Prevention of children's road traffic injuries in the summer. Children's injuries in the summer, prevention of injuries in children
Children's injuries in the summer
Injury Prevention in Children
Child injury and its prevention is a very important and serious
a problem, especially during the school holidays, when children have more free time, are more often on the street and are left without adult supervision.
Despite the wide variety of injuries in children, the causes causing them are typical. First of all, it is the disorder of the external
environment, negligence, adult oversight, careless, wrong child's behavior at home, on the street, during games, sports.
Naturally, psychological factors also contribute to the occurrence of injuries.
features of children: curiosity, great mobility, emotionality, lack of life experience, and hence the lack of a sense of danger.
Adults are obliged to prevent possible risks and protect children
from them. The work of parents in injury prevention must go in
the following directions:
Elimination of traumatic situations;
Systematic teaching of children the basics of injury prevention.
At the same time, it is important not to develop feelings of timidity and fear in the child, but, on the contrary, to instill in him that danger can be avoided if you behave correctly.
The main features that characterize childhood traumatism have remained constant over the past 20-30 years. In general, injuries occur twice as often in boys than in girls.
Domestic injuries prevail in the structure of childhood injuries (60- 68%). Moreover, in children under 7 years of age, they account for about 80% of all injuries. At the same time, 78% of injuries children get in the yards, on the streets, and only 22% - indoors.
Causes of childhood trauma:
1. The following injuries took the first place in terms of frequency of occurrence: cuts, pricks with broken glass or ice, dry branches, knots on trees, shrubs, splinters from sticks, wooden spatulas and toys, boards, bruises when riding bicycles, scooters, swings and carousels;
2. In second place in terms of frequency of occurrence - injury during games sticking out of the ground with metal or wooden objects, low stumps of broken trees on playgrounds for outdoor games, as well as in the presence of pits and potholes on the site;
3. In third place - a fall from the hills,
4. In fourth place - injury from loose furniture ingroups; injury in an accident.
The most common injury in children is domestic.
The main types of injuries that children can get at home, and their causes:
burn from a hot stove, dishes, food, boiling water, steam, iron, otherselectrical appliances and open flames;
falling from a bed, window, table and steps;
suffocation from small objects (coins, buttons, nuts, etc.);
poisoning with household chemicals (insecticides,
washing liquids, bleaches, etc.);
electric shock from faulty electrical appliances,
exposed wires, sticking needles, knives and other metal objects into sockets and wall wiring.
burns
Burns, including steam burns, are the most common injuries in children. Severe burns leave scars and can sometimes be fatal.
Burns can be avoided if:
set the stoves high enough or unscrew the handles of the burners so that children cannot reach them;
hide flammable liquids from children, such as gasoline, kerosene, as well as matches, candles, lighters, sparklers, firecrackers.
Falls
Falls are a common cause of bruises, broken bones, and serious head injury. They can be prevented if:
do not allow children to climb in dangerous places;
install railings on stairs, windows and balconies.
Threat of falling out of the window
With the onset of the warm season, the townspeople open their windows. And their children fall out of the upper floors along with mosquito nets. Parents, be careful! Keep children away from open windows, and don't place toddlers on windowsills to distract them.
As a rule, in all cases of falling, children climbed on their own on the windowsill, using various pieces of furniture as a stand,
and, leaning on the mosquito net, fell out of the window with it. (Soconsider in the prosecutor's office). At the same time, the vast majority of falls occurred due to a lack of control over the behavior of children by adults, absent-mindedness of relatives and friends who forget to close windows, improper arrangement of furniture, which allows children to climb onto the windowsills on their own, and the presence of mosquito nets that create the illusion of a closed window.
1. Do not leave the windows open if there is a small child at home, as it is enough to be distracted for a second, which can become the last moment in a child's life or cripple her forever.
2. Do not use mosquito nets without proper window protection- children love to lean on them, perceiving them as a reliable support, and then fall out with them.
3. Do not leave the child unattended, especially playing near windows and glass doors.
4. Do not place furniture near windows so that the child does not climb onto the windowsill and fall down.
5. Children should not be allowed to jump on the bed or other furniture,located near windows.
6. Do not put things in a mess during the cleaning process near the balcony or interior glazed doors, as the child may stumble and injure himself.
7. Teach children safety lessons. Teach older children to look after younger ones.
8. Carefully choose window accessories for the children's room. In particular, sunscreens such as blinds and roller blinds should be free of dangling cords and chains. The child can get confused in them and provoke suffocation.
9. Plant green spaces under the windows, especially if you livein a private house, which can soften the landing in the event of a child falling out of the window.
Install locks on the windows that prevent the child from opening the window on their own.
But still, dear parents, it is much calmer and safer, if possible, not to leave a small child alone, but to take it with you. IN as a last resort, cooperate with acquaintances, relatives and leave the child with them or invite "free" relatives to themselves so that they sat with the child. If this is not possible, and you are very worry, then, in extreme cases, there are video surveillance systems via the Internet in the mode on-line . Can be used skype.
Of course, you can’t insure yourself from everything, but we must do what we can to protect the child.
In the summer, playgrounds, and especially swings, become a zone of increased danger. If the child has fallen off the swing, he should cling to the ground and crawl away to avoid additional hit. Voluntary swing jump never ends safely
landing on your feet. From a sharp touch with the ground - broken ankles,
tibia, dislocation of the ankle joints.
cuts
Broken glass can cause cuts, blood loss and infection. Glass bottles should be kept away from children and babies. Little children should be taught not to touch broken glass. Knives, blades and scissors must be kept out of the reach of children places. Older children should be taught to be careful with these items.
Many injuries can be avoided by teaching children how to throw.
stones and other sharp objects, play with knives or scissors
very dangerous. Sharp metal objects, rusty cans can become a source of wound infection. Such items should not be on children's playgrounds.
Choking on small objects
Small children should not be given food with small bones orseeds. Children should always be supervised while eating. feedbaby with crushed food.
Cough, noisy rapid breathing or inability to make sounds -these are signs of breathing problems and possibly suffocation. You should make surethat all is well with the child. If he has difficulty breathing,the possibility of small objects entering the child's respiratory tract cannot be ruled out, even if no one has seen the child put something in his mouth.
poisoning
Toxic substances, medicines, bleaches, acids and fuels,
e.g. kerosene, should never be stored in food bottles.
food - children may mistakenly drink them. Such substances should keep in tightly closed labeled containers, out of the reach of
children place.
Bleach, rat and insect poisons, kerosene, acids and
alkaline solutions, other toxic substances can cause severe poisoning, brain damage, blindness and death. Poison is dangerous not only when swallowed, but also by inhalation, contact with skin, eyes and even clothing.
Medicines intended for adults can be fatal for children. Medicines should be given to a child only as prescribed by a doctor and in no case should he be given medicines intended for adults or children of a different age. Keep medicines are needed in places inaccessible to children.
Electric shock
Children can be seriously injured by sticking fingers or objects into electrical outlets; they must be covered to prevent electric shock. Electric wires should be out of the reach of children - exposed wires represent for them special danger.
Injuries on the road
Of all the various injuries, street transport accounts for each
two hundredth. But their consequences are very serious. The most dangerous car standing: the child believes that if the danger is not visible, then it does not exist. But,
leaving behind such a car on the roadway, 63 children out of 100
in a traffic accident get under the wheels of another car.
Children should know and abide by the following rules when crossing
road:
stop on the sidelines;
look in both directions;
before crossing the road, make sure that cars or other
there are no vehicles on the road;
when crossing the road, hold the hand of an adult or an older child;
walk, but in no case run;
cross the road only in designated places at the green traffic light;
you need to go out on the road calmly, with concentration, confidently and so that the driver sees you;
you need to cross the road perpendicular to the axis, and not diagonally;
if the traffic flow is caught in the middle of the road, you should stop and not panic;
a small child should be transferred across the road only by the hand;
it is necessary to teach the child not to succumb to the "herd" feeling during the transition streets in a group;
children should not play near the road, especially with a ball;
To avoid accidents, children should be taught to walk on sidewalks facing vehicular traffic.
Older children need to be taught to look after the younger ones.
When transporting a child in a car, you must use
a special seat and seat belts, the child must be seated in the back and on right.
Cycling accidents are a common cause of injury among older children. Such cases canavoid if relatives and parents teach the child safe cycling behavior. Children need to wear helmets and other protective devices.
No hobby of children has ever led to such an influx of wounded,
kakrolling (roller skating), which has recently becomeespecially popular. In rolling, the requirements for possession are too high body - the slightest failure leads to a fall, which is always fraught with injury.
When buying roller skates for your child, teach them how to stand on them and move around. To do this, you can bring to the railing, put between two chairs. Follow the correct setting of the ankle joint.
Do not buy Chinese-made roller skates for children, although they are cheaper. They are traumatic and short-lived. The bootleg should be a good support, so it should be firm. Hire an experienced skater if you can't teach at least one braking technique yourself.
Be sure to get knee pads, elbow pads, wristlets and
helmet. This will prevent major injuries.
Learn to fall correctly - forward on your knees, and then on your hands.
Teach children to avoid high speeds, follow the terrain of the road,
Be careful.
Water injuries
Adults should teach children the rules of behavior on the water and not on
do not leave the child unattended near water bodies for a minute. Children can
drown in less than two minutes even in a small amount of water,
therefore, they should never be left alone in or near water, incl. -
in the bathroom.
It is necessary to close wells, bathtubs, buckets of water.
Children should be taught to swim from an early age.
Children should know not to swim without adult supervision.
Prevention of sports injuries
When doing physical exercises and sports, various types of injuries are possible:
abrasions, abrasions, wounds, bruises, sprains, soft tissue ruptures,joint dislocations, bone fractures and cartilage ruptures; burns, frostbite, heat and sunstroke;
fainting, loss of consciousness, etc.
In sports injuries, predominantly joint damage is noted - 38%, many bruises - 31%, fractures - 9%, dislocations - 4%. In winter, there are more injuries (up to 51%) than in summer (21.8%), and in the off-season (indoors) - 27.5%.
There are internal factors that cause sports injuries - the state of fatigue, overwork, overtraining, chronic foci infections, individual characteristics of the organism, possible interruptions in classes.
Prerequisites for safety during exercise and sports:
before sports competitions to conduct preliminarymedical examinations;
Remind them of the safety rules before class.and demand their execution;
before starting classes, it is necessary to check the readiness of the sportsplatforms, halls, remove all extraneous and protruding objects;
there should be no performers on sports grounds
objects, glass, pits, etc.
check the serviceability of sports equipment, equipment;
children during sports activities must be in the appropriate class in the appropriate sports uniform; in sports shoestied laces;
hands should not have watches, bracelets, jewelry and otheritems to avoid injury;
observe the drinking regime;
do not compete in inclement weather (rain, strong wind etc.)
alternate load and rest during class;
if you feel unwell, release the child from the lesson;
avoid overloading children;
Do not leave children unattended during class.
FOR PARENTS
ABOUT THE PREVENTION OF INJURIES IN CHILDREN DURING THE SUMMER PERIOD
Introduction
During the summer holidays, children and adolescents significantly increase the amount of free time. When minors are left without adult supervision, the risks of accidents leading to injuries, injuries, and even infant deaths from external causes increase dramatically.
These recommendations were developed by the federal state budgetary scientific institution "Center for the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Children" on the basis of materials submitted by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
1. Most Common Accidents
Medical experts from the World Health Organization have come to the conclusion that at present in most civilized countries children suffer more from accidents than from all diseases combined.
The task of parents is to do everything possible to protect their child from an accident as much as possible.
The most common accidents leading to injury and death of children are:
Falls from a height;
drowning;
poisoning;
Electric shock;
Road traffic accidents, including accidents involving motorcyclists, cyclists, and rolling (roller skating).
Based on statistics obtained from the databases of the World Health Organization, it can be argued that the causes of accidents in childhood are most often:
Lack of proper supervision of children of all age groups;
Careless, incorrect behavior of the child at home, on the street, during games, sports.
The psychological characteristics of children also contribute to the occurrence of accidents: curiosity, great mobility, emotionality, lack of life experience, and hence the lack of a sense of danger.
Causes of accidents with children are age-specific:
At the age of 4 years, children are more likely to experience accidents, independently learning the world around them;
At the age of 5 to 10 years, accidents occur due to pranks, careless behavior of the child;
At the age of 10 to 14 years and older - due to the struggle for leadership. So, children of 10-12 years old have new interests, they become more active, independent, they try to show ingenuity in games, they strive to establish themselves among their peers;
Stormy energy and activity are factors contributing to the occurrence of accidents in schoolchildren aged 10-13. A teenager, aware of his "incoherence", tries to hide it with feigned rudeness, bravado. The intensive activity of the endocrine glands that has begun affects the state of the nervous system of adolescents. Unbalance, irascibility, increased excitability with insufficient exposure make them noisy, impulsive.
2. Teaching children the basics of accident prevention
Taking into account the above reasons, the work of parents to prevent accidents should be carried out in the following directions:
Creating a safe environment for the child, providing supervision;
Systematic training of children in the basics of accident prevention.
Creating a safe environment for the child involves:
Organization of the child's leisure, including him in interesting and useful developmental activities;
Restriction of hazardous conditions, ensuring the inaccessibility of dangerous means and substances for the child;
Prohibition for the child to stay in places associated with risks to life and health without adult supervision (construction sites, restricted and industrial zones, places of heavy traffic, open water, etc.);
Ensuring constant supervision of the pastime and activities of the child (providing organized recreation or supervision by the parents themselves, relatives, etc., regular contact with the child during the day using electronic means of communication).
Systematic training of children in the basics of accident prevention includes:
Informing the child about the types and causes of accidents, the risks entailing injury, injury and death, as well as about the conditions and ways to avoid accidents;
Regular instruction of the child about the rules and measures of safe behavior at home, on the streets, roads, transport, playgrounds and sports grounds, etc.;
Teaching a child (especially a teenager) to resist incitement to dangerous behavior on the part of peers or older comrades, forming responsibility for the health and life of the people around them, especially younger comrades, who may become a victim of ridiculous and dangerous recommendations from teenagers inciting dangerous games and activities;
Teaching the child elementary first aid measures, and, above all, providing the opportunity to seek help from adults.
The main conditions for a successful preventive
work with children.
1. To avoid accidents, parents must first change their own risk attitude. Accidents must cease to be considered a fatal evil that is almost impossible to prevent. Only under this condition can the child develop the skills of prudent behavior.
2. Parents themselves must set an example of safe and responsible behavior.
3. It is important not to develop feelings of shyness and fear in the child, but, on the contrary, to inspire him that danger can be avoided if you behave correctly!
4. There will be no real benefit from the endless reminders "be careful", "do it carefully." It is necessary to explain exactly what should be done and what should not be done. You should teach him to consistently perform a series of actions, explaining why it is necessary to do it that way. An action that adults perform automatically must be explained to the child in detail.
5. The main focus of adults in prevention is usually directed to the prevention of road traffic injuries and the prevention of accidents in the performance of household work. It is important for parents to understand that accidents most often occur during play and entertainment. They should be given special attention when instructing the child.
6. It is very important to teach children to self-service, to participate in household work. Children who help their parents are usually more careful and attentive and less exposed to dangerous factors. When accustoming a child to housework, one should explain in detail to him why it is necessary to follow certain rules when using a knife, needle, electrical appliances, mechanized tools.
7. Sometimes it is helpful to tell a child about accidents that have happened to other children. In order for this story to be remembered by him and bring real benefits to the education of the skills of correct behavior, it is necessary to provide an opportunity to understand the causes of misfortune himself. The child must understand how it would be possible to avoid danger in this situation. It is this approach that will convince him that the danger can always be prevented.
8. Parents should not indifferently pass by the unsafe pranks of children, their duty is to prevent trouble, even if it threatens someone else's child. If parents, together with their children, witness the dangerous and risky behavior of other people, this should be an occasion for serious discussion.
To prevent accidents, it is necessary to remember the causes leading to them, as well as actions to ensure their prevention and prevention.
3.1. burns
Burns can be caused by contact with hot surfaces, combustible substances, being near open flames, and as a result of prolonged exposure to the sun (such burns may be accompanied by sunstroke or heat stroke).
To prevent burns:
Limit children's access to open fire, phenomena and substances that can cause burns;
Do not allow children to make fires and stay near open flames without adult supervision.
To prevent sunburn and strokes, you must:
In sunny hot weather, protect your head with a light (light reflects sunlight better), light, easily ventilated headgear, preferably made of natural cotton, linen;
Protect your eyes with dark glasses, while the glasses must be with filters that completely block the sun's rays of the A and B ranges;
Avoid staying in open spaces, under the influence of direct sunlight (the sun is most active and dangerous in the period from 12 to 16 hours);
Apply sunscreen (at least 25 - 30 units) to the child's skin 20 - 30 minutes before going outside;
To be in the sun (if the child is sunbathing for the first time) can be no more than 5 - 6 minutes and 8 - 10 minutes after the formation of sunburn;
Take sunbathing no more than 2-3 times a day with breaks, during which the child should be in the shade;
Avoid exposure to direct sunlight on the uncovered body, and especially the head. To this end, it is necessary to hide behind an umbrella, alternate bathing and rest, do not fall asleep in the sun, do not make long excursions in the heat, drink more;
Do not stay in the sun for a long time (even under an umbrella). The duration of sunbathing should not initially be longer than 15 - 20 minutes, later you can gradually increase the time, but not longer than two hours with obligatory breaks in the shade and coolness;
Sunbathing is better not lying down, but in motion, as well as sunbathing in the morning and evening hours;
Teach a child to maintain water balance in the body: while on vacation at sea, drink at least 2 - 3 liters per day;
Wipe your face from time to time with a wet, cool handkerchief, wash your face more often and take a cool shower;
Teach your child to seek help immediately if they feel unwell.
3.2. Falling from height
Falls from a height are most often associated with children being unattended in dangerous places at height, with dangerous games on rooftops, construction sites, attics, sheds, trees, as well as with violation of the rules of behavior on rides and swings.
To prevent falls from a height:
Do not leave children unattended at heights;
Explain in detail the rules for using attractions and swings, the need to comply with all safety rules, including not getting up while the attraction is moving or swinging, not swinging to a great height, etc., as well as using all safety devices;
Ensure the safety and supervision of the child with open windows and balconies; explain that mosquito nets do not protect against falls.
3.3. Poisoning
Poisoning most often occurs as a result of inhalation or contact of a child with a toxic substance, ingestion of medicines, and also when eating poisonous mushrooms, berries or poisonous plants.
To prevent poisoning, you must:
Keep poisonous substances and medicines out of the reach of children, in a specially marked container;
Give your child medicines only as prescribed by a doctor and never give him medicines intended for adults or children of a different age;
Do not eat unfamiliar mushrooms and berries. Explain to the child that trying unfamiliar mushrooms, berries and other plants is life-threatening.
3.4. Electric shock
Electric shock most often occurs when children are in prohibited places (at construction sites, in industrial areas, abandoned houses, etc.).
To prevent electric shock, you must:
Prohibit children from playing in dangerous places;
Explain to your child the dangers of touching electrical wires.
3.5. Drowning
Road traffic injuries occur when traffic rules are not followed, involving pedestrians, cars, cycling and motorcycles.
To prevent road traffic injuries, you must:
Observe strictly yourself, as well as teach your child to follow the rules of the road;
Teach the child to cross the roadway correctly (in designated places, at the permitted traffic signal, making sure that there are no vehicles). The most dangerous car is standing: the child believes that if the danger is not visible, then it does not exist. But, leaving behind such a car onto the roadway, 63 out of 100 children involved in a traffic accident fall under the wheels of another car;
Use a special seat and seat belts when transporting a child in a car;
Teach your child safe behavior when riding a motorcycle and a bicycle. Children must always wear safety helmets and other protective equipment.
A serious risk is a violation of the rules of conduct on the railway. To prevent road traffic injuries on the railway, it is necessary:
Do not leave children unattended near railway tracks;
Forbid children to be at railway junctions, interchanges, etc., ride on roofs, steps, transitional platforms of cars;
Teach children to cross railroad tracks only in specially designated places;
Observe and demand from children compliance with the rules of travel in railway transport: being on the platforms, boarding and disembarking passengers from the car, behavior in the cars.
Parents should remember that compliance with safety rules in all situations is a means of saving the life and health of the child!
Reminder for parents
Dear parents, due to the onset of the summer period, children spend a lot of time without adult supervision. Your children will be outdoors most of the time, so there is an increased risk of injury. Talk to children, pay attention to safety when spending free time on the street and at home, relaxing near water bodies and in children's camps.
Remind your child of the rules of the road every day. To do this, use the appropriate situations on the street in the yard, on the way to kindergarten. Being with a child on the street, it is useful to explain to him everything that happens on the road with transport, pedestrians. For example, why it is currently impossible to cross the roadway, what are the rules for pedestrians and cars in this case, point out violators, noting that they violate the rules, risking being hit by moving vehicles.
Constantly remind your child about the rules of safety on the street. Forbid him to go far from his home, yard, do not take anything from strangers, bypass the company of unfamiliar teenagers, do not walk until late in the day, avoid deserted places, ravines, wastelands, abandoned houses, sheds, attics, basements. Also, do not enter the entrance, the elevator with a stranger, do not open the door to people you do not know, do not get into someone else's car and do not be shy to call people for help on the street, in transport and the entrance.
You need to remember the rules for the safety of your child at home. Do not leave the child alone in the apartment with electrical appliances turned on, block access to sockets, avoid contact of the child with the gas stove and matches. Do not leave window and balcony frames open, even if there are mosquito nets with unstable structures. Make sure that your child does not use questionable literature and video products. Limit and control your child's online interactions.
During the recreation of children in summer camps, draw their attention to the safety of their personal property (cell phones, cameras, tablet computers, etc.), and also, hold explanatory conversations with children about the inadmissibility of unauthorized departures from the camps.
Remember: the child takes an example from you - the parents. Let your example teach the disciplined behavior of the child on the street and at home. Try to do everything possible to protect children from accidents.
Do not spare time for children,
Look at the adults in them
Stop fighting and getting angry
Try to befriend them.
Try not to blame them
Time to listen and understand
Warm them up with your warmth
Let their home be their fortress.
Together with them try, search,
Talk about everything in the world
And always direct invisibly.
And help them in everything they do.
Learn to trust children -
Each step does not need to be checked,
Respect their opinion and advice,
Children are wise, don't forget!
And always look to the children
And love them with all your soul
In a way that is impossible to describe.
Then you won't lose your children!
Memo for a child
do not run around the house;
do not climb trees, attics, garage roofs;
be careful when riding swings, children's attractions;
while studying in sections and circles, follow the requirements of the coach, do not climb on the horizontal bars without permission and do not jump from them;
while at home, do not play with a gas or electric stove, with matches;
do not play with flammable objects, as well as near a fire without adult supervision;
do not try to repair faulty electrical appliances yourself;
do not play on construction sites, do not approach working or unattended construction equipment
cross the road only at the green light of the traffic light and only at the pedestrian crossing; in places where there is no traffic light, do not forget to look for cars, first on the left, then on the right;
do not ride a bicycle on the carriageway;
when playing football or other similar games, do not run out into the road to get the ball.
The level of child injuries remains high, although in recent years it has not shown a particular upward trend. From the data of the World Health Organization it follows that 25% of all injuries occur in childhood and that injuries are one of the main causes of death in children over the age of 3 years.
In the summer period, the appeal for medical care increases by 2 times. The maximum increase in daylight hours, the high physical activity of children, a long stay on the street, and, accordingly, their imagination increases in relation to various games and tricks.
In the summer, the frequency of abrasions, bruises, fractures, injuries to the organs of the chest and abdominal cavities, craniocerebral injuries received in yards, on the street, children falling from a height: from windows, from trees, sheds and other structures, often with severe injuries. Playgrounds, especially swings, become a zone of increased danger.
Flame burns are also dangerous, which are most often observed in middle-aged and older children during games with flammable objects and near fires.
Of serious concern is electric shock, which causes not only deep burns, but also cardiac and respiratory arrest, which requires immediate resuscitation. The reason for the defeats often lies in faulty wiring and electrical appliances, which the guys themselves undertake to repair, not having sufficient skills and knowledge of safety.
When doing athletics (running, jumping, throwing projectiles), injuries to the foot, ankle joint, sprain of the ligamentous apparatus of the elbow and wrist joints, fractures of the bones of the forearm and lower leg are possible. Their cause may be the unsatisfactory condition of the training venues: soil defects, pits, foreign objects on the treadmill, a small area of places for throwing grenades and discus, poor condition of clothes and shoes.
Outdoor sports games (volleyball, basketball) can lead to injuries of the lower and upper extremities (bruises, sprains, joint dislocations, bone fractures).
Children also suffer from bites from domestic animals (cats, dogs), and bitten wounds usually do not heal well.
Every year there are cases of children dying on the water. The reasons are: inability to swim, riding on random objects (faulty boats, homemade rafts), pampering on the water, trying to swim across a river or lake, swimming in unfamiliar, unequipped places. Careers are especially dangerous. You should explain to the children the danger of diving upside down in unfamiliar places. Such diving often ends with a blow to the head on a snag, flooded walkways, a stone. As a result, a fracture of the base of the skull, cervical vertebrae. Do not bring children with you and do not bring snorkels and masks for snorkeling to the camps. In an effort to try out these devices as soon as possible, the boys and girls go swimming in secret. Inept use of the snorkel and mask can lead to tragedy.
Bicycle injuries deserve special attention; children aged 10–14 years account for half of these injuries. The nature of injuries is diverse: from light abrasions during a fall to extremely severe combined injuries, in some cases ending in death. The immediate cause of these severe injuries are collisions with moving vehicles.
Vehicle injuries to children are rare, but they are the most severe. The main reason for the occurrence of traffic accidents involving children is often their behavior, which does not take into account the requirements of traffic rules: crossing the roadway in an unspecified place, ignoring traffic lights, lack of reflective elements on clothes, backpacks, bags.
Child traffic injuries has a pronounced seasonality - the largest number of accidents occur in the summer, when children have a lot of free time, they are left without adult control.
Despite the individuality of each accident, it turns out that there are strictly defined patterns behind the mass of apparent accidents:
Features of the child's psyche (helplessness, curiosity, arrogance, lack of causal thinking, a minimum level of knowledge, an erroneous idea of \u200b\u200bthe surrounding phenomena);
Increased physical activity;
Carelessness of parents;
Lack of organized leisure (playgrounds, interesting sections for children, circles).
First aid for injuries
FIRST AID FOR INJURIES
Dislocations - a complete displacement of the articular ends of the bones, in which the contact of the articular surfaces in the articulation area is lost. A dislocation occurs as a result of an injury, usually accompanied by a rupture of the joint capsule and ligaments. Such a displacement of the ends of the bones occurs more often - in the shoulder, less often - in the hip, elbow and ankle joints. Even less often as a result of an injury.
Dislocation signs:
Displacement of bones from their normal position in the joint, sharp pain, impossibility of movement in the joint.
Giving help:
1. cold on the area of the damaged joint;
2. the use of painkillers;
3. immobilization of the limb in the position that it took after the injury;
4. contact the surgeon.
The reduction of dislocation is a medical procedure (!). You should not try to reduce the dislocation, as it is sometimes difficult to establish whether it is a dislocation or a fracture, especially since dislocations are often accompanied by cracks and fractures of the bones.
Bruises - damage to tissues and organs, in which the integrity of the skin and bones is not broken. The degree of damage depends on the force of impact, the area of the damaged surface and on the significance of the bruised part of the body for the body (a finger bruise, of course, is not as dangerous as a head bruise). Swelling quickly appears at the site of the bruise, and bruising (bruising) is also possible. When large blood vessels rupture under the skin, accumulations of blood (hematomas) can form.
Signs:
Damaged soft tissue, without violating the integrity of the skin. Bruising (bruising), swelling (swelling). In case of injury, first of all, it is necessary to create rest for the damaged organ. It is necessary to apply a pressure bandage to the bruised area, to give this area of the body an elevated position, which helps to stop further hemorrhage into the soft tissues. To reduce pain and inflammation, cold is applied to the site of injury - an ice pack, cold compresses.
Sprains and ruptures of ligaments
Sprains and ruptures of the ligaments of the joints occur as a result of sharp and rapid movements that exceed the physiological mobility of the joint. The reason may be a sharp twisting of the foot (for example, with an unsuccessful landing after a jump), a fall on an arm or leg. Such injuries are more often observed in the ankle, knee and wrist joints.
Signs:
1. the appearance of sharp pains;
2. rapid development of edema in the area of injury;
3. significant dysfunction of the joints.
Unlike fractures and dislocations, sprains and ruptures of ligaments do not cause sharp deformity and pain in the joints under load along the axis of the limb, for example, with pressure on the heel. A few days after the injury, a bruise appears, sharp pains at this moment subside. If the pain has not disappeared after 2-3 days and it is still impossible to step on the foot, then in this case, a fracture of the ankles in the ankle joint is possible.
First aid
First aid for sprains is the same as for bruises, i.e., first of all, a bandage is applied, tight bandaging fixing the joint, applying a cold compress to the joint area, pressure and splint bandages, and creating an immobile state. In case of rupture of tendons, ligaments, first aid consists in creating complete rest for the patient, applying a tight bandage to the area of \u200b\u200bthe damaged joint.
fractures
A fracture is a partial or complete violation of the integrity of the bone as a result of its impact, compression, compression, bending (during the fall). Fractures are divided into closed (without damage to the skin) and open, in which there is damage to the skin in the fracture zone.
Signs:
1. sharp pain, aggravated by any movement and load on the limb;
2. change in the position and shape of the limb;
3. dysfunction of the limb (inability to use it);
4. the appearance of swelling and bruising in the fracture zone;
5. limb shortening;
6. pathological (abnormal) bone mobility.
First aid for broken bones:
1. creating immobility of the bones in the area of the fracture;
2. implementation of measures aimed at combating or preventing shock;
3. organization of the fastest delivery of the victim to a medical institution.
The rapid immobilization of the bones in the area of the fracture - immobilization - reduces pain and is the main point in the prevention of shock. Immobilization of the limb is achieved by the imposition of transport splints or splints made of improvised solid material. Splinting should be carried out directly at the scene of the incident and only after that the patient should be transported. In case of an open fracture, an aseptic bandage must be applied before immobilization of the limb. When bleeding from a wound, methods for temporarily stopping bleeding should be applied (pressure bandage, tourniquet, etc.).
Tires are of three types:
1. Hard
3. Anatomical
Boards, strips of metal, cardboard, a few folded magazines, etc. can serve as hard tires. Folded blankets, towels, pillows, etc. can be used as soft splints. or supportive bandages and bandages. With anatomical tires, the body of the victim himself is used as a support. For example, an injured arm can be bandaged to the victim's chest, a leg to a healthy leg.
When carrying out transport immobilization, the following rules must be observed:
1. tires must be securely fastened and fix the fracture area well;
2. The splint must not be applied directly to a bare limb, the latter must first be covered with cotton wool or some kind of cloth;
3. creating immobility in the fracture zone, it is necessary to fix two joints above and below the fracture site (for example, in case of a fracture of the lower leg, the ankle and knee joints are fixed) in a position convenient for the patient and for transportation;
4. in case of hip fractures, all joints of the lower limb (knee, ankle, hip) should be fixed.
Fractures are closed (without damage to the skin), open (in violation of the integrity of the skin) and complicated (bleeding, crushing of surrounding tissues).
With open fractures (bone fragments are visible in the wound), microbes enter the wound, causing inflammation of the soft tissues and bones, so these fractures are more severe than closed ones.
Signs:
pain, swelling, change in shape and shortening of the limb, the appearance of mobility at the site of injury, the crunch of fragments.
Giving help:
fragments, moving, often damage blood vessels, nerves and internal organs, so in no case do not move a broken leg or arm. Everything should be left as is, but to provide the most rest to the damaged bones.
In victims with open fractures, do not attempt to set protruding fragments into the wound or remove fragments from the wound. It is necessary to stop the bleeding, apply a sterile bandage, a clean handkerchief or towel to the wound. Then, carefully, so as not to increase the pain, you should apply a finished splint (cardboard, plywood, wood or wire) or made from improvised means - boards, sticks, pieces of plywood, branches, an umbrella, a gun) and create peace for the victim and limbs. The tire must be applied to clothing, having previously overlaid it with cotton wool, wrapped with a bandage, towel or soft cloth. After applying the tire must be bandaged or tied with something in three or four places to the body. If a large tubular bone (femur or humerus) is broken, three joints must be fixed at the same time with a splint, and if smaller bones are damaged, it is enough to make the lower joints motionless.
Fracture of the femur
Giving help:
to create rest for the injured leg on the outside, from the foot to the armpit, tires are bandaged, and on the inner surface - from the sole to the crotch. If the hospital or first-aid post is far from the crash site, you need to bandage another tire at the back, from the foot to the shoulder blade. If there are no tires, you can bandage the injured leg to the extended healthy one.
Fractures of the leg bones
Giving help:
the splint is applied along the back surface of the injured leg, from the foot to the buttocks, and is fixed with a bandage in the area of the knee and ankle joints.
Fractures of the bones of the hand and fingers
Giving help:
damaged half-bent fingers (give a grasping position of the hand) are bandaged to a cotton roll, hung on a scarf or splinted. It is unacceptable to fix fingers in a straightened position.
Clavicle fracture
Occurs when falling. Dangerous damage by displaced bone fragments of large subclavian vessels.
Giving help:
to create peace, you should hang your hand on the side of the injury on a scarf or on the raised floor of the jacket. Immobilization of fragments of the clavicle is achieved with a Dezo bandage or by bringing the hands behind the back with cotton-gauze rings (you can also tie your hands behind your back with a belt).
Fractures of the bones of the forearm and humerus
Giving help:
bending the injured arm at the elbow joint and turning the palm to the chest, a splint is applied from the fingers to the opposite shoulder joint on the back. If there is no splint, you can bandage the injured arm to the body or hang it on a scarf, on the raised floor of the jacket. Fractures of the bones of the spine and pelvis.
A spinal fracture is an extremely severe injury.
Signs:
there is severe pain in the damaged area, sensitivity disappears, paralysis of the legs occurs, and sometimes urination is disturbed.
Giving help:
it is strictly forbidden to put the victim with a suspected fracture of the spine, put on his feet. Create peace by laying it on a flat hard surface - a wooden shield, boards. The same items are used for transport immobilization.
In the absence of a board and the unconscious state of the victim, transportation is the least dangerous on a stretcher in the prone position. It is impossible to lay the victim on a soft stretcher. It is possible - only on a shield (a wide board, plywood, a door removed from its hinges), covered with a blanket or coat, on the back. It must be lifted very carefully, in one step, so as not to cause displacement of fragments and more severe damage to the spinal cord and pelvic organs. Several people can lift the victim by holding his clothes and acting in concert, on command.
If there are no boards, a shield, the victim is placed on the floor of the car and driven carefully (without shaking). A person with a fracture of the cervical spine should be left on his back with a roller under the shoulder blades, fix the head and neck, covering them on the sides with soft objects. If the pelvic bones are damaged, the victim's legs are somewhat spread apart (the “frog” position) and a dense roller of a folded blanket, rolled up clothes is placed under the knees.
Rib fractures
Giving help:
You need to tightly bandage the chest at the fracture site.
Fractures of the bones of the foot
Giving help:
a plank is bandaged to the sole.
Skull and brain damage
The greatest danger in case of bruises of the head is damage to the brain. Allocate brain damage:
1. concussion;
2. injury (contusion);
3. squeezing.
Brain injury is characterized by general cerebral symptoms:
1. dizziness;
2. headache;
3. nausea and vomiting.
The most common are concussions, in which the main symptoms are loss of consciousness (from a few minutes to a day or more) and retrograde amnesia (the victim cannot remember the events that preceded the injury). With a bruise and compression of the brain, symptoms of a focal lesion appear: impaired speech, sensitivity, limb movements, facial expressions, etc. First aid is to create peace. The victim is given a horizontal position. To the head - an ice pack or a cloth moistened with cold water. If the victim is unconscious, it is necessary to clean the oral cavity from mucus, vomit, put him in a fixed stabilized position.
Transportation of victims with head wounds, damage to the bones of the skull and brain should be carried out on a stretcher in the supine position. Transportation of victims in an unconscious state should be carried out in a position on their side. This provides good immobilization of the head and prevents the development of asphyxia from retraction of the tongue and aspiration of vomit.
Skull fractures
Broken bones often damage the brain, it is compressed as a result of hemorrhage.
Signs:
violation of the shape of the skull, a break (dent) is determined, the outflow of craniocerebral fluid and blood from the nose and ears, loss of consciousness.
Giving help:
to fix the neck and head, a roller is placed on the neck - a collar made of soft fabric. For transportation, the body of the victim is placed on his back, on a shield, and his head is placed on a soft pillow.
Jaw fractures
Signs:
pain, displacement of teeth, mobility and crunch of fragments. With a fracture of the lower jaw, its mobility is limited. The mouth doesn't close well. Due to severe injuries, tongue retraction and respiratory failure are possible.
Giving help:
Before transporting victims with damage to the jaws, the jaws should be immobilized: for fractures of the lower jaw - by applying a sling bandage, for fractures of the upper jaw - by inserting a strip of plywood or a ruler between the jaws and fixing it to the head.
Wounds - damage to the integrity of the skin of the body, mucous membranes as a result of mechanical action on them. The more damaged tissues, blood vessels, nerves, internal organs and the more contaminated the wounds, the more severe they are.
signs
The integrity of the skin or mucous membranes, and sometimes deeper tissues and organs, is violated. Bleeding, pain, divergence of the edges of the wound It is necessary to pay attention to all damage to the tissues of the body with a violation of the integrity of the skin, from abrasions and injections to extensive wounds with damage to deep-lying organs. Many believe that abrasions, injections or minor injuries are harmless, that they should not be treated for first aid. However, even through small lesions, various microorganisms penetrate the skin, causing purulent inflammation of the skin.
Giving help:
1. stop heavy bleeding;
2. take anti-shock measures;
3. in the presence of a fracture, immobilize the damaged part of the body;
4. remove the tourniquet after the fracture site is bandaged;
5. provide qualified medical (medical assistance) as soon as possible.
Treatment of abrasions, injections and minor wounds consists in lubricating the damaged area with a 5% iodine solution or 2% brilliant green solution and applying a sterile bandage.
Small wounds and scratches can be smeared with BF-6 glue, which disinfects the wound and protects it from further contamination. Before lubricating the wounds with the listed means, a few drops of blood should be allowed to drain, especially after injections. Contaminated skin should be cleaned with pieces of gauze soaked in cologne, alcohol, gasoline. In no case should you wash the wound. The treatment of larger and deeper wounds is basically the same. However, first of all, it is necessary to stop the bleeding. It is important to first determine the type of bleeding in order to apply the most effective way to stop it.
Bleeding - the outflow of blood from blood vessels in violation of the integrity of their walls, it can be external and internal. Of the external bleeding, venous and arterial bleeding is common.
Arterial bleeding is bleeding from damaged arteries. The outpouring blood is bright red in color, is thrown out by a strong pulsating jet.
Venous bleeding occurs when the veins are damaged. The pressure in the veins is much lower than in the arteries, so the blood flows out slowly, evenly and unevenly. Blood with such bleeding is dark cherry in color. Distinguish between external and internal bleeding. External bleeding is characterized by the flow of blood directly to the surface of the body through a skin wound. With internal bleeding, blood enters a cavity. Internal bleeding is much more difficult to identify than external bleeding, as it is not so pronounced and may appear after some time. The most life-threatening internal bleeding.
First aid for external bleeding:
Ways to temporarily stop bleeding include:
1. giving the damaged part of the body an elevated position in relation to the body;
2. pressing the bleeding vessel at the site of injury with a pressure bandage;
3. pressing the artery throughout;
4. stopping bleeding by fixing the limb in the position of maximum flexion or extension in the joint;
5. circular compression of the limb with a tourniquet;
6. stopping bleeding by applying a clamp to a bleeding vessel in the wound.
Internal bleeding.
It is observed with closed injuries of the chest and abdominal cavity, when internal organs or large vessels are damaged and blood is poured into the pleural or abdominal cavity.
Signs:
The victim is pale, covered with cold sweat, lips, nail beds are pale. The victim complains of dizziness, noise in the head, flickering "flies before the eyes", asks to drink. Vertigo is aggravated in a vertical position, with physical exertion. The pulse is frequent, soft, of small filling, systolic blood pressure is reduced (up to 90-100 mm Hg), breathing is speeded up. It is necessary to find out or assume the circumstances of the injury and determine the place of application of the traumatic force, which may be indicated by torn clothing, abrasions and hematomas of the skin of the chest and abdomen.
Giving help:
A victim with internal bleeding needs an urgent operation to stop the bleeding and suture the damaged organs. Therefore, suspecting such bleeding, you should immediately create complete rest for the victim, put a cold compress on the bleeding site. Then you need to urgently call a health worker and deliver the patient to the surgical department as quickly as possible.
Child injury prevention
Teacher Kopeeva A.I.
During the holidays (especially summer), according to statistics, the number of injuries received by children increases dramatically. Not the last place in the classification of childhood injuries is occupied by the so-called school injuries. Let's talk about the most common causes of school injuries, first aid and what can be done to keep your child safe from injury.
Causes of school injuries
Children are injured, firstly, because of their emotional and psychological characteristics. On the one hand, the child has a very high activity, impulsiveness, on the other hand, he still cannot adequately assess the consequences of his actions and the degree of danger of some of them for himself and others.
Secondly, today's children, for the most part, are physically insufficiently developed: I suffer! coordination of movements and control of your body. Today, children prefer to spend time at the computer or in front of the TV. In their daily routine, there is practically no time for walks and outdoor games, which are so necessary for the normal physical development of the child. The next cause of childhood trauma is the inattention of adults. If we are talking about injuries received by a child during their stay at school, then the reason is shortcomings in the organization of lessons, violation of safety rules, including due to the weakening of supervision of students by school personnel.
When do children most often get injured at school?
Most of the damage (up to 80 percent) students get during breaks. In the corridors after the lesson, a large number of children accumulate at once, they run, splashing out the energy accumulated during the lesson, collide, fall - injuries are inevitable. It is also possible to get injured in physical education, labor, physics or chemistry classes. These cases are mainly due to violation of security rules.
What are injuries in children?
Injuries and injuries are very different. These are bruises and sprains. But most often treated with fractures resulting from a fall (from stairs, railings, after collisions, etc.). Moreover, fractures of the arms, more precisely the forearm or collarbone, occur 4-5 times more often than fractures of the legs.
Is there a relationship between the age of children and the number of injuries they receive?
Of course, there is a certain dependence: children aged 8-10 and 14-15 are more often injured. Children of the first age group - elementary school students - are highly active. These are fidgets who find it difficult to sit still. They love outdoor games, quickly get excited, run, jump, ride on the railing, etc. It is not uncommon for injuries to occur as a result of collisions with each other or when they stumble and fall unsuccessfully.
Adolescents (children of the second age category) are often injured during fights, brawls, or, for example, when one trips another, pushes, hits with a hard object, etc.
Children at this age are already aware of the possible consequences of their actions, but, nevertheless, they neglect the danger, commit thoughtless acts, becoming victims of their own bravado, the desire to excel in front of their peers.
Prevention of school injuries
It would be useful to remind parents that the main responsibility lies with them in the prevention of children's school injuries. Of course, it is impossible to predict, to foresee where a child may be injured. But any parent can teach a child the rules of behavior in public places. It is important to explain, for example, that a fight is an unacceptable way to sort things out, because you can always agree or try to avoid conflict. Parents should do everything in their power to ensure that their child, neither unknowingly, nor, even more so, deliberately harms other children with his actions.
If necessary, parents can talk about the safety of their children at school with their child's class teacher, ask what measures to prevent school injuries are provided by the leadership, and whether there is a first-aid post at the school. As a general rule, maintaining close contact with teachers always produces good results.
An important element in the prevention of childhood injuries is to increase the level of their physical development. Today there are many opportunities to enroll a child in a sports section. The absolute priority in the work of any coach, especially those working with children, is training in safety and sports behavior.
In the life of a child, there should be an adequate physical activity for his age, the ability to throw out the energy that is constantly accumulating in him. Parents themselves can direct it in a peaceful direction by instilling in their child a love for sports. It is not necessary to force the child - pressure can only be scared away. Very effective personal example. These can be joint trips to the gym, family bike rides, in winter - skiing, ice skating. It is also easy to equip a children's sports wall at home with a set of shells (rings, bars, rope, Swedish wall).
The basis of a person's relationship to physical activity, to sports is formed in childhood - the habits and preferences that have developed in the family, the child later largely transfers to his adult life.
A child involved in any kind of sport is not only physically stronger, but also, as a rule, emotionally more stable, has good coordination, knows how to secure, knows how to group when falling, and is better aware of the degree of danger of certain actions.
In summer, children play more outdoors, move more, which means that it is during the summer period that children's injuries increase. It is impossible to forbid a child to explore the world. The parents' job is to insure him, to protect him from a possible tragedy.
At preschool age, the curiosity of children, lack of coordination of movements, lack of life experience, can lead to:
1. BURNS from a hot stove, dishes, food, boiling water, steam, iron, other electrical appliances and open flames.
To avoid burns, it is necessary to strictly ensure that while eating hot food, children do not tip over cups and plates.
Remove long tablecloths from the table on which there is hot food - the child can pull their edge and knock over the hot food on himself.
Set the stove high enough or unscrew the handles of the burners so that children cannot reach them.
Hide matches, lighters, flammable liquids, candles, sparklers, firecrackers in inaccessible places.
There are also sunburns or even heat stroke (overheating) if children are in the sun.
without a headdress.
2. FALLING FROM HEIGHT(windows, balcony, bed, table, steps) Install secure railings, bars on steps, stairwells, windows and balconies.
Remember!- a mosquito net will not save in this situation and can only create a false sense of security. Do not leave chairs near the open window - from them the child can climb onto the windowsill.
Falls are a common cause of bruises, broken bones, and serious head injuries. Most often this is a fall from a height: garages, fences, from trees. There may be a fall into open hatches.
The saddest cases are falling from windows. Moreover, not only kids fall out of the windows, but also older guys. Such injuries can be prevented by: Do not allow children to climb in dangerous places. If possible, install railings on steps, windows and balconies.
It is necessary to explain to the child why games are dangerous on construction sites, areas where repairs are carried out, in abandoned buildings, etc.
3. choking or asphyxia(from small items, coins, buttons, nuts, etc.). Small children should not be given food with small bones or seeds, you need to watch the child while eating.
25% OF ALL CASES OF ASPHYXIA HAPPEN IN CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF A ONE YEAR DUE TO THE SAFETY OF ADULTS: ASPIRATION OF FOOD, CLOSING THE BABY TO THE BODY OF ADULT DURING SLEEP IN THE SAME BED, CLOSURE OF THE BABY'S NOSE WITH SOFT TOYS, I.T.
4. POISONING(drugs, detergents, bleaches, insecticides, etc..
Poisonous substances, medicines, bleaches, acids and fuels such as kerosene, rat and insect poisons should never be stored in food bottles - children may drink them by mistake. Such substances should be kept in tightly closed labeled containers out of the reach of children.
Watch your child when walking in the forest - poisonous mushrooms
and berries are a possible cause of severe poisoning.
5. ELECTRIC SHOCK from faulty electrical appliances, exposed wires, from sticking needles, knives and other metal objects into sockets. Parents are obliged to prevent possible risks and protect children from them.
Electrical outlets must be covered to prevent electrical injury to the child. Electrical wires must be kept out of the reach of children - exposed wires present a particular danger to them.
6. BICYCLE ACCIDENTS are a common cause of death and injury among middle-aged and older children.
It is very important to teach your child safe behavior when riding a bicycle (helmet, knee pads, etc.).
7. ACCIDENTS IN TRANSPORT.
Parents are obliged to ensure the safety of the child in transport - children must always fasten their seat belts, be in a special seat. This will protect the child from serious injury, and to avoid accidents, children should be taught to walk on sidewalks facing vehicles.
Children should know and follow the following rules when crossing the road:
Stop on the side of the road, look in both directions;
Before crossing the road, make sure that there are no cars or other vehicles on the road;
When crossing the road, hold the hand of an adult or an older child;
Walk, but, in any case, do not run;
Cross the road only at designated places or at a green traffic light.
7. ACCIDENTS ON WATER.
Parents should teach their children the rules of behavior on the water and not for a minute leave the child unattended near water bodies.
Violation of the rules of behavior on the water when swimming and diving often leads to various injuries and even drowning.
Children can drown in less than two minutes, so to prevent trouble, children should never be left alone in or near water.
Do not allow diving in unfamiliar waters.
It is necessary to close wells, bathtubs, buckets of water.
Children should be taught to swim from an early age. Children should know not to swim without adult supervision.
DEAR PARENTS,
remember - children are most often injured
(sometimes fatal) through the fault of adults!
PROTECT YOUR CHILDREN AND BE HEALTHY!