Full-length image of a man. The theory of the golden section. Seniors proportions

11.10.2019

Head:

Draw a shape that resembles an egg turned upside down. This figure is called OVOID.
Vertically and horizontally, divide it exactly in half with thin lines.

Vertical
the line is the axis of symmetry (it is needed so that the right and left parts
turned out to be equal in size and the image elements were not on
different levels).
Horizontal - the line of the location of the eyes. We divide it into five equal parts.

The eyes are in the second and fourth parts. The distance between the eyes is also equal to one eye.

The figure below shows how to draw an eye (the iris and pupil will be
are not completely visible - they are partially covered by the upper eyelid), but we are not in a hurry
To do this, let's finish our sketch first.

We divide the part from the line of the eyes to the chin by two - this is the line on which the nose will be located.
We divide the part from the line of the eyes to the crown of the head into three equal parts. The upper mark is the line from where the hair grows)

We also divide the part from the nose to the chin into three parts. The upper mark is the lip line.
The distance from the upper eyelid to the tip of the nose is equal to the distance from the upper edge of the ear to the lower one.

Now we make our standard workpiece sob in three streams.
Lines,
drawn from the outer edges of the eyes, will show us where to draw the neck.
The lines from the inner edges of the eyes are the width of the nose. Lines drawn in an arc from
the center of the pupils - the width of the mouth.

When you color in an image, note that the convex
parts (forehead, cheeks, nose and chin) will be lighter, and the eye sockets, cheekbones,
the contour of the face, and the place under the lower lip is darker.

The shape of the face, eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose, ears and
etc. all people are different. Therefore, when drawing someone's portrait, try
see these features and apply them to the standard workpiece.

Another example of the fact that facial features are different for everyone.

Well, here we see how to draw a face in profile and half a turn - the so-called "three quarters"
At
drawing a face in half a turn, you need to take into account the rules
perspectives - the far eye and the far side of the lip will appear smaller.

Let's move on to the image human figures.
In order to depict the body as correctly as possible, you need to know a few secrets, as in drawing portraits:

The unit of measurement for the human body is "head length".
- the average height of a person is 7.5 times the length of the head.
- Men, of course, are usually slightly taller than women.
-
We, of course, begin to draw the body from the very head that we will
measure everything. Have you painted? Now we put its length down seven more times.
This will be the growth of the depicted person.
- The width of the shoulders is equal to two head lengths for men and one and a half lengths for women.
- At the place where the third head ends :), there will be a navel and an arm will bend at the elbow.
- The fourth is the place where the legs grow.
- Fifth - mid-thigh. This is where the length of the arms ends.
- Sixth - the bottom of the knee.
-
You may not believe me, but the length of the arms is equal to the length of the legs, the length of the arm from the shoulder
to the elbow will be slightly less than the length from the elbow to the fingertips.
- The length of the hand is equal to the height of the face (mind you, not the head - the distance from the chin to the top of the forehead), the length of the foot is equal to the length of the head.

Knowing all this, it is possible to depict a human figure quite plausibly.

Taken from a group dedicated to graffiti on VKontakte.

Lip shapes

nose shape

Eye shapes

Forms of women's brophy

The proportions of the child's figure differ from
proportions of an adult. The fewer times the length of the head interferes with growth
child, the younger he is.

In a child portrait, everything is a little different.
The child's face is rounder, the forehead is larger. If we draw a horizontal
line through the middle of the child's face, then it will not be an eye line like
was in the portrait of an adult.

To learn how to draw a person not only
standing like a pillar, we will simplify our image for a while. Let's leave
just the head, chest, spine, pelvis and screw it to all
arms and legs. The main thing is to observe all proportions.

Having such a simplified version of the human figure, we can easily give him any pose.

When we have decided on a pose - we can
build on our simplified skeleton meat. Do not forget that the body, it is not
angular and does not consist of rectangles - we try to draw smooth
lines. At the waist, the body tapers smoothly, at the knees and elbows too.

To make the image more vivid, character and expression must be given not only to the face, but also to the pose.

Arms:

Toes as flat as a board, joints throughout the skeleton are the widest parts of the bones.

Head:

Draw a shape that resembles an egg turned upside down. This figure is called OVOID.
Vertically and horizontally, divide it exactly in half with thin lines.

The eyes are in the second and fourth parts. The distance between the eyes is also equal to one eye.

The shape of the face, eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose, ears and
etc. all people are different. Therefore, when drawing someone's portrait, try
see these features and apply them to the standard workpiece.

Another example of the fact that facial features are different for everyone.

Let's move on to the image human figures.
In order to depict the body as correctly as possible, you need to know a few secrets, as in drawing portraits:

Knowing all this, it is possible to depict a human figure quite plausibly.

Taken from a group dedicated to graffiti on VKontakte.

Lip shapes

nose shape

Eye shapes

Forms of women's brophy

The proportions of the child's figure differ from
proportions of an adult. The fewer times the length of the head interferes with growth
child, the younger he is.

Having such a simplified version of the human figure, we can easily give him any pose.

To make the image more vivid, character and expression must be given not only to the face, but also to the pose.

Arms:

Toes as flat as a board, joints throughout the skeleton are the widest parts of the bones.

Hello dear friends!

Today we will continue the topic of drawing a human figure, and in this lesson we will study proportions. In this tutorial we will learn how to learn how to draw a person in stages with a pencil in full growth... In order for the following information to really be useful for you, I suggest you prepare a sheet of paper and a pencil and immediately draw with me.

First of all, it is necessary to clarify: we will consider and also learn how to build and draw a figure of a tall man with ideal academic proportions. The figures of most people have their own characteristics, sometimes very far from the standard ones, nevertheless, they are all interesting and beautiful in their own way. In order to learn how to correctly display the characteristic features of the figure of each person individually in the figure, you first need to remember the ratios and proportions in their ideal form.

If you've never drawn full-length people, start simple:

First, try to build some proportional skeletons so that the arms, legs, palms, pelvis, knees and other parts are in place.
Then, put on the human body on these frames, in a very simplified version, without muscle relief. You can dress your character in simple clothes.
From such a skeleton, you can make a man or a woman, a fat or thin person, he will have everything in place. Train!
If everything works out well, try to show the muscles of the arms, legs, torso.

The height from the crown of the head to the line of the nose is equal to the size of the palm. This is a very important measurement, mark it for yourself, it will come in handy more than once today.

Torso and pelvis

In order to find important key points of the chest and pelvis, we need to mark the size of the palm height somewhere in the corner of the picture, now we especially need it.

Arms

In order to correctly draw a human figure, it is important to understand the proportions of the arms, elbows, forearm, collarbone and hand.

These are landmarks that are almost always the same for everyone.

Scheme

If it is too difficult to cope with these measurements and proportions, try printing this image with ready-made markup, and practice drawing a person according to this scheme.

Hope this makes things easier and helps you.

Video

In this lesson, we figured out the basic proportions of the human body, and after some training you will be able to draw a full-length human figure without preliminary marking, noting only the main landmarks.

Even in ancient times, they noticed that man is the most interesting mystery of nature. Many tried to solve this riddle, and each applied his own methods. The ancient Hindus and Egyptians, for example, were interested in the proportions of the human body. They took the hand as a unit of measurement and tried to calculate the ideal ratio of the various parts.

The Greeks and Italians also spent a lot of time and effort on studying. But these, sculptors and artists tried to figure out how the proportions of the human body differ. They studied the difference in the proportions of male and female bodies, compared the proportions of the bodies of children of different ages. All this was necessary in order to accurately reflect human beauty.

How could you expect the great Leonardo da Vinci to stay away from this topic? Of course not. He took many measurements, studying height, weight, length of limbs. Having proved himself both as a scientist and as a brilliant artist and sculptor, he created a reference drawing, consisting of the superposition of two positions of the human body. For artists of many generations, he served as an example depicting ideal body proportions.

According to Leonardo da Vinci's definition, the body of a proportionally folded man with his arms and legs spread out fits into a circle, and with his arms spread out but legs together, it fits into a square.

A detailed description of the parameters and a table of values were compiled a little later by Marc Vitruvius Pollion. For many artists, these values were and remain the reference in the process of painting in proportion to the body.

The theory of the golden ratio

The doctrine of proportions dates back to antiquity. The first officially extant references are present in the works of Euclid. The golden proportion underlies the pyramid of Cheops and the bas-reliefs of the tomb of Tutankhamun. And during the Renaissance, brilliant sculptors and painters often tried to test the harmony of their creations using algebra and geometry.

An excellent example of the repeated application of the golden ratio is the painting by Antonella da Messina "Saint Sebastian". Armed with rulers, mathematicians discovered that the golden ratio lies not only in the construction of the body of the central character, but also in the drawing of the background objects of the picture. Together, this creates a unique sense of balance in the image.

Also, the famous "La Gioconda" by Leonardo da Vinci is unique not only for its mysterious smile, but also for its proportions of construction. Mathematicians have determined that the composition of the drawing, which includes the figure of a woman, fits perfectly into the golden triangles that make up a regular star. Many artists, followers of the great da Vinci, associate the golden ratio precisely with the proportion that describes the mathematical ratio of the "law of the star".

Maintaining proportions

The proportions of the human body, taking into account gender, height and weight, have more than a hundred canons. Scientists and artists have compiled more than one table, and many graphs have been drawn, in an attempt to systematize these ratios. An aspiring artist can spend many years trying to adhere to all of them in the drawing process, but they are unlikely to achieve a good result. That is why a drawing is taken as a basis, containing one or two canons with a breakdown of the figure into 8 or 10 parts.

Each of these methods is convenient in its own way. If you divide the body into 8 parts, then the unit of measurement will be the size of the head.

The result is 8 main points dividing the body into equal parts, no matter what height or weight the person depicted in the figure has:

head;
chest (nipples);
navel and elbow line;
perineum and wrist line;
fingers and thighs;
lower line of the knee joint;
lower line of the calf muscles;
Feet.

However, when creating a drawing, it must be borne in mind that this is an ideal model. And people are rarely perfect. For example, Professor Zeiling's monumental work on the proportions of the body was declared "mathematical aesthetics." The zeyling golden point of the body is the navel, so to speak, it is the most important point of the golden ratio.

Drawing teachers often divide a person's drawing into 10 parts to explain body proportions. In this case, a diagram can be drawn up showing that the value from the crown to the lower border of the nose fits into an ideal figure 10 times. The conditional line passes through the level of the shoulder, the lower border of the pectoral muscles, the navel, the upper part of the bosom, and so on.

The importance of proportions in bodybuilding

Maintaining the proportions of the figure is of great importance not only in the drawing process, but also in bodybuilding. However, indicators such as height and weight play an important role here. This is a very beautiful sport that allows a person to build an ideal body. The standards of the golden ratio - 1: 1.62 are also applicable here.

So, for example, when measuring the thigh, its ratio to the length of the entire leg should be equal to 1: 1.62 (the length of the thigh is taken as a unit here, and the length of the leg means the length of the thigh and lower leg combined). The weight / height ratio plays an important role in bodybuilding. This coefficient is used as a basis for building the body.

If a person's weight is 70 kg, and his height is 180 cm, then the coefficient is 0.39, and the ideal proportions for him should be as follows:

neck - 38.1;
forearm - 30.0;
biceps - 35.8;
chest - 99.8;
waist - 74.7;
pelvis - 89.7;
thigh - 53.8;
drumstick - 35.8.

Naturally, the given ratio is true for men. In bodybuilding, there is a whole table of ratios, on the basis of which measurements are made both during training and during competition.

So, it is quite clear that the observance of proportions allows you to create both an ideal drawing and develop an ideal body in life. The harmony of the body cultivated in bodybuilding and fitness is bringing more and more people to gyms. Hard work allows artists to create brilliant paintings, and athletes to perfect bodies. When a person's weight and height are in the correct ratio, then he is mentally ready to conquer the world, and to achieve heights not only in sports, but also in his career and personal life.

The portrait conveys not only the external characteristics of the face, but also reflects the inner world of a person, his attitude to reality and his emotional state at a certain point in time. In fact, a portrait, like any other genre painting, is the arrangement of lines, shapes and colors on canvas or paper so that their final combination repeats the shape of a human face.

Sounds almost like magic? In order to correctly place the very lines, shapes and shades on paper, you must first of all study the proportions of a person's face (when drawing a portrait, they must be observed without fail) and their dependence on the movements, direction and shape of the head.

What is a portrait?

Regardless of the skill level, working on it is intimidating to any artist. The remarkable painter John Singer Sargent gave the portrait two characteristics that every artist would agree with:

"Every time I paint a portrait, especially to order, I lose a friend."
"A portrait is a painting in which the lips end up looking differently."

Portrait is one of the most difficult genres of drawing and painting. The reason is that the artist often works to order, and pressure from the outside interferes with the creative process. The portrait as seen by the client is often different from that of the artist. In addition, working on the image of a human face requires special knowledge and a fair amount of patience.

Why study proportions

Proportions are needed in order to understand how objects are located relative to each other in dimensional, planar and intermediate ratio. If even a small amount of realism is important for a portrait, this cannot be achieved without knowing the proportions. On the other hand, nobody canceled abstract portraits.

Knowledge of proportions helps to convey not only facial features, but also emotions and facial expressions of a person. Knowing the dependence of the change in appearance on the position of the head, the emotional state of the model and lighting, the artist can transfer the character and mood of a person to the canvas, thereby creating an object of art. But for this you need to know the correct proportions of the face and be able to build a composition in accordance with the rules.

Perfect proportions

During the High Renaissance, Raphael created paintings that were considered the standard of perfection. In fact, all of today's ideal proportions originate in the oval faces of Raphael's Madonnas.

If you draw a vertical line in the very center of the face and divide it into three parts - from the hairline to the eyebrows, from the eyebrows to the tip of the nose and from the tip of the nose to the chin, then the ideal face will have these parts equal. The picture below shows the ideal proportions of a person's face, a diagram for drawing and constructing an ideal face oval, as well as the ratio of the main features. It is worth considering that the ideal of a male face is characterized by more angular features, but despite this, their main location corresponds to the presented scheme.

Based on this scheme, the ideal proportions of a face when drawing a portrait correspond to the following formula:

BC = CE = EF.
AD = DF.
OR = KL = PK.

Face shape

Correctly constructed proportions of a person's face when drawing a portrait depend largely on the shape of this face. Raphael, created a perfect oval, and nature does not limit perfection to just one geometric shape.

Probably, it is most convenient to study the construction of proportions and their change during movement on an ideally oval face, for this there are a lot of methods and techniques that will be discussed below, but the essence of a portrait is not in creating an ideal, but in depicting a person with all its features and imperfections. That is why it is important to know what the shape of the face can be and how it affects the construction of proportions when drawing portraits.

Rounded faces

Elongated face has a rounded shape of the hairline and chin. The vertical midline of the face is much longer than the horizontal. The characteristic of elongated faces is usually a high forehead and a large distance between the upper lip and the base of the nose. Usually the width of the forehead is about the same as the width of the cheekbones.

Oval face similar in shape to an egg turned upside down. The cheekbones are its widest part, then there is a slightly less wide forehead and a relatively narrow jaw. The length of the oval face is slightly greater than its width.

Round face characterized by almost equal midlines of the vertical and horizontal sections of the face. Wide cheekbones are smoothed out by a smooth, rounded chin line.

Angular faces

Rectangular face characterized by a wide jaw, accentuated by an angular chin and a straight hairline. The midline of the vertical section is much longer than the horizontal one. The width of the forehead of a person with a rectangular face is approximately equal to the width of the cheekbones.

Triangular differs from the heart-shaped only in the hairline, in the triangular one it is straight. A characteristic feature of this face shape is high cheekbones and a very narrow, sharp chin, while the cheekbones are almost as wide as the forehead. The vertical section line of the triangular face is usually slightly longer than the horizontal one.

Square shape characteristic of persons with low, wide cheekbones and an angular chin. The length of a square face is equal to its width.

Trapezoidal defined by a wide jaw, low cheekbones and a narrow forehead. Usually, on such a face, the chin is angular and wide, and the cheekbones are much wider than the forehead.

Diamond shape the face is given a proportionally narrow forehead and chin, the latter usually being pointed. High cheekbones are the widest part of the diamond-shaped face, and its horizontal section is much smaller than the vertical one.

Correct face construction

Correct construction when drawing a portrait is based on measuring the facial features of the model and the distance between them. Each portrait is individual, just as there are no two absolutely identical faces, with the exception of the twins. The formulas for calculating the proportions give only basic advice, following which you can greatly facilitate the drawing process.

To create your own characters or draw faces from memory, it is extremely important to know the correct transfer of proportions. It is important to remember here that the shape of the head is much more complicated than an inverted egg or an oval, and therefore it is worth following the rules to avoid eyes on the forehead or too small a mouth.

Facial contours

First, draw a circle - this will be the wider part of the skull. As you know, the main features of the face take place under the circle. To roughly determine their place, we divide the circle in half vertically and continue the line down so that the lower outline of the circle divides it exactly in half. The bottom of the line will be the chin. From the sides of the circle to the "chin" you need to draw lines that will become the preliminary outlines of the cheekbones and cheeks.

If the portrait is drawn from the face of the model or from memory, then you can correct the shape with a few light lines, determine the approximate width of the chin and the hairline. It is worth noting that the hair in the portrait will occupy some part of the circle that was drawn at the very beginning.

Eyes and eyebrows

Draw a horizontal line at the base of the circle, perpendicular to the first. The eyes are located on this line. It is on it, not higher, no matter how much you want! The horizontal line must be divided into five equal parts - each equal to the width of the eye. The center section may be slightly wider. The eyes are located on the sides of her. To further calculate the proportions, it is best to indicate where the pupils will be located.

To determine how high above the eyes the eyebrows should be, divide the circle into four equal parts, from bottom to top. The eyebrows will be positioned along a horizontal line directly above the eyes.

Nose and lips

Divide the vertical line of the lower face in half. The middle mark is where the base of the nose should be. The width of the nose can be easily determined by drawing parallel lines downward from the inner corners of the eyes.

The remainder - from the nose to the chin - needs to be halved again. The middle line coincides with the line of the mouth, that is, the upper lip is located directly above it, and the lower lip is located below it. The width of the mouth can be calculated by drawing parallel lines downward from the center of the pupils. The width of the chin is usually equal to that of the nose.

The construction of the proportions of a human face described above is a simplified method and is suitable for ideal faces, of which there are not so many in nature.