood dyspepsia is an upset stomach. Dyspepsia causes the baby a lot of discomfort in the digestive system. Children often suffer from recurrent abdominal pain. Dyspepsia is found in 20% of children aged 7 to 12 years. Girls are more susceptible to this disease. The cause of dyspepsia is not always possible to find, it is found only in 40% of cases, it happens that the disease appears and disappears by itself. However, this does not exclude the fact that in some babies, dyspepsia can recur for years.

Depending on the cause of its occurrence, the disease is divided into the following types:

fermentation dyspepsia in children - the cause is the child's excessive consumption of carbohydrates and fermenting drinks. There are especially a lot of carbohydrates in potatoes, which children love so much (french fries), as well as in flour products, pasta, for example.
putrid dyspepsia in children. An excess of protein in the diet provokes precisely the putrefactive form of the disease. Eating large quantities of lamb and pork meat, which is processed by the digestive system for a very long time, may well provoke the appearance of putrefactive dyspepsia. That is, the products do not have time to be digested, and a putrefactive process occurs in the body. The same is observed when eating stale meat.
fatty indigestion. Refractory and slowly digestible fats in every possible way contribute to the appearance of this ailment.

Two main types of disease

There is simple and toxic dyspepsia. The difference is that simple dyspepsia in children is when the organs of the digestive system are affected, and in the second case, the metabolism is disturbed. The toxic type is a great danger to the child, as it quickly spreads throughout the body, touching other organs.

Most often, the cause of such a disease is non-compliance with the water-tea diet, which is prescribed to young children, or corny insufficient fluid intake by the baby. Premature babies, children suffering from rickets, dystrophy often suffer from toxic dyspepsia.

Options for functional dyspepsia in children

Like any other disease, functional dyspepsia in children poses a threat to overall health. Constant relapses negatively affect the work of the digestive system, concomitant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can occur, doctors call dyspepsia chronic gastritis, and this can eventually develop into an ulcer. Also, due to constant dyspepsia, the immunity of the child as a whole is weakened, since the disease wears out the body.

There are three types of functional dyspepsia, with each of which we will acquaint you.

Ulcerous

It is characterized by pain in the epigastric region. As a rule, they occur after eating, especially after overeating. Also, the symptoms of the disease are felt after taking medications intended for the treatment of acid-dependent diseases of the digestive system.

Dyskinetic

At the same time, the child eats up very quickly, the feeling of satiety appears literally in a couple of minutes from the beginning of the meal. After each meal in the epigastric region, one feels oversaturation, a sour taste. Nausea and mild vomiting may also appear.

Nonspecific

The child shows signs of both types of dyspepsia.

Causes of occurrence

Functional dyspepsia is often caused by poor nutrition. This concept is very broad, therefore specific provoking factors this is:

a sharp change in diet or lifestyle, as a result of which the diet also changes;
irregular meals, lack of breakfast, lunch or dinner;
constant overeating;
fast food, quick snacks, dry food;
excessive consumption of carbohydrates or proteins, for example.

Nerves can be the cause of absolutely any disease. Frequent stressful situations can also lead to chronic gastritis, namely this:

death of a loved one;
frequent quarrels in the family or even divorce of parents;
lack of friends, bad relationships in the team;
fears;
poor academic performance or failure to meet parental requirements.

The fact is that during increased nervousness, hormones are released, and this, in turn, provokes an excessive release of hydrochloric acid hormones.

What happens to a child with functional dyspepsia

The gastrointestinal tract is undergoing major changes, namely:

It is easy to confuse this disease with another. We provide a list of symptoms that are NOT typical for functional dyspepsia:

non-standard and inappropriate behavior of the child during the next attack;
waking up at night due to severe pain or insomnia for this reason;
diarrhea;
anorexia;
joint pain;
fever;
irradiation of pain.

If your baby has any of these signs, most likely it is not functional dyspepsia, or the disease is associated with another. In any case, you should go to the hospital immediately.

Acute dyspepsia

Dyspepsia in young children often becomes acute. It appears due to the discrepancy between the volumes and composition of the food consumed by the baby and the physiological capabilities of his digestive system. Signs of acute dyspepsia:

regurgitation;
diarrhea;
heterogeneous stools, sometimes with mucus;
slow growth.

The main method of struggle if your baby has acute dyspepsia is food unloading - you need to skip 1-2 feedings, replacing food with liquid.

Diagnostics

Dyspepsia can easily be confused with many other diseases of the digestive system. Therefore, it is imperative to make a differential diagnosis; in no case should one resort to self-medication.

In order to ascertain the presence of dyspepsia, the patient is prescribed:

FEGDS;
research on HP.

To understand the nature of the disease, as well as the degree of damage to the abdominal cavity, the child may also be prescribed daily monitoring of intragastric pH.

With dyspepsia in children, gastric hypersensitivity is often found, this is determined using a special barostat test. In medicine, there is a whole list of methods that allow you to learn as much as possible about the state of the baby's stomach, but most of them are very expensive.

One of the easiest and most affordable methods is to keep a diary of your child's meals. It's simple: you write down when the child eats, goes to the toilet in large quantities, indicate the nature and timing of the symptoms of dyspepsia, as well as all sorts of factors due to which the baby may be stressed. Such a diary should be kept for at least 2 weeks. This is the minimum period for which you can learn a lot of information about the disease.

How to cure

The first thing that needs to be understood is that treatment should be started immediately, and before that, seek help from a doctor. Perhaps herbal decoctions will not harm the child, but if they do not bring any benefit, then it will simply be wasted time, during which the disease will have time to develop.

The diet

Since the problems concern the digestive system, we start with the nutrition of the child. As a rule, disturbed nutrition is the result of an unhealthy lifestyle. When a baby has low activity, he rarely wants to eat, the whole body suffers from this. The ideal option for a child's diet is eating food in small portions throughout the day, that is, the famous separate meals. We completely exclude allergic foods from the diet, that is, those after consumption of which in large quantities the child has an allergic reaction.

It's just great if the baby does not eat fatty and fried foods, smoked meats, soda, sweets. It is quite difficult to restrict a child in anything, so such products are allowed, but in a minimal amount. Often, these dietary changes can help relieve the symptoms of functional dyspepsia.

Medicines

Few diseases go away without medication. For this disease, drugs are prescribed in accordance with the option.

For ulcerative dyspepsia recommend H2-histamine blockers or proton pump inhibitors. This treatment lasts one and a half to two weeks.

Diskinetic option requires prokinetics, namely, motilium is required. 1 mg of the substance is calculated per 1 kg of the child's weight. Sometimes the doctor prescribes metoclopromide, which must be taken half an hour before meals. But the latter often provokes side effects. Medicines of this type are given to be taken within 14-20 days, depending on the prescription.

Non-specific option drugs are not treated. Most often, such dyspepsia can be eliminated by routine dietary adjustments. If this does not help, then the problem lies in the psychological state of the child. This means that you should contact a psychotherapist, in a few sessions a good specialist will relieve your baby of stomach discomfort.

ethnoscience

Traditional methods of treatment cannot be disregarded. But if you are already an adherent of traditional methods of getting rid of diseases, first consult a doctor. Yes, you have met these words a million times, but we are talking about a baby whose health should be carefully guarded from the rash actions of his parents.