Tatars are a Turkic people living in the central part of European Russia, as well as in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, the Crimea, as well as Kazakhstan, the states of Central Asia and the Chinese autonomous republic of XUAR. About 5.3 million people of Tatar nationality live in the Russian Federation, which is 4% of the total population of the country, they rank second in number after Russians, 37% of all Tatars of Russia live in the Republic of Tatarstan in the capital of the Volga Federal District with the capital in Kazan and make up most (53%) of the population of the republic. The national language is Tatar (a group of Altai languages, a Turkic group, a Kypchak subgroup), has several dialects. Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims, there are both Orthodox and those who do not refer to themselves as specific religious movements.

Cultural heritage and family values

The Tatar traditions of home economics and family way of life are largely preserved in villages and towns. Kazan Tatars, for example, lived in wooden huts, which differed from the Russians only in that they did not have a vestibule and the common room was divided into a female and a male half, separated by a curtain (charshau) or a wooden partition. In any Tatar hut, it was mandatory to have green and red chests, which were later used as a dowry for the bride. In almost every house there was a framed piece of text from the Koran, the so-called "Shamail", hung on the wall, hanging over the threshold as a talisman, and on it was written a wish for happiness and prosperity. Many bright juicy colors and shades were used in decorating the house and the local area, the interiors were abundantly decorated with embroidery, since Islam forbids depicting humans and animals, mostly embroidered towels, bedspreads and other things were decorated with geometric ornaments.

The head of the family is the father, his requests and instructions must be carried out without question, the mother is in a special place of honor. Tatar children are taught from an early age to respect their elders, not to hurt the younger, and always help the disadvantaged. Tatars are very hospitable, even if a person is an enemy of the family, but he came to the house as a guest, they will not refuse him anything, they will feed him, give him something to drink and offer him an overnight stay. Tatar girls are brought up as modest and decent future housewives, they are taught in advance to manage the household and are prepared for marriage.

Tatar customs and traditions

Rituals are of a calendar and family nature. The first ones are related to labor activity (sowing, harvesting, etc.) and are held every year at approximately the same time. Family rituals are carried out as needed in accordance with the changes that have occurred in the family: the birth of children, the conclusion of marriage unions and other rituals.

The traditional Tatar wedding is characterized by the obligatory performance of the Muslim ritual nikah, it takes place at home or in the mosque in the presence of the mullah, the festive table is made up exclusively of Tatar national dishes: chak-chak, court, katyk, kosh-tele, peremyachi, kaymak, etc., guests do not eat pork or drink alcohol. The man-groom puts on a skull-cap, the woman-bride puts on a long dress with closed sleeves, a scarf is required on her head.

Tatar wedding ceremonies are characterized by a preliminary agreement between the parents of the bride and groom on the conclusion of a marriage union, often even without their consent. The groom's parents must pay a kalym, the size of which is discussed in advance. If the groom is not satisfied with the size of the kalym and he wants to “save money,” there is nothing wrong with stealing the bride before the wedding.

When a child is born, a mullah is invited to him, he conducts a special ceremony, whispering prayers in the child's ear that drive away evil spirits and his name. Guests come with gifts, a festive table is set for them.

Islam has a tremendous influence on the social life of the Tatars and therefore the Tatar people divide all holidays into religious ones, they are called "gaete" - for example, Uraza gaete - a holiday in honor of the end of fasting, or Korban Gaeta is a holiday of sacrifice, and secular or folk "bairam", meaning "Spring beauty or celebration".

On the holiday of Uraza, Muslim Tatars spend the whole day in prayers and conversations with Allah, asking him for protection and removal of sins, they can drink and eat only after sunset.

During the celebrations of Eid al-Adha, the holiday of sacrifice and the end of the Hajj, it is also called the holiday of good, every self-respecting Muslim, after completing the morning prayer in the mosque, must slaughter a sacrificial ram, sheep, goat or cow and distribute the meat to those in need.

One of the most significant pre-Islamic holidays is the Sabantuy plow holiday, which is held in spring and symbolizes the end of sowing work. The culmination of the celebration is the holding of various competitions and competitions in running, wrestling or horse racing. Also, a treat for everyone present is a must - porridge or Tatar-style botkas, which used to be prepared from common products in a huge cauldron on one of the hills or hillocks. Also at the holiday it was obligatory to have a large number of colored eggs in order for children to collect them. The main holiday of the Republic of Tatarstan Sabantuy is recognized at the official level and is held every year in the Berezovaya Roshcha in the village of Mirny near Kazan.

Any nationality has its own traditions with customs rooted in the distant past, but resurrected today as national holidays. The Tatars have two words that mean a holiday. Religious, that is, Muslim holidays are called here by the word gayet or aet. For example, Uraza gaete is the feast of fasting, and Korban gaete is the feast of the sacrifice. As for folk, that is, non-religious holidays, in Tatar they are called beyram, which means "spring beauty" or "spring celebration".

Religious traditions of Tatarstan

Muslim festivals among the Muslim Tatars include a collective morning prayer, in which only men participate. Then they go to the cemetery and there they pray again near the graves of their relatives or friends. During this, women are preparing a festive dinner for them at home. Like Russians, here on holidays they go to the houses of relatives and neighbors with congratulations. On the days of the so-called Korban Bayram, that is, the holiday of the sacrifice, the Tatars tried to treat the maximum number of people with the meat of a slain lamb.

Ramadan and Ramadan

Ramadan or Ramadan, which is also called Uraza in the Turkic dialect, is the ninth month in the Muslim calendar. This is the month of fasting. And according to Islamic tradition, at this time the prophet Muhammad was transmitted by the angel Jibril the first of the divine revelations, which later entered the holy book of the entire Islamic people - the Koran.

Religion of the Tatar people

Fasting during Ramadan is one of the key responsibilities of any Muslim. It is needed in order to strengthen all Muslims and increase their self-discipline, as well as teach them to accurately fulfill the orders of Allah. Throughout the daylight hours, from sunrise to sunset, it is strictly forbidden to eat and drink, smoke or enjoy pleasure, or indulge in other entertainments. During the day, one should work and pray, as well as read the Qur'an and engage in various pious thoughts or actions. You should also donate something to charity.

Eid al-Adha is also called the holiday of sacrifice. This is the Islamic celebration of the end of the Hajj, celebrated on the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. In accordance with the Koran, the angel Jabrail appeared in a dream to the prophet Ibrahim to convey to him the command of Allah that he should sacrifice the first son of Ismail. And waking up, Ibrahim immediately went to the valley of Mina to the very place where Mecca stands today to begin preparations. But, this turned out to be only a test of Allah, and therefore, when the sacrifice was almost made, the merciful Allah replaced Ibrahim with his son and said to slaughter the lamb. The holiday itself symbolizes the mercy and majesty of God, as well as the fact that faith is the best sacrifice.

Celebration

They begin to celebrate such a day with the onset of the morning. Muslims go to the mosque for morning prayers. The ceremony of this holiday begins with a universal prayer, it is called namaz. At the end of it, the imam, who recited namaz, asks Allah to accept fasting, forgiveness of sins and prosperity. Further, all the believers, sorting out tasbih, read dhikr together. By the way, it is performed according to a special formula and in a special way, both aloud and silently, and is always accompanied by specific body movements. After the completion of the morning prayer, all believers solemnly return home.

Qurba Bayram - celebration

Advice

At home, a ram is slaughtered, although traditionally a camel or a bull would have to be slaughtered. This should be done without fail with the words "Bismillah, Allah Akbar". There is also a tradition of giving alms and sharing cooked lamb. According to the tradition that has developed over many centuries, it is customary to cook only a third of the meat to treat your family, and give a third to the poor, the remaining third is distributed as alms to all those who ask.

Do the Tatars have folk traditions that are not related to religion?

Spring is a time of awakening of nature, when people renew their expectations. So a good spring for a good harvest, in other words, for a prosperous life. As in the cultures and traditions of other peoples, all Tatar villages were on the banks of the rivers. Therefore, the very first "spring celebration" or bairm was associated with an ice drift. Such a holiday is called "boz karau" or "boz bagu", in other words, "watch the ice". Then there was "Boz Ozatma" - this is the ice wiring, followed by the "Zin Kitu", which meant the ice drift. All the villagers came out to the river bank to watch the ice drift. Young people even dressed up and played the accordions. On floating ice it was necessary to lay out and set fire to straw.

Another tradition was the rule according to which in early spring children went to the houses of their village and collected cereals, butter and eggs. From the food they collected, on the street with the help of older cooks, they cooked porridge in a large cauldron and then ate it. A little later came the day of collecting "colored eggs". The hostesses have been painting them since the evening. And most often, a decoction of onion husks or birch leaves was used for this. At the same time, buns with pretzels were baked. In the morning, the children began to go around the house and brought chips there, scattering them on the floor. This was done so that "the yard was not empty." Along the way, they shouted such chants to themselves, for example, “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandfather and grandmother at home? Will they get a testicle? Let you have a lot of chickens, and let the cockerels trample them. If you don’t give an egg, then there is a lake in front of your house, and there you will drown! ”.

Perhaps the most massive and popular holiday today, which includes folk festivities with various rituals and games, is Sabantuy. Literally it means "Plow's Holiday". Since the Saban is a plow, and Tui is a holiday. Previously, it was celebrated before starting all spring field work, that is, in April, today Sabantuy is celebrated in June, that is, at the end of sowing.

Sabantui and its celebration

Sabantuy begins to celebrate in the morning. Women put on their holiday decorations, ribbons are woven into the horses' manes, bells are hung from an arc. All dressed up gather in a large meadow. It is called Maidan. There are a lot of entertainments here. The main thing is the national struggle called Kuresh. It takes strength and cunning with dexterity to win. There are also strict rules. So, opponents wrap each other with wide belts, called sashes, the point is to be able to hang the enemy on his own belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner is called a batyr and receives a live ram as a reward. However, now more and more often such a prize is replaced by other, more valuable gifts. You can participate in order to demonstrate strength and agility, and also courage in other competitions.

Sabantuy traditional competitions

• fight with bags of hay riding on a log. The goal is to knock the enemy out of the saddle
• Running in bags
• paired competitions: one leg must be tied to the partner's leg, and then run like this to the finish line
• trekking a swaying log for a prize
• a game called "Break the Pot". Here the participants are blindfolded and given a long stick, with which they need to break the pot
• climbing a pole with prizes tied to the top
• running with an egg and a spoon. A raw egg lies on the spoon. Whoever comes running first without breaking his fragile load won
• contests for Tatar beauties. For example, who will cut the noodles faster and better than anyone else.

In the meadow where the festivities take place, you can eat barbecue and pilaf, as well as homemade noodles and national treats like chak-chak, echpochmak, balish and peremyach.

Rituals and rules regarding the birth of a child

A number of obligatory rituals accompany the birth of a child. Previously, midwives were involved in childbirth. Their name was bala ebis. The midwives' occupation was called ebilek. The midwife had to cut and tie the umbilical cord, wash the baby, wrap him in his father's undershirt. Then a ritual called avylandyru was performed, that is, "give it a taste." A lump of bread chewed with butter and honey was wrapped in a thin cloth, a kind of nipple was made and the baby was allowed to suck. Sometimes they even simply smeared the child's mouth with oil and honey, or honey solution. This was called zemzem su.

The next day, they performed the "byabyai munchy" ceremony, that is, "children's bath". The bathhouse was heated, then the midwife helped the woman in labor to wash and buy her baby. After several days, the rite of issem kushu, that is, the naming of the name, was arranged. The mullah and guests were called to him - men who are relatives and friends of the family, the table was set with various treats. The mullah had to recite a prayer, after which a child was brought up to him. He turned to the great Allah, urging him to take this newborn under the protection. Then he whispered his name in the baby's ear, but in Arabic sound. The names of the children were chosen, as a rule, by mullahs who had special calendars of names. It was believed that the further life of the child would depend on this.

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The Tatars are sacred to all ancient traditions, they honor the rituals, and consider them, to this day, mandatory. And although modern life brings a lot of new things into their everyday life, there always remains a place for the old.

Traditions and customs of the Tatar people

Many of them are unusual and interesting. To live in peace with their neighbors, people need to know what features they have and respect them. In this article we will look at the customs and traditions of the Tatar people.

One scenario

In the vastness of our homeland, its representatives live almost everywhere. They are found from Tambov to Omsk, from Perm to Kirov, in Astrakhan. The religion of this people is Islam. Although there are groups converted to Orthodoxy. The culture and traditions of the Tatar people are associated with both religion and secular life. Usually religious holidays are very similar to each other. During their holding, the customs and traditions of the Tatar people are observed. Let's briefly list them:

• morning prayer;
• visiting a cemetery;
• cooking treats;
• congratulations to all relatives and neighbors, paying special attention to parents;
• distribution of gifts.

Religion and social life

A well-known religious holiday is Kurban-Bayram. On this day, believers should definitely sacrifice an animal, as well as visit a mosque and give alms there. The holiday in honor of Muhammad's birthday is called Mawlid. It is celebrated by all Muslims, so it is of great importance for this religion. Tatars celebrate Navruz. This is a holiday in honor of the day of the vernal equinox. On this day, it is customary to have fun from the heart, because the more joyful people are, the more gifts they will receive from nature. Another national holiday is the Day of the Republic of Tatarstan. Its celebration is similar to our celebrations dedicated to the city day, and ends with fireworks.

Echoes of antiquity

Earlier, when the Tatars had pagan beliefs, they had interesting rituals aimed at appeasing the spirits and making natural forces controllable. One of them was Yangyr Teleu. It was carried out if a drought struck. For this, the participants in the ceremony gathered near a water source. They turned to Allah, asked for rain and a good harvest. Then they ate food together and poured water over them. For a stronger effect, a rite of sacrifice was performed. Also, in our time, there is still a tradition of mutual assistance. Tatars come together to build or renovate a house and take part in meat procurement. True, in our time, those who want to help unselfishly are becoming less and less.

Universal joy

Probably the most famous is the holiday called Sabantuy. It is widely celebrated in cities where Tatars live, even in Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is associated with the beginning of agricultural work. When spring came, people rejoiced at the end of winter, the fact that they could again start working on the land, grow a crop that would feed their families in the cold season. If you translate the name of the holiday into Russian, you get “the wedding of the plow”. After all, "saban" is a plow, and "tui" is a wedding. In our time, the customs and traditions of the Tatar people have undergone changes, therefore, sabantuy means the end of spring work, and not their beginning, and is carried out in the summer. This holiday consists of two parts. Although in big cities it takes place in one day. In the village, they first collect gifts, and then Maidan sets in. The traditions and customs of the Tatar people in different regions have always differed slightly from each other. Therefore, in one locality, gifts were collected by a young man on foot, in another - by a young man on horseback, in a third - by an elderly man.

Each woman who got married within a year after the previous sabantui prepared a richly embroidered and ornamented towel. It was considered the most valuable gift. On the second day, the Maidan was held. The traditions of the Tatar people suggest that a variety of competitions will take place on this day: the national koresh wrestling, long and high jumps, running, horse racing. They were intended only for men, women remained bystanders. The customs and traditions of the Tatar people can be seen even in these sports competitions. The best horses take part in the races, because this competition is considered very prestigious. Spectators and participants gather at a special place at a distance of 5 kilometers from the village. The riders are usually boys 8-12 years old. The finish line is traditionally located near the village, and the start is in the field. The prize was a towel, sewn by a married woman, received while collecting gifts.

Other competitions

According to the tradition of the Tatar people, they compete in running, dividing into three age groups - from boys to old people. As you know, men compete not just for fun. It is very important for them to determine who is the strongest. Best of all, participation in the Koresh wrestling helps in this. This type of competition very well illustrates the customs and traditions of the Tatar people. This is a national wrestling on sashes, instead of which towels are now used. Men of any age, starting from five-year-old boys, can take part in this type of power competition. The only limitation is old age. Participants stood in pairs and began to fight, grabbing the opponent with a towel around the waist and trying to put him on his shoulder blades. The fight lasted until one of the fighters was defeated or recognized himself as such. Then the winner was recognized as a batyr and awarded one of the best prizes. The customs and traditions of the Tatar people, which make it possible to organize such a holiday, for which the whole world is preparing, are quite worthy of respect.

No one is offended

During sabantui, not only men should have fun, therefore, in addition to the main competitions, many others were held in which women could also take part. These are tug-of-war, climbing a smooth post for a gift, comic contests. Many of them are familiar to other peoples as well. They are often used at weddings by the toastmaster. For example, running with an egg on a spoon held in your mouth, running in bags, pillow or straw bag fights. If we continue the description of the above-mentioned tradition of the Tatar people briefly, then we can say that Sabantuy is a bright and cheerful folk festival, somewhat reminiscent of Shrovetide. Dances with driving round dances, competitions of singers, dancers, and at the end a treat with delicious dishes - this is what else awaits the participants of this holiday.

Customs and traditions of the Tatar people in family life

Such families are patriarchal. In them, the main role is assigned to men. In this area, the traditions of the Tatar people are briefly reduced to two holidays, such as a wedding and the birth of a child. A marriage is a bright event that has its own rituals: the ransom of the bride, receiving a dowry, Nikah and others.

Unit of society

This kind of wedding has a number of peculiarities. During its holding, the customs and traditions of the Tatar people are observed. Nikah is a Muslim rite performed by a mullah in a mosque or in a house. In our time, this is a tribute to the ancestors. It has no legal force and requires official registration at the registry office. For it to be carried out, certain conditions must be met. The bride and groom should not have intimacy before him, let alone live together. At such a wedding, they do not drink alcohol and do not eat pork. They eat only freshly prepared dishes, including those that are customary to eat, observing the customs and traditions of the Tatar people. Briefly: peremyachi, gubadi, kaymak, tokmach ashi, belesh, ochpochmaki, kort, katyk, chak-chak, kosh-tele, sour dough bread. In fact, many more treats are put on the table.

Men at the Nikah ceremony must wear skullcaps. The bride wears a closed dress with long sleeves and a scarf on her head. The ceremony itself is performed by the mullah. After he announces the bride and groom as husband and wife, the parties exchange gifts. They go to each of the relatives, men are given skullcaps, and women are given headscarves or shirts. Then a general feast begins, where all the guests eat and have fun.

When a baby is born

Traditions and customs of the Tatar people for children are associated with a ceremony during which the child receives a name. They have been going on for a long time, and their order has not changed to this day. A mullah is always present at the celebration of the birth of a child. He should read a prayer and name the baby with the name chosen by the parents. After the end of this ceremony, guests are offered a treat on a tray. They should take a treat, and instead put money for a gift for the child.

How to become a man

If a boy is born, then at the age of 3-6 he will be circumcised. This tradition is associated with the precepts of the Shariah and is carried out strictly in accordance with them. Probably, so that the boy does not feel so bitter, this day is very solemn. The close and dear people of the child prepare for him in advance. Previously, a special person, the Sunnetchi, was invited home to carry out a mini-operation. Now the boy is taken to the surgical department, where the foreskin is circumcised under sterile conditions, which reduces the risk of postoperative complications. After everything is done, the child is put into a clean bed, wearing a long shirt. After the wound has healed, a special celebration is held. Previously, such a celebration was held on the same day. There are two possible scenarios for the celebration. According to the first of them, men and women are sitting separately. There are no alcoholic drinks on the table. The second is more fun. Guests are treated to sweets, musicians are invited, they sing, dance.

A sad ritual

Not all the rituals of the Tatars are associated with celebration and celebration. If a sad event happens in the family, then the farewell to the deceased relative takes place according to a long-established tradition. First you need to wash the deceased. This is done by people of the same sex. Then they put on special clothes - kafenleu. It is a fabric sewn by hand on the body of the deceased. To do this, take a white fabric, the length of which for men is 17 meters, for women - 12 meters.

They are usually buried immediately on the day of death. Only men are present at the burial. It is not customary for Muslims to bury in a coffin, therefore, in order to carry the deceased to the cemetery, they use special stretchers. On Muslim churchyards, the graves are directed from north to south, they are dug strictly on the day of the funeral. The tradition of laying the deceased with his head to the north and his feet to the south is associated with a similar arrangement of the holy places of Muslims - Mecca and Medina. A recess is made in the grave, into which three close male relatives lay the body. According to tradition, it should not fall on the ground. The commemoration is held on the 3rd, 7th, 40th day and year. There are few guests on the first date. These are mainly elderly men, women are invited on the seventh day. On the fortieth day and the year from the date of death, everyone comes to commemorate the deceased.

What traditions do the Tatar people still have?

The main custom is respect for elders, especially for parents. Also, Tatars from childhood are taught to help the younger, not to offend the disadvantaged. The mother enjoys special honor in the family, but the father's requests must be fulfilled without question, because he is the head of the family and all household members obey him. Tatars know how and love to receive guests. If a person is in their house, then he will not be denied anything, even if it is the enemy of their family. By tradition, the guest is first given water to drink, then offered to wash, and then treated. In Tatar families, modesty and decency are held in high esteem, especially among young girls. Women prepare for the wedding in advance, learn how to cook and run a household.

Tasty food

In Tatar families, her recipes of national cuisine are stored and passed on from generation to generation. The best dishes are made from meat, so they are hearty and delicious. It is mainly used for mutton, beef and poultry. Tatars are former nomads, so they learned how to prepare livestock products for future use - katyk, ertek, eremchek, kurut, kumis are made from the milk of goats, cows, camels and goats. Tatars also love various broths that are seasoned with herbs. From drinks they prefer tea, both green, black and herbal. Many plants are harvested and dried for him: wild rose, currant, linden, thyme, oregano, St. John's wort and others.

Soup is usually cooked as a first course. For example, kullamu. For him, a meat broth is prepared from three types of meat: goose, beef and lamb. When it is ready, it is strained and onions, potatoes and noodles are added to it. Cook until tender and season with chopped meat. Served with kurut and greens. Both sweet and meat pies are baked for tea, and sweets, chak-chak, honey, and sweets are also served.

Beautiful clothes

The culture of any nation cannot be imagined without a skullcap for the male part of the Tatars. This headdress can be home and festive. It is customary to lay a cord or horsehair between the lines of the skullcap. Various fabrics are used for it, as well as decorations. Usually for young people they sew skullcaps in bright colors, and for the elderly they choose material in calm tones.

Women's headdresses allow you to determine the age and status of their wearer. Girls wear kalfak with tassel decoration. Married ladies cover not only their hair with a headdress, but also their head, neck, shoulders and back. Bedspreads under headdresses are usually worn by older women. The traditions and customs of the Tatar people are obliged to wear them on holidays. Photos of these hats can be seen in this article. In addition, the national costume of the Tatars is distinguished by bright colors, rich ornaments, high-quality jewelry, and a variety of shoes. It depends on which folk subgroup the person wearing it belongs to.

In this article, we examined the customs and traditions of the Tatar people. Briefly, of course. Because it is impossible to tell about all the features, rich culture and identity of the Tatars in one article.

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Presentation on the topic: Traditions and customs of the Tatar people

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Tatars (self-name - Tat.Tatar, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) is a Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and in the Far East. The number in Russia is 5,310.6 thousand people (2010 census) - 3.72% of the population of Russia. They are the second largest people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: the Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, sometimes also the Polish-Lithuanian Tatars. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). The Tatar language belongs to the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​and is divided into three dialects: western (Misharsky), middle (Kazan-Tatar) and eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of a small group - the Kryashens professing Orthodoxy) are Sunni Muslims.

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In the life and culture of any nation there are many phenomena that are complex in their historical origin and functions. One of the most striking and indicative phenomena of this kind are folk customs and traditions. In order to understand their origins, it is necessary, first of all, to study the history of the people, its culture, to get in touch with its life and way of life, to try to understand its soul and character. Any customs and traditions basically reflect the life of a particular group of people, and they arise as a result of empirical and spiritual knowledge of the surrounding reality. In other words, customs and traditions are those precious pearls in the ocean of people's life, which they have collected over the centuries as a result of practical and spiritual comprehension of reality. Whatever tradition or custom we take, examining its roots, we, as a rule, come to the conclusion that it is vitally justified and behind the form, which sometimes seems pretentious and archaic to us, there is a living rational kernel. The customs and traditions of any nation are its "dowry" when joining the huge family of humanity living on planet Earth. National culture is the national memory of the people, what distinguishes a given nation from others, keeps a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection between times and generations, to receive spiritual support and life support.

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Each nation has its own traditions and customs, rooted in the distant past and resurrected now in the form of national holidays. The Tatars have two words meaning a holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gayet (aet) (Uraza gaete - the feast of fasting and Korban gaete - the feast of the sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays in Tatar are called beyram. Which means "spring beauty", "spring celebration".

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Traditions and customs of the Tatar people The originality of the historical past and modern situation of Tatarstan is reflected in the content of the holidays celebrated here. Tatarstan has a calendar of holidays born at different times and in different traditions: December 31, January 1,2 New Year March 8 International Women's Day May 9 Victory Day June 12 Day of Russian sovereignty August 30 Day of the sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan November 6 Constitution day of the Republic of Tatarstan November 7 Anniversary of the Great October Revolution Day of Accord and Reconciliation in the Russian Federation December 12, Constitution Day of the Russian Federation February Maslenitsa, farewell to winter March Navruz, the day of the vernal equinox, holiday of the arrival of spring June Sabantuy

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Like many other peoples, the rituals and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were indicated by a concept associated with a particular work: saban өste - spring, the beginning of spring; pechәn өste - summer, haymaking time. The ethnographer RG Urazmanova divides the rituals of the Tatars into two unequal groups on the basis of extensive ethnographic material: spring-summer and winter-autumn cycles.

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Autumn-winter cycle Unlike the spring-summer cycle, it does not have a clear division, since it is not tied to the national calendar, or rather to the agricultural life. RG Urazmanova highlights the following features of this season: Help with especially difficult work. This was especially noticeable when processing slaughtered geese - kaz mәse, where people were invited, even if there was no need for it. Christmastide. The period of the winter solstice. Nardugan. It was found everywhere in the Volga region, among the Tatars it was common among the Kryashens and Mishars. Fortune-telling was a special element of these holidays. January 1st. New Year. This holiday was met only sporadically. Pancake week. One of the most widespread holidays among the Kryashens.

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In Muslim society, marriage accompanied by the birth of children is a religious obligation, and celibacy is a deplorable condition. The Qur'an allows a believer to have four wives at the same time. Surah of the Qur'an called “Women” says: “Marry those that are pleasing to you, women - two, and three, and four. And if you are afraid that you will not be fair, then on one ... ”. Socio-economic needs occupy a central place in the legal norms of Sharia law concerning marriage and family relations.

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The wife is obliged to: Live in her husband's house; Obey his orders if they are not reckless; Do not show up in public places without good reason; Without the permission of the husband, the wife has no right to acquire property or hire servants. It should be noted that a disobedient wife cannot claim to be supported by her husband for the entire period until she obeys his will. If the wife does not fulfill these requirements, the husband may divorce her and refuse to support her. The husband has the right to imprison a disobedient wife and subject him to light corporal punishment after admonitions.

Slide No. 12

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The husband is obliged to: Maintain an adult wife in accordance with his and her condition, and if conditions are not equal, according to the average calculation. The husband maintains his wife in a permanent marriage, after giving a divorce at the request of the husband, in the event of a divorce if the wife is pregnant. The absence of a husband from home for a period of 6 months and refusal to support his wife for the same period are grounds for divorce. If the husband has more than one wife, then he is obliged to give each a separate dormitory, which has its own separate exit to the courtyard, and, if possible, equally divide his property between them, treating them equally in other respects. If the husband refuses to marry, the wife can turn to the people's judge, who, however, acts on the spouses with only one admonition. visit and receive her own relatives who are in degrees of kinship. The husband is not subject to punishment (neither civil nor criminal) for non-compliance with marital fidelity, except for the case of keeping a pagan concubine in the same house with his wife. This can be seen as an insult to the wife's religious feelings, constituting an act of “cruelty,” in the broadest sense of the word, justifying the wife for not wanting to live with her husband and giving her the right to demand maintenance from him despite refusing to live with him. wife and treat her as custom requires. The husband is obliged to buy his wife various clothes for summer and winter, for wearing day and night, as well as all the necessary underwear, blankets, pillows, carpets, etc.

Slide No. 13

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Folk Holidays Spring is a time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectations. A good spring means a good harvest, and therefore a prosperous life. Boz karau As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first "spring celebration" (bairm) is associated with the drift of ice. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - "watching the ice", boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift. All the villagers came out to watch the ice drift on the river bank. Young people dressed up, played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. Another tradition, when in early spring children went home in their village to collect cereals, butter, eggs. From the food they collected on the street, with the help of older cooks, the children cooked porridge in a large cauldron and ate it. Kyzyl Yomorka A little later came the day of collecting colored eggs. Housewives painted eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion husks and in a decoction of birch leaves and baked buns and pretzels. In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, brought chips into the house and scattered them on the floor - so that “the yard was not empty” and shouted out such chant-chants, for example, “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandfather and grandmother at home? Will they get a testicle? Let you have many chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you do not give an egg, there is a lake in front of your house, there you will drown! "

Slide No. 14

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Slide No. 15

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Sabantuy Perhaps the most massive and popular holiday now, includes festivities, various rituals and games. Literally "Sabantuy" means "Plow's Holiday" (saban is a plow and tui is a holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - at the end of sowing. Sabantuy starts in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, ribbons are woven into the manes of horses, bells are hung from an arc. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There is a great variety of entertainment on Sabantui. The main thing is the national struggle - kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are strict rules: opponents wrap each other with wide belts - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on his belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to tradition, but now it is more often replaced with other valuable gifts). Participation and demonstration of your strength, dexterity, courage is possible not only in the kursh wrestling.

Tatars, Tatarlar(self-name), people in Russia (the second largest after the Russians), the main population of the Republic of Tatarstan .

According to the 2002 Census, 5 million 558 thousand Tatars live in Russia... They live in the Republic of Tatarstan (2 million people), Bashkiria (991 thousand people), Udmurtia, Mordovia, the Mari Republic, Chuvashia, as well as in the regions of the Volga-Ural region, Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. They live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. According to the 2010 census, 5,310,649 Tatars live in Russia.

Ethnonym history

For the first time ethnonym "Tatars" appeared among the Mongol and Turkic tribes in the 6-9 centuries, but was fixed as a common ethnonym only in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

In the 13th century, the Mongols who created the Golden Horde included the tribes they conquered, including the Turks, who were called Tatars. In the 13-14 centuries, the Kypchaks, numerically predominant in the Golden Horde, assimilated all the other Turkic-Mongol tribes, but adopted the ethnonym "Tatars". The population of this state was also called by European peoples, Russians and some Central Asian peoples.

In the khanates formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde, the noble strata of the Kypchak-Nogai origin called themselves Tatars. It was they who played the main role in the spread of the ethnonym. However, among the Tatars in the 16th century, it was perceived as derogatory, and until the second half of the 19th century, other self-names existed: meselman, kazanly, bulgar, mishir, tipter, nagaibek and others - from the Volga-Ural and nugai, karagash, yurts, tartars and others- from the Astrakhan Tatars. Except meselman, they were all local self-names. The process of national consolidation led to the choice of a unifying self-name. By the time of the 1926 census, most Tatars called themselves Tatars. In recent years, a small number in Tatarstan and other regions of the Volga region call themselves Bulgars or Volga Bulgars.

Language

Tatar language belongs to the Kypchak-Bulgar subgroup of the Kypchak group of the Turkic branch of the Altai language family and has three main dialects: western (Mishar), middle (Kazan-Tatar) and eastern (Siberian-Tatar). The literary norm was formed on the basis of the Kazan-Tatar dialect with the participation of Misharsky. Writing based on Cyrillic graphics.

Religion

Most of the Tatar believers are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab... The population of the former Volga Bulgaria was Muslim from the 10th century and remained so within the Horde, due to this it stood out among the neighboring peoples. Then, after the entry of the Tatars into the Moscow state, their ethnic identity became even more intertwined with the religious. Some of the Tatars even defined their nationality as "meselman", i.e. Muslims. At the same time, they retained (and are partly preserved to this day) elements of the ancient pre-Islamic calendar rituals.

Traditional occupations

The traditional economy of the Volga-Ural Tatars in the 19th - early 20th centuries was based on arable farming. They grew winter rye, oats, barley, lentils, millet, spelled, flax, hemp. They were also engaged in gardening, melon growing. Pasture-stall cattle breeding in some features resembled nomadic ones. For example, horses in some areas grazed on pasture for a whole year. Only Mishars were seriously engaged in hunting. Handicraft and manufactory production reached a high level of development (jewelry, felting and felt, furrier, weaving and gold embroidery), tanneries and cloth factories worked, trade was developed.

the National costume

Men and women consisted of wide-step trousers and a shirt, on which a sleeveless jacket was worn, often embroidered. Female Tatars costume distinguished by an abundance of silver jewelry, cowrie shells, bugles. A Kazakin served as outerwear, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or a fur coat. Men wore a skullcap on their heads, and on top of it a fur hat or felt hat. Women wore an embroidered velvet cap and headscarf. The traditional shoes of the Tatars are leather ichigi with soft soles, over which galoshes were worn.

Sources: Peoples of Russia: Atlas of Cultures and Religions / ed. V.A. Tishkov, A.V. Zhuravsky, O.E. Kazmina. - M .: IPC "Design. Information. Cartography", 2008.

Peoples and Religions of the World: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. V.A. Tishkov. Editorial board .: O.Yu. Artemova, S.A. Arutyunov, A.N. Kozhanovsky, V.M. Makarevich (deputy chief editor), V.A. Popov, P.I. Puchkov (deputy chief ed.), G.Yu. Sitnyansky. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998, - 928 p .: ill. - ISBN 5-85270-155-6