Intrauterine fetal diseases. How does the fetus become infected? Intrauterine infection - toxoplasmosis
Calm pregnancy, easy childbirth, the birth of a healthy child is sometimes overshadowed by a sudden deterioration in the baby's condition on the 2-3 day of life: lethargy, frequent regurgitation, lack of weight gain. All this can be the result of intrauterine infections of the fetus. What are these infections how to avoid them?
What are intrauterine fetal infections?
Intrauterine infection is the presence in a woman's body of pathogens that lead to inflammatory processes in the genitals and not only. The consequence of such an infection is the subsequent infection of the fetus during intrauterine development. In most cases, fetal infection occurs due to a single blood flow between the woman and the child. It is also possible to infect a newborn when passing through the birth canal and when swallowing infected amniotic fluid. Let's take a closer look at the ways of infection.
What are intrauterine infections?
The type of infection depends on the pathogen that affects the female body during pregnancy or even before the baby is conceived. The cause of intrauterine infection can be pathogens:
- viruses (herpes, flu, rubella, cytomegaly);
- bacteria (Escherichia coli, chlamydia, streptococci, treponema pallidum;
- mushrooms;
- protozoa (toxoplasma).
The risk of negative effects of these pathogens increases when a woman has chronic diseases, she works in hazardous industries, is exposed to constant stress, there are bad habits, inflammatory processes of the genitourinary system untreated before pregnancy, and chronic diseases. For a child, the risk of being exposed to intrauterine infection increases if the mother meets with this infection for the first time during the period of gestation.
The group of intrauterine infections is usually called the TORCH group. All infections from it, having different pathogens, are almost equally manifested clinically and cause similar deviations in the development of the fetal nervous system.
TORCH is decrypted as follows:
T- toxoplasmosis
O- Others (this group includes other infectious diseases such as syphilis, chlamydia, enterovirus infection, hepatitis A and B, listeriosis, gonococcal infection, measles and mumps)
R- rubella
WITH- cytomegalovirus infection
H- herpes
Consider major intrauterine infections
Cytomegalovirus from the group of herpes viruses. Fetal infection occurs even in the prenatal period, less often during childbirth. The infection proceeds imperceptibly for a woman, but clearly manifests itself in a child born with this virus. The cause of a woman's infection is immune deficiency, which has a detrimental effect on the body's inability to protect the child from infection. Treatment of infection is possible with specific drugs. In newborns, CMV is very rarely manifested by developmental disorders, therefore, drug treatment is prescribed only when the baby's life is threatened.
Herpetic infections Is another fairly common IUI. Infection of the fetus with this infection mainly occurs during its passage through the birth canal. In the case of diagnosing a disease in a woman, a planned cesarean section is most often prescribed before the amniotic fluid leaves. Newborns susceptible to intrauterine infections of this type undergo a course of specific therapy, which minimizes the negative consequences for the development of the central nervous system.
Chlamydia sexually transmitted, so you should be extremely careful in contacts when carrying a baby. This intrauterine infection is detected by analysis of smears from the woman's genital tract. In case of detection of the pathogen, the pregnant woman is prescribed antibiotic treatment. The sexual partner should also be treated.
The fetus can be infected, both during development inside the mother, and already during the birth process. Pathologies in newborns as a result of infection have not been identified, some minor consequences are possible with a decrease in appetite, frequent defecation, which is eliminated without medical intervention.
Rubella - this is the so-called childhood disease. If a woman did not have it, then when planning a pregnancy, it is imperative to get vaccinated 3 months before the intended conception. The defeat of the body of a pregnant woman with the rubella virus can lead to the development of serious pathologies in the baby or to the termination of pregnancy. In a newborn, such an intrauterine infection can appear only after 1 to 2 years, if the baby has undergone an infection during childbirth.
What is the danger of intrauterine infection during pregnancy?
The mother develops immunity to most pathogens that cause intrauterine infections if she has ever met this pathogen. At the second meeting of the organism with the pathogen, the immune response prevents the virus from developing. If the meeting occurs for the first time during pregnancy, then the virus infects the body of both the mother and the child.
The degree of influence on the development and health of the fetus depends on when the infection occurs.
If infected before 12 weeks of gestation, intrauterine infection can lead to interruption or malformations of the fetus.
When the fetus is infected at 12 - 28 weeks of pregnancy, intrauterine development of the fetus is delayed, as a result of which it is born with low weight.
Infection of the fetus in the womb at a later date can pathologically affect the already formed organs of the baby. The most vulnerable in this case is the brain, since its development continues until birth. Also, the liver, lungs and heart of the baby can be negatively affected by intrauterine infection during pregnancy.
Signs of intrauterine infections
During pregnancy, a woman repeatedly takes blood and urine tests. These measures are taken by doctors to check the general condition of the pregnant woman or to detect infections in the woman's body.
The presence of intrauterine infections in a woman's body is shown by tests. But even when examined on a gynecological chair, which is performed when registering for pregnancy, inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system can be detected. Most often, there is inflammation of the vagina and cervix. But in most cases, the development of infection in the body is not accompanied by any symptoms. Then it remains to rely only on analyzes.
A baby may have the following signs of intrauterine infection, which appear before or after birth:
- developmental delay;
- enlargement of the liver and spleen;
- jaundice;
- rash;
- disorder of the respiratory system;
- cardiovascular insufficiency;
- disorders of the nervous system;
- lethargy;
- lack of appetite;
- pallor;
- increased regurgitation.
If signs of infection are observed in a baby long before childbirth, the baby is born with an already developing disease. If the fetus is infected before childbirth, then the child's infection may manifest itself with pneumonia, meningitis, enterocolitis, or other diseases.
All these signs can appear only on the third day after the birth of the baby. Only in case of infection during the passage through the birth canal, the signs become apparent immediately.
Methods of infection with intrauterine infections
Infection of the fetus occurs in two ways: through the mother's blood or during the passage through the birth canal.
The way the infection penetrates the fetus depends on the type of pathogen. Harmful viruses can enter the fetus through the vagina or fallopian tubes if a woman is sexually infected. Also, the infection gets through the amniotic fluid, blood or amniotic fluid. This is possible if a woman is exposed to rubella, endometritis, placentitis.
A woman can contract all of the above infections from a sexual partner through contact with a sick person, drinking raw water or poorly processed food.
Treatment
Not all intrauterine infections are treated. Antibiotic treatment is prescribed in especially dangerous cases, depending on the type of infection and the condition of the child and mother. A woman may be prescribed immunoglobulins to increase the immune response to the pathogen. Vaccination can be carried out already during pregnancy (this applies to herpes vaccination). Treatment is chosen depending on the duration of pregnancy and the type of pathogen.
Prophylaxis
The best prevention of intrauterine infections is planning a pregnancy. In this case, both partners must undergo a complete examination and treat all identified infections.
During pregnancy, it is worth observing all hygiene standards, both in relations with sexual partners and in everyday life: thoroughly washing your hands, vegetables, fruits, and processing food before eating.
Proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle will also have a beneficial effect on the course of pregnancy and the body's resistance to infections.
The expectant mother should be very attentive to her health. Having heard about the possibility of an intrauterine infection, you should not panic. Modern methods of treatment, timely diagnosis of disorders in the health of the mother or baby, in most cases, give positive results for the preservation of pregnancy and the birth of healthy children.
Intrauterine infections during pregnancy
Replies
Intrauterine infection (IUI) is an infectious lesion of the fetus in the womb caused by infection of the mother by various pathogenic microorganisms. The mother's body is often unable to effectively protect the fetus from infection, since during pregnancy it has a common circulatory system with it, which ensures the interchange of physiological fluids between them. 
In addition, pregnancy negatively affects the activity of producing new antibodies, as a result of which even a relatively harmless bacterium can cause serious consequences.
Did you know? Viruses were discovered by Russian scientist Dmitry Ivanovsky in 1892. During the study of tobacco, Ivanovsky revealed that plants are affected by a non-bacterial pathogen, which is presumably several times smaller than all previously identified bacteria.
Most often, doctors diagnose mixed forms of the disease, often their share is more than 50% of all cases. This is due to the fact that the body shows weakness not to one strain or group of microorganisms, but to the entire pathogenic microflora as a whole. But, this does not mean that a pregnant woman can be affected by dozens of viruses and bacteria at the same time.
Before pregnancy, every woman is exposed to all kinds of infectious diseases many times, after which the body develops strong immunity. Therefore, in practice, there are invasions that include no more than 3-4 pathogens. 
There are the following ways of infection of the fetus:
- hematogenous- the infection penetrates the placenta with blood, most often toxoplasmosis and viral pathogens are transmitted this way;
- ascending- characterized by the spread of infection to the fetus through the genitals. Thus, chlamydia and enterococcal infections are transmitted;
- descending- microorganisms infect the fetus through the uterine cavity, where it enters from the fallopian tubes. It is characteristic of all forms of the disease;
- intranatal- the fetus is affected after contact with infected amniotic fluid and uterine mucosa, while passing through the birth canal.
Did you know?The abbreviation TORCH was approved by the World Health Organization in 1971, and the American scientist and immunologist Andre Nachmias became its authors.
What is dangerous in pregnant women: the consequences
Intrauterine infection is considered a rather dangerous pathology of pregnancy. It is the main reason for the occurrence of a variety of defects, as a result of which the fetus can significantly lag behind in development.
In addition, pathogenic microorganisms can cause the destruction of individual organs and systems, as a result of which the baby may be born unadapted to independent life. 
In advanced cases, IUI can cause inflammation of the organs of the reproductive system, which increases the contractility of the uterine myometrium. As a result of this, the fetus is separated from the walls of the uterus and the so-called miscarriage of the fetus develops.
Also, a miscarriage can be triggered by the death of a baby caused by exposure to toxins of microorganisms, which happens quite often when infected.
VUI develops in two ways: keenly or chronically.
In an acute course, a woman has bright manifestations, which are accompanied by a general deterioration in the state of the body, the so-called sepsis.
Chronic intrauterine infection is more dangerous than acute, since the disease does not have acute manifestations, while there is an active damage to the fetus. As a result of this, the baby may be born retarded in development or with a variety of vices, including those incompatible with life. 
The nature of the course and the main consequences of damage to the baby's body are influenced by many factors. Most often it depends on:
- the duration of the course of the disease;
- the age of the fetus;
- the number of strains that affect the fetus;
- the resistance of the mother's immune system.
Did you know? The youngest mother in history is Lina Medina, a native of the province of Castrovirreina (Peru). On May 14, 1933, at the age of 5 years and 7 months, she successfully gave birth to a son weighing 2.7 kg. It is noteworthy that only in 1973, at the age of 40, he found out about the real mother, since until that time all information about her was carefully hidden.
The most severe consequences of IUI are observed in the first trimester, especially if the mother's body at this time is weakened by any ailments. This almost always leads to a miscarriage or ends in death for the fetus while still in the womb.
In the second and third trimester, the baby is less susceptible to the harmful effects of pathogenic microorganisms. But, with untimely treatment of the disease, the infection becomes the main cause of premature birth or various malformations.
Causes and risk group
Modern medicine is still completely unknown where the intrauterine infection of the fetus comes from during pregnancy. 
During this period, almost every woman is at risk of infection with dangerous viruses and bacteria, since her body, weakened by hormonal disruptions, is unable to qualitatively resist various invasions.
However, when infected, only about 10% of such cases end up fatally for the developing baby.
Important! The weakening of the body caused by surgery can also provoke an infection, so such manipulations during pregnancy are strongly discouraged.
Doctors identify the following factors that have a beneficial effect on fetal infection:
- diseases of the genitourinary system, including infectious;
- infection of the mother during conception or in the first trimester of pregnancy;
- suppressed immunity, including HIV infections;
- SARS and other ailments during pregnancy;
- weakening of the body caused by exacerbation of chronic diseases.
- a mother who has older children attending school and preschool childcare facilities;
- an employee of a school, kindergarten or medical field;
- a woman suffering from chronic inflammatory ailments;
- a pregnant woman in whom intrauterine infections were diagnosed earlier;
- a woman who previously had premature fetuses or children with pathologies;
- a woman in a position who has previously undergone an abortion.
Symptoms
As mentioned above, intrauterine infections are hidden. Often they are disguised as a general deterioration in the state of the body, caused by other signs of the baby's development. Therefore, unfortunately, an ailment is diagnosed at a stage when the infection has actively affected the organs and tissues of both the mother and her child. 
This leads to the development of the so-called generalized intrauterine infection, which is diagnosed in a pregnant woman due to the following symptoms:
- increased body temperature or fever;
- inflammation or pain in the area of the lymph nodes;
- rash all over the body or in some parts of it;
- joint inflammation or pain in the limbs;
- conjunctivitis;
- manifestation of cold symptoms (cough, sore throat, runny nose, watery eyes).
Important! Long-term deterioration in well-being and the general condition of the body are the main symptoms of the development of dangerous pathologies during pregnancy, therefore, if they occur, you should immediately contact a doctor.
It is also possible to identify the disease thanks to the changes that are observed in the fetus. First of all, these are:
- developmental delay (the child grows slowly, while the length of his body, head and limbs is much less than the average medical standards);
- change in the volume of intrauterine water (decrease or increase);
- hydrocephalus;
- polycystic;
- placental defects.
Diagnostics
IUI detection is carried out in a complex manner and consists of several analyzes. The disease can be caused by many pathogens, so there is no express method to identify them. This further complicates the diagnosis, since it takes quite a long time to carry it out. 
Examination of a pregnant woman for intrauterine infection consists of the following stages:
- The woman is asked if she has any complaints.
- A pregnant woman's blood is withdrawn for analysis and a smear is taken from the genitals. The biological material is examined under a microscope, and then a set of laboratory tests is carried out for the presence of a virus or antibodies to it.
- If any deviations are detected, the physiological fluids of the pregnant woman are diagnosed using the polymerase chain reaction method (DNA analysis). With its help, it is possible to determine the type of infection, as well as whether the woman has antibodies to fight it.
- In addition, if there is a suspicion of IUI, a woman undergoes an ultrasound examination and cardiotocography to identify the presence of pathologies in the baby. Based on their results, the degree of damage to the fetus is assessed, as well as the possible further harm to it.
- After the birth of the baby, the umbilical cord blood, as well as the amniotic fluid, are taken, and they are examined for the presence of a DNA virus in the body of the newborn. For these purposes, newborns also additionally take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and urine, which helps to get a wider picture of what is happening.
Treatment of intrauterine infection during pregnancy
With IUI of a pregnant woman, complex antibiotic therapy is indicated. With timely treatment, it is possible to completely prevent the possible harm of the disease, including avoiding pathologies in the baby.
However, there is no comprehensive therapeutic solution in the fight against this pathology, since absolutely any strain of a pathogenic microorganism can become its cause. Therefore, the treatment in each case is individual.
Also, in complex therapy, symptomatic remedies are provided to combat the external manifestations of diseases.
Important!The dosage of any drugs during pregnancy is determined individually for each individual case and only after a thorough examination of the body.
But, even in the case of an effective victory over the disease, the fight against infection does not end there. After a successful childbirth over the next 5-6 years, the child requires a mandatory regular examination and possible correction of the state of health.
IUI for the fetus does not pass without a trace, the toxins of pathogenic microorganisms can cause irreversible changes in organs and tissues, which in the future can provoke diseases of the organs of hearing, vision and the nervous system.
Prophylaxis
It is quite simple to avoid the defeat of IUI; for this, pregnant women need only adhere to a few rules. Every woman is recommended:
- avoid planning pregnancy when detecting active phases of any infectious diseases;
- be vaccinated with complex vaccines;
- limit contact with children;
- reduce visits to public places;
- be more careful about the personal hygiene and hygiene of family members;
- thoroughly clean food (vegetables and fruits);
- avoid eating foods with insufficient heat treatment;
- exclude soft cheeses and semi-finished products from the diet;
- periodically undergo a study by doctors, including the level of immunoglobulins for TORCH infections;
- be sure to contact a doctor after contact with carriers of infectious diseases.
Intrauterine infections are quite serious pathologies of pregnancy. They become the main cause of various defects in the fetus, and in a neglected case, they can lead to its death. There are several reasons for the onset of the disease, but in order not to give infection a chance, every pregnant woman needs to be careful about her own health. Including, do not forget about the timely prevention of IUI, including comprehensive vaccination during pregnancy planning. Intrauterine infections during pregnancy
Intrauterine infections are a group of diseases caused by various pathogens of a viral or infectious nature. Once in the mother's body, the pathogen provokes an inflammatory process that is localized in the genitals, and not only. When sick, a pregnant woman can infect an unborn child. Infection can occur at different periods of pregnancy, affecting the fetus from the state of the embryo to the newborn.
The statistics are disappointing: about 10% of newborns are infected in utero. The risk of infection depends on a number of factors, such as:
the state of the mother's immunity;
type of pathogen;
epidemiological situation in a particular region.
Etiology
In the absence of proper treatment, the pathogen can live in the body for years, and the disease is asymptomatic. The list of potential pathogens is quite wide - from the simplest fungi to bacteria and viruses.
The causative agents can be:
viruses of various etiologies (rubella, herpes simplex, enteroviruses ECHO, Coxsackie, cytomegaly, papilloma and parvovirus, influenza, measles, poliomyelitis, human immunodeficiency virus);
bacterial agents (staphylococci, treponema pallidum, chlamydia, E. coli, klebsiella, protea, enterobacteria, streptococci);
fungal infections (genus Candida);
mixed infections of a mixed nature. Caused by the presence of multiple infections or viruses.
After infection, such serious diseases can be diagnosed as:
viral hepatitis;
cytomegalovirus;
listeriosis;
mycoplasmosis;
ureaplasmosis;
trichomoniasis;
There are several pathways for infections from mother to fetus:
Hematogenous transplacental. This path is the most common. Viruses mainly penetrate through it, entering the placenta.
Transmural - through the infected endometrium into the uterus.
Descending - the inflammatory process is localized in the region of the uterine appendages.
Contact-placental (ascending) is a rather rare path. The infection passes from the mother's genital tract to the uterus and then to the fetus. Typical for bacterial infections.
Contagious - when the fetus passes through the birth canal. In such cases, a Caesarean section is usually prescribed. The outcome of childbirth will depend on the time when the infection occurred: the later, the more chances of a favorable outcome.
Signs of intrauterine infections
Infectious diseases are often completely asymptomatic. Sometimes inflammation of the internal genital organs is visible in the mirrors when examined by a gynecologist. In other cases, inflammation can only be detected by test results.
There are a number of signs and symptoms that are similar in their etiology, but indicate completely different diseases. It can be a rash on the body and genitals, itching, burning, pain in the pelvic area. However, very often infections do not make themselves felt by obvious external signs.
The defeat of the fetus at different stages of pregnancy has its own distinctive features. There are two concepts: embryopathy and fetopathy.
Embryopathy - diseases of the embryo from the 2nd to the 10th week of pregnancy. At this time, spontaneous abortions or the development of true fetal defects due to its lesions at the cellular level are possible.
Fetopathy - diseases of the fetus for periods from 10 to 40 weeks. It is characterized by complex malformations, can affect internal organs, the central nervous system, and the fetal brain.
Treatment of intrauterine infections during pregnancy
The doctor assesses the risk to the fetus and mother, decides on drugs, dosage and regimen. Even termination of pregnancy is sometimes indicated, depending on the type of infection.
The main methods of treatment are:
Taking antibacterial drugs, which are usually prescribed in the second trimester of pregnancy. During this period, the fetus is already protected by the placenta, and the negative effect of drugs on it is significantly reduced. L Introduction of immunoglobulins, which can increase the resistance of the immune system. It is used for viral infections, for example, herpes. Prevention of placental insufficiency: A healthy placenta is a kind of protective barrier. It reliably protects the fetus from the spread of infection. Prevention includes taking medications that improve blood circulation, reduce the tone of the uterus. Metabolic complexes are often prescribed to improve fetal nutrition.
Prevention of intrauterine infections during pregnancy
The best prevention method is planning a pregnancy. Both partners are required to go to a medical facility and undergo a complete examination. Tests for all types of genital infections, including latent ones, are mandatory. If any virus or infection is detected, it is necessary to undergo treatment for both the man and the woman. After the analysis is given again. If the result is negative, the body must be given time to recover, and pregnancy planning is postponed for this period.
Intrauterine infection is the main cause of morbidity and fetal mortality.
The baby is infected during pregnancy, and the mother is the source. That is why, even at the planning stage, the mother should be attentive to her own health and be tested for hidden infections.
Intrauterine infection during pregnancy
Intrauterine infections (IUIs) are classified as viral and bacterial... Many viral infections enter the child's body in the perinatal period, but are not accompanied by clinical manifestations, thanks to the mother's immunity and the protective placenta.
Types of intrauterine infection:
- Cytomegalovirus and herpes;
- Rubella;
- Syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea;
- Hepatitis A and B, etc.
The greatest danger of intrauterine infection is in the first three months of pregnancy and causes spontaneous abortion and fetal death. From 6 months, the baby develops its own immunity, which allows him to specifically respond to the introduction of infection.
Symptoms indicative of infection
Signs of infection of the embryo in the first trimester of pregnancy is placental insufficiency, which leads to the fading of pregnancy and miscarriage. When infected in the second trimester, placental circulation is disturbed, the fetus develops abnormalities, mainly from the central nervous system.
During the ultrasound procedure, the following symptoms are noted:
- Fetal growth retardation;
- Polyhydramnios;
- Tachycardia in the fetus;
- Enlargement of the abdomen and liver in the fetus;
- Thickening of the placenta;
An intrauterine infection can be diagnosed using laboratory tests: blood test for latent (TORCH) infections, smears from the vagina and cervix for bacterial culture.
Main reasons
Infection of the fetus in the perinatal period occurs from mother to child if: the mother becomes ill for the first time (rubella, CMVI, hepatitis), or she is already a carrier of the infection (herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea).
If a woman's body has foci of infection - caries, tonsillitis, pyelonephritis, then there is a risk of bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus) entering the fetus. Therefore, it is important for the expectant mother to visit the dentist, ENT and take urine tests in every trimester for early detection of the disease and timely treatment.
Infection of the mother with an infectious disease in the first months of pregnancy, almost always leads to her termination, since embryo infection occurs in 90% of cases.
In the later stages, intrauterine infection leads to rupture of the membranes, isthmic-cervical insufficiency (opening of the cervix) and, as a result, to premature birth.
A child is born with numerous diseases: pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, otitis media, vulvovaginitis. Intrauterine infection is very dangerous for the fetus and causes congenital malformations: impaired hearing, central nervous system, digestive system and liver, cleft lip, palate (cleft palate).
The main signs
Signs of fetal infection with IUI can be diagnosed during the ultrasound procedure: numerous fetal malformations, placental insufficiency, polyhydramnios. A woman, being a carrier of a latent infection, as a rule, does not feel pronounced symptoms.
With the initial infection during pregnancy, the woman experiences symptoms characteristic of this type of disease.
Visible signs of intrauterine infection are diagnosed during the ultrasound procedure, which are expressed in fetal development pathologies. A child infected in the womb is born with congenital diseases, which often lead to disability, in severe cases - to death.
Chronic maternal infection during pregnancy diagnosed only by laboratory methods and has no severe symptoms. Any foci of infection in a woman's body (tonsillitis, sinusitis, caries, pyelonephritis) should be excluded at the planning stage, or should be treated and monitored from the second trimester of pregnancy. A disease acquired during pregnancy must be treated in a hospital setting.
Early onset of infection
With intrauterine infection in the first trimester of pregnancy, there are infectious embryopathies, which end in spontaneous miscarriage, non-developing pregnancy.
Primary infection with rubella in the first three months of pregnancy requires surgical termination. Viral infections (herpes) in early pregnancy lead to spontaneous abortion or congenital malformations of the fetus.
The danger of IUI in early pregnancy is due to the impossibility of treatment, the absence of a placental barrier between the mother and the child, and the undeveloped immune system in the embryo.
The danger of ureaplasmosis consists in its asymptomatic course in a pregnant woman, it can only be detected by laboratory diagnostic methods. However, this disease is a threat to the fetus. In the early stages, ureaplasmosis leads to the fading of pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. From the second trimester - provokes rupture of the fetal bladder, isthmic-cervical insufficiency, which lead to miscarriage.
A child infected with ureaplasmosis in the womb is born with reduced immunity, and is at risk of acquiring pneumonia, neonatal meningitis and other diseases.
Treatment of ureaplasmosis is carried out with antibiotic therapy from 20 weeks of gestation.
Herpes simplex virus in the acute stage causes infection of the fetus in 80% of cases... If the mother is a carrier of the virus, then the risks of infection of the embryo are reduced to 0.5%. However, with its exacerbation during childbirth, newborns become infected in 40% of cases.
In case of primary infection with herpes in the early stages, the question of termination of pregnancy is raised. If the infection occurs from the second trimester, the pregnant woman is at risk and is under constant supervision. Antiviral therapy and the introduction of immunoglobulins are prescribed.
Infection with herpes in the third trimester leads to the birth of a child with lesions of the skin, eyes and central nervous system. The manifestation of herpes infection in newborns in 50% leads to death, and the remaining 50% have severe complications, expressed in mental and physical retardation.
More than 90% of the population of Russia is a carrier of CMVI. IN THE USA cytomegalovirus is present in the blood of 99% of residents... CMVI in the chronic stage is asymptomatic, and the risk of fetal infection is reduced to zero. An exacerbation can occur in 1-2% of pregnancy, the probability of infection of the fetus is 20%.
Asymptomatic carriage of the virus is detected in 90% of newborns. Infection of the fetus with CMVI during the primary infection of the mother in the early stages leads to spontaneous miscarriage and premature birth in the 2nd, 3rd trimester. In newborns with the acute stage of the virus, malformations are noted: hearing loss, dental dystrophy, visual impairment, mental retardation.
Viral hepatitis B and C
Infection with hepatitis viruses in the perinatal period is very rare, but infection during childbirth and breastfeeding is possible. In infected newborns, hepatitis disappears in a latent asymptomatic phase. The danger of hepatitis lies in the fact that newborns, being a carrier of the virus, in 85% of cases can infect other children.
Chlamydia in the acute stage is diagnosed in 10% of pregnant women, in the chronic phase - in 50%. Infection with chlamydia in utero leads to growth retardation, developmental and fetal hypoxia.
40% of infected newborns are diagnosed with symptoms of chlamydia, such as pneumonia, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, otitis media. Chlamydia poses the greatest danger to premature babies, it leads to severe forms of encephalitis and meningitis.
Treatment of women is carried out from the second trimester with the help antibacterial therapy.
Gonorrhea
This disease adversely affects the development of pregnancy and childbirth. Ultrasound diagnoses delayed growth and development of the fetus... Newborns with gonococcal infection develop jaundice and purulent conjunctivitis, which often leads to complete blindness. Premature babies are at risk of developing gonorrhea.
Treatment of the disease is carried out with antibiotics from the first trimester of pregnancy.
Toxoplasmosis is a serious danger to a pregnant woman. Infection with the virus occurs through contact with infected pets. The risk of infection of the fetus from the mother through the placenta is almost 100%.
In the first months of pregnancy, toxoplasmosis infection leads to a frozen pregnancy... Infection in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters leads to congenital developmental anomalies: underdevelopment of the eyelids, cleft lip and palate, cerebral defects.
It is possible to diagnose intrauterine toxoplasmosis infection with an ultrasound procedure. Treatment of infected women is carried out at any stage of pregnancy.
Syphilis
Intrauterine infection of the fetus with syphilis occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy through the umbilical cord vein. Children are usually born healthy, but after a few days, symptoms of the disease begin to appear: rashes, enlarged lymph nodes, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose. Treatment of syphilis during pregnancy is carried out in accordance with established norms.
The body of a pregnant woman has an increased susceptibility to the causative agents of listeriosis. Infection occurs through animal products and vegetables... Infection of the fetus occurs through the placenta after its formation.
Early infection leads to fetal death and miscarriage. In the later period of pregnancy, IUI manifests itself in the fetus in the form of sepsis. In newborns, the hearing organs, liver and central nervous system are affected, pneumonia occurs.
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2.3.2. E-mail address;
2.3.3. Telephone number.
2.4. The user is prohibited from indicating personal data of third parties on the Site.
3. PROCEDURE FOR PROCESSING PERSONAL AND OTHER DATA.
3.1. The Operator undertakes to use Personal Data in accordance with the Federal Law "On Personal Data" No. 152-FZ dated July 27, 2006 and the Operator's internal documents.
3.2. The User, by sending his personal data and (or) other information, gives his consent to the processing and use of the information provided by him and (or) his personal data by the Operator in order to carry out the newsletter (about services of the Operator, changes made, promotions, etc. events) indefinitely, until the Operator receives a written notification by e-mail about the refusal to receive mailings. The user also gives his consent to the transfer, in order to carry out the actions provided for in this paragraph, by the Operator of the information and (or) his personal data provided by him to third parties in the presence of a contract duly concluded between the Operator and such third parties.
3.2. With respect to Personal Data and other User Data, their confidentiality is maintained, except for cases when the specified data is publicly available.
3.3. The Operator has the right to store Personal Data and Data on servers outside the territory of the Russian Federation.
3.4. The Operator has the right to transfer Personal Data and User Data without the User's consent to the following persons:
3.4.1. State bodies, including bodies of inquiry and investigation, and local self-government bodies at their motivated request;
3.4.2. Operator's partners;
3.4.3. In other cases directly provided for by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
3.5. The Operator has the right to transfer Personal Data and Data to third parties not specified in clause 3.4. of this Privacy Policy, in the following cases:
3.5.1. The user has expressed his consent to such actions;
3.5.2. The transfer is necessary as part of the User's use of the Site or the provision of Services to the User;
3.5.3. The transfer takes place as part of the sale or other transfer of the business (in whole or in part), while all obligations to comply with the terms of this Policy are transferred to the acquirer.
3.6. The Operator carries out automated and non-automated processing of Personal Data and Data.
4. CHANGE OF PERSONAL DATA.
4.1. The User guarantees that all Personal Data is current and does not belong to third parties.
4.2. The user can change (update, supplement) Personal data at any time by sending a written application to the Operator.
4.3. The User at any time has the right to delete his Personal Data, for this he just needs to send an e-mail with a corresponding statement to Email: Data will be deleted from all electronic and physical media within 3 (three) business days.
5. PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA.
5.1. The Operator carries out adequate protection of Personal and other data in accordance with the Legislation and takes necessary and sufficient organizational and technical measures to protect Personal Data.
5.2. The applied protection measures, among other things, allow you to protect Personal data from unauthorized or accidental access, destruction, modification, blocking, copying, distribution, as well as from other illegal actions of third parties with them.
6. PERSONAL DATA OF THIRD PERSONS USED BY USERS.
6.1. Using the Site, the User has the right to enter data of third parties for their subsequent use.
6.2. The user undertakes to obtain the consent of the subject of personal data for use through the Site.
6.3. The operator does not use the personal data of third parties entered by the User.
6.4. The Operator undertakes to take the necessary measures to ensure the safety of the personal data of third parties entered by the User.
7. OTHER PROVISIONS.
7.1. This Privacy Policy and the relationship between the User and the Operator arising in connection with the application of the Privacy Policy are subject to the law of the Russian Federation.
7.2. All possible disputes arising from this Agreement shall be resolved in accordance with the current legislation at the place of registration of the Operator. Before going to court, the User must comply with the mandatory pre-trial procedure and send the Operator a corresponding claim in writing. The deadline for responding to a claim is 7 (seven) business days.
7.3. If, for one reason or another, one or more provisions of the Privacy Policy are found invalid or unenforceable, this does not affect the validity or applicability of the remaining provisions of the Privacy Policy.
7.4. The Operator has the right to change the Privacy Policy at any time, in whole or in part, unilaterally, without prior agreement with the User. All changes take effect the next day after posting on the Site.
7.5. The user undertakes to independently monitor changes to the Privacy Policy by reviewing the current version.
8. CONTACT INFORMATION OF THE OPERATOR.
8.1. Contact Email.