What is Fat Tuesday. Fat Tuesday or Shrovetide the British way in London. Fastnacht among the South Germans
penitential day
"Penitence Day" ( Shrove Tuesday) or "Pancake Day" ( Pancake Day listen)) is popular in the UK, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and some US states.
On this day, the British bake neat pancakes. They are most often eaten traditionally - warm, sprinkled with sugar and sprinkled with lemon juice. Traditionally, many English housewives compete for the right to participate in the "pancake race" - a 400-meter race among women carrying a hot pan with a pancake in their hands, which must be tossed at least twice as they run. The race starts at 11 am when the church bells ring. The winner is the participant who manages to toss and flip the pancake in the pan the most number of times.
mardi gras
In French-speaking countries it is called Mardi Gras (Fr. mardi gras), in the US also "Fat Tuesday" (Eng. Fat Tuesday). The traditions of Fat Tuesday are different in different countries, common features are plentiful feasts and carnival performances. In the USA, it is especially celebrated in New Orleans, where a large folk festival is held with a long carnival.
Fastnacht among the South Germans
Fasnacht in Germany. 1974
Fastnacht(German fastnacht listen)) is the designation for carnivals in the southwestern region of Germany, in the western Austrian Vorarlberg, in Liechtenstein, in the German part of Switzerland and in Alsace. They also bear the name Swabian-Alemannic fastnacht.
The Black Forest fastnacht is characterized by hiding the identity of the participants - under coverlets, unusual outfits and special masks, usually made of wood (in special cases - also made of fabric, cardboard, clay or tin). In Swabia and Alemannia, carnival participants do not change their fancy costumes every year, but wear the same ones from year to year, sometimes passing them on to children who continue carnival traditions.
In most cities and villages of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, they start celebrating fastnacht on January 6, on the feast of the Epiphany. However, fastnacht itself begins at the so-called Dirty Thursday (Schmotzige Dunnschtig) before Ash Wednesday Aschermittwoch), which marks the apogee of the carnival. Starting from Dirty Thursday, costumed processions move through the cities and villages of southern Germany, northern Switzerland, western Austria and Alsace, performances are arranged in the squares. treats are prepared and eaten in the streets and special pies are baked - fasnetkukhli, the river flows beer and mulled wine.
A large role in the organization of the fastnacht is played by the meetings of participants - “jesters” taking place on January 6 and the next few days ( Narren), at which the program of subsequent holidays is announced and the last unresolved details are settled. The next significant day of fastnacht is Lichtmess, in the lane. Bright meeting, Bright festivities; German Lichtmess, on the 40th day after Christmas, February 2 (Groundhog Day, Tombs). On this day, the "narr" participants in various forms of expression remind their fellow citizens of the funniest or most significant events of the past year. At present, this tradition is simplified, and the narrs simply follow in groups from the tavern to the tavern, where they perform with playful quatrains and sing songs. Officially fastnacht is not a public holiday.
Myasopust or Leftovers in Poland
Costumed for Launches. Poland, 1950
Poland celebrates Fat Thursday (English) Russian- from this day begins Myasopust or Zapusty (Polish. Mięsopust, Zapusty) - days when balls and parties take place. At this time, donuts are eaten with a variety of fillings, most often with rose jam, sugar icing, sometimes sprinkled with candied orange peel. Myasopust always ends on Tuesday, called in Poland "Remains", "Selednik" or "Stubby Tuesday" ( Remains, Śledzik, Kusy wtorek).
Among the Poles in Greater Poland, Kuyavia, Mazovia and in the Lodz Voivodeship, the rite of "podkozelek" was widespread ( Podkoziolek). Boys and girls who did not marry and did not marry in the past wedding season gathered for a joint feast. The young people placed a figurine of a naked man or a goat carved from wood or rutabagas on a barrel in front of the musician, under which they placed a plate or dish to collect money from all those present. This dish was called "podgoat". The guys alternately called the girls to the dance, and they had to put a ransom on the dish, which gave them the right to dance. At the same time, they sang: “Oh, you need to give a goat, you need to give, / If one of us wants to get married!”. The collected money went to the musicians. In Kuyavia, the ceremony began with a joke on the girls, both on the part of the guys and on the part of the musician, who eventually took them under his wing and gave some of them to the guys for dancing, taking from them a "podkozelek" (a ransom of 2-3 pennies ). The ransom was also paid by the girls who were left without gentlemen, or those for whom no one wants to pay. Thus, they can “buy lads” for themselves, and even were encouraged to do so by guys or women. In Kuyavia, the ceremony sometimes took place in the presence of a mummer - a "goat", and in Greater Poland, a guy stood at the barrel on which money was put, "holding in his hands a doll dressed in German, or a small goat made of scraps". It all ends with the onset of Ash Wednesday in some places - on Wednesday.
Myasopust or Fashank in the Czech Republic
The time from Three Kings (January 6) to Ash Wednesday, from which 6 weeks of Easter Lent begins, is called in the Czech Republic - Myasopust, Shibrzhinki, Fashank, Leftovers(Czech. masopust, šibřinky, fašank, ostatky). The last three days of masopust - Sunday, Monday, Tuesday - are timed with many customs, such as detours, dressing up, special meals, dances, dance games, dramatic games, and other forms of folk entertainment. The main customs of these days are processions and detours of mummers and musicians.
The composition of the mummers is quite motley. Of the zoomorphic images, they most often dressed up as a bear, which was considered a symbol of fertility, and also dressed up as a horse and a goat. Of the anthropomorphic characters, they dressed up as a woman with a burden, a woman with a baby, in which men usually dressed up, as well as a chimney sweep, a forester, a doctor, a gendarme, a gypsy, a Turk, a Jew, a jester and a “death woman”. In the south-east of Moravia, the tradition of circumambulation of the "podshablars" who perform ancient sword dances ( pod sable).
On Tuesday, closer to midnight, they symbolically bury the double bass, personifying the meat waste. During the "funeral" there are comic speeches about the sins of the double bass and satirical appeals to fellow villagers. The fun sometimes continues past midnight. The hosts gather in the wine cellar and there only finally say goodbye to the masopust. The next day on Ash Wednesday before lunch, you could still drink coffee with sweet rolls or with milk, and even drink liqueurs or homemade wine.
Vastlavya in Northern Europe
Vastlavya- a holiday that was traditionally celebrated by the inhabitants of Denmark, Norway, northern Germany, Latvia and Estonia. The holiday is associated with the idea of the spring revival of the forces of nature, new spiritual forces that were supposed to support a person in the coming year. The word itself is a distorted version, dating back to German die Fastnacht, i.e. "Lent Night". According to the established tradition, the festival was divided into two parts related to each other: Vastlav drunks (variant: trunks) (from the German drinken - to drink) and lenten drunks. The watershed between these two parts was Ash Wednesday, which was the seventh Wednesday before Easter. In a different way, the period of the holiday, which “walked” until Ash Day starting from Thursday of the previous week, was called Small Vastlavs.
In Denmark, children dress up in various costumes and masks, pick up birch twigs decorated with bright paper and sweets, and walk through the streets with songs, waiting for sweet gifts from passers-by.
In Norway, they celebrate three days, starting with Fat Sunday. All festive food should be very satisfying: lard, meat, dairy products, buns. The Norwegians had a custom when men and women were supposed to bite off the same sandwich. It was believed that the more bitten off, the richer the harvest this year.
In Riga, Vastlavyas ended with a sumptuous feast, the host of the celebration strictly followed the guests, not allowing them to leave the feast until they had drunk their beer (the so-called medieval beer norm).
Celebration dates
|
|
|
see also
- Fat Thursday (English) Russian
- Ash Wednesday in church tradition
Notes
Literature
- Morozov I. A. Doll as a phenomenon of the traditional folk culture of the Slavs. - M .: Ed. GRTsRF, 1997. - S. 93-111.
- Yandova Y. and others.
Semla (plural semlor) is a traditional Swedish pastry. It is a pie made from wheat flour, seasoned with cardamom, filled with almond paste and whipped cream.
"The last Tuesday before Lent - a 40-day period of abstinence and repentance from Ash Wednesday to Easter according to the Christian calendar - falls this year on February 28. This day, the last day of Shrove Tuesday, is called fettisdagen in Sweden, that is, "fat Tuesday". According to tradition, on this day on the eve of Lent, all fatty and other perishable foods are eaten.
However, nowadays the Swedes are not limited to just one Tuesday, preferring to feast on delicious soft wheat flour buns, generously flavored with whipped cream and seasoned with almond paste all month, thus turning "Fat Tuesday" into a real "Fat February".
According to custom, the semla was heated in a saucepan of warm milk - this is called "hetvägg" ("hot wall", I know, strange!). Putting the bun in a deep plate, it was poured with hot milk and cream and sprinkled with cinnamon on top. Now these buns are very often eaten just like that, without milk, for example, at work during a coffee break.
According to the Association of Swedish Bakers, each inhabitant of the country, on average, eats four to five semla rolls annually, served in a deep bowl with warm milk.
"Fat Tuesday" is also associated with the Swedish king Adolf Fredrik, who ruled from 1751 to 1771 and became, apparently, the victim of the mentioned buns. He died on February 12, 1771, after a plentiful feast, which ended with eating seml. The king tasted lobsters, caviar, oysters, meat, sauerkraut and turnips, and then his favorite semles were offered to him, which he ate with warm milk and washed down with champagne. Two hours later, His Majesty began to have stomach cramps, and he died from a stroke. In the bulletin, the cause of death was called the insidious semla bun, to which the king had an immoderate addiction. And yet - this sad story - did not affect the love of the Swedes for rich semen. And in the Swedish language - there is even such a saying - when they talk about something that is in great demand - they cite the famous bun as an example - "they are in great demand - like hot semla."
For Swedes, semla is not just a tradition, it is a real gastronomic pleasure, uniting everyone in a single impulse to visit the nearest bakery or pastry shop for the sole purpose. However, it can be argued that eating semla, a bun made from wheat flour stuffed with almonds and whipped cream, has long gone beyond religious symbolism. Traditionally eaten on a Tuesday, these plump, cream-flavored buns hit the shelves as early as early January. Perhaps Fat Tuesday is more like Fat February with January and March to boot.
And the matter is not limited to this! Swedish newspapers also take an active part in this ritual, holding tastings to find out where the best semla is sold. Lisa Eisenman, one of the jury members of the Svenska Dagbladet newspaper and owner of the Cookbook Café on Jarlaplan in central Stockholm, says: bun - harmoniously combined. We also take into account such factors as whether the filling is well distributed, whether the bun is damp, etc., we also take into account.
For test:
25 g fresh yeast
1 glass of milk
75g oil drain
3 cups sifted flour
1/4 salt
1/2 cardamom
1 teaspoon baking powder;
1 egg for greasing
Almond filling:
125 g almonds;
0.1 l of milk;
0.1 l of granulated sugar.
Cream filling:
whipping cream;
powdered sugar.
Buns:
Crumble yeast in a bowl for dough. Melt the butter in milk, bringing to a temperature of 37 degrees, not higher. We add a little butter-milk mixture to the yeast until it is completely dissolved, then pour in the rest of the mixture, adding salt, cardamom, sugar. Sift flour together with baking powder and add to the mixture, kneading until plasticity. Sprinkle flour on top, cover with a towel and leave at room temperature for 30-40 minutes. until the volume is doubled.
We put the dough on the board, knead again until all the bubbles disappear, then divide the dough into 14 parts, forming a round bun from each. Lay them out on parchment paper and let them rest for about 30 minutes.
We preheat the oven to 225-250 degrees, grease the buns with a beaten egg and set to bake for 8-10 minutes. (before browning).
When the finished buns have cooled, cut off the top and carefully take out a little pulp, making a "funnel" for the almond mass.
Preparing the almond paste.
Slightly warm the milk. Mix the almonds, milk, sugar and bread crumbs with a mixer. We stuff the buns with almonds. Top with whipped cream with powdered sugar, put the cut top and sprinkle it with powdered sugar.
Semlor from Linda Lomelino on Vimeo.
The first meeting of spring and seeing off winter
penitential day
"Penitence Day" ( Shrove Tuesday) or "Pancake Day" ( Pancake Day) is popular in the UK, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and some US states.
On this day, the British bake neat pancakes. They are most often eaten traditionally - warm, sprinkled with sugar and sprinkled with lemon juice. Traditionally, many English housewives compete for the right to participate in the "pancake race" - a 400-meter race among women carrying a hot pan with a pancake in their hands, which must be tossed at least twice as they run. The race starts at 11 am when the church bells ring. The winner is the participant who manages to toss and flip the pancake in the pan the most number of times.
It is believed that this tradition originated in the town Olney in Buckinghamshire, when in 1445 a woman was so carried away by baking pancakes that when the church bell rang announcing the beginning of a church service, she ran to church with a frying pan, tossing a pancake on it so that it would not burn.
mardi gras
In French-speaking countries it is called Mardi Gras (fr. Mardi gras), in the USA it is also "Fat Tuesday" (eng. Fat Tuesday). The traditions of Fat Tuesday are different in different countries, common features are plentiful feasts and carnival performances. In the USA, it is especially celebrated in New Orleans, where a large folk festival is held with a long carnival.
Fastnacht among the South Germans
Fastnacht(German: Fastnacht) is the designation for carnivals in the southwestern region of Germany, in the western Austrian Vorarlberg, in Liechtenstein, in the German part of Switzerland and in Alsace. They also bear the name Swabian-Alemannic fastnacht.
The Black Forest fastnacht is characterized by hiding the identity of the participants - under coverlets, unusual outfits and special masks, usually made of wood (in special cases - also made of fabric, cardboard, clay or tin). In Swabia and Alemannia, carnival participants do not change their fancy costumes every year, but wear the same ones from year to year, sometimes passing them on to children who continue carnival traditions.
In most cities and villages of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, they start celebrating fastnacht on January 6, on the feast of the Epiphany. However, fastnacht itself begins on the so-called Dirty Thursday (German: Schmotzige Dunnschtig) before Ash Wednesday ( Aschermittwoch), which marks the apogee of the carnival. Starting from Dirty Thursday, costumed processions move through the cities and villages of southern Germany, northern Switzerland, western Austria and Alsace, performances are arranged in the squares. treats are prepared and eaten in the streets and special pies are baked - fasnetkukhli, the river flows beer and mulled wine.
A large role in the organization of the fastnacht is played by the meetings of participants - “jesters” taking place on January 6 and the next few days ( Narren), at which the program of subsequent holidays is announced and the last unresolved details are settled. The next significant day of fastnacht is Lichtmess, in the lane. Bright meeting, Bright festivities; German Lichtmess, on the 40th day after Christmas, February 2 (Groundhog Day, Tombs). On this day, the "narr" participants in various forms of expression remind their fellow citizens of the funniest or most significant events of the past year. At present, this tradition is simplified, and the narrs simply follow in groups from the tavern to the tavern, where they perform with playful quatrains and sing songs. Officially fastnacht is not a public holiday.
"Remainders" in Poland
Poland celebrates c Fat Thursday the day begins Myasopust or Zapusty (Polish Mięsopust, Zapusty) - the days when balls and parties take place. At this time, donuts are eaten with a variety of fillings (most often with rose jam), sugar icing, sometimes sprinkled with candied orange peel. Myasopust always ends on Tuesday, called in Poland "Remains", "Selednik" or "Stubby Tuesday" ( Remains, Śledzik, Kusy wtorek).
On this day, among the Poles in Greater Poland, Kuyavia, Mazovia and in the Lodz Voivodeship, the rite of "podkozelek" was widespread ( Podkoziolek). Boys and girls who did not marry and did not marry in the past wedding season gathered for a joint feast. The young people placed a figurine of a naked man or a goat carved from wood or rutabagas on a barrel in front of the musician, under which they placed a plate or dish to collect money from all those present. This dish was called "podgoat". The guys alternately called the girls to the dance, and they had to put a ransom on the dish, which gave them the right to dance. At the same time, they sang: “Oh, you need to give a goat, you need to give, / If one of us wants to get married!”. The collected money went to the musicians. In Kuyavia, the ceremony began with a joke on the girls, both on the part of the guys and on the part of the musician, who eventually took them under his wing and gave some of them to the guys for dancing, taking from them a "podkozelek" (a ransom of 2-3 pennies ). The ransom was also paid by the girls who were left without gentlemen, or those for whom no one wants to pay. Thus, they can “buy lads” for themselves, and even were encouraged to do so by guys or women. In Kuyavia, the ceremony sometimes took place in the presence of a mummer - a "goat", and in Greater Poland, a guy stood at the barrel on which money was put, "holding in his hands a doll dressed in German, or a small goat made of scraps". It all ends with the onset of Ash Wednesday in some places - on Wednesday.
Myasopust or Fashank in the Czech Republic
The time from Three Kings (January 6) to Ash Wednesday, from which 6 weeks of Easter Lent begins, is called in the Czech Republic - Myasopust, Shibrzhinki, Fashank, Leftovers(Czech. masopust, šibřinky, fašank, ostatky). The last three days of masopust - Sunday, Monday, Tuesday - are timed with many customs, such as detours, dressing up, special meals, dances, dance games, dramatic games, and other forms of folk entertainment. The main customs of these days are processions and detours of mummers and musicians.
The composition of the mummers is quite motley. Of the zoomorphic images, they most often dressed up as a bear, which was considered a symbol of fertility, and also dressed up as a horse and a goat. Of the anthropomorphic characters, they dressed up as a woman with a burden, a woman with a baby, in which men usually dressed up, as well as a chimney sweep, a forester, a doctor, a gendarme, a gypsy, a Turk, a Jew, a jester and a “death woman”. In the south-east of Moravia, the tradition of circumambulation of the "podshablars" who perform ancient sword dances ( pod sable).
On Tuesday, closer to midnight, they symbolically bury the double bass, personifying the meat waste. During the "funeral" there are comic speeches about the sins of the double bass and satirical appeals to fellow villagers. The fun sometimes continues past midnight. The hosts gather in the wine cellar and there only finally say goodbye to the masopust. The next day on Ash Wednesday before lunch, you could still drink coffee with sweet rolls or with milk, and even drink liqueurs or homemade wine.
Vastlavya in Northern Europe
Vastlavya- a holiday that was traditionally celebrated by the inhabitants of Denmark, Norway, northern Germany, Latvia and Estonia. The name comes from the German die Fastnacht, i.e. "Lent Night". According to the established tradition, the festival was divided into two parts that corresponded to each other: Vastlav drunks (variant: trunks) (from German drinken - to drink) and lenten drunks. The watershed between these two parts was Ash Wednesday, which was the seventh Wednesday before Easter. In a different way, the period of the holiday, which “walked” until Ash Day starting from Thursday of the previous week, was called Small Vastlavs.
In Denmark, children dress up in various costumes and masks, pick up birch twigs decorated with bright paper and sweets, and walk through the streets with songs, waiting for sweet gifts from passers-by.
In Norway, they celebrate three days, starting with Fat Sunday. All festive food should be very satisfying: lard, meat, dairy products, buns. The Norwegians had a custom when men and women were supposed to bite off the same sandwich. It was believed that the more bitten off, the richer the harvest this year.
In Riga, Vastlavyas ended with a sumptuous feast, the host of the celebration strictly followed the guests, not allowing them to leave the feast until they had drunk their beer (the so-called medieval beer norm).
Celebration dates
|
|
|