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How to enlarge breasts at 13. Breast enlargement in adolescence. Breast growth stages in girls in pictures

Your eleven-year-old daughter is still quite a toddler, but suddenly she came to you with a problem, how to enlarge her breasts? Her classmate already has noticeable mounds, and she has nothing at all? After all, the adolescent problem is a problem of a universal scale, it leads to justified and unfounded fears, doubts and, as a consequence, a decrease in self-esteem and self-doubt.

In order to competently tell everything to a teenage girl, I propose to thoroughly understand the problem on my own.

Let's start with the anatomical features.

Everyone knows that there are primary and secondary sexual characteristics.:


 Primary- when a child is born, and we observe his female or male genitals.

Secondary signs appear during puberty. In girls, they are associated with increased levels of estrogen in the blood. These signs include the growth of mammary glands, pubic and axillary hair growth, sweating in the armpits, acne, increased sebaceous glands and therefore increased oily skin.


So, breast growth is one of the secondary sexual characteristics. Its first stage begins at the age of 9 to 13 years, even before the appearance of the first menstruation.

The structure of the female breast consists of glandular and adipose tissue, it is their development that affects the growth of the breast. If adipose tissue predominates, then breast growth will lead to an increase in body weight. If glandular tissue predominates, then the development and growth of the breast will be highly dependent on the level of estrogen.

Factors affecting breast growth

It is important that mom at this moment explains that this is natural and not scary.

The first signs that the breast has begun to grow:


What sizes are normal for a teenage girl?

The size of the breasts of both a teenager and an adult woman is most often determined by a genetic factor.


According to statistics, at the age of 11 to 14 years, the size of the mammary glands can be from 1 to 1.5. At fifteen years of age, the breast can reach the 2nd size.

At sixteen, the active growth of the mammary glands stops. The size during this period can be 2.5 or 3. There is also the possibility that the breast will increase a little by the age of 20. And, the final size of the breast takes after pregnancy and lactation.

How quickly the glandular and adipose tissue will grow depends mainly on the level of sex hormones in the blood. These hormones affect the development of new breast ducts and the multiplication of their cells.

Sex hormone levels can be lowered due to the following factors:

Myths and reality in the question of how to enlarge the breasts of a teenage girl aged 11 to 16 at home.


 Myth 1. Taking dietary supplements helps a lot.

Reality... Dietary supplements, although widely advertised, do not always have sufficient clinical studies, which means they will lead to unpredictable results and possible deterioration in health.

Myth 2. If you eat cabbage, your breasts will grow faster.


 Reality. Indeed, cabbage contains phytoestrogens (analogs of sex hormones) that affect the development of glandular tissue. In addition to it, there are a number of foods and plants containing the same substances. However, they do promote normal breast growth and will not lead to a large bust if genetics does not allow it. Of the products, these are legumes (soybeans, lentils, red beans); cereals (brown rice, oatmeal or barley porridge). From plants, phytoestrogens contain hop cones.

Sources of vitamins are also important - vegetables and fruits, freshly squeezed juices (apple, carrot); fats - unrefined oils (flaxseed, olive, sesame); nuts, avocados; oily sea fish and other seafood; squirrel - poultry meat; cheeses


 Myth 3. You can enlarge your breasts by applying mustard plasters or drawing an iodine mesh across your breasts and thereby increase blood flow.

Reality. Mustard plasters and iodine mesh can only cause burns, since the mammary gland and areola around it are very delicate. These procedures can only harm.

Myth 4. You can enlarge your breasts if you play sports.


 Reality. Indeed, physical exercises affecting the pectoral muscles will make the breasts beautifully shaped, tighten them, improve posture, which will make the breasts look beautiful, but they do not affect breast augmentation.

At the same time, you need to go in for sports under the supervision of a trainer, since with increased loads, connective tissue may not form properly.


 Myth 5. Vacuum massage will help to enlarge the breasts.

Reality. Perhaps cosmetologists will not convince you that at such an early age this is an unnecessary procedure, but you need to understand that after the end of the course, everything will become "as it was." In addition, it is unsafe for the further development of the breast, because breast tissue can be disrupted.


 Myth 6. Taking hormones will help to enlarge the breasts.

Reality... You can not take any hormonal drug without a doctor's prescription. This can destroy your hormonal background and, conversely, slow down sexual development due to endocrine system disorders.


 Myth 7. The breast will be enlarged with special creams.

Reality. Rubbing in creams of questionable composition and quality can lead to a temporary effect and mastopathy in the future. Therefore, you should not do this.

It must always be remembered that the main purpose of the breast is to feed the child, and only then the aesthetics. Therefore, all experiments with artificial breast augmentation are dangerous by disruption of natural processes in the body and threaten the inability to perform the maternal function.

The need for a doctor's consultation


If the slow growth of the breasts greatly worries the girl and her mother, then you can consult a doctor to rule out serious diseases that can limit the growth and development of the mammary gland. It is necessary to visit first of all an endocrinologist and a gynecologist. This should be done no earlier than 14-15 years.

The proliferation of breast tissue can occur faster than the growth of connective tissue. From this, ugly stretch marks appear on the skin, which can later be removed only with the help of hardware cosmetology.

Also, large breasts can lead to poor posture.

Factors affecting rapid breast growth:


You need to be wary and not postpone the visit to the doctor if


Rules to Support Healthy Breasts

At first, this is the right food .

Secondly- act
lifestyle and sports.

Thirdly, to prevent early sexual activity due to the need to take hormonal contraceptives, the risk of unwanted pregnancy and abortion during the incomplete development of the reproductive system.

Fourthly, it is also important to choose a bra made from natural materials and of the correct size so as not to interfere with blood flow and to support the breasts for proper and beautiful formation.

Artificial breast augmentation does not apply to these rules!

Breast size can cause serious complexes in any girl. Therefore, many are beginning to be interested in ways to help stimulate breast growth, give an attractive shape and desired volume. There are several views on this problem: skepticism towards "magic" methods; doing physical exercises and attending massage sessions. And in order to achieve the truth, you need to understand what affects the growth of the breast.

Natural causes of growth

Under favorable conditions and optimal balance in the body, development occurs rather quickly. The presence of unfavorable factors can prematurely complete the development of the pectoral muscles and leave the bust small.

But experts identify two main reasons that affect the formation of the mammary glands:

  1. Genetic predisposition and good heredity.
  2. High levels of female hormones (estrogens) in the blood.

It is heredity that plays a special role. In other words, if the mother, grandmother or aunt had a magnificent bust, then this feature will be passed on to other girls along this line. Rarely, genetics may not be so predictable - if the size of the breasts in women on the father's side did not differ in size, this can affect the daughter's mammary glands.

The final stage of breast formation is pregnancy and breastfeeding. After the end of the lactation period, growth and development cease, and the bust takes on its final features.

Frequency of changes

Scientists have identified three main stages of breast formation:

  1. From 9 years old. At this time, the volume gradually begins to increase. Areoles appear. The breast is actively overgrown with adipose tissue.
  2. From the age of 14, during the year, there is an active synthesis of the female hormone, which also affects the volume of the breast. At this stage, the formation of areoles is completed - they are painted in a darker color.
  3. At about 18 years of age, the shape and size of the breast ceases to change noticeably.

As you can see, the active stage of growth ends after the girl comes of age. However, the breasts never stop growing. But it happens less noticeably. True, waiting for an increase in volumes after 25 years without taking any action can be considered a waste of time.

The reasons for the lack of growth

The absence of factors affecting breast development, as well as external stimuli are the main reasons for a small bust. Perhaps the production of estrogen is insufficient or the pituitary gland is disrupted. It is also recommended to examine the thyroid gland and appendages for inflammation.

Summarizing the common cases, there are several common reasons for the lack of breast growth:

  • poor heredity;
  • low levels of female hormone;
  • constant stress;
  • bad habits (smoking and alcohol);
  • incorrect use of hormonal drugs;
  • improperly formed diet;
  • very low level of physical fitness.

Particular attention should be paid to the hormonal background in the female body. Estrogen is an essential hormone for breast growth. But high testosterone levels have the opposite effect.

You can adjust the balance yourself. It is enough to regularly consume foods that stimulate the synthesis of the desired hormone, as well as fill the deficit with the help of medications. But before doing this, it is recommended that you consult with your doctor.

How to stimulate growth

Surgery is the fastest way to make a large bust. But not every girl will agree to such changes. Therefore, the beautiful half of humanity is interested in ways to make breasts grow naturally.

Muscle gain

85% of the mammary glands are adipose tissue. Therefore, by gaining weight, the size of the breasts also increases. Naturally, in order to make the breasts grow and not gain excess weight, you need to correctly increase the calorie content.

It is advisable to send the mass to the chest. To do this, you will have to eat at least 5 times a day, choosing the right foods. It is recommended to diversify the diet with olives, nuts, avocados, sesame seeds, flaxseeds and vegetable oils obtained from these products.

Physical exercises

Fitness experts have developed a whole range of physical exercises for girls to make their breasts grow. You need to understand that training will not increase the volume of the bust itself - there are no muscles in it. But regular exercise will help develop the pectoral muscles under the chest, which will push it forward. In addition, exercises will improve the shape of the mammary glands, make them fit and elastic.

The simplest exercise is floor push-ups. Also, the development of the pectoral muscles is influenced by the bench press and the extension of the dumbbells to the sides. This set of exercises can be done at home with a little time.

Do not use dumbbells that are too heavy. The number of exercises should also not exceed 10 times. It's good if you can do several approaches.

Daily exercise will make your breasts grow visually. Posture will also be leveled, mood will improve and confidence will appear. The main thing is to exercise regularly, combining them with proper nutrition.

Don't forget about stretching. To do this, it is enough to stretch your arms in front of you, bend them at the elbows and clasp your hands into a “lock”. After that, with pulling movements, try to spread your elbows. Repeat 10 times. Correct exercise will give a feeling of tension in the pectoral muscles.

"Dog" is an exercise similar to push-ups from the floor. To complete it, you need to lie on the floor, on your stomach. The arms are bent at the elbows and located at chest level. Using only palms and toes, it is necessary to raise the body, hold it up for a few seconds and lower it.

Massage sessions

Massage generally has a positive effect on the female body. Especially if you do it constantly. Regular massaging (up to 3 times a day) of the breast will not only stimulate muscle growth, but also increase blood circulation. And if you use external products during the massage, then the smooth movements will help nutrients to penetrate into the area of ​​the mammary glands.

Some nutrients are also absorbed through food. An intense blood flow will help deliver these components to the desired area and the bust will grow. Foods containing these elements are called phytoestrogens: parsley, peaches, beans, citrus fruits, soybeans, ground black coffee.

Taking a simple shower can be a pleasant home massage session. The water jet should be of medium intensity and slightly warm. It is important to monitor the sensations so that the massage does not cause discomfort. Circular movements will help, avoiding the jet hitting the nipple area. You don't have to take a long shower. Enough two receptions for a few minutes.

Another type of breast massage is highly effective - with the use of a fatty nourishing cream:

  1. The composition is applied to the entire surface of the mammary glands, with light circular movements. You need to rub the cream no more than two minutes.
  2. After that, it is necessary to perform light movements along the chest, to the shoulders and back through the collarbone. Also within a few minutes.
  3. Movements from the nipples to the outside of the bust are performed in a similar way.
  4. Massage movements are performed with the middle and index fingers. The pressure on the skin is minimal.

Proper nutrition

For breasts to begin to grow, you need to pay a lot of attention to food. First of all, it is recommended to include in the daily diet foods containing estrogen.

Therefore, on the table every day there should be:

  • soy products;
  • flax, sesame;
  • milk and dairy products;
  • chicken, lamb, beef or pork;
  • fresh fish.

For the breast to begin to grow, you should eat:

  • sweet potato;
  • beets;
  • carrot;
  • cucumbers;
  • tomatoes;
  • pumpkin;
  • any cabbage;
  • garlic;
  • cherries;
  • plums;
  • papaya;
  • dates;
  • apples;
  • Garnet.

Some spices also have a positive effect on growth:

  • Carnation;
  • oregano;
  • sage;
  • anise;
  • turmeric;
  • thyme;
  • pepper;
  • Red clover;
  • cereals.

As you can see, proper nutrition does not imply fasting, strict diets, or vegetarianism. It is enough to eat right, maintaining the optimal calorie content, to ensure proper weight gain.

The main principle of a healthy diet is to provide a balanced amount of protein, fat and vitamins. Your daily diet will not be complete without meat, eggs and dairy products. Also, do not forget about butter and vegetable oils, sour cream and other products containing fats. They are the ones that are deposited in the bust, providing noticeable growth.

Visual magnification

Proper nutrition, regular exercise and other advice will certainly help to increase the volume of your breasts.

Some tricks will help to give it an even more pronounced shape:

  1. A straight back with correct posture can visually make the bust more convex and larger.
  2. Ultraviolet light negatively affects the skin, making it drier and flabby. Therefore, do not overuse a solarium or sunbathing. From this, the mammary glands lose their shape.
  3. Suitable underwear should not support the breasts, not squeeze them. It is also not correct if the bra is dangling on the body. It is important to ensure that the straps and cups do not dig into the skin. Not only will this leave unsightly marks, but it will also impair blood flow, reducing growth rates.

Unlike plastic surgery, natural breast augmentation methods take longer to get the first result. It will take at least several months to visually notice the changes. But the effort spent will be rewarded by making the bust more beautiful and voluminous.

In rare cases, recommendations do not help. This may be due to various external factors. But most often, diseases of the internal organs become the cause. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a specialist and adhere to his recommendations.

If none of this helped or the result is not good enough, then the only way out is professional plastic surgery. For her, you will need to find a good cosmetology clinic, collect an impressive amount, and also prepare psychologically.

Hello dear readers. Do you want to know whether it is possible to enlarge your breasts if you are still very young? And how to enlarge breasts at home in a week? Let's figure out if this is necessary? Let's talk about the possibilities of the "home first aid kit" in solving the problem. And about whether there is a real way to accelerate "filling the volume".

Glandular tissues begin to form actively at the age of 10-12. At this age, it is early to take active steps to enlarge the mammary glands. This process ends at the age of 18-24.

Why do friends in 13 years have a full 2 ​​size, and you can not boast of attractive male gaze busts? Because:

  • girlfriends matured earlier;
  • your genetics does not imply the development of a bust up to size 6-8;
  • you suffer from congenital hyperplasia or atrophy of the mammary glands.

Until adolescence, the time of active formation of glandular tissues, it is difficult to establish developmental anomalies. If breast growth seems unsatisfactory, consult your gynecologist. He will answer the question whether you need treatment or you are still developing at the age of 13-15.

It is definitely worth planning a visit:

  • mammologist;
  • obstetrician-gynecologist;
  • endocrinologist,

If you are 14 years old, and the glandular tissues do not form into attractive curves.

Doctor's advice is needed when choosing a method for breast correction. Conservative methods of augmentation (no one will do the operation until the age of 18) depends little on age. "Adult" measures are often harmful to a growing body. You can spoil the hormonal background, skin, cause allergies.

Is a home first aid kit capable of "growing" a breast in a week?

"Eat cabbage - the breast will grow by leaps and bounds!" Such calls have a place in the waste bin. Medicine does not know non-surgical methods:

  • radical;
  • giving lifelong results;
  • able to grow glandular tissues "in a week";
  • safe.

A girl can gain weight, her breasts will grow too, but obesity is a bigger problem than neat breasts. The only quick way to add volume to the holiday is to purchase lingerie with silicone inserts.

Magnification methods: what can and what should a teenager avoid?

All methods can be divided into:

  • local;
  • general.

Local: creams, ointments, wraps, iodine net, mustard plasters on the chest area, contrast showers.

Common ones include special diets, pill formulations, and exercise. A teenager should not get carried away with nourishing creams and ointments. At 12-15 years old, the skin is self-sufficient, normally does not require constant, enhanced care. Creams with hormones at this age should be excluded.

Local ways: to adopt or refuse?

It is easy to do without creams with the help of massage with water jets and a contrast shower (if there are no medical contraindications). This procedure will not help to enlarge the breasts by 3-4 sizes, but will fill the tissues with blood and affect the volume.

A contrast shower is good for the skin, blood vessels and the nervous system. This is one of the best self-care products. But the effect is noticeable only with constant use.

Do not try to enlarge your bust with:

  • mustard plasters;
  • pepper plaster.

These procedures are designed to provide blood flow to the site of application of funds and visually increase the volume of the breast. But excessive dryness of the skin, its thinning and burns, allergies, up to eczema, you will earn faster than you achieve the desired breast growth.

Home remedies (masks with honey and coffee or wraps with sour cream) do not enlarge a teenager's breasts. These methods are good for adult young women and older women with aging skin. They "tighten" fabrics. At 12-15 years old, you don't need to tighten anything.

Common Methods

  • it is not known how many plant hormones are in the bioactive supplement tablet or broth;
  • it is difficult to say how this amount will affect the developing organism.

If you are deficient in your own estrogen, this is a good way to do it. But if normal, you can create imbalances, uterine bleeding, cycle irregularities, and other serious gynecological problems.

On this we say goodbye to you and hope that you will avoid rash steps and by the age of 20 the forms will please you. Share our articles with your friends, and visit us again.

Age-related changes the transitional age of a girl is a defining time when girls (girls) develop and increase the volume of their breasts; for someone, this process of breast growth occurs slowly; for someone, quickly, breast growth depends on many factors, both genetic and of each person, the volume of the muscles of the chest grows as much as nature has laid down for a person in his genetics! It is impossible to predict and guess the size of a girl's breast; every year a child develops, a person's genetic code changes depending on how and where a person develops.

Exercises to stretch your chest muscles at home

Many people wonder how to properly stretch the chest muscles and what exercises are there for this in order to stretch and relax the muscles after training, both in the gym and at home. In fact, there are basic positions with which you can easily and effortlessly make a stretching photo example of stretching while standing.

  • The first position of stretching is to stretch your arm along the shoulder lines and grab onto which, while maintaining the position of the arm, turn the body to the side by taking a step forward and thereby pull the muscle fibers for 30-40 seconds on each side.
  • The second position is to stand between the doorway, stretch out to the side along the shoulder lines and take a step forward.
  • The third position is to stand with your back to the Swedish wall where there is a ladder and grab the steps with your hands and take a step forward where, in addition to the chest muscles, the front part of the shoulder also stretches strongly.

When stretching the muscles, you should not make long delays in time so as not to injure the muscles and do not pull them.

Many women wonder how to enlarge their breasts at home, because not everyone is ready to resort to radical methods in the form of plastic surgery. This can be achieved in different ways, each of which requires an individual and often complex approach. Are they so effective and capable of helping to avoid surgery, and will be discussed further.

Products

The topic of how to enlarge breasts at home with the help of folk methods has long worried women's minds, therefore it has managed to acquire a fair amount of myths. The most common of them relate specifically to products, among them are the well-established opinions about the use of cabbage, beer and raw dough. In fact, excessive consumption of the listed ingredients will bring nothing but eating disorders. But are there any products that can enlarge breasts at home? First of all, you need to pay attention to food consisting of healthy fats and plant components that contain female hormones. It:

  • vegetable oils, they are capable of enlarging breasts if consumed fresh (for example, dressing salads with them or drinking a spoonful a day);
  • foods containing a large proportion of vegetable oils: avocado, sunflower seeds and pumpkin;
  • fish saturated with healthy fats: trout, herring, tuna, sardine, mackerel, halibut;
  • legumes: beans, peas, sainfoin, chickpeas; soybeans and products from it;
  • honey with nuts.

In addition, it is necessary to monitor the skin so that it is taut and elastic. A balanced diet that includes fresh vegetables, fruits and grains will help with this. Taking vitamins will also be useful - they are also able to enlarge the breasts.

Hormone-based preparations

All medications that help to enlarge breasts at home work the same way - they increase the level of production of female hormones (estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and somatropin) or make up for the missing amount. This can be done in different ways - synthetic or using herbal ingredients. Therefore, there are several types of drugs that allow you to enlarge your breasts at home:

  • pills;
  • contraceptives;
  • biologically active additives.

It should be noted that drugs have a wide range of contraindications and side effects. They should be taken strictly according to the doctor's prescription and under his supervision.... Also, the use of all means implies full adherence to the instructions. You need to know that the effect of all drugs lasts as long as it is taken.

Exercises

To enlarge your breasts at home without harming your body, you can resort to exercise. They help to strengthen the muscles of the chest and train the chest. And that, in turn, raises the chest. This method is suitable for both very young girls and women of age, bringing the whole body into tone and simultaneously increasing the breasts by 1 size.

  1. Spread your arms in different directions, bend at the elbows (they should be strictly parallel to the floor). With an effort to bring the palms together, closing them to each other, also with an effort to part, making springy movements in both cases.
  2. Perform push-ups in the following order: one push-up with an emphasis on the hands under the chest, the next - spread the limbs as wide as possible. Constantly alternating, take several approaches.
  3. Bench press in a prone position. Performed on a bench or crossbar with additional weight. First, the dumbbells are pressed against the chest, then you should straighten your elbows and straighten your arms, directing the dumbbells straight up, your hands should be at the same level all the time.

These simple exercises can be performed at home, included in the training complex, or done as a separate exercise. The instructional video demonstrates the correct execution and a few more exercises.

Posture

The main reasons for small breasts include genetics, hormonal imbalance and low body weight. Weak muscles are able to make even large breasts saggy, visually concealing the size. The elasticity of those muscles that are adjacent to the chest is directly related to posture. A straight back makes both the skin and muscle tissue stronger and firmer, and a pleasant bonus will be that the flabbiness on the abdomen, too, with correct posture, will gradually begin to disappear. You need to accustom yourself to a straight back as a teenager; with age, this will become more and more difficult.

With massage

Another effective home remedy to enlarge your breasts is with regular massage. Its action is based on the normalization of blood circulation in the mammary glands, which provokes blood flow to the breast, giving it volume. All actions should be reduced to rubbing movements over the entire surface of the chest towards and away from the areoles. The result of such a massage is quick, but it is short-lived, so it should be performed before any event or several times daily.

Tip: you can massage with special creams (Pupa, Eveline, Harmony Shape), which contain a few drops of essential oil (rosemary, juniper, ylang-ylang or geranium).

Visual magnification

You can enlarge your breasts at home using visual methods. Here are the most common ones:

  • choose underwear with a push-up effect, this will increase the breast by one or even two sizes;
  • A V-neck in clothing is also capable of slightly enlarging the chest;
  • The most effective visual method can be considered a breast augmentation at home with the help of cosmetics - skillfully performed contouring will give the bust an appetizing shape;
  • picking up clothes with an accent in the chest area, you can also increase it; for this, large prints, horizontal stripes, multi-layer details, frills are used.

Step-by-step instructions for breast contouring

In order to make high-quality contouring, you will need tonal means of a creamy texture - basic and additional. The main one should be 2 tones darker than the skin color, and the additional one should also be 2 tones darker than the main one. You will also need a powder close to skin color and blending tools (brushes, sponges).

  1. In a basic tone, apply a crescent-shaped line in the area of ​​one of the breasts.
  2. Draw the same line on the other side in a mirror image. Both stripes must be straight and symmetrical.
  3. Shade thoroughly.
  4. Apply additional foundation along the lower border (inside each semicircle). Shading is also good.
  5. Smooth out contrast with powder.

By handy ways

Among the folk methods, there are also several recipes that can enlarge the breasts at home.

Iodine

The positive result from the use of iodine is based on its warming qualities, which improve blood circulation and ensure its flow to the breast. This method should be used taking into account contraindications - dry skin, lack of iodine in the body, pregnancy and lactation. You should also adhere to the scheme: apply the solution no more than 1 time a day for 3 months. It is done like this: with a cotton swab or a small swab, iodine is applied to the entire surface of the breast, with the exception of the areoles.

Infusions

Many herbs and natural ingredients can also help enlarge breasts at home:

  • Pour a tablespoon of hop cones with a glass of hot water. Leave it warm for 10-12 hours, strain from the bumps and drink 3 large spoons three times a day. The course is 3 weeks, after which you need to rest for a week and continue again;
  • Hop cones can be supplemented with other herbal ingredients such as oregano and licorice root. All components are taken in the same quantity and mixed together. Pour a spoonful of this mixture with a glass of boiling water. Let it brew for a quarter of an hour. Take 3 large spoons three times a day. The course is a month with a week break.

Masks

You can enlarge your breasts at home using masks made from natural ingredients:

  • Dissolve a bag of dry yeast in warm water and apply to the mammary glands. Withstand a quarter of an hour, rinse;
  • mix the following components: grated boiled potatoes, a spoonful of vegetable oil, the same amount of honey and fatty sour cream. Apply for 20-25 minutes.

Photo examples

Examples show that breast enlargement at home can be done without plastic surgery. The main thing is to approach this issue thoroughly.

In order to enlarge breasts at home, there are many different ways. But each of them will become more effective if used in conjunction with others, performing all the necessary manipulations of the course.