Future mother 

Customs, rituals and traditions of the Russian people. Traditions of the Russian family: the wisdom of folk education Presentation: "Customs of the peoples of Russia"


One of the means of reflecting reality is oral folk art. Each nation has its own original spiritual person. The spiritual originality of the people is also manifested in fairy tales. They are a product of the history of the people, reflecting the events of history and the peculiarities of the people's way of life. In fairy tales, traces of several eras can be found.


The cognitive significance of a fairy tale is manifested primarily in the fact that it reflects the features of the phenomena of real life and provides extensive knowledge about the history of social relations, work and life, as well as an idea of ​​the worldview and psychology of the people. Its main images and characters contain a wide typification, contain generalizations of phenomena, life and characters of people.











In Russian folk tales, certain social relations are revealed, the life of the people, their domestic life, their moral concepts, the Russian look, the Russian mind are shown - everything that makes the tale nationally original and unique. The ideological orientation of Russian fairy tales is manifested in the reflection of the struggle of the people for a beautiful future.

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For many centuries, the highest meaning of the life of a Russian person was the creation of a family, the birth and upbringing of children. For the sake of this, wealth was collected, a career was made.

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Family relations have their own characteristics in the peasant environment. The Russian village was strong in its collectivist traditions, which were kept by the community and the family.

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The family not only raised children and ran a joint household, it was the bearer of deep traditions, connected a person with the outside world, the keeper of collective experience. According to Orthodox concepts, the family was a "small church", that is, it was called upon to observe the foundations of the Christian life of each of its parishioners.

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For the people, the family is the most important and indispensable condition for the life of every person. A single lifestyle was considered odd. A man who did not start a family was not taken seriously; in the eyes of his fellow villagers, he was an inferior person. Unless he was going to devote his life to God, that is, to become a monk.

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A lonely person cannot be a real peasant. He is deprived of the possibility of acquiring a household, therefore, his life cycle remains incomplete, he turns out to be the owner of an incomplete share, that is, deprived of fate.

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Without a family, not only a full-fledged economy is impossible, but also the reproduction of the clan, which means that the cult of the clan and the land is not realized. They always made fun of the guys who did not marry in a timely manner, and during the Maslenitsa festivities they hung a deck around their necks.

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The recognition of the role of the family by peasants in moral and material well-being was reflected in numerous proverbs. Single - half a person. Family porridge boils thicker. Family consent is the most precious thing.

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The girls were afraid to be alone. Although married life was not easy, the girls guessed at the suitors and prayed to the patrons of weddings. On Pokrov (Oct. 14), the girls asked: “Mother - Pokrov! Cover the ground with a snowball, and cover me with a handkerchief. The girls, believing in the power of the Intercession to promote marriage, ran to church early in the morning and lit a candle in honor of the holiday. There is a well-known belief: the one who puts a candle earlier will get married earlier.

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A serious, responsible understanding of marriage is clearly expressed in numerous proverbs and sayings: Take it so as not to repent, to live in love and not toil. Get married - look at both. Going to war, pray; going to the sea, pray twice; if you want to get married, pray three times. One got married - he saw the light, the other got married - disappeared with his head.

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If a year after the wedding, the cradle does not rock in the hut, then the hut is considered unlucky. Childlessness is a joyless, inferior life, a bitter, lonely old age: God forbid, Bobyl will have to be pushed around: No one will give Voditsa a sip. V. Chursin

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“Whoever has no children lives in sin,” as they used to say in the old days. The childless were advised to take up an orphan in order to get rid of their sins, you see, and God will send his children. Often this is how it happened: they will warm an orphan, and after some years their children will appear.

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Children in Russia have always been treated with love, the Russian village did not know unloved children: There are many children, but there are no extra ones. Whoever has many children is not forgotten by God.

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They brought up children with the whole world, the whole community, the whole village. Adults have never passed by a childish prank, they will definitely intervene, or even tell their parents. And those, having thanked, will also punish the naughty themselves. A child in need was willingly helped.

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The child was left an orphan - the community decided who to give him to raise. If relatives could not provide a full-fledged upbringing, then the orphan was given to strangers. The community strictly controlled the upbringing of the orphan, the handling of his inheritance (by adulthood, it should be the basis of his existence).

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A widow with small children was taken by the community under special patronage. By a common decision, they could build a hut in peace, helped to plow, sow and clean her allotment. With all the love for children, they were brought up in severity. They remembered: "A hatched egg is always a talker, a caressed son is a connecting rod."

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Peasant morality, norms of behavior demanded absolute respect by the children of their parents throughout their lives. Children do not pray to contradict their parents. Even an adult son, who already had a family, but did not separate from his parents, had to obey his father in all household and personal affairs. Neither the daughter nor the son left the parental home at will. Particular importance was attached to parental blessing, they knew: the parental word is not spoken to the wind.

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Parental blessing was given before the wedding, before leaving on a long journey, before the death of a father or mother (for the rest of the children's life). It was also received before any responsible business (laying a house, the first trip to the field, etc.).

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Orphans, although blessed by foster parents, still went to the graves of their parents for blessings.

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The peasants believed in the special significance, effectiveness, and power of prayer for children. People say that a mother's prayer raises from the bottom of the sea. Father and mother were sacred to children. Back in the days of the tribal system, a person who raised his hand against his parents was expelled from the clan, and no one dared to give him fire, water, or bread. Folk wisdom taught: "Parents are alive - read, Died - remember."

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There is no bitterer than a mother's sadness for children: "forever" her tears for them. Motherhood is a great happiness, but also an unlimited responsibility for children until the end of their lives. Motherhood is not only joy, but also pain, anxiety, sleepless nights, endless worries.

The Russian people are representatives of the East Slavic ethnic group, the indigenous inhabitants of Russia (110 million people - 80% of the population of the Russian Federation), the largest ethnic group in Europe. The Russian diaspora has about 30 million people and it is concentrated in such states as Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, in the countries of the former USSR, in the USA and EU countries. As a result of sociological research, it was found that 75% of the Russian population of Russia are followers of Orthodoxy, and a significant part of the population does not identify themselves with any particular religion. The national language of the Russian people is Russian.

Each country and its people have their own significance in the modern world, the concepts of folk culture and the history of the nation, their formation and development are very important. Each nation and its culture is unique in its own way, the color and originality of each nation should not be lost or dissolved in assimilation with other nations, the younger generation should always remember who they really are. For Russia, which is a multinational power and home to 190 peoples, the issue of national culture is quite acute, due to the fact that in recent years its erasure is especially noticeable against the background of the cultures of other nationalities.

Culture and life of the Russian people

(Russian folk costume)

The first associations that arise with the concept of "Russian people" are, of course, the breadth of the soul and fortitude. But the national culture is formed by people, it is these character traits that have a huge impact on its formation and development.

One of the distinguishing features of the Russian people has always been and is simplicity, in the old days, Slavic houses and property were very often plundered and completely destroyed, hence the simplified attitude to everyday life. And of course, these trials, which befell the long-suffering Russian people, only tempered his character, made him stronger and taught him to get out of any life situations with his head held high.

Kindness can be called another of the traits that prevail in the character of the Russian ethnos. The whole world is well aware of the concept of Russian hospitality, when "they will feed and drink, and put to bed." The unique combination of such qualities as cordiality, mercy, compassion, generosity, tolerance and, again, simplicity, very rarely found in other peoples of the world, all this is fully manifested in the very breadth of the Russian soul.

Diligence is another of the main features of the Russian character, although many historians in the study of the Russian people note both her love for work and huge potential, and her laziness, as well as complete lack of initiative (remember Oblomov in Goncharov's novel). But all the same, the efficiency and endurance of the Russian people is an indisputable fact, against which it is difficult to argue. And no matter how scientists all over the world would like to understand the "mysterious Russian soul", it is unlikely that any of them can do it, because it is so unique and multifaceted that its "zest" will forever remain a secret for everyone.

Traditions and customs of the Russian people

(Russian meal)

Folk traditions and customs are a unique connection, a kind of "bridge of times", linking the far past with the present. Some of them are rooted in the pagan past of the Russian people, even before the baptism of Russia, little by little their sacred meaning was lost and forgotten, but the main points have been preserved and are still being observed. In villages and towns, Russian traditions and customs are honored and remembered to a greater extent than in cities, which is associated with a more isolated lifestyle of urban residents.

A large number of rituals and traditions are associated with family life (this includes matchmaking, wedding celebrations, and the baptism of children). Carrying out ancient ceremonies and rituals guaranteed a successful and happy life in the future, the health of descendants and the general well-being of the family.

(Colorized photograph of a Russian family in the early 20th century)

Since ancient times, Slavic families have been distinguished by a large number of family members (up to 20 people), adult children, having already married, remained to live in their own home, the father or elder brother was the head of the family, they all had to obey and implicitly fulfill all their orders. Usually, wedding celebrations were held either in the fall, after the harvest, or in the winter after the Feast of the Epiphany (January 19). Then the first week after Easter, the so-called "Red Hill", was considered a very good time for a wedding. The wedding itself was preceded by a ceremony of matchmaking, when the groom’s parents came to the bride’s family together with his godparents, if the parents agreed to give their daughter in marriage, then the bride was held (acquaintance of the future newlyweds), then there was a rite of conspiracy and handshaking (the parents decided on issues of dowry and the date of the wedding festivities ).

The rite of baptism in Russia was also interesting and unique, the child had to be baptized immediately after birth, for this godparents were chosen, who would be responsible for the life and well-being of the godson all his life. At the age of one, the baby was put on the inside of a sheepskin coat and sheared it, cutting off a cross on the crown, with such a meaning that impure forces could not penetrate his head and would not have power over him. Every Christmas Eve (January 6), a slightly grown godson should bring kutya (wheat porridge with honey and poppy seeds) to his godparents, and they, in turn, should give him sweets.

Traditional holidays of the Russian people

Russia is a truly unique state where, along with the highly developed culture of the modern world, they carefully honor the ancient traditions of their grandfathers and great-grandfathers, which go back centuries and keep the memory of not only Orthodox vows and canons, but also the most ancient pagan rites and sacraments. And to this day, pagan holidays are celebrated, people listen to the signs and centuries-old traditions, remember and tell their children and grandchildren ancient traditions and legends.

Main national holidays:

  • Christmas Jan. 7
  • Christmas time January 6 - 9
  • Baptism January 19
  • Maslenitsa from 20 to 26 February
  • Forgiveness Sunday ( before Great Lent)
  • Palm Sunday ( the Sunday before Easter)
  • Easter ( the first Sunday after the full moon, which occurs no earlier than the day of the conditional vernal equinox on March 21)
  • Red hill ( first Sunday after Easter)
  • Trinity ( Sunday of Pentecost - 50th day after Easter)
  • Ivan Kupala July 7
  • Day of Peter and Fevronia July 8
  • Ilyin's day August 2
  • Honey Spas August 14
  • Apple Spas August 19
  • Third (Bread) Spas August 29
  • Veil day October 14

There is a belief that on the night of Ivan Kupala (from July 6 to 7), once a year, a fern flower blooms in the forest, and whoever finds it will gain untold wealth. In the evening, large bonfires are kindled near rivers and lakes, people dressed in festive old Russian robes lead round dances, sing ritual chants, jump over the fire, and let wreaths flow, hoping to find their soul mate.

Shrovetide is a traditional holiday of the Russian people, celebrated during the week before Lent. A very long time ago, Shrovetide was rather not a holiday, but a rite, when the memory of departed ancestors was honored, coaxing them with pancakes, asking them for a fertile year, and spending the winter by burning a straw effigy. Time passed, and the Russian people, longing for fun and positive emotions in the cold and dull season, turned the sad holiday into a more cheerful and daring celebration, which began to symbolize the joy of the imminent end of winter and the arrival of the long-awaited warmth. The meaning has changed, but the tradition of baking pancakes has remained, exciting winter entertainments have appeared: sledding and horse-drawn sleigh rides, the straw effigy of Winter was burned, all the Shrovetide week a relative went to pancakes either to the mother-in-law or to the sister-in-law, the atmosphere of celebration and fun reigned everywhere , various theatrical and puppet performances were held on the streets with the participation of Petrushka and other folklore characters. One of the most colorful and dangerous entertainments on Maslenitsa was fisticuffs, they were attended by the male population, for whom it was an honor to take part in a kind of “military business”, testing their courage, courage and dexterity.

Christmas and Easter are considered especially revered Christian holidays among the Russian people.

Christmas is not only a bright holiday of Orthodoxy, it also symbolizes the rebirth and return to life, the traditions and customs of this holiday, filled with kindness and humanity, high moral ideals and the triumph of the spirit over worldly concerns, in the modern world are re-opened to society and rethought by it. The day before Christmas (January 6) is called Christmas Eve, because the main dish of the festive table, which should consist of 12 dishes, is a special porridge "sochivo", consisting of boiled cereals poured with honey, sprinkled with poppy seeds and nuts. You can sit down at the table only after the first star appears in the sky, Christmas (January 7) is a family holiday, when everyone gathered at the same table, ate a festive treat and gave gifts to each other. 12 days after the holiday (until January 19) are called Christmas time, earlier at this time the girls in Russia held various gatherings with fortune-telling and rituals to attract suitors.

Bright Easter has long been considered a great holiday in Russia, which people associated with the day of general equality, forgiveness and mercy. On the eve of Easter celebrations, Russian women usually bake Easter cakes (festive rich Easter bread) and Easter, clean and decorate their homes, young people and children paint eggs, which, according to ancient legend, symbolize the drops of blood of Jesus Christ crucified on the cross. On the day of Holy Easter, smartly dressed people, meeting, say “Christ is Risen!”, Answer “Truly Risen!”, Then follows a triple kiss and the exchange of festive Easter eggs.

"Healthy lifestyle lesson" - Causes of poor health of students. Medical. - No flu! Promotions: Color therapy. The law of the Russian Federation "On Education" prioritizes the preservation and promotion of children's health. The teachers are joking. To the lesson about the origin of man: "Man sounds proud, and the monkey - promising." To stretch the spine.

"Game "Healthy Lifestyle"" - Mutagenesis. You definitely need to wash. Physical inactivity. Basic exercises for developing muscle strength. Rules of the game. Personal hygiene. Passive smoking. Skin types. What disease is called "disease of dirty hands." Mushrooms and berries. Hair can be cut painlessly. The amount of salt. The most useful form of recreation.

"About a healthy lifestyle" - We live better than anyone, Because with us - Laughter! You are subject to all the elements! Laughter is not far behind us! "FOOD is an important source of energy and strength for a person." If you want to be strong, run! You always have a choice. just remember that on one side of the scale is health and life, and on the other is disease.

"Health of youth" - Physical education. hardening. Hygiene. Public health. Drugs. Smoking. Bad habits. Overweight. The concept of health. Health. UN recommendations. health reserves. Proper nutrition. Alcohol. Risk factors.

"Human health, healthy lifestyle" - In the 21st century, being healthy, smart and successful is fashionable and prestigious! 2. Remember: alcohol kills sooner or later... Drugs, beer and other alcoholic beverages - no! Healthy spirit. In a healthy body. Healthy lifestyle Rejection of bad habits. Healthy lifestyle Proper nutrition. Remember: harmful products will poison the body and will not add health!

"Lifestyle and health" - Hardening. Let's point out a few: 1. There is no consistent and continuous system of health education in the country. Participants in other groups took special medications. It should be noted that poverty and inequality are closely interrelated. Myocardial infarction becomes the disease of the century. The daily diet of a person must be strictly balanced.




Shrovetide What did they do on Shrove Tuesday? A significant part of the customs on Shrovetide, one way or another, was connected with the theme of family and marriage relations: newlyweds who got married during the past year were honored at Shrovetide. The young people were arranged for a kind of bride in the village: they put them at the gate posts and forced them to kiss in front of everyone, buried them in the snow or showered the snow carnival.


So what is a carnival? Maslenitsa, cheese week is a festive cycle that has been preserved in Russia since pagan (pre-Christian) times. The rite is associated with seeing off winter and welcoming spring. After the baptism of Russia, Maslenitsa is celebrated on the last week before Lent, seven weeks before Easter. The main attributes of Shrovetide are pancakes and folk festivals. But the most important thing is pancakes! Pancake symbol of the sun. So round and hot. They are served piping hot on the table. With butter, sour cream, caviar, mushrooms, sturgeon or sturgeon for every taste. And on the last day of Maslenitsa, they burn a straw effigy, a symbol of winter. Seeing off the winter until next year. In addition, Maslenitsa is a character in Slavic mythology. Maslenitsa embodies three characters at once: Fertility, Winter and Death




EASTER CHRISTIAN Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This is the most important holiday in the Christian calendar. Easter Sunday does not fall on the same date every year, but is always between March 22 and April 25. It falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon following March 21, the vernal equinox. The date of Easter Sunday was approved by the church council in Nicaea in 325 AD.


And now a little more in detail... The name "Easter" is a direct translation of the name of the Jewish holiday, celebrated every year during the week. The death and resurrection of Christ coincided with the Easter holiday, and He Himself became like an innocent lamb (lamb), which is slaughtered according to custom before the start of this holiday. Christians honor Sunday as the day of the Resurrection of Christ. Why donate eggs? This symbol is of ancient origin. Ancient philosophers showed the origin of the world with the image of an egg. Easter is celebrated for 40 days - in memory of the forty-day stay of Christ on earth after the resurrection