When it comes to planning pregnancy, one should in no way underestimate such a problem as the compatibility of parental blood groups for conceiving a child, or rather Rh-conflict. Quite often, it is he who can become not only the cause of complications during pregnancy, but this also threatens the life of the child. Today, of course, this problem cannot be completely solved, but it is quite possible to reduce the risk to a minimum.

Before planning a replenishment in the family, spouses must undergo a comprehensive examination, which will allow early identification of chronic diseases and latent infections that require treatment.

It is also necessary to pass all kinds of tests that will indicate the genetic compatibility of partners and a predisposition to chromosomal abnormalities. One of the important points to consider is the compatibility of blood groups for conception.

In particular, experts advise to establish her group and the Rh factor - also by taking tests. When conceiving a fetus, the compatibility is not so much of the blood group of the spouses, but of the Rh factors. The vitality of the unborn child depends on it.

Rh factor: what is it?

This is an antigen that is contained in the blood and determines the compatibility of the mother's and baby's blood. A protein that is localized on the surface of red blood cells - red blood cells. A positive indicator indicates the presence of such a protein. Its absence indicates a negative indicator.
It is believed that incompatibility in partners of blood groups during conception can provoke a frozen pregnancy, miscarriages, stillbirth.

Research by geneticists has shown that a child most often inherits a blood type from his mother, and Rh - from his father. In order not to have a Rh-conflict in partners, they need to pass an appropriate analysis, which should exclude possible incompatibility. If blood tests show that in the process of conception there is a threat of rejection by the maternal immunity of the fetus, then future parents will need to undergo special therapy.

Rhesus conflict during conception

If the partners' blood does not match the group, and they did not take special drugs before conceiving a child, anything can happen. Usually children will inherit their father's blood type. It is not fraught with anything if the mother has a positive Rh factor. If not, then there is a risk of a conflict between the indicators of a woman and a child.

During the first pregnancy, this conflict will not be life threatening. If the incompatibility of the partners' blood groups for conception is obvious, then later the mother with negative Rh blood will begin to produce many antibodies that will penetrate the fetal blood through the placenta, causing hemolytic disorders. Their consequences can be jaundice, the need for blood transfusions, prematurity, miscarriage. To reduce the risk of such consequences, mothers are prescribed medication.

How to determine compatibility by blood group

Each person's blood is individual, but nevertheless it contains special antigen proteins that have helped scientists divide all blood into four groups.

1. AB0 system. The blood is based on a specific protein antigen A, B, or a combination of them, which allows blood to be divided into four groups.
2. Rh factor system. If there is a Rh antigen in the blood, then such blood has a positive Rh. If it is not, then the Rh is negative. This system is completely developed on the basis of a set of specific proteins. Which are on the surface of red blood cells. In addition, antibodies can be found in the blood - protein elements that are attracted to the protein and begin to destroy it. Antigens are located on the outer walls of erythrocytes, and antibodies that fully correspond to them are in the plasma. Due to the fact that these blood elements are not attracted to erythrocytes, it is possible to function normally and not be destroyed.

Compatibility table of the blood group of parents with the Rh factor

Father	Mother	Child	The likelihood of conflict
0 (1)	0 (1)	0 (1)	No
0 (1)	A (2)	0 (1) or A (2)	No
0 (1)	AT 3)	0 (1) or B (3)	No
0 (1)	AB (4)	A (2) or B (3)	No
A (2)	0 (1)	0 (1) or A (2)	50% chance of conflict
A (2)	A (2)	0 (1) or A (2)	No
A (2)	AT 3)		25% chance of conflict
A (2)	AB (4)	0 (1) or A (2) or AB (4)	No
AT 3)	0 (1)	0 (1) or B (3)	50% chance of conflict
AT 3)	A (2)	any 0 (1) or A (2) or B (3) or AB (4)	50% chance of conflict
AT 3)	AT 3)	0 (1) or B (3)	No
AT 3)	AB (4)	0 (1) or B (3) or AB (4)	No
AB (4)	0 (1)	A (2) or B (3)	100% chance of conflict
AB (4)	A (2)	0 (1) or A (2) or AB (4)	66% chance of conflict
AB (4)	AT 3)	0 (1) or B (3) or AB (4)	66% chance of conflict
AB (4)	AB (4)	A (2) or B (3) or AB (4)	No

Rh factors that are suitable for each other

For a successful conception, the most acceptable option is when both spouses have blood with the same rhesus. At the same time, their blood groups may differ.

If the spouses have a conflict of blood groups, then it is necessary to plan conception in advance. The doctor should check the presence of antibodies in the mother's blood.

There are couples who conceived a child, relying on "maybe". During the examination, it turns out that they have a complete incompatibility of blood groups for conception. This is a reason for interruption, because before the synthesis of antibodies begins, there is still enough time, which means that the woman has time to diagnose and inject anti-rhesus immunoglobulin.

Women whose group compatibility is impaired with a partner should undergo immunoglobulin therapy if she has:

• ectopic pregnancy;
• abortion - medical, conventional, vacuum;
• miscarriage.

If blood incompatibility is found, what to do?

It is very important for the gynecologist who leads the woman to anticipate in a timely manner all potential difficulties during conception. If it has already happened, then you will need to take some measures to "get used to" the blood of the mother and the fetus.

1. If the blood of the mother and the child is incompatible, the gynecologist suggests taking a biopsy of the outer shell of the embryo. This will determine if he has rhesus.
2. If the fetus is under threat, the specialist may suggest doing amniocentesis (taking a sample of amniotic fluid from the uterus) or cordocentesis (puncture of the fetal umbilical cord).
3. Mothers will be given immunoglobulin for prophylaxis.
4. If some complications threaten the life of mom and baby, a decision will be discussed regarding the stimulation of labor.

How does the incompatibility of blood between mother and child arise?

If a woman's body does not have a specific antigen, but if a child has one, then the woman's brain and nervous system will perceive them as hostile components and destroy them. Then the corresponding antibodies begin to form very actively and they are attracted to the child's erythrocytes, which have passed from the father and, as a result, they are resolved, which leads to the death of the baby.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that a blood group conflict occurs quite rarely. In most cases, the second blood group, which has antigen A, is poorly combined with other blood groups. More often, you can find a conflict that arose on the basis of different Rh factors.

When danger begins to arise for a child

When the Rh factor is determined when planning a pregnancy, you need to remember a few simple rules:

1. If the Rh and blood type of both parents are identical, then this is just perfect!
2. If the father has Rh "+", and the mother has "-", then there is a huge risk that a conflict situation will arise. As soon as the female body realizes that foreign proteins have begun to emerge in it, antibodies will immediately begin to be produced, which, by their action, will lead to a miscarriage.
3. If the child has a blood group 2, and the mother has 1, then the risk of a conflict is slightly less, but still the result may be the same as in the previous situation with the Rh-conflict.
4. If the blood groups are different, but at the same time the same Rh factors, then you do not need to worry. In this case, embryo rejection does not occur.

When planning a pregnancy, you should pay attention to such important things so that later something that no woman wants - the death of her child - does not happen. Take pregnancy planning very seriously, because not only how the pregnancy will proceed, but also the health of the unborn child and mother depends on it. It is also worth worrying about proper nutrition, taking vitamin complexes, giving up bad habits, and so on. Follow the doctor's instructions and carry out all possible examinations, take tests in order to be completely confident in the health of your unborn baby!

The article will tell you about what is the incompatibility of partners during conception.

What is the incompatibility of partners and spouses when conceiving a child: causes, signs, symptoms

In cases where a man and a woman cannot have a child, almost 30-35% of them are to blame for their incompatibility with each other. It is the incompatibility that is the main reason for the infertility of the couple. You should think that this infertility is your problem if partners cannot have a child within 1 year, despite regular attempts.

In such cases, a man and a woman should undergo a medical examination in order to exclude the presence of certain diseases of an inflammatory and infectious nature. It will not be superfluous to make an examination by a doctor for anomalies in the anatomical structure of the internal genital organs.

What can affect the incompatibility of partners:

• Genetic incompatibility
• Immunological incompatibility
• Biological incompatibility
• Immune incompatibility
• Microflora incompatibility
• Blood group incompatibility

What is the genetic incompatibility of partners, spouses when conceiving a child?

The reason for the infertility of a couple may be a genetic incompatibility of partners. This resonance happens quite often and an obvious, characteristic and main symptom of this problem is rejection of the fetus, i.e. conception occurs, but the pregnancy is aborted.

Genetic incompatibility and its cause is in the blood, because in order for the fetus to successfully take root, a man and a woman must have the same Rh factor (+ or -) ... Conception, gestation and childbirth in couples with different Rh factors can occur, but such children often have serious health problems.

How to get pregnant if there is a genetic incompatibility with your husband?

As already mentioned, a couple can conceive a child in the presence of a genetic incompatibility, but in order for it to be successful and to avoid health problems, a woman and a man must be under the close attention of doctors.

When a genetic "Rh-conflict" is detected (in a mother and a child), doctors inject the woman with a special substance - immunoglobulin... Another way to help a woman bear fruit is to do periodic blood transfusion... Remember that doctors have long learned to overcome this problem, it is only important for a couple to follow clear recommendations.

Genetic "conflict" in bearing a fetus

What is the immunological (biological) incompatibility of spouses during the conception of a child, how is it treated?

The causes of infertility in a healthy mother and father can be the immunological characteristics of the body. Not a single doctor will be able to explain this feature in detail and in detail, because the female body, for some of its special reasons, begins to produce antibodies that have a detrimental effect on the male seed (sperm), killing them.

INTERESTING: On the other hand, there are cases when the male body independently begins to produce antibodies to its reproductive cells.

In both cases, the sperm is simply not able to fertilize the female cell and provoke conception. There are rare cases when pregnancy began, but the woman's immune cells destroyed the embryo at the earliest stages of its development.

What happens with biological incompatibility:

• Woman experiencing severe toxicosis
• Pregnancy can spontaneously fail
• The embryo lags behind in development (or completely freezes)

IMPORTANT: Before starting to plan a child, modern reproductive clinics advise couples to be tested for the presence of antisperm bodies (those same antibodies).

Biological incompatibility is a problem on the path to conception

How to get pregnant if you have an immune incompatibility with your husband?

At the moment, the problem of immune incompatibility has not been fully studied to date. It is only known that a negative reaction of a woman's body to male cells occurs at the first contact and this can happen with absolutely any pair.

INTERESTING: In some cases, such rejection of male cells occurs due to psychological stress (fear of pregnancy or children, for example).

Less often, immune incompatibility is provoked by hormonal disorders in the woman's body, both periodic and chronic. In order to avoid problems with planning pregnancy and pathologies of fetal development, you should undergo special tests and additional studies before conception.

What is the incompatibility of spouses during the conception of a child in terms of microflora, how is it treated?

Each person has their own microflora in the reproductive system (balance of beneficial bacteria). In addition to bacteria, pathogenic microorganisms (microbes) may also be present there, which can interfere with a favorable conception. The number of these microorganisms is regulated by the immune system, and therefore if a woman has a weakness, then it will be difficult for her to conceive.

IMPORTANT: If a couple has microflora incompatibility, this will be a clear threat to conception, because while it exists, the immune system will protest conception in every possible way.

You can notice the symptoms of pathogenic microflora immediately after sexual intercourse:

• Burning in the groin
• Itchy groin
• Unpleasant sour odor from external genitals.
• Strange mucous discharge, which may be copious.
• Frequent thrush in a woman

IMPORTANT: Infertility due to disturbed microflora of a woman or man is found in only 3% of cases and it is successfully treated by modern medicine.

How to get pregnant if microflora incompatibility with your husband?

Disturbed and pathogenic flora very rarely becomes the cause of infertility, but if such a problem exists, it should be addressed immediately. If symptoms are found, consult a doctor for advice and treatment, do a compatibility test with a partner in a polyclinic or private clinic (culture).

With the help of the analysis, the laboratory will identify pathogens and determine its sensitivity to medications designed to combat them. It is possible to "kill" the pathogenic microflora only by taking antibiotics. It is important that both partners undergo the treatment, only then will it be effective. After the full course, the man and woman undergo repeated tests.

What is the incompatibility of spouses when conceiving a child by group and Rh blood: consequences and treatment

Incompatibility of Rh blood factors is a common problem on the way to a successful conception of a child. The Rh factor is an indicator of protein compounds in the blood of every person. So, for example, people with "antigens" always have a positive Rh factor (documented it is designated as Rh +). But, if it is absent, then the Rh factor is negative (denoted as Rh-).

The ideal ratio of Rh factors for men and women for a successful conception is the same for both partners. However, a person chooses a partner not according to the blood group, but "following the call of the heart" and therefore such a "Rh conflict" is not rare (the mother's blood is "negative", and the fetus has "positive").

INTERESTING: Statistics have calculated and found that 80% of women around the world have Rh + and, therefore, they are not at risk of such a problem as infertility due to "conflict Rh".

But do not rush to get upset, because this problem is completely solvable by modern medicine. The woman's condition is regulated by special therapy, specialists carefully carry out blood tests and tests for a couple planning a pregnancy. In addition, at the moment there is a special drug that regulates the blocking of antibodies by a woman's immunity and therefore a successful bearing is quite possible.

Checking the compatibility of partners for conception: how to do it?

At the moment, modern medicine has "stepped forward" and has a lot of ways to determine the compatibility of partners and find a solution to the problem of infertility. If you cannot get pregnant within 1 year, you should see your doctor for an examination and he will prescribe you a series of important tests:

• Microflora analysis
• Blood test
• Analysis of hormonal levels
• Analysis of the immune system

IMPORTANT: Do not be afraid of these examinations and laboratory tests, because they can not only study your level of health, but also determine possible diseases that your fetus is capable of transferring.

Can IVF be done if the spouses are incompatible?

The incompatibility of partners can be judged only when in front of a specialist or doctor there is a complete card of examinations and analyzes of a man and a woman (cultures, blood, ultrasound, microflora, anatomical features, hormonal background).

Depending on the problem present, the doctor prescribes either treatment or artificial cell fertilization (IVF). So that the costly IVF procedure is not in vain, the doctor will carefully study the capabilities of your body and tell you whether you can do it or not.

Video: " Top 6 Most common causes of infertility. How to get pregnant? "

Blood group (AB0): essence, definition in a child, compatibility, what does it affect?

Some life situations (forthcoming surgery, pregnancy, desire to become a donor, etc.) require an analysis, which we are used to calling simply: "blood type". Meanwhile, in the broad sense of this term, there is a certain inaccuracy here, since most of us mean the well-known erythrocyte system AB0, described in 1901 by Landsteiner, but do not know about it and therefore says "blood test for group", thus separating another important system.

Karl Landsteiner, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery, throughout his life continued to work on the search for other antigens located on the surface of red blood cells, and in 1940 the world learned about the existence of the Rhesus system, which ranks second in importance. In addition, in 1927, scientists found protein substances secreted into the erythrocyte systems - MNs and Pp. At that time, this was a huge breakthrough in medicine, because people suspected that it could lead to the death of the body, and someone else's blood could save lives, so they tried to transfuse it from animals to humans and from humans to humans. Unfortunately, success did not always come, but science has confidently moved forward and at the present time. we just out of habit speak about the blood group, implying the AB0 system.

What is a blood type and how did it become known?

Determination of the blood group is based on the classification of genetically determined individually specific proteins of all tissues of the human body. These organ-specific protein structures are called antigens(alloantigens, isoantigens), but they should not be confused with antigens specific to certain pathological formations (tumors) or proteins that cause infections that enter the body from the outside.

The antigenic set of tissues (and blood, of course), given from birth, determines the biological individuality of a particular individual, which can be a person, any animal, or a microorganism, that is, isoantigens characterize group-specific traits that make it possible to distinguish these individuals within their species.

The alloantigenic properties of our tissues began to be studied by Karl Landsteiner, who mixed the blood (erythrocytes) of people with the sera of other people and noticed that in some cases, erythrocytes stick together (agglutination), while in others the color remains homogeneous. True, at first the scientist found 3 groups (A, B, C), 4 blood group (AB) was discovered later by the Czech Jan Jansky. In 1915, the first standard sera were obtained in England and America, containing specific antibodies (agglutinins) that determine group affiliation. In Russia, the AB0 blood group began to be determined in 1919, but digital designations (1, 2, 3, 4) were introduced into practice in 1921, and a little later they began to use alphanumeric nomenclature, where antigens were designated by Latin letters (A and B), and antibodies - Greek (α and β).

It turns out that there are so many of them ...

To date, immunohematology has been supplemented with more than 250 antigens located on erythrocytes. Major erythrocyte antigen systems include:

These systems, in addition to transfusiology (blood transfusion), where AB0 and Rh still play the main role, most often remind of themselves in obstetric practice(miscarriages, stillbirths, the birth of children with severe hemolytic disease), however, it is not always possible to determine the erythrocyte antigens of many systems (except AB0, Rh), which is due to the lack of typing sera, the production of which requires large material and labor costs. Thus, when we talk about blood groups 1, 2, 3, 4, we mean the main antigenic system of erythrocytes, called the AB0 system.

Table: possible combinations of AB0 and Rh (blood groups and Rh factors)

In addition, from about the middle of the last century, antigens began to be discovered one after another:

1. Platelets, which in most cases repeated the antigenic determinants of erythrocytes, but with a lesser degree of severity, which makes it difficult to determine the blood group on platelets;
2. Nuclear cells, primarily lymphocytes (HLA - histocompatibility system), which opened up wide opportunities for organ and tissue transplantation and solving some problems of genetics (hereditary predisposition to a certain pathology);
3. Plasma proteins (the number of described genetic systems has already exceeded a dozen).

The discoveries of many genetically determined structures (antigens) made it possible not only to approach the determination of the blood group in a different way, but also to strengthen the position of clinical immunohematology in terms of fight against various pathological processes, made possible safe, as well as organ and tissue transplantation.

The main system that divides people into 4 groups

The group belonging of erythrocytes depends on the group-specific antigens A and B (agglutinogens):

• Containing protein and polysaccharides;
• Closely associated with the stroma of red blood cells;
• Not related to hemoglobin, which does not participate in the agglutination reaction in any way.

By the way, agglutinogens can be found on other blood cells (platelets, leukocytes) or in tissues and body fluids (saliva, tears, amniotic fluid), where they are determined in much smaller quantities.

Thus, antigens A and B can be found on the stroma of erythrocytes of a particular person.(together or separately, but always forming a pair, for example, AB, AA, A0 or BB, B0) or they cannot be found there at all (00).

In addition, globulin fractions (agglutinins α and β) float in the blood plasma compatible with the antigen (A with β, B with α), named natural antibodies.

Obviously, in the first group, which does not contain antigens, both types of group antibodies, α and β, will be present. Normally, in the fourth group, there should not be any natural globulin fractions, because if this is allowed, antigens and antibodies will begin to stick together: α will agglutinate (stick) A, and β, respectively, B.

Depending on the combinations of options and the presence of certain antigens and antibodies, the group affiliation of a person's blood can be represented as follows:

• 1 blood group 0αβ (I): antigens - 00 (I), antibodies - α and β;
• 2 blood group Aβ (II): antigens - AA or A0 (II), antibodies - β;
• 3 blood group Bα (III): antigens - BB or B0 (III), antibodies - α
• 4 blood group AB0 (IV): antigens only A and B, antibodies are absent.

Perhaps the reader will be surprised to learn that there is a blood type that does not fit this classification. . It was opened in 1952 by a resident of Bombay, therefore it was named "Bombay". Antigenic-serological variant of erythrocytes type « Bombey» does not contain antigens of the AB0 system, and in the serum of such people, along with natural antibodies α and β, anti-H(antibodies directed to substance H, differentiating antigens A and B and not allowing their presence on the erythrocyte stroma). Later "Bombay" and other rare types of group affiliation were found in different parts of the world. Of course, you will not envy such people, because in the event of massive blood loss, they need to look for a saving environment around the globe.

Ignorance of the laws of genetics can cause tragedy in the family

The AB0 blood group of each person is the result of inheriting one antigen from the mother, the other from the father. Receiving hereditary information from both parents, a person in his phenotype has half of each of them, that is, the blood group of the parents and the child is a combination of two traits, therefore it may not coincide with the blood group of the father or mother.

The discrepancy between the blood groups of the parents and the child gives rise to doubts and suspicions in the heads of individual men about the infidelity of their spouses. This happens due to the lack of elementary knowledge of the laws of nature and genetics, therefore, in order to avoid tragic mistakes on the part of the male sex, whose ignorance often breaks happy family relationships, we consider it necessary to once again clarify where this or that blood group is taken from the child according to the AB0 system and lead examples of expected results.

Option 1... If both parents are of the first blood group: 00 (I) x 00 (I), then the child will only have the first 0 (I) group, all others are excluded. This is because genes synthesizing antigens of the first blood group - recessive, they can manifest themselves only in homozygous a state where no other gene (dominant) is suppressed.

Option 2... Both parents have a second group A (II). However, it can be either homozygous, when two traits are the same and dominant (AA), or heterozygous, represented by a dominant and recessive variant (A0), so the following combinations are possible here:

• AA (II) x AA (II) → AA (II);
• AA (II) x A0 (II) → AA (II);
• A0 (II) x A0 (II) → AA (II), A0 (II), 00 (I), that is, with such a combination of parental phenotypes, both the first and the second group are likely, third and fourth are excluded.

Option 3... One of the parents has the first group 0 (I), the other has the second:

• AA (II) x 00 (I) → A0 (II);
• A0 (II) x 00 (I) → A0 (II), 00 (I).

Possible groups in a child - A (II) and 0 (I), excluded - B (III) and AB (IV).

Option 4... In the case of a combination of two thirds of groups inheritance will follow option 2: the third or first group will become a possible affiliation, while the second and fourth will be excluded.

Option 5... When one of the parents has the first group, and the second has a third, inheritance is similar option 3- the child may have B (III) and 0 (I), but exclude A (II) and AB (IV) .

Option 6. Parent groups A (II) and B (III ) under inheritance can give any group membership of the AB0 system(1, 2, 3, 4). The emergence of 4 blood groups is an example codominant inheritance when both antigens in the phenotype are equal and to the same extent manifest themselves as a new trait (A + B = AB):

• AA (II) x BB (III) → AB (IV);
• A0 (II) x B0 (III) → AB (IV), 00 (I), A0 (II), B0 (III);
• A0 (II) x BB (III) → AB (IV), B0 (III);
• B0 (III) x AA (II) → AB (IV), A0 (II).

Option 7... When combining the second and fourth groups from parents it is possible second, third and fourth group in a child, the first is excluded:

• AA (II) x AB (IV) → AA (II), AB (IV);
• A0 (II) x AB (IV) → AA (II), A0 (II), B0 (III), AB (IV).

Option 8... A similar situation arises in the case of a combination of the third and fourth groups: possible are A (II), B (III) and AB (IV), and the first one is excluded.

• BB (III) x AB (IV) → BB (III), AB (IV);
• B0 (III) x AB (IV) → A0 (II), BB (III), B0 (III), AB (IV).

Option 9 - most interesting. Parents have 1 and 4 blood groups as a result, it turns out that the child has a second or third blood group, but never – first and fourth:

• AB (IV) x 00 (I);
• A + 0 = A0 (II);
• B + 0 = B0 (III).

Table: child's blood group based on the parent's blood groups

It is obvious that the statement about the same group affiliation in parents and children is a delusion, because genetics obeys its own laws. As for the determination of the child's blood group by the parental group, this is only possible if the parents have the first group, that is, in this case, the appearance of A (II) or B (III) will exclude biological paternity or motherhood. The combination of the fourth and first groups will lead to the emergence of new phenotypic traits (group 2 or 3), while the old ones will be lost.

Boy, girl, group compatibility

If in the old days the reins were put under the pillow for the birth in the family of the heir, now everything is put on an almost scientific basis. Trying to deceive nature and "order" the sex of the child in advance, the parents-to-be perform simple arithmetic operations: divide the father's age by 4, and the mother's - by 3, whoever has more balance wins. Sometimes this coincides, and sometimes it is disappointing, so what is the probability of getting the desired gender using calculations - official medicine does not comment, therefore, it is everyone's business to calculate or not, but the method is painless and absolutely harmless. You can try, but what if you're lucky?

for reference: what really affects the sex of the child - combinations of X and Y chromosomes

But the compatibility of the blood group of the parents is a completely different matter, and not in terms of the sex of the child, but in the sense of whether he will be born at all. The formation of immune antibodies (anti-A and anti-B), although rare, can interfere with the normal course of pregnancy (IgG) and even feeding the baby (IgA). Fortunately, the AB0 system does not interfere with reproduction as often, which cannot be said about the Rh factor. It can cause miscarriage or the birth of babies with, the best consequence of which is deafness, and in the worst case, the child cannot be saved at all.

Group affiliation and pregnancy

Determination of the blood group according to the AB0 and Rh systems is a mandatory procedure when registering for pregnancy.

In the case of a negative Rh factor in the expectant mother and the same result in the future father of the child, you do not need to worry, since the baby will also have a negative Rh factor.

Do not immediately panic a "negative" woman and the first(abortions and miscarriages are also considered) pregnancy. Unlike the AB0 (α, β) system, the Rhesus system does not have natural antibodies, so the body still only recognizes "foreign", but does not react to it in any way. Immunization will occur during childbirth, therefore, so that the woman's body does not "remember" the presence of foreign antigens (Rh factor - positive), the postpartum woman is injected with a special anti-rhesus serum on the first day after childbirth, protecting subsequent pregnancies... In the case of a strong immunization of a “negative” woman with a “positive” antigen (Rh +), compatibility for conception is under a big question, therefore, without looking at long-term treatment, a woman is haunted by failures (miscarriages). The body of a woman who has a negative rhesus, once "remembering" someone else's protein ("memory cell"), will respond with active production of immune antibodies at subsequent meetings (pregnancy) and will reject it in every possible way, that is, its own desired and long-awaited child, if it turns out positive rhesus factor.

Compatibility for conception sometimes should be borne in mind in relation to other systems. By the way, AB0 is quite loyal to the presence of a stranger and rarely gives immunizations. However, there are known cases of the emergence of immune antibodies in women with AB0-incompatible pregnancy, when the damaged placenta opens access to the fetal erythrocytes into the mother's blood. It is generally accepted that the greatest likelihood of isoimmunization of a woman is introduced by vaccinations (DTP), which contain group-specific substances of animal origin. First of all, such a feature was noticed for substance A.

Probably, the second place after the Rhesus system in this regard can be given to the histocompatibility system (HLA), and then to Kell. In general, each of them can sometimes surprise you. This is because the body of a woman who has a close relationship with a particular man, even without pregnancy, reacts to his antigens and produces antibodies. This process is called sensitization... The only question is, to what level will sensitization reach, which depends on the concentration of immunoglobulins and the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. With a high titer of immune antibodies, compatibility for conception is in great doubt. Rather, it will be a question of incompatibility, requiring tremendous efforts of doctors (immunologists, gynecologists), unfortunately, often in vain. The decrease in the titer over time also calms a little, the "memory cell" knows its task ...

Video: pregnancy, blood type and Rh-conflict

Compatible blood transfusion

In addition to compatibility for conception, it is equally important transfusion compatibility, where the AB0 system has a dominant role (transfusion of blood incompatible with the AB0 system is very dangerous and can lead to death!). Often a person thinks that the 1 (2, 3, 4) blood group of him and the neighbor must necessarily be the same, that the first will always suit the first, the second - the second, and so on, and in the event of some circumstances, they (the neighbors) can help each other friend. It would seem that a recipient with a blood group 2 should accept a donor of the same group affiliation, but this is not always the case. The thing is that antigens A and B have their own varieties. For example, antigen A has the most allo-specific variants (A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 0, A X, etc.), but B is slightly inferior (B 1, B X, B 3, B weak, etc. .), that is, it turns out that these options may simply not be combined, although when analyzing blood for a group, the result will be A (II) or B (III). Thus, given this heterogeneity, it is possible to imagine how many varieties can have a 4 blood group containing antigen and A and B in its composition?

The assertion that 1 blood group is the best, since it suits everyone, without exception, and the fourth accepts any, is also outdated. For example, some people with 1 blood group are for some reason called a "dangerous" universal donor. And the danger lies in the fact that without antigens A and B on erythrocytes, the plasma of these people contains a large titer of natural antibodies α and β, which, entering the bloodstream of the recipient of other groups (except for the first), begin to agglutinate the antigens located there (A and / or V).

blood group compatibility during transfusion

Currently, transfusion of blood of different groups is not practiced, with the exception of only some cases of transfusions that require special selection. Then the first Rh-negative blood group is considered universal, the erythrocytes of which are washed 3 or 5 times to avoid immunological reactions. The first blood group with a positive Rh can be universal only in relation to Rh (+) erythrocytes, that is, after determining for compatibility and washing of the erythrocyte mass can be transfused into a Rh-positive recipient having any group of the AB0 system.

The most common group in the European territory of the Russian Federation is considered the second - A (II), Rh (+), the rarest - 4 blood group with negative rhesus. In blood banks, the attitude to the latter is especially reverent, because a person with a similar antigenic composition should not die just because, if necessary, they will not find the required amount of erythrocyte mass or plasma. By the way, plasmaAB (IV) Rh(-) is suitable for absolutely everyone, since it does not contain anything (0), however, such a question is never considered due to the rare occurrence of 4 blood groups with negative rhesus.

How is blood type determined?

Determination of the blood group according to the AB0 system can be done by taking a drop from a finger. By the way, every medical worker who has a diploma of higher or secondary medical education should be able to do this, regardless of the profile of their activity. As for other systems (Rh, HLA, Kell), a blood test for a group is taken from a vein and, following the methodology, they determine the belonging. Such studies are already in the competence of a laboratory diagnostician, and immunological typing of organs and tissues (HLA) generally requires special training.

A blood test for a group is done using standard sera manufactured in special laboratories and meeting certain requirements (specificity, titer, activity), or using tsoliclones obtained at the factory. Thus, the group belonging of erythrocytes is determined ( direct method). To eliminate an error and get complete confidence in the reliability of the results obtained, the blood group is determined at blood transfusion stations or in laboratories of surgical and, especially, obstetric hospitals cross method where serum is used as the test sample, and specially selected standard red blood cells go like a reagent. By the way, in newborns, it is very difficult to determine the group belonging to the cross method, although agglutinins α and β are called natural antibodies (data from birth), they begin to be synthesized only from six months and accumulate by 6-8 years.

Blood type and character

Does the blood type affect the character and is it possible to predict in advance what can be expected from a one-year-old pink-cheeked toddler in the future? Official medicine treats group affiliation in this perspective with little or no attention to these issues. A person has many genes, group systems too, so one can hardly expect the fulfillment of all the predictions of astrologers and determine in advance the character of a person. However, some coincidences cannot be ruled out, because some predictions do come true.

the prevalence of blood groups in the world and the characters attributed to them

So, astrology claims that:

1. Carriers of the first blood group are brave, strong, purposeful people. Leaders by nature, possessing irrepressible energy, they not only reach great heights themselves, but also carry others along with them, that is, they are wonderful organizers. At the same time, their character is not devoid of negative traits: they can suddenly flare up and, in a fit of anger, show aggression.
2. The second blood group are people who are patient, balanced, calm, slightly shy, empathic and taking everything to heart. They are distinguished by homeliness, thrift, striving for comfort and coziness, however, stubbornness, self-criticism and conservatism interfere in solving many professional and everyday tasks.
3. The third blood group involves the search for the unknown, a creative impulse, harmonious development, communication skills. With such a character, but turning mountains, but here's the bad luck - poor tolerance of routine and monotony does not allow you to do this. The owners of group B (III) quickly change their mood, show inconsistency in views, judgments, actions, dream a lot, which prevents the implementation of the intended goal. And their goals change quickly ...
4. With regard to individuals with the fourth blood group, astrologers do not support the version of some psychiatrists who claim that among its owners there are most maniacs. People who study the stars agree that the 4th group has collected the best features of the previous ones, therefore it has a particularly good character. Leaders, organizers with enviable intuition and sociability, representatives of the AB (IV) group, at the same time, are indecisive, contradictory and peculiar, their minds are constantly fighting with their hearts, but on whose side the victory will be - a big question mark.

Of course, the reader understands that all this is very approximate, because people are so different. Even identical twins show some kind of individuality, at least in character.

Nutrition and diet by blood type

The concept of a diet by blood group owes its appearance to the American Peter D'Adamo, who at the end of the last century (1996) published a book with recommendations for proper nutrition, depending on the group belonging to the AB0 system. At the same time, this fashionable trend penetrated into Russia and was ranked among the alternative.

In the opinion of the absolute majority of doctors with medical education, this direction is anti-scientific and contradicts the prevailing views based on numerous studies. The author shares the view of official medicine, so the reader has the right to choose whom to believe.

• The statement that at first all people had only the first group, its owners are "hunters living in a cave", obligatory meat eaters having a healthy digestive tract can be safely questioned. Group substances A and B were identified in the surviving tissues of mummies (Egypt, America), which are more than 5000 years old. Supporters of the concept "Eat right for your type" (the title of D'Adamo's book) do not indicate that the presence of antigens 0 (I) is considered a risk factor in relation to diseases of the stomach and intestines(peptic ulcer), in addition, carriers of this group more often than others have problems with blood pressure ( ).
• The owners of the second group were recognized by Mr. D'Adamo as clean vegetarians... Considering that this group affiliation is prevalent in Europe and in some areas reaches 70%, one can imagine the outcome of mass vegetarianism. Probably, mental hospitals will be overcrowded, because modern man is an established predator.

Unfortunately, the diet for blood group A (II) does not draw attention to the fact that people with this antigenic composition of erythrocytes make up the majority of patients , ... They happen more often than others. So maybe a person should work in this direction? Or at least keep in mind the risk of similar problems?

Food for thought

An interesting question: when should a person switch to the recommended blood type diet? From birth? During puberty? In the golden years of youth? Or when old age knocks? Here is the right to choose, we just want to remind you that children and adolescents should not be deprived of the necessary microelements and vitamins, you should not prefer one thing and ignore the other.

Young people love something, something they don’t, but if a healthy person is ready, only having passed the age of majority, to follow all dietary recommendations in accordance with the group belonging, then this is his right. I would only like to note that, in addition to the antigens of the AB0 system, there are other antigenic phenotypes that exist in parallel, but also contribute to the vital activity of the human body. Should I ignore them or keep them in mind? Then they also need to develop diets and it is not a fact that they will coincide with the current trends promoting healthy eating for certain categories of people with one or another group affiliation. For example, the HLA leukocyte system is more than others associated with various diseases, according to it it is possible to calculate in advance a hereditary predisposition to a particular pathology. So why not tackle just such a more realistic prevention immediately with the help of food?

Video: the secrets of human blood groups

Form elements circulate in the blood of people. One of them is red blood cells. On their surface are antigens (a set of proteins) that form four distinct blood groups (HA) and Rh factor (Rh). When planning a pregnancy, parents can identify blood group compatibility for conceiving a child. The combination of certain antigens leads to unhealthy offspring and the risk of difficult gestation. To exclude them, they turn to the attending physician, he prescribes blood tests that prevent the development of pathological pregnancy.

General concepts of blood groups

There are many antigenic structures on the surface of red blood cells, but the most common two are identified by the Latin letters (A, B). By their location, 4 blood groups are distinguished:

• I (0) - complete absence of antigens;
• II (A) - the presence of antigen A;
• III (B) - the presence of group B;
• IV (AB) - a manifestation of both groups.

As already mentioned, there are Rh factors on the surface of red blood cells. They are determined jointly with the Civil Code. These are proteins that may or may not be present in the intravascular fluid. Therefore, Rh is marked on the analysis form with a plus or minus.

Information about human blood glucose is necessary for doctors during transfusion, organ transplantation, and pregnancy planning. If the medical staff transfuses blood to the patient with the opposite group of antigens, an irreversible reaction will occur, which will lead to a worsening of the condition, death. Erythrocytes stick together (agglutination reaction), their number will sharply decrease, hemolytic anemia and organ failure will occur.

If there is a conflict over antigenic structures, the embryo may be rejected or its condition worsened after birth, the appearance of congenital pathologies, and a decrease in organ function. Therefore, before conception, it is recommended that both parents donate blood, find out which HA and Rh they belong to, whether they are Rh-compatible.

Influence of antigenic structures on conception

Doctors have proven that the possibility of conception by partners depends on the state of their health. HA affects only the process of carrying a child. An exception is the conflict over rhesus, a blood group in the first pregnancy, after which the possibility of getting pregnant and carrying the next baby decreases. The impossibility of conception occurs with the appearance of genital infections, hormonal disorders, an abnormal structure of the male and female genital organs, their inflammatory diseases, and an abnormal structure of spermatozoa.

HA, the Rh factor of men and women, affects the already appeared embryo. Its structure, development, and the formation of internal organs depend on the compatibility of the blood group of the parents. Rh is more important for the stable course of gestation, therefore, after the onset of pregnancy, the doctor prescribes a study to determine it in both parents.

If during the period of preparation for pregnancy the analysis was not performed, the incompatibility was revealed after the fertilization of the egg, the pregnancy is preserved. Many methods have been developed that allow you to bear the fetus. This requires constant monitoring of the condition of the mother and child.

Important! Pregnancy is considered safe if both the infant and the mother have the same Rh factor. At the first gestation, the risk of complications is minimal. Antigens accumulate in the mother's body, so a rejection reaction is possible with the second conception.

Pregnancy planning

The ideal combination of HA and Rh is rare. But the conflict on these indicators does not happen often, it does not manifest itself during the initial gestation. This requires incompatibility in HA and Rh at the same time.

When the mother has a negative Rh, the father has a positive one, negative reactions will occur only if the fetus has the same antigenic composition as the father.

There are combinations of HA that lead to complications in the course of gestation and the postpartum state:

1. The mother has the first positive group - there is a risk of conflict in the ABO system. This happens if the infant has inherited the antigenic composition from the father. The risk of conflict is low. It rarely happens that antibodies A and B destroy the red blood cells with a foreign protein when they meet the mother's blood cells. After delivery, the newborn's blood group is immediately determined. If she is identical to the mother, do not worry. If they differ, the child is monitored in the hospital. With subsequent pregnancy, the risk of complications from the conflict decreases.
2. The mother has a second negative group - the risk appears if the baby has inherited 3 or 4 groups from the father. At the same time, conflict is a rare occurrence.
3. The mother has the third group, and the father has the fourth - there is a likelihood of complications.
4. The mother has a fourth group - there is no risk of conflict, since 4 HA is considered compatible with all other antigenic elements.

Important! Even despite the existing risk, the incidence of Rh-conflict is low, this does not mean that partners should not have children. Most often, pregnancy goes well under the supervision of doctors.

Formation of the child's blood group

Using the table, you can calculate the possible combinations of blood glucose that the future baby will have. If the parents have similar antigens, the fetal blood type is more likely to be the same. With a difference in antigenic elements, there is a 25% probability for each HA.

Rhesus conflict and its causes

A person's erythrocytes contain a protein called the Rh factor. If the pregnant woman and the fetus have an incompatibility according to this criterion, complications are possible. It is important that the mother has this protein, then, even if the father does not have it, there is no danger.

In a situation where the mother does not have Rh, and the child inherits it from the father, complications of gestation arise. The maternal body produces immunoglobulins against the fetus, which has a foreign antigen. For this reason, a woman develops symptoms of malaise, there is a risk of miscarriage or premature delivery.

The risk of hemolysis of the red blood cells of the infant due to opposite Rh arises during childbirth, when the umbilical cord blood of the baby enters the mother's bloodstream.

Symptoms of blood group and Rh factor incompatibility

If the antigenic elements are incompatible, the pregnant woman's body begins to produce antibodies against the embryo. The fruit is considered a foreign object. In massive attacks, it is rejected, causing a miscarriage at the beginning of gestation. If a woman develops a small number of antibodies, gestation continues, but is complicated by the following symptoms:

• general signs of malaise (weakness, fatigue, joint aches, dizziness, drowsiness);
• severe toxicosis, which leads to vomiting 7-10 times a day every day (the mother's body is depleted, dehydration appears, lack of nutrients, which leads to fetal underdevelopment).

The fetus develops jaundice due to gluing of erythrocytes, anemia (a decrease in the number of red blood cells), an increase in the size of internal organs, edema, an increase in the amount of amniotic fluid, jaundice. Some of the abnormalities are visible on ultrasound, the rest are detected after birth.

Diagnostics of the conflict by blood groups and rhesus

Diagnosis of the condition should be carried out before conception. If the father and mother have the same protein structure, do not worry. No further diagnostics is needed.

If a woman has a negative Rh, with the opposite of her husband, the doctor collects anamnesis (interviewing the patient about his complaints, symptoms). He finds out how many pregnancies the patient had, whether there were miscarriages, abortions, intrauterine fetal death. These conditions indicate the accumulation of large amounts of immunoglobulins against the appearance of antigenic proteins.

Blood sampling for the study of antibody titers

The patient is assigned a monthly blood donation to study the titers (amount) of antibodies produced in her body. The more there are, the higher the risk of premature interruption of the bearing of the fetus, the development of its pathologies.

With the help of ultrasound, the condition of the fetus is monitored. Particular attention is paid to monitoring his heart and brain. Assess the degree of development of the placenta, the size of the child's abdomen (to exclude ascites - the appearance of fluid in the abdominal cavity).

The last resort for diagnosing the condition is amniocentesis. This is a study that is carried out using amniotic fluid intake. The procedure is not dangerous for women without Rh-conflict, but the patients are nervous during the procedure, the amount of hormones increases, and the heart rate increases. This negatively affects the child. With the help of testing, the titer of anti-rhesus antibodies is determined.

Read about how the procedure is carried out.

During amniocentesis, there is a risk of fetal blood entering the woman's bloodstream, this will cause even greater immune activity. Therefore, it is not advisable to use the procedure for Rh-conflict. It is safer to determine the indicator using venous blood.

Complications of lack of therapy

If after the first gestation, before the subsequent ones, Rh-conflict therapy was not carried out, complications in the form of hemolysis of red blood cells will appear for the second baby. A lesser side effect will be manifested by the development of anemia, which occurs due to adhesion, destruction of part of the red blood cells. Oxygen in a reduced amount enters the organs.

With an average degree of complications, after childbirth, prolonged jaundice with hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver, spleen) is observed. Emergency measures will be required to eliminate the condition.

Edematous form - severe damage to the heart, brain, forming dropsy (fluid accumulation). Even with adequate therapy for the infant, he will remain mentally retarded and heart failure.

The extreme complication is the death of the baby after childbirth. This is due to massive hemolysis (destruction) of red blood cells.

Treatment

Incompatibility therapy is carried out symptomatically and pathogenetically. For the first option, vitamins, hormones, antihistamines, proper nutrition, oxygen therapy are used.

In the second half of gestation, according to indications, plasmapheresis is prescribed. This is a procedure for transfusing the patient's own blood, which has passed through a purification apparatus. Filtration removes excess immune cells. Cleaning is done temporarily. After the procedure, the antibody titer is checked every two weeks, if it becomes high, the plasmapheresis procedure is repeated.

Plasmapheresis procedure

With significant risks of complications for the child, an early delivery by cesarean section is performed. If the gestational age does not allow the operation to be performed, it is performed through the umbilical cord vein. This eliminates hypoxia (oxygen starvation), anemia, and prolongs the gestation time.

If a hemolytic disease is detected in a child after birth, he is instantly transfused. His blood is completely replaced with donor blood. Hemolytic disease is treated.

After treatment, there is no prohibition on breastfeeding, even with the introduction of anti-rhesus serum to the mother. Antibodies are dangerous only during the prenatal period.

Prevention of Rh-conflict

With the help of modern medicine, preventive methods have been developed that will allow a woman to bear a child even if the incompatibility of future parents for HA and Rh is revealed.

Proteins on the erythrocytes of a child are formed at 2-3 months of pregnancy. Complications depend on the number of children born. If a woman has her first pregnancy, the risk is minimal, since at the first appearance of a foreign object, only immunoglobulins (Ig) G appear, which are not able to penetrate the placental barrier. Antibodies in her body accumulate and circulate in the blood. With the advent of subsequent conception, more and more antibodies begin to attack the fetus. Immunoglobulins M appear and cross the placenta.

Important! Even if the first fertilization was artificially interrupted and did not end with natural delivery, memory immunoglobulins accumulated in the patient's body, so the second gestation is at risk.

There is a technique for removing accumulated immunoglobulins after the end of the first pregnancy. A woman after childbirth or removal of the embryo is injected with serum, which contains anti-rhesus immunoglobulin. The procedure is carried out within 48 hours, until Ig has time to disperse throughout the body and accumulate in the lymph nodes. The earlier the injection is given, the safer it will be for the mother and the subsequent state of gestation.

Conclusion

Many parents-to-be do not think about checking their bodies before conceiving a child. This has a negative effect if there is a discrepancy in the GC and Rh. Many consequences can be avoided with timely laboratory tests. Antigenic conflict is especially dangerous for women with a negative Rh factor. With the help of modern medicine, it is possible to achieve the appearance of a healthy child, even with complicated bearing of the fetus.

That is why doctors insist on a regular blood test. If a problem is detected in the early stages, it is possible to control the process, while preventing the appearance of hemolytic disease of the newborn. If the mother has a negative Rh, the absence of planned visits to the gynecologist is excluded and the birth is planned at home - in such conditions, both the mother and the child will die.

Each person has an individual set of blood immune factors. For future parents wishing to give birth to a child, the compatibility of blood groups for conception is of great importance, because uncomplicated bearing of a fetus and the birth of a healthy baby depend on it.

The most significant is the Rh factor: if the spouses have a mismatch, then the risk of dangerous complications increases with each pregnancy. Group incompatibility is rare and does not cause serious complications, but if a conflict occurs, special treatment for a newborn baby will be required.

What can the fetus have

The kid receives from his parents a full set of genes and factors that determine his individuality and uniqueness.

Table. Fetal blood group options depending on parental group factors

Future father	Future mom
	0 (I)	A (II)	B (III)	AB (IV)
0 (I)	The first	First, second	First, third	Any of the options
A (II)	First, second	The second	Except the 1st	2-4
B (III)	First, third	Except the 1st	The third	2-4
AB (IV)	Any of the options	Everyone except I	Everyone except I	Except 0 (I)

Rh-positive people are almost 50% likely to have a dominant or recessive gene, which greatly affects blood compatibility for conception. If a woman has Rh-, and a man has Rh +, then incompatibility is possible in half the cases.

With an incompatibility between the group and Rh in the mother and the fetus in 1 pregnancy, the probability of complications and pathology in the child is extremely low, but with each subsequent risk, the risk increases.

What can make the situation worse

A woman with Rh blood will develop antibodies in the bloodstream in the following cases:

• tubal pregnancy;
• death of the embryo;
• spontaneous abortion;
• artificial interruption at any time;
• late miscarriage;
• traumatic diagnostic methods against the background of gestation (amniocentesis, cordocentesis, chorionic biopsy);
• premature birth;
• detachment of the placenta;
• preeclampsia with increased blood pressure;
• multiple pregnancy.

Any complications during gestation and childbirth can provoke immune reactions with the formation of Rh antibodies, which will not disappear anywhere and will certainly affect the course of future pregnancies.

Complications of incompatibility

Problems during pregnancy and illness in a newborn arise in cases where there is an incompatibility of factors.

Table. Variants of the pathological combination of group and Rh factors of parents

The most unpleasant option is when a woman has the first group and a negative Rh. In this case, it is necessary to conduct a test for the compatibility of partners for conception. The future dad needs to be tested and find out the group and Rh affiliation. Depending on what Rh the future dad has, you can calculate the risk for the baby. The ideal option is 0 (I) Rh-. In all other cases, you need to be wary of the following complications during pregnancy and after the birth of a child:
hemolytic anemia in the fetus (parental incompatibility creates conditions for the emergence of antibodies in the mother, which lead to pathology in the child);

• jaundice in a newborn child (products of cell destruction disrupt metabolic processes, which affects a sharp increase in bilirubin and the appearance of jaundice of the skin);
• dropsy of the fetus (pronounced swelling in all organs and systems of the child with a high risk of intrauterine death).

Usually, severe complications occur in Rh women only after 3-4 pregnancies (regardless of how they ended - childbirth, abortion or miscarriage). Therefore, artificial abortions cannot be performed, and any pregnancy should be desired.

Prophylaxis

For women with a negative rhesus, it is very important to follow these rules:

• mandatory use of contraceptive methods to prevent induced abortion;
• at the stage of pregravid preparation, you need to find out the group and rhesus from the future dad;
• if there is a risk of incompatibility, everything possible should be done to maintain and endure the first pregnancy;
• at 28 weeks, all Rh-negative mothers (with Rh-positive dad), against the background of the absence of antibodies in the analysis, should be given an injection of anti-Rh immunoglobulin.

At the first gestation of the fetus, the risk of antibodies to the Rh factor or group is possible in 10% of women. With each subsequent pregnancy, the likelihood of pathology increases, therefore, for spouses with different rhesus who want to have 3 or more children, it is advisable to create maximum conditions to prevent problems in the child.