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Gemstones. Thomsonite is a pebble with polka dots. Morganite - the sacred stone of the East

A couple of days ago I was asked: “What is considered a gem? Is it some kind of official name or not? " I tried to answer briefly. It didn't work out briefly, because further the conversation spilled over to dividing stones into precious and semi-precious ... And I decided to tell in more detail what classifications of precious stones exist and by what criteria stones are divided into precious and ornamental

An informal name for all colored and transparent stones that are used in jewelry or artwork (figurines, figurines). Ornamental stones are called stones that are suitable for stone-cutting products, but they can also be used as inserts in jewelry. Conversely, there are crafts made from gemstones (emeralds, sapphires). Any classification by transparency, hardness, color, cost, application is subjective. The same material, depending on its quality (for example, ruby), can be of high quality and be precious in jewelry, or it can be of very low quality and be only collectible material.

Classification of semi-precious stones and colored stones of the USSR A.E. Fersman - is outdated, operated at the beginning of the twentieth century. This classification is closest to the old taxonomy of precious and ornamental stones. Some stones of the first group (A) are ornamental, therefore they also fall into group (B) - to ornamental stones.

A. Cutting material (gems)

I order: diamond, sapphire, ruby, chrysoberyl, alexandrite, emerald, noble spinel, euclase

II order: topaz, aquamarine, beryl, red tourmaline, demantoid, phenakite, amethyst (blood), almandine, uvarovite, hyacinth - hessonite, noble opal, zircon, spodumene (hiddenite, kunzite)

III order: garnet, cordierite, kyanite, epidote, dioptase, turquoise, green and polychrome tourmaline; rock crystal, smoky quartz, amethyst (light), chalcedony, agate, carnelian, plasma, heliotrope, chrysoprase, prase, semi-opal; sunstone, moonstone, labradorite, eleolite, sodalite, obsidian, titanite, prehnite, andalusite, diopside, scapolite, thompsonite, staurolite, bentonite; amber, jet, hematite, pyrite, rutile, cobaltin, gold in quartz.

B. Ornamental material (colored stones)

I order: jade, lapis lazuli, amazonite, labradorite, sodalite, orlets (rhodonite), malachite, aventurine, quartzite, rock crystal, smoky quartz, agate and its varieties, jasper, vesuvian, rose quartz, written granite, eudialyte

II order: lepidolite, fuchsite schist, serpentine, agalmatolite, steatite, selenite, obsidian, sea foam, marble onyx, fluorite, rock salt, graphite, amber.

III order: gypsum (selenite), anhydrite, marble, porphyry, labradorite, breccia, confluent quartzite and other rocks

IV order: pearls, coral, amber, jet

In a later classification, Kievlenko E.Ya. stones are subdivided into jewelry (precious), ornamental and jewelry and ornamental. In groups, stones are arranged in the order of their value, for which the price of a high quality stone (not unique) is taken. Defective stones do not qualify, since their prices are not comparable, and the prices for unique ones are not regulated (unique stones are often sold at auctions)

Classification of colored stones according to Kievlenko E.Ya.

Jewelry (precious) stones

I Ruby, emerald, diamond, blue sapphire
II Alexandrite, orange, green and violet sapphire, noble black opal, noble jadeite
III Demantoid, spinel, noble white and fire opal, aquamarine, topaz, rhodolite, tourmaline
IV Chrysolite, zircon, kunzite, moonstone (adularia), sunstone, yellow, green and pink beryl, pyrope, almandine, turquoise, amethyst, chrysoprase, citrine

Jewelry and semi-precious stones

I Lapis lazuli, jadeite, jade, malachite, amber, colorless and smoky rock crystal
II Agate, amazonite, hematite, rhodonite, opaque iridescent feldspars, iridescent obsidian, epidote-garnet rocks (jade)

Ornamental stones

Jasper, marble onyx, obsidian, jet, petrified wood, listvenite, patterned flint, graphic pegmatite, aventurine quartzite, fluorite, selenite, agalmatolite, colored marble

In addition to the named classifications, there are many other GIA - Gem Reference Guide (USA), VNIIYuvelirprom (USSR), G. Shubnel's classification. The variety of classifications and the lack of uniform methodologies complicate the assessment procedure.
The approval of a single international classification also complicates the impact of the classification on pricing. A higher rank in the classification increases the value of the stone and its popularity in the market.
Original taken from

Natural ornamental stone at all times is rightfully considered the main material for the manufacture of jewelry bijouterie. Its use as a raw material made it possible to create unique monuments of architecture and art.

Precious and semi-precious stones have always attracted human attention.

Precious and ornamental stones have always attracted human attention. Interest in natural material was caused by the need to create living conditions. Special stones met aesthetic needs, and their processing became a craft.

Many precious and semi-precious stones have valuable technical parameters and are used in various industries.

The definition of ornamental mineral raw materials is collective and includes all rocks, minerals that are used as material for inserts into jewelry and the manufacture of individual products.

Very often the group of ornamental raw materials includes less valuable opaque, but with a bright color scheme, intricate patterns, breeds. They are used for making household items (ashtrays, boxes).

Large monoliths of ornamental mineral material, often used as materials for decoration or cladding of cathedrals, monuments, and architectural structures, are composed mainly of opaque minerals.

A valuable ornamental stone is distinguished by its hardness, stable color

They are resistant to atmospheric conditions and have a variety of texture features, variegated colors and textures.

This valuable ornamental stone is distinguished by its hardness and stable color. The color is determined by the chemical composition of the mineral components and the internal structure. The play or play of natural material is provided by the fine structure of the mineral composition of the rock, which causes interference or scattering of light.

Jewelry and semi-precious stones are resistant to mechanical stress. The high hardness of rock mineral formations protects the product from scratches.

Mirror polishing of mineral inserts in jewelry is achieved by processing raw materials with a variety of materials. In order to polish small diamonds to a brilliant state, it is necessary to use the same diamond powder intended for softer minerals.

Ornamental stones processing technique (video)

Gem classification

The group of gems includes rare minerals that differ in color, pattern, variety of lines, colors, which are of gem value. In accordance with the law, precious stones include diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires, and pearls.

Currently ornamental minerals are classified on the basis of an indicator of the degree of value, highlighting the following types:

  • precious (jewelry stones);
  • jewelry and ornamental;
  • ornamental.

Often, colored minerals can be included in the list of jewelry, ornamental and ornamental stones, depending on the brightness of color, transparency, texture, and the presence of defects.

Gallery: gems and ornamental stone (55 photos)




























Natural gems belonging to the type of jewelry materials are distinguished by their transparency, durability, play, shine, uniformity, and wear resistance.

The main thing that distinguishes precious stones from semi-precious stones is their rarity. Minerals such as diamond, corundum, tourmaline, spinel, chrysolite, tourmaline, topaz are rare in nature or there are special jewelry standards in relation to them.

For opaque natural formations with a characteristic color, inclusions of other minerals, faceting is used. A special type of processing provides an organic combination of stones and minerals with metal.

Gems without color coloration (chalcedony, cacholong, semi-apal), matte stones (turquoise, pearls) are used to make cabochons, mosaics and beads.

Ornamental mineral formations

Semi-precious ornamental stone is distinguished by its viscosity, hardness above 5 (on the Mohs scale). The bright color of rhodonite, amazonite, azurite gives rings and bracelets a unique charm.

Massive formations of chalcedony, nephrite, smithsonite are used unprocessed. For soft minerals, among which there is amber, malachite, anthracite, simple turning, heat and cold processing is allowed.

Only rare specimens of minerals have a high value due to the configuration of the formation, the nature of the inclusions, the color play. Many of them form a group of semi-precious stones in terms of value and use.

Decorative minerals got their names depending on the place and form of being in nature, color parameters, hardness. Each nation has its own traditions, legends and tales, which are based on the physical properties of gems.

For example, the amazing properties of the Ural gems (malachite) are sung in the fairy tale "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain".

Semi-precious mineral materials of the order alabaster, gypsum, marble, porphyry, quartzite, breccia are used as facing material. Monoliths with special parameters responsible for color uniformity and the absence of cracks are used in the manufacture of statues and bas-reliefs.

The historical reference stores the description of decorative rocks as the personification of luxury, high value, natural beauty and rarity.

Refining stones

A semi-precious stone is sometimes subjected to additional processing in order to change its color. For these purposes, various chemical dyes are used (red, blue agates).

Some semiprecious rocks are artificially processed before cutting by heating or exposure to ultraviolet, X-rays to change in the desired direction. For example, when irradiated with radium, a colorless diamond becomes green in color.

A special type of synthetic decorative stones is used as imitations of valuable mineral formations.

Artificial coloring of synthetic corundum and spinel by introducing impurities of titanium, vanadium, iron, chromium makes it possible to form amethyst, aquamarine, and alexandrite on their basis.

Imitation of precious minerals differs from natural counterparts. Rhinestones, glass, slag and plastic are used to make dummies.

A valuable ornamental stone obtained by refining a natural material is not resistant to the effects of soldering tools used by craftsmen.

The valuable ornamental stone of the beryl group is oiled. This method was used in ancient times and is now applied to all emeralds. For these purposes, cedar oil is used, which is used to saturate the mineral. Through the pores, the oil seeps into the mineral, making it visually clear.

Through the method of deep diffusion at the ion level, the valuable ornamental stone is fired in a kiln together with beryllium. The presence of this chemical element gives the mineral a bright pink and rich yellow color. This method is used to speed up the processing of sapphires in order to extract minor compounds from minerals.

The magical power of gems (video)

A valuable ornamental stone is sometimes painted in a vacuum chamber. In this way, pink topaz, tanzanites are created from a silicate compound (quartz). The surface diffusion method involves the deposition of a thin film of metal oxides on the surface of minerals, followed by calcining in a furnace.

Attention, only TODAY!

This article discusses the terminology of precious stones, and also provides the main classifications.

In the photo: a palette of colors of spinel, which is gaining popularity in Russia

This article discusses the main criteria by which the category of precious stones is distinguished. Explains the names of terms such as jewelry, semi-precious, colored and noble stones, semi-precious stones.

Various classifications with types and names are given:

  • -industrial classification of natural jewelry and semi-precious stones VNIIyuvelirprom;

Gemstone concept. Features of terminology

We have all heard about the existence of a special category of gemstones. Let's try to figure out which ones are considered precious. The term “stones” is usually understood to mean minerals and / or rocks formed in nature without human intervention. And in order to understand what belongs to precious stones and what does not, you need to know the definition of the criteria for "jewels" in the general sense or in the legal sense (as for Russia).

What stones are precious? There is no generally accepted definition of the concept of "precious stone" today. In a general sense, this category includes only those natural stones that meet three main criteria: beauty, rarity and durability.

The beauty of a specimen is determined by its color, brilliance, play, as well as other optical properties. It is beauty that determines a person's desire to become the owner of a stone or jewelry with it.

Rarity (or uniqueness) is determined by the abundance of this mineral in nature. Different types of minerals can be expensive due to the fact that they are very difficult to find and obtain in nature.

The durability depends on its strength. The strength (wear resistance) is influenced by the hardness, fragility, cleavage and other properties of the stone.

A consequence of the above criteria is the high cost of all types of precious stones.

But what kind of precious stones in the legal sense - tells already existing Russian legislation. What kind of precious stones are there? The RF Law "On Precious Metals and Precious Stones" contains a list of names: natural diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires and alexandrites, as well as natural pearls in raw (natural) and processed form. Unique amber formations are equated to precious stones in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation. In addition to this list with the names of precious stones, the law does not provide any additional definitions or criteria for the quality of these stones. Obviously, this list includes the most popular gemstones (in a general sense), the circulation of which needs to be controlled by the state.

Specialists-gemologists consider the concept of gemstones broader than just a list of names allocated by law. The high ("expensive") price of any stone is primarily associated with its high quality characteristics and the rarity of a particular stone at a given time, and not just with its name. Further, we will consider the concept of precious stones only in a general sense, and not in a narrow legal sense.

In addition to the concept of "precious stone", there are other terms related to natural stones used in jewelry or stone cutting. Let's understand their diversity.

Jewelry stones are a term applied to any minerals, rocks and mineral aggregates that are highly decorative, durable, and are used in jewelry (sapphire, topaz, heliodor, etc.).

Ornamental stones- rocks, minerals and mineral aggregates suitable for the manufacture of mosaics, objects of arts and crafts, small plastic and jewelry and haberdashery (jasper, obsidian, etc.). They are usually translucent and opaque.

Semiprecious stones- the name of an outdated term that is not recommended by gemologists for use (but is still actively used in Russian trade and is found in legal documents). Initially, this term was used to describe gemstones that, for some reason, usually “did not reach” the “precious” level: they were not so rare, beautiful or not strong enough, and as a result, not so expensive. Nowadays, the use of this term is considered incorrect, since the prefix "semi-" discredits the stone in the eyes of the consumer, hinting at some inferiority of jewelry properties and allegedly its cheapness. But, for example, such stones from the “semiprecious” list as red spinels, Paraiba tourmalines or demantoids, with high quality, can have a cost per carat much higher than that of representatives from the group of precious stones. Therefore, to describe stones that previously belonged to a species from the list of semi-precious, it is recommended to use the term "gemstone".

In the photo: emeralds from Colombia. Emeralds belong to the category of precious stones both in a general sense and in legal terms (according to Russian law)

In a general sense, there are no clear boundaries between precious, jewelry and semi-precious stones. Often these terms are used interchangeably, there are also various intermediate groups, for example, jewelry and ornamental stones. The whole variety of minerals used in jewelry and stone-cutting can also be denoted by the Russian word "gems", which was introduced into everyday life by Academician A.E. Fersman. Abroad, all natural inserts used in jewelry are called "gemstones", which are often divided into two main types: diamonds and colored stones (all varieties except diamonds). In Russian literature, the term "noble" is still found, combining precious and decorative (ornamental) stones.

Currently, several classifications of precious stones are widely known, compiled by various scientists at different times. Most of these classifications are based on the principles of distributing stones according to their value and purpose. Typically, the classifications are a rating of popular gemstones in the form of tables, in which the list of names goes in descending order of their value (real value). The varieties of precious and "semi-precious" stones in the form of lists are divided into different groups, subgroups, classes and orders.

In 1860, the German scientist K. Kluge created one of the first scientifically based classifications of precious and semi-precious stones. The first group was called "truly precious minerals" and included stones of the first, second and third classes, and the second group - "standard precious minerals", which included stones of the fourth and fifth classes. In the IV and V classes of his classification, K. Kluge posted a list of the names that he attributed to semiprecious stones.

Classification of precious and semi-precious stones K. Kluge

I. Diamond, corundum, chrysoberyl and spinel.
II. Zircon, beryl, topaz, tourmaline, garnet, noble opal.
III. Cordierite, vesuvian, chrysolite, axinite, kyanite, staurolite, andalusite, chiastolite, epidote and turquoise.
IV. Quartz (amethyst, rock crystal, rose quartz, aventurine), chalcedony (agate, carnelian, plasma, heliotrope, cacholong, jasper hydrophan and common), feldspars (adularia, amazonite, labradorite), obsidian, lapis lazuli, hayuin, hypersthene, diopside , fluorite, amber.
V. Jadeite, jade, serpentine, agalmatolite, bronzite, satin spar, marble, selenite, alabaster, malachite, pyrite, rhodochrosite, hematite, prehnite, nepheline, lepidolite, etc.

In 1902, the German professor of mineralogy G. Gürich presented his classification of precious stones, similar to the classification of K. Kluge.

Transparent minerals with high optical characteristics, which were used in jewelry, were combined by G. Gurich in the list of precious stones of the first kind. The list of semi-precious stones stood out separately. The group of stones of the second kind (colored stones) included fine-grained crystalline aggregates and minerals in an amorphous state.

G. Gurich divided all precious stones into five classes according to their value. The most expensive gems started this list.

Classification of precious stones by value G. Gurich

Gems first (I) class: diamond, corundum, chrysoberyl and spinel.
II. Zircon, beryl, topaz, tourmaline and garnet, as well as noble opal from the group of colored stones.
III. Cordierite, chrysolite, kyanite and other precious stones, besides turquoise from the group of colored stones.
IV. Such "semiprecious" stones as quartz, feldspar, fluorite. And from the group of colored stones: aventurine, cat's eye, chalcedony, opal, obsidian, lapis lazuli and amber.
V. Such "colored stones" as hematite, nepheline, jade, jet, serpentine, alabaster, malachite, etc.

The photo shows very expensive large "semi-precious" stones: unrefined yellow sapphires (15.29 and 37.28 carats), spessartine garnet (22.40 carats) and tsavorite garnet (29.16 carats)

In 1896, the German mineralogist M. Bauer proposed a new classification of the types of precious stones. For a long time it was popular among mineralogists and jewelers. Later, M. Bauer's classification was supplemented by A.E. Fersman. Jewelry and semi-precious stones are subdivided into three groups:
First group (category)- precious stones (gems);
The second group is ornamental (colored stones);
The third group is organogenic gemstones.

Within the groups, the entire list of precious and "semi-precious" stones is divided into orders in accordance with their value. Group I includes mainly transparent colorless or beautifully colored gemstones and a part of translucent colored stones used in faceted form. Group II includes a number of minerals and rocks suitable for cabochon and for various handicrafts. Below is the classification of M. Bauer - A.E. Fersman.

Groups of precious stones according to the classification of M. Bauer - A.E. Fersman

I. Gems (gems):
1st order: diamond, ruby, sapphire, emerald, alexandrite, noble spinel, euclase.
2nd order: topaz, aquamarine, beryl, red tourmaline, demantoid, blood amethyst, almandine, uvarovite, jadeite, noble opal, zircon.
3rd order:
1. Garnet, cordierite, kyanite, epidote, dioptase, turquoise, variscite, green tourmaline;
2. Rock crystal, smoky quartz, light amethyst, chalcedony, agate, carnelian, heliotrope, chrysoprase, prase, semi-opal;
3. Sunstone, moonstone, labradorite, nepheline, sodalite, obsidian, titanite, benitoite, prehnite, andalusite, diopside, scapolite, thomsonite;
4. Hematite, pyrite, cassiterite, quartz with gold;

II. Ornamental (colored stones):
1st order: jade, lapis lazuli, glavcolite, sodalite, amazonite, Labrador, rhodonite, azurite, malachite, aventurine, quartzite, rock crystal, smoky quartz, agate and its varieties, jasper, vesuvian, rose quartz, written granite.
2nd order: lepidolite, fuchsite schist, serpentine, agalmatolite, steatite, selenite, obsidian, marble onyx, datolite, fluorite, halite, graphite, lapis lazuli, smithsonite, zoisite.
3rd order: gypsum, porphyry and partially decorative material - breccias, confluent quartzites, etc.

III. Gemstones - Organogenic: pearls, coral, amber, jet.

This classification was used for a long time in the USSR and abroad. But it has a number of disadvantages. For example, some minerals are simultaneously assigned to different orders (rock crystal, agate, smoky quartz, lapis lazuli, etc.). Also, sometimes group mineralogical names are given along with the names of varieties (garnet and almandine with uvarovite, beryl and aquamarine, etc.). The group of ornamental stones includes a number of minerals that are currently of relatively high value and are widely used in jewelry (aventurine, malachite, amazonite, rock crystal, etc.). Today, the practical value of many gemstones has changed significantly, and therefore the Bauer-Fersmann classification is outdated.

In 1972 V.I. Sobolevsky improved the Bauer-Fersmann classification.

Classification V.I. Sobolevsky

1. Gems (gems)
I. Diamond, emerald, alexandrite, chrysoberyl, euclase, noble spinel and especially rare varieties of corundum: ruby, sapphire, padparadscha (orange sapphire).
II. Topaz, varieties of beryl (aquamarine, vorobyevite, heliodor), pink and dark red tourmaline (sibirite), phenakite, amethyst, zircon (orange hyacinth, green, etc.), noble opal.
III. Turquoise, rock crystal (colorless and smoky rauchtopaz), chrysoprase, carnelian, agates with a beautiful pattern, bloodstone, amber, jet, etc.

2. Colored stones
I. Malachite, rhodonite, jade, lapis lazuli, amazonite, labradorite, aventurine, chalcedony, written granite, etc.
II. Ophiocalcite, agalmatolite, marble onyx, fluorite, selenite, jasper, sea foam, etc.

Currently, the most popular among specialists is the classification of precious, jewelry, ornamental and ornamental stones by E.Ya. Kievlenko (see table below), which he proposed in 1973. This classification takes into account the market value of the stones and their purpose. Kievlenko identified three main groups of stones: jewelry (precious), jewelry and ornamental and ornamental stones.

Groups of stones according to the classification of E.Ya. Kievlenko

I. Jewelry (precious) stones
1st order: Diamond, ruby, emerald, blue sapphire
2nd order: Alexandrite, noble jadeite, orange, violet and green sapphire, noble black opal
3rd order: Demantoid, noble spinel, noble white and fire opal, aquamarine, topaz, rhodolite, moonstone (adularia), red tourmaline
4th order: Blue, green, pink and polychrome tourmaline, noble spodumene (kunzite, hiddenite), zircon, yellow, green, golden and pink beryl, turquoise, chrysolite, amethyst, chrysoprase, pyrope, almandine, citrine

II. Jewelry and semi-precious stones
1st order: Rauchtopaz, hematite-bloodstone, amber-succinite, rock crystal, jadeite, jade, lapis lazuli, malachite, aventurine
2nd order: Agate, colored chalcedony, cacholong, amazonite; rhodonite, heliotrope, rose quartz, iridescent obsidian, common opal, Labradorite, belomorite and other opaque iridescent spars

III. Ornamental stones
Jasper, written granite, petrified wood, marble onyx, listvenite, obsidian, jet, jaspilite, selenite, fluorite, aventurine quartzite, agalmatolite, patterned flint, colored marble.

In recent years, gemologists have included in the classification of E.Ya. Kievlenko various amendments. For example, alexandrite is now often referred to as a first-order gem of the first group, given its current popularity, high value and rarity.

With the development of the jewelry and stone cutting industry in the USSR in 1970-1980. it became necessary to create an industrial classification of jewelry and ornamental stones suitable for the practical work of this new industry. All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Jewelry Industry (VNIIyuvelirprom) represented by A.I. Tsyurupa created such a classification. In it, all jewelry and ornamental stones are divided into three types: jewelry, jewelry and ornamental and ornamental, which, in turn, are subdivided into subtypes and groups in terms of transparency, hardness and other properties.

Industrial classification of natural jewelry and semi-precious stones VNIIyuvelirprom

Type I. Gemstones

Subtype I-1. Transparent stones:
group I - 1 - 1. Hardness 10 - diamond;
group I-1-2. Hardness 7-9 - corundum, beryl, tourmaline, garnet, chrysoberyl, spinel, quartz single crystals, topaz, euclase, phenakite, zircon, cordierite, andalusite, staurolite;
group I-1-3. Hardness less than 7 to 5 - spodumene, chrysolite, kyanite, dioptase, brazilianite, tanzanite, chrome diopside, apatite, benitoite, axinite, scapolite, thomsonite, danburite, ulexite, cassiterite, gambergite, actinolite, green obsidian;
group I-1-4. Hardness less than 5 - sphalerite, fluorite, brucite, zincite, scheelite.

Subtype I-2. Opaque, sparkling stones:
group I-2-1. Homogeneous - blood-hematite, pyrite, cobaltin, psilomelan;
group I-2-2. Patterned - hematite - goethite glass head, cryptomelane - hollandite glass head.

Subtype I-3. Translucent stones:
group I-3-1. Brightly colored stones - carnelian, chrysoprase, chloropal, rose quartz, colored semi-opals, smithsonite, prehnite, zoisite, jadeite;
group I-3-2. Stones with a pattern or beautiful inclusions - agate, hairy, flywheel, onyx (sardonyx, carnelian, onyx);
group I-3-3. Stones without a pattern and color - chalcedony, semi-opal, cacholong;
group I-3-4. Pseudochroic stones with a certain orientation - noble opal, moonstone, iridescent obsidian

Subtype I-4. Opaque matte stones with a beautiful color and dense surface texture:
group I-4-1. Stones used in products with subsequent processing - turquoise, variscite, coral;
group I-4-2. The natural stone used is pearl.

Type II. Jewelry and semi-precious stones

Subtype II-1. Viscous stones, hardness over 6:
group II-1 - 1. Nephrite, jadeite and their hard natural imitations, garnet-chlorite rock, xenolith, fibrolite.

Subtype II-2. Medium viscosity stones, hardness 5-6:
group II-2-1. Brightly colored stones - lapis lazuli, rhodonite, amazonite, jasper, unakite (an aggregate of epidote and potassium feldspar);
group II-2-2. Picture stones - petrified wood, graphic pegmatite, picture flint, jasper, obsidian, heliotrope, perilivt;
group II-2-3. Pseudochroic stones - belomorite, falcon and tiger's eyes, silvery ("iridescent") obsidian, aventurine, mother-of-pearl;
group II-2-4. Naturally applied stones:
subgroup II-2-4a. Massive stones - kidneys of chalcedony, smithsonite, jade;
subgroup II-2-4b. Crusts and outgrowths - amethyst and quartz brushes, uvarovite crusts, dendrites of manganese minerals, native copper and silver.

Subtype II-3. Small and medium hard stones:
group II-3-1. Cold processed: malachite, azurite, coil, anthracite.

Type III. Ornamental stones

Subtype III-1. Hardness over 5:
group III-1-1. Glassy - obsidians, jaspers, hornfels, microquartzites, ferruginous hornfels;
group III-1-2. Heterogeneous rocks and mineral aggregates:
subgroup III-1-2a. Icy quartz, quartzite-taganay, amazonite granite;
subgroup III-1 - 26. Peridotites, pyroxenites, hedenbergite skarn;
subgroup III-1-2c. Listvenit, jaspilit;
subgroup III-1-2d. Eclogite, garnet gneiss, tourmaline-bearing rocks;
subgroup III-1-2e. Granitoids, nepheline syenites, labradorite, porphyries, etc.

Subtype III-2. Hardness 5 to 3:
group III-2-1. Translucent - aragonite and calcite onyx, fluorite;
group III-2-2. Opaque - marbles, ophiocalcite, anhydrite, serpentine, chlorite-serpentine rock.

Subtype III-3. Soft, hardness less than 3:
group III-3-1. Translucent - alabaster, selenite, halite;
group III-3-2. Opaque - graphite, talcochlorite, pyrophyllite, brucite, steatite.

In the photo: tanzanites and yellow sapphire are a great alternative to more expensive blue sapphires and yellow diamonds.

In 2010, Doctor of Geology and Mathematics, Professor E.P. Melnikov proposed a new version of the classification of gems, which is based on the value rating of stones and their functionality. Compared with the classification of E.Ya. Kievlenko, this classification has been significantly expanded.

Gem groups according to the classification of E.P. Melnikov

I. Gems
Diamond, noble corundum - ruby, sapphire; noble beryl - emerald; noble chrysoberyl - alexandrite; natural marine pearls

II. Jewelry stones
1st order: noble red spinel, pinkish-orange sapphire (padparadscha), pink sapphire, demantoid, tsavorite, noble black opal, tanzanite, paraiba tourmaline
2nd order: sapphire yellow, green, violet; stellated corundum; spinel blue (ganospinel), pink, purple; orange topaz (imperial), beryl - aquamarine, vorobyevite, bixbit, maxis; zircon - hyacinth, green, blue; tourmaline - rubellite, polychrome; noble white and fire opals, phenakite, garnet - malaya, rhodolite, topazolite; ametrine; spodumene - hiddenite, kunzite; river natural pearls, sea cultured pearls
3rd order: tourmaline - verdelite, indigolite; beryl - heliodor, goshenite (rosterite); topaz - yellow, blue, pink; chrysolite, leucosapphire; chrysoberyl - cymophane (noble cat's eye); stellated diopside, colorless topaz, pyrope garnet, spessartine, almandine, grossular (hessonite, leucogranate, rosolite), uvarovite; amethyst, prasiolite, citrine, rutile quartz
4th order: tourmaline - dravite, achroite; tektites (moldavites, australites), quartz and other cat's eyes, hawkeye, tiger's eye, morion, andradite, vesuvian, axinite, cordierite (iolite), clinohumite, cornerupin, euclase, amblygonite, brasilyanite, scapolite, apatite, ), kyanite, andalusite, epidote, sphalerite - kleiophane, prshibramite, marmatite; sphene, cassiterite, scheelite, danburite, prehnite, river cultured pearls, mother of pearl

III. Jewelry and semi-precious stones
1st order: charoite, sugilite, malachite, turquoise blue, green; jadeite, lapis lazuli, jade, corundum (ruby) - zoisite rock (aniolite), rhodonite, rhodochrosite, dumortierite, rose quartz, mammoth and ivory, coral, amber, chalcedony - agate, chrysoprase, carnelian, carnelian, sarder, sapphirine, onyx , heliotrope; sodalite, eudialyte, chrysocolla, azurite
2nd order: rock crystal, smoky quartz, amazonite, decorative quartz - tourmaline, chlorite, actinolite; aventurine, hematite, rhodusite, staurolite, astrophyllite, finely patterned and landscape jasper, symbircite, common opal, iridescent obsidian, iridescent feldspars - labradorite, spectrolite, belomorite; sunstone, moonstone (adularia), iridescent nepheline (eleolith), jade, pectolite - larimar; tugtupite, petalite, quartz - granular, icy, fragmented

IV. Ornamental stones
Jasper is monophonic, banded; written granite, petrified wood, cacholong, marble onyx, obsidian, selenite, clinochlore, fluorite, serpentinite, jet, shungite, tulite, patterned skarn, decorative quartzite, ophiocalcite, agalmatolite, talcochlorite, zlatolite; patterned flint; conglomerate, breccia, decorative porphyry.

In addition to the classifications of precious (jewelry) stones discussed above, the classifications of Sinkenkes (1955), R. Webster (1962), Pearl (1965) and a number of other gemologists are also known abroad. Each classification is characterized by its own characteristics and differences. Some stones in different classifications may occupy one place or another, although the general nature of the classifications is basically the same. For example, in all classifications, the highest positions are occupied by the most expensive and fashionable diamond, emerald, sapphire, ruby ​​and pearl.

The ratings of various types of gemstones offered in the classifications help to quickly determine the relative value of a particular stone, depending only on its name. But it must be borne in mind that the price of the same stone falling into any of the proposed categories can have a very wide range, depending on its individual characteristics. Depending on the quality (color, clarity, cut quality), weight, presence or absence of refinement, and sometimes geographic origin, the cost per carat for some stones of the same denomination can differ hundreds or even thousands of times. High-quality large stones from lower positions in the rating can cost several times more per carat than stones that are higher in the rating, but at the same time of poor quality, small and / or refined. Therefore, questions like: "What types of stones are called precious?" or "What stones are semiprecious?" - are not correct due to the relative conditionality of the rating in these classifications.

Gem minerals take a special place. These include amethyst, aquamarine, diamond, ruby, sapphire, garnet, topaz, turquoise, emerald, amazonite, charoite, spinel, etc.

A gem has three main qualities: beauty, durability, rarity. The history of many gems is truly fantastic. Diamond, ruby, emerald have become almost legendary, and the largest of them even received their own personal names (diamond "Shah", "Pearl of Allah", etc.). People have created a special calendar of gemstones, which, in addition to minerals, includes some rocks.

GEM STONES CALENDAR

GEM STONES CALENDAR
Month Gem name Stone color
January Garnet, rhodonite Dark red
February Amethyst, charoite Purple
March Aquamarine, amazonite Blue, greenish blue
April Diamond, rhinestone Colorless
May Emerald, malachite Bright green
June Alexandrite, pearl, agate Cream, green, red
July Ruby, spinel, carnelian Red
August Chrysolite, grossular, jade Pale green
September Sapphire, lapis lazuli Deep blue
October Opal, jasper Motley
November Topaz, citrine, amber Yellow
December Turquoise, zircon, blue topaz Azure

Garnet- the stone of January. He is the first in the calendar of gems. Probably, the bright red or pink color of pomegranates was identified in winter with a fire or red-hot coals in the snow. Pomegranate is the “surname” of a large family of minerals, and their names are quite numerous - almandine, grossular, pyrope, demantoid, carbuncle, etc. (in the lane from ancient Greek and Latin, “garnet” means “coal”). Pomegranates are widespread in nature. They were found on arable land in Bohemia (XVII - XIX centuries), on the Anatolian plateau, in, Australia, Africa,. The Museum of Bohemian Pomegranates was even created in. The color of pomegranates depends on the presence of iron (red), chromium (green), manganese (pink), etc. Fluorite owes its bright green glow to the fact that it was formed from high-temperature granites; a red-green glow indicates the presence of uranium salts, etc. True, sometimes, when heated, minerals can change their color.

Transparency is a property of some minerals, more precisely, of their crystals. Sometimes the mineral does not transmit light at all, and then they say that the mineral is opaque. Iron-containing minerals have different magnetic susceptibility. The most typical among them is magnetite. Mineralogists even single out a special magnetic fraction of minerals when analyzing. Fans are formed at great depths, often in the Earth's mantle. Pyropes (fan type) show the way to diamond deposits and are their companions. Pomegranates have a hardness of 6.0 - 7.5; density - up to 4.3 g / cm3. Garnets are used in the manufacture of laser devices, high-frequency oscillators and, of course, jewelry.

Amethysts were known even before the new era. In Greek, this name meant "not drunk", that is, counteracting intoxication. “... Amethyst is a cherry-colored stone, but it will be born in India; force
there is that stone: drive away drunkenness, dashing thoughts give away, good reason does it and gives help in all matters "- this is how the stone is characterized in Russia in 1672.

Due to its beauty and the properties attributed to it, amethyst enjoyed great success in the performance of church rituals. When ordained, the Pope put on a ring with an amethyst to the bishop. In Catholic countries, amethyst was considered an episcopal, and in Orthodox Russia - a bishop's stone. The Mohs scale of amethyst is 7; density - 2.6 - 2.75 g / cm3 It is curious that heating amethyst crystals to 673 ° Kelvin led to the complete disappearance of its violet color. In this case, the mineral became ordinary quartz. Studies have shown that the mineral crystallizes at a temperature of 400-500 Kelvin and a pressure of 5 MPa to 10 GPa. The color is associated with the content of ferric salts. The largest deposits of amethysts are located in, on, and in Russia - in the Urals.

Aquamarine is a blue beryl, reminiscent of the color of sea water (from the Latin aqua marina - sea water). The color of aquamarine is due to the small amount of iron. Many beliefs are associated with aquamarine - the preservation of love in a long separation, military victories at sea, etc. Aquamarine crystals can reach 50 - 80 cm and weigh 100 - 110 kg. Large crystals have different colors - from yellow-green to bright blue. Most often aquamarines are found in pegmatites and greisens (acidic rocks).

Diamond- the king of gems; it is the hardest (on the Mohs scale - 10) and with the strongest gloss. In mineralogy, there is the concept of “diamond brilliance °. A diamond crystal, artificially cut by a jeweler, is called a diamond. The history of diamonds apparently began in the 5th century. BC NS. It was then that a bronze Greek statuette was created, with diamonds in its eye sockets. In the XV century. began to cut diamonds, and the first diamonds appeared in the jewelry business. Diamond is widely used in jewelry. It was inserted into royal crowns, snuff-boxes and orders, sewn onto suits and hats.

Count Potemkin's hat was carried by his servant behind the owner, since its weight, due to the abundance of diamonds and other stones, exceeded 15 kg. Small and opaque (technical) diamonds have found their application in drill bits for drilling wells. Crystals of this type are installed in diamond saws and cutters, converted into diamond powder, which is used to polish the hard surfaces of stones and metals. The main supplier of diamonds is "explosion tubes" filled with deep rocks - kimberlites. When they appeared, hot gases permeated the rock, pressure and temperature changed. All this indicates that diamonds also belong to the minerals of the deep bowels of the Earth. In Russia, diamonds are mined in Yakutia and the Urals.

Emerald- precious green beryl, the color of which depends on the amount of chromium and vanadium impurities. Emeralds are born where magma containing beryllium breaks through chromium-rich basic rocks. Emerald crystals have a hexagonal shape. Sometimes they reach gigantic proportions. So, in 1964 in Madagascar, a crystal was found 18 m long and 3 m perimeter, that is, its size is equal to the size of the column of the facade of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. In Russia, the largest deposits of emeralds are found in the Urals. They were first discovered in 1831.

In the Ancient, they believed that the emerald protects the hearth and contributes to the well-being of the family. In Europe, it was believed that the emerald gives its owner a sense of his own dignity, makes him magnanimous, tactful and perceptive, able to foresee events.

Emeralds and sapphires often adorned the royal golden dishes, since they were believed to help detect poison in the food. Describing the circumstances of the death of King John, the English historian mentions the king's suspicions that the pears given to him were poisoned, "because his precious stones were immediately covered with moisture."

Pearl- the stone of June. This rounded grain consists of a core (usually a grain of sand), around which concentric layers of aragonite and mother-of-pearl have grown. This most often occurs in water, which maintains a more or less constant temperature and slowly washes away a grain of sand caught in the shell of the mollusk. Such shells are called pearl oysters. Pearl mussels adapt to different conditions. In Karelia, they are found in rivers with rapids, in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea - in shallow water, but in all cases, very clean water is needed for pearls to grow.

Pearls are a national symbol. In the coat of arms of the ancient city of Kem (in the north of Karelia), known since the 15th century, a wreath of pearls is depicted. This is direct evidence that there were many shells containing pearls on the rivers "flowing out" of the mountains.

White or cream pearls are widely known, but sometimes they become black in color. A distinctive feature of pearls is the amazing play of light on its surface, which makes this stone fabulously beautiful. The largest of the jewelry pearls in the world is considered "Peregrina" ("Wanderer") the size of a pigeon's egg, its weight is slightly more than 13 g. It was found in the 16th century. off the coast, passed through the royal families of England,; is now in one of the private collections in. Much larger, but less beautiful is the "Pearl of Allah". It reaches 23 * 14 cm and weighs over 6 kg. It was recovered from a huge shell - tridacna - off the coast of India in 1934.

Ruby- July stone, one of the most valued gemstones. Ruby belongs to the very hard corundum family. Transparent corundums of red color were called rubies, blue - sapphires. In the old days in Russia they were called yahonts. Corundum is composed of the elements aluminum and oxygen. The hardness of the mineral on the Mohs scale reaches 9. Due to its high hardness, color, like fire, and transparency, ruby ​​was attributed to unique properties. He not only served as an expensive decoration, but also protected from leprosy, fever, melancholy, plague and epilepsy. Ruby was sometimes used to make seals that were attached to rings or key chains. The largest ruby ​​(of) weighs about 80 g. Rubies are formed in igneous rocks altered by metamorphic processes. Large placers of rubies are found in the rivers of the island of Sri Lanka. Small deposits are found in Australia, Madagascar. In Russia, they are known in the Polar Urals.

Chrysolite- a stone with a golden-green color, which, as it were, reminds of the approaching autumn. Its color is due to the content of iron and nickel. By the end of summer, the minerals of red tones in the calendar of gemstones disappear. Already in August, the pale green color of the minerals is characteristic. Chrysolite is similar to many gems, which is why it is often confused with other minerals, in particular with the green demantoil garnets. Demantoids were even called Russian chrysolite. Chrysolite is a gemstone. The largest chrysolite crystal is kept in the Diamond Fund of Russia. Chrysolite is fragile. Its hardness is 6 - 7; density - about 4 g / cm3. Chrysolites are found in ultrabasic igneous rocks and, like diamonds, are found in kimberlites, less often in dunites and peridotites.

Sapphire- one of the varieties of corundum. Its color is surprisingly blue. Sapphires foam very high and are comparable in value to diamond, emerald and ruby. Like many gems, sapphire was found in India, Burma. AI Kuprin gave an interesting description of the mineral: “Sapphires resemble cornflowers in wheat in color, others resemble the autumn sky, others resemble the sea in clear weather. This is a stone of virginity - cold and pure. During long and difficult travels, they put it in their mouth to quench their thirst. It also heals leprosy and all kinds of evil growths. He gives clarity to thoughts. " Sapphires were used to decorate the crowns of kings and royal robes. Sapphires contain the smallest inclusions of other minerals, which create a special "star" luster.

Opal- the stone of October. Its orange-golden, greenish-white and slightly bluish matte tones have absorbed all the colors of the October autumn. The overflow of color that occurs when the mineral is turned is no worse than that of pearls. Opal is a hardened silica colloid consisting of chalcedony, cristobalite, water. Once on the opal, the light beam splits into many small rays, which creates the effect of light overflow. Opal is a "soft" stone: its hardness on the Mohs scale is about 6. The surface of the mineral is easily scratched. The mineral is fragile. According to the ancient Romans, opal guarded the warrior in battle.

Opal was credited with magical properties.

"In disgrace - an incredible mixture of colors and play of light, it soothes the nerves, helps with heart disease, acts against melancholy, sadness, fainting ... returns visual acuity and shine to the eyes," wrote the physician of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II (1552 - 1612 ). Opal was the favorite stone of Queen Victoria of England (1819 - 1901). Opals are found in Australia, Brazil, Czech Republic. The deposits of this gem are often associated with hydrothermal volcanic rocks, but in Australia it is mined from the weathering crust - from rocks heavily destroyed by time.

Topaz- the mascot of November, has a yellow-greenish color. It is very similar to other minerals with the same color, which is why topaz is often called citrine, Labrador, smoky quartz, corundum. Colour
topaz is the most diverse - yellow, pink, blue, violet-red. Topaz belongs to silicates, the composition of which is complicated by impurities of titanium, magnesium, calcium, chromium, iron.

By its nature, topaz is associated with granites, which contain a lot of silicic acid, aluminum and fluorine; most of all - with cavities in pegmatite bodies. In their appearance, the crystals resemble barrels or cut pyramids. The hardness of the groove is about 8, the density is 3.55 g / cm3. In the second half of the 17th century. in the Urals, not far from the village of Murzinka, unique deposits of gems were found, among which was topaz. They formed an 80-kilometer strip called the Murzinsko-Aduy zone of gems. Jewelry is made from jewelry topaz, but there are huge crystals that have only museum value, since their size reaches tens of centimeters in the perimeter, and their weight is 110 - 117 kg.

Turquoise they are called “the favorite stone of the East”, “the sacred stone of Tibet”, “the stone of the Egyptian pharaohs”. Turquoise beads were worn to protect against snake bites and diseases. This mineral helped to find water in deserts. It was believed that when the owner is sick, turquoise turns pale and "mourns for him like a faithful dog." This mineral is characterized by bright blue, bluish-green (azure), green colors. Turquoise usually resembles a dense glassy mass and hardly occurs in the form of well-cut crystals. By its composition, turquoise is an aqueous copper and aluminum phosphate. The copper oxide content is quite high - up to 9%. It also contains a lot of iron. Most often turquoise is found in areas of distribution of metamorphic rocks, as well as in fragmented tectonic zones saturated with quartz veins. The deposits of this gem are known in North America, China, Australia, and many other countries. In Russia, turquoise deposits are found in the Caucasus and the Polar Urals.

Gemstones are dealt with by a special branch of geological science and art - gemology. The art of miniature stone carving is called glyptics, and stone carvings are called gems. A convex gem, embossed like a sculpture, are cameos, and a notched image, like an imprint of a cameo, its imprint is an inballo, or intaglio. Gemologists not only study precious stones and minerals, but also develop methods for ennobling their color and cut, methods of artificially growing crystals.

Classification of precious stones. Varieties of precious stones by color. How to identify a real stone among the many forgeries, imitations and hacks?

Today, jewelry professionals have a much harder time than their predecessors. If a few decades ago a genuine gem could be easily distinguished from a fake even visually, then in the world of modern technology and progress, it is almost impossible to do this by eye.

In addition to the well-known glass hacks, imitators of expensive stones from cheaper minerals, a new product has appeared on the jewelry market today - a stone grown in laboratory conditions. Such a creation of human hands visually looks no worse than the mineral created by nature for many decades, but it costs several times cheaper. How to distinguish a genuine natural stone from a fake or unnatural stone? What precious minerals are there?

What stones, gems and minerals belong to precious noble stones: classification of precious stones

  • It will be quite difficult for a beginner to understand the complex classifications of gemstones. The fact is that today there are quite a few of them: Sobolevsky, Kluge, Kievlenko, Gurich, Bauer-Fersman, etc.
  • In order not to dwell specifically on each of the classifications, we will try to make one, generalizing, excluding facing stones from it:
  • The first category of stones is precious stones (the most expensive, valuable stones). This category of minerals includes diamond (brilliant), ruby, emerald, sapphire, alexandrite, etc.
  • The second category of stones is semi-precious stones (more common, but no less valuable). A similar category of minerals includes: amethyst, aquamarine, almadine, apatite, garnet, rock crystal, opal, quartz, topaz, tourmaline, zircon, chrysolite, etc.
  • The third category is jewelry and ornamental stones. These include: agate, turquoise, amber, cat's eye, moonstone, lapis lazuli, malachite, jasper, tiger's eye.
  • Some classifications group stones into similar categories, however, they also subdivide minerals into classes. The class testifies to the strength of the stone, its high value and beauty.

Black gems: name, description, photo



In nature, there are so many minerals that stand out for their black color. Some of them are so rare that it is almost impossible to find any information about them. In many cases, the name "black" stone can be considered relative, since in fact the mineral has a lighter or not uniform color. Here are the most common black stones in the jewelry industry:

Gems

Black diamond or carbonado

Black Diamond is the greatest rarity and value in jewelry. However, it is worth noting that he never reaches the jewelry, since its cutting and processing is very difficult - it can be done only with the help of the same stone. Only a handful of such stones are listed in the jewelry annals, the most expensive of which was estimated at $ 1.7 million. The other two became known under the names "Black Star of Africa" ​​and "Korloff Noir".



Real black sapphire does not exist in nature. Almost all black sapphires are the work of scientists. They are obtained by processing blue sapphires. The very few black sapphires that are of natural origin can hardly be called black, as their color is closer to the color of the sky at night. The most famous black sapphire is the "Black Star of Queensland" worth $ 100 million.



This kind of pearl is also difficult to consider as truly black, since its darkness is softened by the pearl's mother-of-pearl. However, the cost of such a curiosity remains quite high to this day. The rarest examples of black pearls are collected in Tahiti in the corresponding museum.



This type of opal is considered one of the most expensive and valuable species. Most often, this mineral is found in deposits located in the least developed countries of the world, which causes numerous human losses during its extraction.



Black spinel is one of the most inexpensive types of black gemstones. Its cheapness is easily explained by the fragility of the stone and the complexity of its processing. Most often, spinel is used in handicrafts or jewelry in the form of cabochons.



Semiprecious stones

Black quartz or morion is the only representative of black semi-precious stones. This mineral is most often used in jewelry today. Outwardly, it has an opaque or barely transparent surface.



Jewelry and semi-precious stones

In fact, black agate does not exist in nature. You can only find minerals of a dark coal color. A rich black color can be achieved only with the help of technological processing of this stone.



Other representatives of black jewelry and ornamental stones are: black onyx, obsidian, black jasper or jet, hematite, mudstone and hypersthene.

White gems: name, description, photo



Naturally white or naturally transparent minerals are considered the most expensive and valuable stones in jewelry. White gemstones include:

Diamond or brilliant

It is a transparent diamond or an already cut part of it (a diamond) that first comes to the mind of any person (especially women) when they mention white gemstones. Indeed, this mineral is considered one of the most demanded. Its high cost is easily explained by the few deposits of this mineral in the ground. At the same time, only a small fraction of all mined diamonds are suitable for cutting.



Transparent spinel

Unlike its black sister, white spinel is a rather expensive stone with a high strength. Impeccable purity and the fact that this mineral does not contain any impurities makes it even more valuable. White spinel is most often used in luxury jewelry.



Colorless topaz

With the naked eye, this mineral is easily confused with a diamond. However, upon close examination, differences can be detected. In jewelry, it is customary to frame colorless topaz in noble white metals - gold, platinum.



Goshenite or colorless beryl

Goshenite is also very similar in appearance to a diamond, but its shine can rather be called more chilling, restrained.



Pearl

White pearls have always managed to captivate women with their warmth and tenderness. Oddly enough, but in nature, pearls rarely have a round shape (such representatives are highly valued) - more often they are oblong, uneven. Pearls also have one more feature - their lifespan. If ordinary minerals will delight the eye with their beauty forever, then the pearl can "go out" at any moment. The life span of this mineral does not exceed 300 years.



Achroite or white tourmaline

This kind of rock is very rare, since its deposits are located only in one point on the map. Achroite is quite rare in the form of jewelry. Such pleasure can be ordered only in a few jewelry workshops in the world.



Semiprecious white stones include white agate, rock crystal and white opal.

Jewelry and ornamental stones can boast the presence of such white minerals as milk coral, white jasper, moonstone, white-green jade in their list.

Blue gems: name, description, photo



Blue or cornflower blue sapphire

Only an experienced specialist will be able to distinguish between these two types of mineral by eye. Blue sapphire is valued somewhat less than cornflower blue, but it is still considered a gem. As for the cornflower blue sapphire, in ancient times it was used only for inlaying royal dresses and jewelry.





Topaz

Topaz is most often found in a blue color, but in nature it can also be found in other colors - yellow, green, orange, etc. Topaz is not a very expensive mineral. Most often it is framed in white precious metals - platinum, white gold. Such metals, as it were, accentuate its delicate radiance.



Already from the very name of the mineral, its origin and associations associated with it becomes clear. The sea color of this stone helps jewelers create blue masterpiece jewelry. Fans of aquamarine should pay attention to the fact that this mineral is quite fragile - exposure to chemicals, mechanical damage and heat treatment negatively affect its condition.



This color of the stone is extremely rare, which leads to a rather high price for it. Framed, it can be found only in exclusive creations of jewelers, which are often kept in private collections and cost tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars.



Semiprecious blue stones include: zircon, chalcedony.
Ornamental blue stones are considered turquoise, apatite, bezoar, amazonite.

Blue gems: name, description, photo



Sapphire



Topaz



Lapis Lazuli is a gemstone that is most often framed in yellow gold. This mineral is believed to have strong medicinal and protective properties.



Semiprecious blue stones include turquoise, which has dozens of shades of blue, green and light blue.



Red gems: name, description, photo



Perhaps, every person at the mention of red gemstones immediately comes to mind a ruby. This amazingly beautiful mineral is widely used in jewelry. It is framed in various kinds of precious metals - gold, platinum, silver. A jewel encrusted with ruby ​​can be quite expensive - everything will depend on the metal, as well as the amount and size of the minerals. Since ancient times, many magical and healing qualities have been attributed to the ruby. This stone has always been associated with love, passion and desire.







Semiprecious red stones include garnet, zircon, carnelian, coral.

Pomegranate, carbuncle or pyrope

In the myths of various ancient states, mentions of this mineral were very often found. It was believed that the pomegranate is able to heal from many ailments, block the action of poison and poison.



As for ornamental stones, their most famous representative in red is jasper.



Pink gems: name, description, photo



Until recently, this soft pink gem was not singled out into a separate subgroup - it was simply considered one of the varieties of amethyst. However, thanks to the works of the American Kunz (whose name he was named), this mineral, on the basis of its composition, which differs from amethyst, was nevertheless recognized as a completely different stone.

In the early 90s, the attention of the entire public was riveted to kunzite. He owed such popularity to the Kennedy family. The fact is that the American president, on the eve of his tragic death, acquired Jacqueline a ring inlaid with kunzite. But John was never destined to give a present to his beloved wife - a month before the celebration he was shot.



Morganite or pink beryl

Morganite (vorobyevite in Russia) is a rather rare mineral. Most often, they are decorated with products in a company with diamonds.



Rubellite or pink tourmaline

Rubellite is a fairly inexpensive, but no less beautiful gemstone. Its resemblance to a ruby ​​in ancient times played into the hands of fraudsters. It was with this mineral that more expensive rubies were forged.



Semi-precious stones of pink color include quartz, agate, corundum.
As for ornamental stones, nature often colors jasper, coral, rhodochrosite and rhodonite pink.

Green gems: name, description, photo



Naturally, the most famous green gem is the emerald. Few people know that in its original appearance this mineral can hardly be called beautiful - only after high-quality cutting it is possible to recognize the king of green stones in it. Emeralds are most often framed in yellow metals. In a white version, they can only be found in a company with white gold and platinum. The price of emeralds is sometimes simply fabulous - from $ 300 per carat.



Demantoid or green garnet

The high refractive index of the sun's rays of demantoid raises it to the level of the most regal stone - diamond. Most often, green garnet is confused with emerald, although its color, unlike the latter, is closer to the color of the grass. For one carat of this gem, you will have to pay from $ 100 to $ 1000.

Burgundy gemstones How to distinguish a real gem from a fake?

It will not be difficult for a jeweler or high-class appraiser to identify the authenticity of a stone with the help of special tools and devices. As for the inexperienced man in the street, it will be very difficult for him to distinguish a real stone from a fake. In such cases, professionals recommend using the following techniques:

  1. Natural stone is usually much stronger than glass or plastic counterfeits. If you hold it with a sharp object, then no trace should remain on it. In this case, a scratch may form on a fake. But this method is relevant only when it is necessary to distinguish hack-work from a real stone - if a natural, but less expensive mineral is involved in the product instead of a high-level gemstone, then there is no point in conducting such an experiment.
  2. Natural stones have a cold touch. If you put a stone on your tongue or put it on your cheek, then it will remain cold for a long time. If glass or plastic is used in the product, the stone will heat up quickly enough.
  3. Natural stones grown in the bowels of the earth are rarely large, but artificial minerals created in laboratories can reach more impressive sizes.
  4. The color of natural stone is rarely very rich and bright. At the same time, creating a hack of any color and shade is quite simple.
  5. You should not count on the fact that a natural stone will cost a penny - the price per carat of a precious mineral can reach thousands and hundreds of dollars.
  6. When buying a product with natural stones, you can ask the seller to provide a certificate of the authenticity of the stones.

In fact, all precious minerals have completely different chemical and physical properties. Therefore, the identification of each of them must be approached individually.

Gems: Video

How to distinguish a gem from a natural one: Video