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By the level of antibodies in the blood of a pregnant woman, the doctor can draw conclusions about the alleged Rh factor in the child and determine the onset of the Rh conflict.

Rh-conflict prevention

With the risk of Rh-conflict, a woman is repeatedly examined during pregnancy for the presence of Rh antibodies. If they are not there, then the woman is not sensitized and during this pregnancy the Rh-conflict will not occur. Immediately after childbirth, the Rh factor in the baby is determined. If Rh is positive, then no later than 72 hours after delivery, the mother is injected with an anti-Rh immunoglobulin, which will prevent the development of Rh-conflict in a subsequent pregnancy.

Anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin breaks the immunological chain and prevents anti-Rhesus antibodies from being produced. Also, this drug binds aggressive antibodies formed in the mother's blood and removes them from the body. Timely administration of anti-Rh globulin with a high degree of probability prevents the development of Rh-conflict during subsequent pregnancy.

You will do the right thing if you find out in advance at the maternity hospital in which you plan to give birth, whether they have anti-D-immunoglobulin (of course, if you have a negative Rh factor), if they do not, buy in advance and take with you!

Recently, the same vaccine has been administered for prophylaxis during pregnancy (between the 28th and 32nd weeks), provided that the pregnancy is proceeding safely and antibodies are not detected in the blood of the expectant mother. After the administration of the drug, the blood is no longer tested for antibodies.

The same prophylaxis with immunoglobulin women with a negative Rh factor should be carried out within 72 hours after:

- ectopic pregnancy;
- abortion;
- placental abruption;
- amniocetosis (a test carried out by inserting a long, thin needle through the abdominal wall into the uterus);
- spontaneous miscarriage;
- blood transfusion.

If the woman still has Rh antibodies and the fetus is Rh positive

If a woman has Rh antibodies in the blood and their titer increases, then this indicates the presence of a Rh-conflict.

The mother's antibodies cross the placenta and "attack" the baby's red blood cells. At the same time, a large amount of a substance called bilirubin appears in his blood. Bilirubin stains your baby's skin yellow ("jaundice") and can damage the brain. As the fetus's red blood cells are continuously destroyed, its liver and spleen try to speed up the production of new red blood cells, while increasing in size. In the end, and they do not cope with the replacement of red blood cells. Severe oxygen starvation (anemia) sets in - the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood becomes alarmingly low, which can lead to a number of severe disorders in the fetus. This condition is called hemolytic disease.

In the case of Rh-conflict, treatment is necessary in a specialized perinatal center, where both the woman and the child will be under constant supervision.

If it is possible to bring the pregnancy to 38 weeks, a planned caesarean section is performed. If not, they resort to intrauterine blood transfusion: through the anterior abdominal wall of the mother, they penetrate into the umbilical cord vein and transfuse 20-50 ml of erythrocyte mass into the fetus. The procedure is carried out under the supervision of an ultrasound scan.

In emergency cases, within 36 hours after the baby is born, a replacement blood transfusion is carried out, he is injected with Rh-negative blood, one-group with his mother, and resuscitation measures are taken. The mother of such a child is not allowed to breastfeed in the first days. This is due to the fact that with the mother's milk, the newborn gets anti-rhesus antibodies that were formed in her during pregnancy. And these antibodies tend to destroy the baby's red blood cells.

Summarize

As soon as you decide to have a baby, take a blood test to determine the Rh factor. Moreover, this should be done not only by you, but also by your partner. If the future dad has a positive Rh factor, and the mother has a negative one, then the probable Rh-belonging of the fetus is determined as 50% to 50%. In this case, a couple planning to become parents should consult a doctor: he will tell the expectant mother what preventive measures can prevent the development of Rh-conflict. Do not neglect the advice of your gynecologist, listen to him and follow all the prescriptions that he prescribes. If the doctor, looking at the test results, said: "Rh negative", do not be discouraged! If you are an alert and responsible mom, your child will be fine.

Despite the prevailing stereotype that all people are initially equal, yet nature itself has endowed all of us with distinctive individual traits. Therefore, we differ from each other in color type, complexion, temperament ... But, if the hair color and even the figure can be changed of our own free will, then there is a classification according to which you will under no circumstances be able to change the “environment” and go to a different category. We are talking about four blood groups and only two variants of the Rh factor. These innate parameters cannot be altered during life at your own discretion and they are given once and for all. Moreover, throughout life they have a direct impact not only on you, but also on your children and grandchildren. Therefore, they should be taken seriously. Especially for the Rh factor, because its importance is practically equal to the importance of all other characteristics of blood in the aggregate. And they, in turn, are a direct reflection of the genetic code of each person, that is, in fact, his life, health, appearance, longevity, etc. Thus, it becomes clear that the Rh factor strongly affects the offspring, as one of the most important stages and tasks of the body. But how exactly?

There are other systems for assessing and analyzing blood systems, and their number is regularly increasing. But they are of interest mainly to specialists (researchers-biochemists, doctors, geneticists), and most people have never heard of them, and do not need this information. But everyone knows about the Rh factor, both men and women. The former can open their passports at any time and see a seal indicating the blood group and Rh factor, made at the military registration and enlistment office at the beginning of the draft age. The latter will surely encounter or have already encountered this concept as soon as they think about pregnancy and childbirth. The modern education system introduces students to the concepts of blood group and Rh factor even in the basic course of human anatomy. But, to be honest, school knowledge is often perceived by us as something imposed and is often perceived inattentively, forgotten soon after passing the test and receiving an assessment on the relevant topic. And only with age and entering adulthood, the value of this or that information is revealed to us in a new light. Fortunately, today there are no problems with access to any information, and as for such important knowledge about one's own body as blood type and its Rh factor, every doctor will willingly tell you about them. We offer you to refresh your knowledge right now, without looking up from the computer screen.

What is the Rh factor. How to determine your Rh factor
The Rh factor (abbreviated simply as Rh or Rh) is one of 29 blood group systems in use around the world today. For example, the AB0 system (or the first, second, third and fourth blood groups) is the most common characteristic for assessing human blood, and the Rh factor is considered to be the second most clinically important system. Unlike blood groups, of which there are four, the Rh factor is characterized by only two variants. It is either positive (Rh +) or negative (Rh-) - which is determined, respectively, by the presence or absence of a special antigen protein (or, in scientific terms, lipoprotein) on the surface of red blood cells. In fact, there are more than 40 such antigens, and each of them is designated by its own code, consisting of numbers, letters and / or other symbols. But in determining the Rh factor, the key role is played by antigens of the so-called type D and, to a lesser extent, types C, E and E. Their presence or vice versa absence determines the Rh status of a person. It is known that the overwhelming majority of the population of our planet, more precisely 85% of Europeans and literally 99% of Asians, have a positive Rh factor, that is, there is a named protein on the surface of their red blood cells. And 15% of people, and half of them, that is, as much as 7% are natives of Africa, do not have rhesus, that is, their Rh factor is negative. But even "Rh positive" people can have different Rh status.

The fact is that, as with the combination of chromosomes, which affects the formation of the sex of the unborn child, the Rh factor also comes from our parents. And each of them, in turn, also has the data received from his parents. Thus, if the Rh factor was dominant in the blood of both parents, then the child will receive the Rh factor Rh +, that is, a positive Rh factor. The Rh factor Rr, that is, inherited from one parent with a dominant and from one with a recessive Rh, will also be dominant, but behave differently when combined with other genomes in the future. And only if both parents have a negative Rh factor, then the child can also only be Rh negative: rr. Although the Rh factor of both grandparents will also necessarily affect. Too hard? Let's take an example. Suppose that the father of the unborn child has a positive rhesus, and the mother has a negative one. But there is also a grandmother with a negative rhesus. That is, we have the following initial data: father Rr and mother rr. A child in this case can be born with both Rh and rr factors with a 50/50 probability. If both parents are Rh positive, but both grandfathers are Rh negative, then the children will receive the same number of dominant R and recessive r genes. And they can get the Rh factor of any of the options: RR (Rh +), Rr (Rh +), rr (Rh-). But note that the likelihood of a positive Rh factor will still be three times higher than the probability of a negative one: 75% versus 25% probability. In the office of a gynecologist-obstetrician, you can see a visual table where, at the intersection of different indicators of the Rh factors of the parents, the options for the Rh factors of the unborn child are indicated. The same visual information can be easily found on the Internet in order to find out in an accessible form the chances of your heir for a positive or negative Rh status.

But at the same time, these tables, and even a blood test for the Rh factor will make it possible to find out only one fact: the positive or negative Rh factor in the owner of the blood. More accurate data, that is, the presence of dominant and recessive traits in generations, can only be ascertained as a result of deeper research carried out exclusively in specialized clinics and / or institutes of genetics. You can, of course, try to use the logic "from the opposite" and calculate the type of Rh status by children, but hardly anyone will engage in such painstaking calculations. It is enough to know that the holders of a negative Rh status under no circumstances can carry a positive Rh in their genome and, accordingly, pass it on to their descendants. Rh positive always tends to dominate and as a result gives Rh positive status. Anyway, genetics knows only three circumstances of inheritance of Rh status:

1. Both Rh negative parents can only give birth to a child with the same Rh negative as theirs.
   
2. One parent with a positive, and the other with a negative Rh factor have chances of both Rh-positive and Rh-negative offspring, and a child with a positive Rh status will be born with a probability of six out of eight cases, while a child without Rh antigen - in only two cases out of eight.
   
3. Two Rh-positive parents with a probability of 9 out of 16 will give life to Rh-positive children with completely dominant Rh, with a probability of 6 out of 16 - Rh-positive children with the inclinations of recessive and dominant characteristics, and only in one case out of 16 their child will have a negative Rh -status.
   

In total, there are only 9 possible inheritance options for the Rh factor, and you and your children, as well as parents, belong to one of them. You can find your option in the list right now:

1. 100% of children will have Rh positive blood factor - Rh + (DD)
   

2. Mother has Rh negative - Rh- (dd)

   Father has Rh-positive factor - Rh + (DD)

3. 50% of their children will have a Rh positive factor - Rh + (DD),

   50% of their children will have a Rh positive factor - Rh + (Dd).
   

4. Father has Rh-positive factor - Rh + (Dd)

   25% of their children will have a Rh-positive factor - Rh + (DD),

   25% of their children will have a Rh negative factor - Rh- (dd).
   

5. Father has Rh-positive factor - Rh + (Dd)

6. Mother has Rh-positive factor - Rh + (DD)

   100% of their children will have a Rh positive factor - Rh + (Dd).
   

7. Mother has Rh-positive factor - Rh + (Dd)

   50% of their children will have a Rh-positive factor - Rh + (Dd),

   50% of their children will have a Rh negative factor - Rh- (dd).
   

8. Mother has Rh negative factor - Rh- (dd)

   Father has Rh negative factor - Rh- (dd)

   100% of their children are Rh- (dd) negative.
   

Why delve into all these complexities? Why even know and take into account the Rh factor, your own and your relatives? When and why is this information useful? First, the combination of dominant and recessive traits and the resulting heterozygosity of the organism are retained in genes and can influence the formation of many subsequent generations. Secondly, genetic characteristics, including the Rh factor, do not exist by themselves, but are inextricably linked with the physiological and anatomical characteristics of the fetus, child, and then an adult. The color of the hair and eyes of the future baby, the shape of the teeth and the tendency to early baldness, the presence of musical abilities and the likelihood of ambidexterity, genetics have already learned to determine long before the birth of a man. But if these signs relate more to the sphere of curiosity of parents, then the importance of early identification of genetic and / or inherited diseases and other deviations cannot be overestimated. Dominant and recessive signs, including the Rh factor, are determined even during intrauterine development. And it is necessary to know the Rh status of a couple planning to become parents because of the existence of such a phenomenon as Rh conflict. Its likelihood is determined even before the start of the planned pregnancy in order to avoid big problems during gestation.

What is Rh-conflict. What to do with Rh-conflict
Rh-conflict is an incompatibility between the blood of a mother and a child in terms of the Rh factor. You ask, how is this possible, because a child is the fruit of the mother's body and the result of the crossing of her genes with the genes of her father ?! This is precisely why a discrepancy arises: when the positive Rh factor of the child, inherited from the father, "meets" the negative Rh factor of the mother. A situation that is paradoxical at first glance and completely logical in a judicious analysis is taking shape. Just remember, as stated at the beginning of the article, that a positive Rh factor is nothing more than the presence of a certain protein in the blood. The body of a pregnant woman with a negative Rh factor "does not know" about the existence of such a protein, it does not have it and has never encountered it. Therefore, when the Rh-positive blood of the fetus enters the mother's body, the mother perceives this protein as something foreign and potentially dangerous to itself. And if so, it begins to produce antibodies against the erythrocytes of the fetus, which carry the protein antigen responsible for the Rh factor. Of course, the blood of the mother and the fetus does not mix directly. But their bodies inevitably exchange metabolic products, some cells and substances through the permeable walls of the placenta. In the same way, antibodies against the protein in the blood of a Rh-positive baby are directed to the baby from the mother. This defense mechanism, biologically verified and deeply "programmed" in a person, cannot be stopped, and the longer the conflict of Rh factors lasts, that is, in fact, organisms, mother and fetus, the greater the number of antibodies hostile to the fetus. This poses a direct danger to the health of the baby, so doctors always find out in advance what Rh factor each of the future parents has.

Erythrocytes of the fetus, attacked by the antibodies of the mother's body, die and turn into decay products, toxic and poisonous to the blood, cells, organ systems, and most importantly - the brain of the embryo. One of the most concentrated substances - bilirubin - gives the baby's skin a yellowish color. This is where the term neonatal jaundice came from, which is actually a hemolytic disease (that is, a disease of destruction) in newborns. This must be understood in such a way that, of course, not babies are destroyed, but their blood cells. However, the harm from this is still considerable. In addition to the brain, the baby's liver and spleen are affected, then other internal organs and their systems. Fortunately, modern medicine has reached a sufficient level of development to withstand these dangers. At the first suspicion of the possibility of a Rh-conflict, a pregnant woman becomes under the close supervision of specialists, and if Rh antibodies are detected, special measures are taken to smooth out the incompatibility of the blood of the mother and the fetus. Subject to timely diagnosis and disciplined implementation of the doctor's instructions, a successful resolution of the Rh-conflict is more than likely. To do this, in women with a negative Rh factor, the presence of antibodies in the blood is checked starting from the 8th week of pregnancy: it is at this time that the fetus manifests its Rh factor. If necessary, a drug containing anti-rhesus immunoglobulin is injected into the body. In other words, although the Rh factor is inherited according to the recessive-dominant type and does not lend itself to change, with the right approach and sufficient awareness, this does not threaten health at all - neither to you, nor to your loved ones. Therefore, know your body, love yourself and be healthy!

It is no secret that bearing a child is a difficult process and fraught with many dangers and nuances, for example, a negative Rh factor in a woman during pregnancy. According to statistics, many lives have been claimed by the lack of knowledge of what blood type and Rh factor a person has. This is one of the most common factors in miscarriages. Every expectant mother should have an idea of ​​the Rh factor, Rh conflict, as well as other nuances of this pathological process.

The concept of Rh factor and Rh conflict

Blood is one of those human systems that is constantly under the gun of scientists. From time to time, new systems are found in it. The most important and widespread blood system is the ABO system. In it, experts have identified a specific antigen D, which is responsible for the Rh factor.

By the localization of antigen D, you can safely establish the Rh factor of the circulatory system. If D is found on the outside of red blood cells, then the Rh factor is positive. If a person does not have this antigen, then it is negative.

Due to the presence of this antigen, Rh is determined in the subject. With modern equipment, this diagnostics does not take much time and is not very expensive.

The chance that the child will be the owner of a positive Rh factor if the mother has a negative Rh factor and the father has a positive one is 65%.

It is a positive Rh in the fetus and the absence of one in the mother that can provoke a Rh conflict, since the woman's body and the fetus are constantly exchanging various substances and substances through the blood system.

Everything happens in the following way. The blood of the fetus enters the mother's body during the exchange of blood. The woman's immune system detects antigen D in the incoming blood, identifies it as foreign and produces antibodies that harm the child by destroying his circulatory system.

It is important for every person, especially a woman, to know their Rh factor and blood group. This data is most often required during emergencies and can save human life.

Impact of negative rhesus on pregnancy

But Rh conflict occurs not only with a Rh-positive father.

• the fact of the second conception with the presence of such a reason, a negative factor in a pregnant woman;
• the penetration of the baby's blood into the woman's body during the first pregnancy;
• transfusion of blood into the mother's circulatory system before pregnancy, if the Rh factor was not taken into account;
• various pathological processes during the period of bearing a child: exfoliation of the tissues of the placenta, internal hemorrhages;
• the presence of diabetes mellitus etiology in women with pregnancy.

Naturally, you need to know your Rhesus to always be ready for any force majeure, but nevertheless, the percentage of good births in Rh-negative women is very high, especially in the absence of the D antigen and in the father of the child.

Blood during pregnancy at a later date must be donated often in order to detect pathology in time and begin to eliminate it.

During the first pregnancy, the chance of pathology due to the Rh factor is extremely small, because the mother's immune system has not yet formed a system of antibodies to the D antigen in the fetus and with minimal therapy, labor will go smoothly.

There may be a risk of a baby's blood shortage, but conventional transfusion can solve this problem. In this case, the woman should be under the strict guidance of a gynecologist in order to avoid problems with the fetus.

At a certain point in pregnancy, there is a period characterized by a peak in the production of specific antibodies to the fetal antigen. At this point, you can make one injection, which is called immunoglobulin. It belongs to the fraction of gamma globulins and its function is to prevent the development of maternal antibodies to the fetus in the future. This is very helpful if the parents are planning a second pregnancy.

If you do not introduce this drug to a woman, then with the appearance of a second pregnancy, the likelihood of a conflict of rhesus increases significantly and carries consequences much worse than a mild form of anemia in a newborn. We are talking about a very terrible pathology - hemolytic disease. All red blood cells are destructible, bilirubin levels rise and jaundice can be observed. The fetal brain is also susceptible to damage. The chances of giving birth to a healthy baby, even with the necessary assistance, is very small.

It is worth appreciating the importance of a vaccine with immunoglobulin after the first pregnancy, because there are often cases of termination of pregnancy by an artificial method, because bearing a fetus in some cases is not humane in relation to parents or a baby. If an abortion was performed on a woman who has a negative Rh factor, then there should be no talk of a new pregnancy, because the consequences can be fatal.

Medicine does not stand still, and immunoglobulin very well solves the problem with the mother's antibodies to the fetus. Therefore, you need to make your plans for pregnancy in advance and in consultation with your doctor.

Features of the management of pregnant women with negative rhesus

Pregnant women who have a suspicion of Rh-conflict with the fetus need to go to preservation as soon as possible in order to constantly be under the round-the-clock supervision of doctors, who, if anything, can provide the necessary emergency assistance.

But there is also the possibility that the pregnancy will go completely normal. The reason for this may be a reduced level of immunity in the mother, who will not be able to produce the required amount of antibodies in response to fetal antigens in a short time. But this has its drawbacks, because with a weak immune system, the risk of infectious and viral diseases is high, which can negatively affect pregnancy.

Antibodies should be monitored at least once a week. This will help to diagnose Rh-conflict in a timely manner and take urgent action to save the mother and baby.

It should be noted that the negative Rh factor during pregnancy depends on the blood group. That is, it can be argued that blood type and pregnancy are directly proportional to each other. A negative blood type during pregnancy is the main cause of the problem. So, 1 negative blood group and 3 negative blood group Rh-conflict cause more often than group 2. The third group, although it does not occur often enough, but the chance of Rh-conflict in its presence is very high. With the 4th blood group, the Rh-conflict does not arise, since there is no reason in the form of agglutinins. The fourth blood group of the mother is the most favorable and it is with the fourth group that one can not be afraid of getting pregnant.

The Rh-conflict has a negative effect on the fetus, the consequences of which can remain for his whole life.

• diseases of the blood and cardiovascular system;
• diseases of the liver and gallbladder in the form of hepatitis and jaundice;
• diseases of the nervous system;
• increased risk of diseases that have a hereditary predisposition.

But don't despair. Modern medicine has found more than one method of dealing with the Rh-conflict, pregnancy with a negative Rh factor is possible and the consequences are not terrible if you follow some important rules.

Prevention and treatment of negative Rh factor

Until a few decades ago, women with a negative Rh factor were recommended to give birth to only one child, and doctors were adamantly opposed to having their first baby terminated.

Today the situation is completely different, which is good news. With the help of preventive methods with a negative blood group in a woman during pregnancy, she has the opportunity to freely make plans for the birth of the next children.

1. It is necessary to eliminate the production of specific antibodies by the woman's body or reduce their number.
2. It is necessary to abandon some procedures that increase the risk of fetal blood entering the mother's circulatory system.
3. Use immunoglobulin injections as needed.

• prescribing a blood test for the presence of antibodies in the first trimester of pregnancy;
• with a high titer, you need to repeat the tests every week;
• constant monitoring of the fetus through tests and ultrasound examination;
• if blood transfusion to the fetus cannot be carried out, then it becomes necessary to induce childbirth, since any delays are dangerous for the baby's life;
• a woman needs to be vaccinated only after such cases as abortion or conception outside the uterus.

It is important to remember that during the first birth, the child is most often not in danger if the woman has not received Rh-positive blood transfusions. Second births are much more dangerous in terms of the occurrence of pathologies, but this can be avoided if immunoglobulins are administered to a woman in time.

Do not panic, because modern medicine has gone far ahead and the problem with a negative Rh factor during pregnancy is easily solved. The main thing is that you need more time to be under the supervision of doctors and to monitor your health and the health of your baby.

Everyone is aware that the Rh-conflict is bad, but few people know how it manifests itself and how it threatens. Unfortunately, notions of this problem appear only when we are faced with its negative consequences, although they could have been avoided. That is why it is necessary to understand this issue.

The Rh factor is a human antigen system that is located on the surface of an erythrocyte. If the Rh factor is present in the blood, then "Rh positive" is determined, if it is not, then "Rh negative".

Many women learn about their blood group and about the Rh factor already being pregnant, when registering with a antenatal clinic. Remember that the blood type and Rh factor do not change during life, and you need to know them as early as possible, for this it is enough to donate blood from a vein once.

What is Rh-conflict?

If, during pregnancy, Rh-positive erythrocytes of the fetus enter the body of a woman with Rh-negative blood (we will tell about the reasons later), then her body in response to a foreign antigen begins to produce antibodies.

Re-ingestion of Rh-positive erythrocytes causes already massive formation of Rh antibodies, which easily overcome the placenta barrier and enter the bloodstream of the fetus, causing the development of the fetus and the newborn. Antibodies are directed against the Rh factor on the surface of the red blood cell and lead to the destruction of the fetal red blood cells.

In utero, severe anemia develops, which leads to tissue hypoxia, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and dysfunction of the internal organs of the fetus. When the erythrocyte is destroyed, a large amount of bilirubin enters the bloodstream, which, being deposited in the brain, leads to encephalopathy and nuclear jaundice. Without treatment, anemia and malfunction of internal organs progress steadily, the terminal stage of fetal hemolytic disease develops - edematous, in which fluid accumulates in the chest and abdominal cavity. As a rule, at this stage, the fetus dies in utero.

It is worth noting that Rh-conflict is one of the reasons, but never affects conception and miscarriage in the early stages.

When to fear?

Rh-positive mom - Rh-negative dad: there is no reason to worry, this situation does not affect conception, gestation, or childbirth.

Rh negative mom - Rh negative dad: there will be no problems either, the child will be born with Rh negative blood.

Rh negative mom - Rh positive dad: this situation requires special attention not only of doctors, but also of the woman herself, since your health is in your hands, and all subsequent information is extremely important for you.

Women with Rh negative blood should be very responsible about the issue. Remember that every unwanted pregnancy increases your risk of not having a baby in the future.

Situations leading to the development of Rh-conflict

As mentioned above, the starting point for the development of the Rh-conflict is the entry of the Rh-positive erythrocytes of the fetus into the bloodstream of the Rh-negative mother.

When it's possible:
artificial termination of pregnancy () at any time;
spontaneous miscarriage at any time;
;
after childbirth, including after;
nephropathy (gestosis);
bleeding during pregnancy;
invasive procedures during pregnancy: cordocentesis, chorionic villus sampling;
trauma to the abdomen during pregnancy;
a history of blood transfusion without taking into account the Rh factor (currently it is extremely rare).

All described situations require specific prophylaxis, the introduction of anti-rhesus gammaglobulin.

Prevention of Rh-conflict

The only proven method of preventing Rh-conflict at the present time is the introduction of anti-Rhesus gammaglobulin - and patients should first of all remember this! All situations described above require the introduction of anti-rhesus gammaglobulin in the first 72 hours but the sooner the better. For the high efficiency of the preventive action, it is necessary to strictly observe the timing of the drug administration.

Pregnancy in a woman with Rh negative blood

After registration in a patient with Rh-negative blood, it is recommended that the titer of anti-Rh antibodies in the blood be determined monthly, starting from the early stages of pregnancy.

The first signs of a possible hemolytic disease of the fetus are determined by the results of an ultrasound scan during pregnancy.

Home " A life " If the parents have a positive Rh factor. A negative Rh factor in a child is a norm or pathology

Rh factor (Rh factor) is a blood protein that is found on the surface of blood cells - erythrocytes. If this protein is present, then this means that the person has a positive Rh factor, if not, then it is negative. Rhesus factor is determined by antigen. There are five main antigens, but it is Rh that is indicated by antigen D. 85% of the world's population have positive Rh factors. How to determine your Rh factor? It is enough to donate blood from a vein just once. This indicator does not change throughout life. In the embryo, Rh affiliation is formed already in the first trimester of pregnancy. The determination of this indicator is very important for the expectant mother, since in the case of a Rh-negative mother and a Rh-positive child, various complications of pregnancy are possible. In this case, it will be especially important to follow the doctor's instructions, to avoid infectious and colds, as well as stress. Also on different sites there are so-called calculators that determine the Rh factor of the unborn child.

It must be remembered that blood is donated on an empty stomach. A rapid Rh test can be taken at any independent laboratory where blood is taken (for example, Invitro). The price depends on the price list of the clinic itself. You can find out about the cost of the analysis immediately before delivery. You can also donate blood and find out your rhesus for free if you become a donor. To do this, you need to fill out a form for registering yourself as a blood donor at the appropriate institution.

Also, the Rh factor plays a big role in blood transfusion. Two people are involved in the transfusion: the recipient (the person who is being given blood) and the donor (the person who donates blood). If the blood is found to be incompatible, complications may arise in the recipient after the transfusion.

The most common myth among couples is that the blood type (like the Rh factor) is inherited from a man. In fact, the inheritance of the Rh factor by a child is a rather complex and unpredictable process, and it cannot change during life. But it is worth remembering that in rare cases (about 1% of Europeans) a special type of Rh factor is determined - a weakly positive one. In this case, Rh is determined either positive or negative. Hence, questions arise on the forums "why did my rhesus change from minus to plus?", And also legends appear that this indicator may change. The sensitivity of the test method plays an important role here.

No less popular request on the Internet is "blood type horoscope". For example, in Japan, much attention is paid to decoding by blood group. Believe it or not - it's up to you.

In the world there is such a thing as a medical tattoo, photos of which can be easily found on the net. What do these tattoos mean and what are they for? Its designation is quite pragmatic - in case of a serious injury, when an urgent blood transfusion or surgery is required, and the victim is not able to give the doctor information about his blood group and rhesus. Moreover, such tattoos (simple application of the blood group and Rh factor) should be located in places accessible to the doctor - shoulders, chest, arms.

Rh factor and pregnancy

Rh factor compatibility during pregnancy- one of the tests that are carried out in the antenatal clinic. When a woman registers with a gynecologist, she will need to donate blood to determine the group and the Rh factor. It can significantly affect the course of the next nine months. If the baby inherits a positive Rh from the father, and the mother has a negative one, then the protein in the child's blood is unfamiliar to the mother's body. The mother's body "considers" the baby's blood as a foreign substance and begins to produce antibodies, attacking the baby's blood cells. With a conflict of rhesus during pregnancy, the fetus may experience anemia, jaundice, reticulocytosis, erythroblastosis, dropsy of the fetus and edema syndrome of the newborn (in the latter two cases, the probability of death of the child is high).

Blood type and Rh factor: compatibility

The reason for incompatibility can be not only the Rh blood, but also the group.

What are the blood types? They are distinguished by the presence of specific proteins.

Four groups:

• the first (occurs most often) - O - there are no specific proteins in it;
• the second - A - contains protein A;
• the third - B - contains protein B;
• the fourth (the rarest of all) - AB - contains both type A protein and type B protein.

The first

• for a protein of the second group (A);
• for a protein of the third group (B);

The second(Rh negative) mom can provoke a conflict:

• for a protein of the third group (B);
• for a protein of the fourth group (B);
• for rhesus protein (positive).

The third(Rh factor negative) in mom can provoke a conflict:

• for a protein of the second group (A);
• for a protein of the fourth group (A);
• for rhesus protein (positive).

Fourth does not conflict with any other group.
The only case when an immune reaction is possible: if the mother has the fourth group and Rh is negative, and the father is positive.

Table 1. Statistics

Blood group and rhesus - pregnancy without complications

The conflict does not arise if the spouses have Rh compatibility. In this case, the child has Rh compatibility with the mother's body: during pregnancy, the mother's body does not perceive the fetus as a foreign body.

Rh positive during pregnancy

If you are Rh positive, your husband's Rh negative will not affect your pregnancy. In the case when a child inherits a negative Rh factor, there is no protein “unfamiliar” to the mother’s immune system in his blood, and a conflict will not arise.

• Rh-positive mom + Rh-positive dad = Rh-positive fetus
  The baby has inherited a positive Rh factor from the parents, and the pregnancy will pass without complications.
• Rh-positive mom + Rh-positive dad = Rh-negative fetus
  Even if the parent's Rh factor is positive, the baby can get negative. In this case, you can still talk about the compatibility of Rh factors during pregnancy: the mother's body is "familiar" with all the proteins in the child's blood.
• Rh-positive mom + Rh-negative dad = Rh-positive fetus
  In the mother and in the fetus, it is positive; during pregnancy, a conflict does not arise.
• Rh positive mom + Rh negative dad = Rh negative fetus
  Although the mother and the fetus have different Rh factors in the blood (the mother and the child have positive and negative, respectively), there is no conflict.

As already mentioned, blood rhesus is a protein. And since this protein is already in the mother's body, the blood of the embryo does not contain components unfamiliar to the mother's immune system.

Rh factor negative during pregnancy

Rh negative during pregnancy is not always a sentence for a baby. The main thing is that it is the same for both the baby and the mother.

• Rh negative mom + Rh negative dad = Rh negative fetus
  The kid has inherited the Rh factor of his parents. And since both the mother and the fetus have no protein (rhesus) in the blood and their blood is similar, then the conflict does not arise.
• Rh negative mom + Rh positive dad = Rh negative fetus
  This is one of the cases when the Rh factor is very important: the compatibility of the blood of the mother and the fetus affects the next nine months of intrauterine life. Although a woman is Rh negative during pregnancy, it is good that the fetus is also Rh negative. There is no rhesus in either the mother's blood or the embryo's blood.

When does Rh-conflict pregnancy occur?

Rh negative mom + Rh positive dad = Rh positive fetus
Please note: no matter what group the mother has, a negative Rh during pregnancy becomes a cause of conflict. In this case, the fetus inherits it from the father and brings the "new protein" into the body of the Rh-negative mother. Her blood “does not recognize” this substance: there is no such protein in the body. Accordingly, the body begins to defend itself and produce antibodies. They cross the placenta into the baby's bloodstream and attack his red blood cells. The fetus tries to defend itself: the spleen and liver begin to work hard, while they significantly increase in size. If a child has few red blood cells left, he develops anemia, or anemia.

What does the Rh-conflict lead to during pregnancy?

Rh-negative women should watch their bodies very closely and listen to their signals.
This attitude will help prevent:

• dropsy (fetal edema);
• anemia;
• miscarriage;
• disorders of the brain, speech or hearing of the child.

To protect the baby from these consequences, women with negative rhesus during pregnancy must take all the tests prescribed by the doctor on time.

What if you have an Rh-conflict pregnancy?

If your chosen one and you have Rh factors positive and negative, respectively, this must be taken into account when planning a pregnancy. Often the Rh-conflict does not appear during the first pregnancy, although the parents have a different Rh factor. Whatever the future mother's blood group (Rh negative) during pregnancy, during the second birth, the likelihood of a conflict is very high, since her blood, most likely, already contains antibodies.

Rh negative during pregnancy

There is a vaccine - anti-Rh immunoglobulin, which prevents Rh-conflict during pregnancy. It binds the antibodies produced by the mother's body and removes them outside. Vaccinations can be done during pregnancy.

If you have a negative rhesus, and your husband is positive, this is not a reason to give up motherhood. Over the course of 40 weeks, you will have to donate blood from a vein repeatedly:

• up to 32 weeks - once a month;
• from 32nd to 35th week - 2 times a month;
• from 35th to 40th week - once a week.

If Rh antibodies appear in your blood, the doctor can detect the onset of the Rh conflict in time. In case of a conflict pregnancy, immediately after childbirth, the newborn is given a blood transfusion: the group, the Rh factor should be the same as that of the mother. This is especially important in the first 36 hours of a baby's life - the mother's antibodies that have entered the baby's body are neutralized by "meeting" familiar blood.

When can prophylaxis with immunoglobulin be carried out?

To prevent conflict in subsequent pregnancies, women with a negative Rh factor should be prevented. This is done after:

• childbirth (within three days);
• abortion;
• analysis of amniotic fluid;
• spontaneous miscarriage;
• ectopic pregnancy;
• detachment of the placenta;
• transfusions.

Remember: if your group and Rh are different with your baby, this is not an indicator that there will definitely be problems. Group and rhesus are just the presence or absence of specific proteins in the blood. The reaction of the body and the development of pathologies in our time can be successfully controlled with the help of drugs. Your attentiveness to your body, as well as an experienced doctor will help you carry a healthy baby.

How does the chance of conception depend on the blood type?

Quite a lot is already known about the effect of blood groups, for example, on the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease, cancer, blood clots, etc. However, virtually nothing was known about the effect on fertility. And finally, thanks to the efforts of Turkish doctors, a study appeared in this area.

A study published last week found that men in Group 0 are four times less likely to develop impotence than men in other blood types. Experts from Ordu University in Turkey noted that blood type is as important a risk factor as smoking, being overweight, and high blood pressure. The reason is not clear, but scientists have stated that in people with type A blood, the penis has a large number of veins, the membrane of which can be damaged, which leads to erectile dysfunction.

Blood type also affects female fertility. Girls with the second group are more likely to bear a healthy child for a long time than with the first. Studies have shown that women in the first group quickly deplete their egg reserves early in life. However, women with type 0 have a lower risk of developing preeclampsia - high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can be dangerous for both mother and baby.

Naturally, the representatives of the rest of humanity should not panic (of which, by the way, a little more than half, because the share of people of the 1st group accounts for a little more than 40%) - a higher probability does not mean a 100% chance at all. Likewise, the representatives of the "happy" group should not relax ahead of time - the reduced risk does not mean zero at all.

AnnaMalia

06.08.2009, 18:27

Mom and Cyclan

06.08.2009, 18:35

From what I read, I realized that the negative have only negative.

06.08.2009, 19:18

no.
a positive child may have a negative child, but a negative positive child cannot

06.08.2009, 20:28

The child may have an incorrect Rh definition, and so can the parents.

06.08.2009, 21:55

if the rhesus has the same mechanism as the group, then it can. you need to ask geneticists

Mom and Cyclan

06.08.2009, 22:17

maybe why not? why only in one direction, please explain, or use a link. Let's say when the parents are Rh + Rh +, but put rh- this same Rh, that you got lost on the way?

Try it with a search engine, I just looked at the rhesus inheritance table, where the negative ones - 100% inherited negative.

06.08.2009, 22:30

found.
Regularities of inheritance of blood group and Rh factor.

Blood group inheritance is controlled by an autosomal gene. The locus of this gene is designated by the letter I, and its three alleles by the letters A, B and 0. Alleles A and B are equally dominant, and allele 0 is recessive in relation to both of them. There are four blood types. The following genotypes correspond to them:

First (I) 00

Second (II) AA; A0

Third (III) BB; B0

Fourth (IV) AB

Example 1:

The husband has a second blood group and is homozygous (AA)

00 wife + AA husband

Gametes: 0 0 A A

Child: A0 A0 A0 A0

All children have a second blood group and are heterozygous for this trait.

Example 2:
wife has the first blood group (00)

The husband has a second blood group and is heterozygous (A0)

Wife 00 + husband A0

Gametes: 0 0 A 0

Child: A0 A0 00 00

In this family, 50% of the birth of a child with the second blood group is possible, and 50% of the birth of a child with the first blood group.

Rh factor inheritance
is encoded by three pairs of genes and occurs regardless of the inheritance of the blood group. The most significant gene is designated by the Latin letter D. It can be dominant - D, or recessive - d. The genotype of a Rh-positive person can be homozygous - DD, or heterozygous - Dd. The genotype of an Rh negative person can be dd.

Example 1:

Husband is Rh positive and heterozygous (Dd)

Dd wife + dd husband

Gametes: d d D d

Child: Dd Dd dd dd

In this family, the probability of having a Rh-positive child is 50% and the probability of having a Rh-negative child is also 50%.

Example 2:
wife is Rh negative (dd)

The husband has a positive Rh factor and is homozygous for this trait (DD)

DD wife + DD husband

Gametes: d d D D

Child: Dd Dd Dd Dd

In this family, the probability of having a Rh-positive child is 100%.

I continue the topic.


gametes D d D d
children DD +, Dd +, Dd + and dd -

I do not pretend to be true.

06.08.2009, 22:54

Maybe. I have IV-, my husband has I-. She believed that children can only otrits. She gave birth to the second child at 1p / d (Rh-conflict) and there all the children are given a blood group at birth. Imagine my surprise when it turned out that the child had II +. (I'm sure of my husband's paternity :))) I asked the doctor why such a group turned out, maybe the analysis was confused? I was told that this could be. Now I want to know the blood type of the eldest son. Maybe, too, not a mother, not a father :)

06.08.2009, 23:00

Maybe. I have IV-, my husband has I-.
She believed that children can only otrits. She gave birth to the second child at 1p / d (Rh-conflict) and there all the children are given a blood group at birth. Imagine my surprise when it turned out that the child had II +. (I'm sure of my husband's paternity :)))
I asked the doctor why such a group turned out, maybe the analysis was confused?
I was told that this could be.
Now I want to know the blood type of the eldest son. Maybe, too, not a mother, not a father :)
if your child was Rh-conflict, then he was positive. This was confirmed. This means that the husband's Rh is incorrectly determined.
Only "negative" women have "conflict" children.
Well, you know better about paternity.;) :) Most likely, Rhesus was incorrectly identified to her husband. Mei bi cross reaction ...
Well, we all solved the problems a page earlier.

AnnaMalia

06.08.2009, 23:16

She reassured her parents and sent everyone to retake blood.

Kirillova-mother

07.08.2009, 14:43

found.
[
continue the topic.
examples not considered earlier.
3.wife with rhesus positive heterozygote Dd and husband with positive heterozygote Dd
gametes D d D d
children DD +, Dd +, Dd + and dd -

4.well, dd and dd (both negative parents) cannot have either heterozygous Dd or homozygous DD positive children, only dd-, dd-, dd-, dd-. :(
because there are only zygotes d d d d

5. Dd will put. one parent + DD pos. other = all positive homo DD DD and hetero Dd Dd children

6. DD + and DD + - positive parents = only homozygous positive DD DD DD DD children.

Maybe there are pitfalls?
I do not pretend to be true.

When I was pregnant, my husband and I also read something like this. A daughter was born - a group like hers cannot be! (According to the table :).) The husband came to the doctors, stamped his feet - "you misidentified, redefine immediately!" He was chased away with the words "go, young man, everything is correct, and this also happens."
Pys. This is OUR daughter. No options.

07.08.2009, 17:13

07.08.2009, 18:15

I'll tell you too. Having become pregnant, I went to the analysis by definition of gr. blood. I always knew that I had 1, and the certificate from the hospital says (when I was born). By res-there LCD: 1+. I had to retake it again in another place, the same thing. I called my mom: she, too -, to which mom yells vtubku: just don’t tell dad (there was no reason, but he is very suspicious - "first hits, then understands" :)). My mother took another blood test, she became too +, then they prepared my father and donated his blood - he also turned out to be +. So for 25 years my family went all "-", and during my pregnancy all became "+". I will note that dad, in his youth, donated blood several times, he was always "-", straight from my mother's. too. Nobody received transfusions.

07.08.2009, 19:32

Well, it's simple!
Rh negative parents can only have Rh negative Ds.
Rh antigen is in about 80% of the human population (conventionally called Rh-positive), while others do not. (Rh-negative) if neither mom nor dad has this antigen, where does it come from? all the stories when Rh-negative children are born in Rh-negative parents are most likely a mistake in determining the Rhesus of the parents or re.

07.08.2009, 22:32

About homo and heterozygotes, I think I know more than you.




:009:

Genetics is a science. This is not a fortune-telling on the coffee grounds!

07.08.2009, 22:41

well, what I know, only I know;)
and in categorical things it is not permissible to write IMHO, IMHO ... Well you write book truths.
Okay, left: 020:

Dasha-Petya

07.08.2009, 23:07

all the same I will correct ... I wrote some nonsense at first.
There is a variant of the "weak" Rh factor, when laboratory errors are very likely. They can define "-" Rhesus, when in fact it is "weak", but "+". Then the probability of having a child with "+" is.

07.08.2009, 23:31

09.08.2009, 18:51

About homo and heterozygotes, I think I know more than you.
Rhesus antigen dominant, i.e. if it is, in any case, the Rh will be positive.
RhRh homozygous rhesus positive
Rhrh-heterozygote. Rhesus-positive.
rhrh- and only in this case is Rh-negative.
:009:
IMHO about the eyes and skin color: signs such as hair, skin and eye color are encoded NOT by ONE GENE, but by a combination of several at once.
Genetics science is not a fortune-telling on coffee grounds!}