Easy degree of adaptation

By the 20th day of stay in the kindergarten, the child's sleep normalizes, he normally starts to eat. The mood is cheerful, interested, combined with morning crying. Relations with close adults are not disturbed, the child succumbs to farewell rituals, is quickly distracted, he is interested in other adults. Attitude towards children can be indifferent, and interested. Interest in the environment is restored within two weeks with the participation of an adult. Speech is inhibited, but the child can respond and follow the instructions of an adult. By the end of the first month, active speech is restored. The incidence is not more than once, the terms are not more than ten days, without complications. Weight unchanged. There are no signs of neurotic reactions and changes in the activity of the autonomic nervous system.

Average degree of adaptation

Violations in the general condition are more pronounced and longer. Sleep is restored only after 20-40 days, the quality of sleep also suffers. Appetite is restored in 20-40 days. Mood unstable during the month, tearfulness throughout the day. Behavioral reactions are restored by the 30th day of stay in the preschool educational institution. His attitude towards relatives is emotionally excited (crying, screaming at parting and meeting). Attitude towards children, as a rule, is indifferent, but may be interested. Speech is either not used or speech activity slows down. In the game, the child does not use the acquired skills, the game is situational. Attitude towards adults is selective. Incidence up to two times, for a period of not more than 10 days, without complications. Weight does not change or slightly decreases. There are signs of neurotic reactions: selectivity in relations with adults and children, communication only under certain conditions. Changes in the autonomic nervous system: pallor, sweating, shadows under the eyes, burning cheeks, skin peeling (diathesis) - within one and a half to two weeks.

Severe degree of adaptation

The child does not fall asleep well, sleep is short, cries out, cries in a dream, wakes up with tears; appetite decreases strongly and for a long time, there may be a persistent refusal to eat, neurotic vomiting, functional disorders of the stool, uncontrolled stool. The mood is indifferent, the child cries a lot and for a long time, behavioral reactions are normalized by the 60th day of stay in the kindergarten. Attitude towards relatives - emotionally - excited, devoid of practical interaction. Attitude towards children: avoids, avoids or shows aggression. Refuses to participate in activities, does not use speech, or there is a delay in speech development for 2-3 periods. The game is situational, short-term.

For parents who plan to send their baby to kindergarten, the issue of adaptation is very acute. Babies in most cases do not tolerate the beginning of a “new kindergarten life”, especially this reaction is typical for babies 1.5 - 2 years old. Both pediatricians and psychologists deal with the problem of adapting babies to preschool institutions. After all, the health of the child directly depends on his emotional state.

Types of adaptation.
Each child adapts individually. Some kids get used to the new regimen in just a couple of weeks, while they feel great, their appetite is preserved, and their mood is positive. Other kids have a hard time adapting, while they are depressed, their appetite is poor or may even be absent, and poor appetite persists not only in the kindergarten, but also at home. Babies may even refuse to eat their favorite foods. Sleep in such children is also disturbed.
After numerous observations carried out among children, it is customary to distinguish three degrees of severity of the child's adaptation process to kindergarten. These are mild, moderate, and severe. To determine the severity, it is taken into account how the baby sleeps, what his appetite is, of course, his emotions, special attention is paid to negative emotions, how the baby communicates with the children in the group, whether he has speech problems and more.

If the normalization of all the above factors occurs after 10-20 days, this corresponds to a mild degree of severity. At the same time, neuropsychic development corresponds to age. If the establishment of contact and norms of behavior is delayed, and is already 20-40 days, such indicators correspond to a moderate degree. The development of speech in such children slows down for about a couple of months. The extreme severity of adaptation is divided into two groups, for the first group "A" adaptation stretches for about 2 months, if this is group "B", then the period can increase even more. Such children may have a developmental lag for several quarters.

Easy degree of adaptation.
At this degree, changes in the behavior of the child occur within 20-30 days. At the same time, the appetite does not change, or slightly decreases, but gradually, within a week, returns to normal. At the same time, the amount of daily food intake corresponds to age. Home sleep is not disturbed, but in a kindergarten it is restored within a week. The speech activity of the child, his emotional state, and communication with children usually normalize within 15 to 20 days, but most often earlier. Relations with adults are not broken, the baby is active and in constant motion. Diseases during this period rarely occur, and if they occur, they proceed in a mild degree, there is no protracted course, there are no relapses and complications.
A slight degree of adaptation is characteristic of healthy children. These are children who were born healthy, practically did not get sick for the first years of their lives, all vaccinations were performed according to the calendar. Also, such children were constantly tempered by their parents, they eat almost everything.

Moderate degree of adaptation.
This degree of severity is typical for children who have any deviations in the state of health. For example, if there were complications in childbirth - asphyxia, or if the baby was born prematurely, or often fell ill for the first years of his life. The unfavorable emotional situation in the family also affects the health of the child. With a moderate degree of severity of adaptation processes, violations are more pronounced and longer. Normalization of sleep and appetite in the garden and at home occurs no earlier than after 20 to 30 days. Toddlers cannot yet set up contact with other children right away, usually it takes time, about 20 days. During this time of the child's stay in the group, his emotional state is not stable.
Also, this degree of severity is characterized by a delay in motor activity, and recovery occurs only a month after visiting a preschool institution. The incidence is most pronounced in the first months, while complications are possible.

Severe degree of adaptation.
A severe degree is characterized by a duration of two months to six months, in some cases even more. In addition, all manifestations are pronounced, children get sick very quickly during the first week, and the disease recurs 4-8 or more times during the year. A decrease in the intensity of diseases occurs only in the second year of stay in kindergarten. Only from the second year, children begin to attend kindergarten regularly.
In other babies, inappropriate behavior persists for a longer time, and borders on neurotic states. The peanut lags behind in speech and game development by a couple of blocks. Most of all, such adaptation is typical for children with malformations, suffering from severe chronic diseases. This adaptation is also possible in allergy sufferers. In addition to biological factors that affect the development of the baby, the social environment also has an impact.

"Nesadikovskiye" children.
With the onset of a wonderful moment, when the baby is already walking on his own, he can take care of himself, mothers are increasingly thinking about going to work. It's time to look for a kindergarten (or a queue is coming to it) for a child and weigh all the pros and cons. Moms actively communicate with friends and acquaintances whose children already go to such institutions. Yes, and they themselves understand that a professional will deal with her child in a preschool, various classes will be held that will help the kids develop, no one has yet canceled the process of social adaptation, and in the kindergarten it will go faster. But in addition to the visible pluses, there is one "BUT".
All mothers know that the child at first goes to kindergarten for a week and sits at home for two weeks. Most mothers attribute such frequent illnesses to poor childcare in the institution. Due to the large number of children, caregivers cannot keep track of everyone, and it is their child who is not dressed, not shod, and every mother thinks that her child is especially badly monitored. but this is not always true...

Toddlers who stay at home and communicate little with other children live in a certain halo of the same microorganisms. Each toddler has its own specific bacteria, which he receives exclusively in his family. As soon as the child goes to the kindergarten, there is close communication between the children and, as a result, there is an exchange of microorganisms. Another baby has its own bacteria, others. The child's body perceives "foreign" microorganisms as a potential threat and a disease develops in him. The baby, who was the source of these “foreign” microorganisms, does not develop a disease, since these microorganisms are his, and he is constantly in contact with them. So the crumbs in the kindergarten change with their microbes until they are ill with all of them.
This picture is especially typical for children who go to kindergarten during the first few weeks. At this time, babies have reduced immunity, finding a child without a mother is a stressful situation, and stress adversely affects the functioning of all systems, especially the immune system.

How does the child react to adaptation?
The process of adaptation of the child greatly affects the process of formation of immunity, this leads to more frequent diseases, especially with regard to SARS. This increases the duration of the disease, which depends on the severity of the adaptation process. With a mild degree, the duration of the disease does not exceed 10 days. If the baby has a moderate degree of adaptation, the duration is already more than 10 days, relapses are also characteristic of this group.

With severe severity of group "A", the disease lasts more than 10 days with relapses and complications. Babies who belong to group "B" suffer illnesses for a long time, pronounced reactions from the nervous system develop, such children are usually called "non-sadik".
Also, with a mild degree of severity of the adaptation process, the body weight and height of the child does not change, but with a moderate degree, temporary weight loss occurs within a month. With severe severity, there is a slowdown in growth rates and, accordingly, weight gain.

How to facilitate the adaptation period?
It is necessary to prepare the baby for the kindergarten long before he enters - ideally, you need to prepare for the kindergarten from birth. For easier adaptation, employees of the kindergarten can establish contacts with the family and the child themselves in advance. It is best to take a child to kindergarten in the warm season, during these periods the adaptation processes proceed more calmly.

No more than 2 children can be accepted into a group at the same time. It is important for parents to know that the baby should visit the kindergarten gradually, in the first week the child is in the group for no more than 3 hours, the time gradually increases. This process is called step adaptation. In addition, during the first two weeks, the child should have his own routine. At this time, the mother can be with the child, engage with him in a group.

It is important that the baby in the group is comfortable, especially with regard to the temperature regime. When carrying out physical exercises, it is necessary to strictly monitor the reaction of the child, if the baby is tired, you can not insist on doing the exercise. You also need to strictly monitor nutrition, if the baby refuses to eat, you don’t need to insist, it’s better for the baby to eat more at home.

If the baby has not been fully vaccinated before entering the kindergarten, it is better to postpone vaccination until the moment of full adaptation. All traumatic manipulations during this period are strictly prohibited. In the kindergarten, the child is monitored, and all data is noted in a special card.

As soon as the child has adequate behavior, the baby’s sleep is deep and calm, appetite, speech activity stabilizes, the baby gains weight in accordance with the norms and the child has no diseases for a month, this indicates the child’s complete adaptation to the preschool institution.

All preschool institutions conduct dynamic monitoring and record all the data in the adaptation diaries about all the children who have recently entered. Evaluate the work of a preschool institution in terms of the incidence of children in the first month of their stay. Based on the results of these data, a consultation is held and it is decided how best to carry out adaptation measures for babies, how the groups of the institution are filled, and more.

Danger of frequent diseases.
Often sick children are not only medical, but also social problems. Parents of frequently ill children are often forced to take sick leave, because of this, employers suffer losses. If the problems of employers fade into the background, then frequently ill children have a disrupted vaccination schedule, problems with adaptation in such children are more serious. This happens due to irregular visits to the kindergarten, the kids wean from the group, from the children. As a rule, such children have problems not only with preschool institutions, but also with school. Due to frequent illnesses, children often miss classes and fall behind in the program.

Frequently ill children form a vicious circle. Against the background of weakened immunity, the child often falls ill with colds, these diseases further inhibit the work of the body's immune defenses, and against this background, there is often an increased risk of developing various complications.

In addition, often ill children have great psychological problems, most of these children have many complexes, the main one is an inferiority complex, the child is not self-confident. Such children cannot always live actively, and often avoid peers, become withdrawn and irritable.

If you do not help the immune system of the child, then the diseases will go on in a constant succession and for a long time. As a preventive measure, it is necessary to choose the right, balanced diet, walks in the fresh air are required in combination with active games. These are the basic principles of prevention. But in each case, all measures must be selected individually.

Phases of the adaptation period.

Severe degree of adaptation. The child does not fall asleep well, sleep is short, cries out, cries in a dream, wakes up with tears; appetite decreases strongly and for a long time, there may be a persistent refusal to eat, neurotic vomiting, functional disorders of the stool, uncontrolled stool. The mood is indifferent, the child cries a lot and for a long time, behavioral reactions are normalized by the 60th day of stay in the kindergarten. Attitude to relatives - emotionally excited, devoid of practical interaction. Attitude towards children: avoids, avoids or shows aggression. Refuses to participate in activities. Speech does not use or there is a delay in speech development for 2-3 periods. The game is situational, short-term.

The duration of the adaptation period depends on the individual - typological characteristics of each baby. One is active, sociable, inquisitive. His adaptation period will pass quite easily and quickly. The other is slow, imperturbable, likes to retire with toys. Noise, loud conversations of peers annoy him. If he knows how to eat himself, dress himself, then he does it slowly, lags behind everyone. These difficulties leave their mark on relationships with others. Such a child needs more time to get used to the new environment.

Factors on which the course of the adaptation period depends.

1.Age.

2. State of health.

3. Level of development.

4. Ability to communicate with adults and peers.

5. Formation of subject and game activity.

6. The proximity of the home mode to the kindergarten mode.

Exists certain reasons that cause tears in a child:

Anxiety associated with a change of scenery (a child under 3 years old still needs increased attention. At the same time, from the usual, calm homely atmosphere, where the mother is nearby and can come to the rescue at any time, he moves into an unfamiliar space, meets, albeit benevolent, but strangers) and the regime (it can be difficult for a child to accept the norms and rules of the life of the group in which he fell). In kindergarten, they are taught a certain discipline, but at home it was not so important. In addition, the child’s personal daily routine is violated, this can provoke tantrums and unwillingness to go to preschool.

A negative first impression of attending kindergarten. It can be critical to a child's continued stay in preschool, so the first day in the group is extremely important.

Psychological unpreparedness of the child for kindergarten. This problem is the most difficult and may be associated with individual characteristics of development. Most often this happens when the child lacks emotional communication with his mother. Therefore, a normal child cannot quickly adapt to preschool, because he is strongly attached to his mother, and her disappearance causes a violent protest of the child, especially if he is impressionable and emotionally sensitive.

Children 3-4 years old experience fears of strangers and new situations of communication, which is exactly what is fully manifested in the preschool educational institution. These fears are one of the reasons for the difficult adaptation of the child to the nursery. Often, the fear of new people and situations in the garden leads to the fact that the child becomes more excitable, vulnerable, touchy, tearful, he gets sick more often, because stress depletes the body's defenses.

Lack of self-care skills. This greatly complicates the child's stay in kindergarten.

Too many impressions. In preschool, the baby experiences many new positive and negative experiences, he can overwork and, as a result, be nervous, cry, act up.

- Personal rejection of the staff of the group and kindergarten. Such a phenomenon should not be regarded as mandatory, but it is possible.

Causes of severe adaptation to the conditions of the preschool educational institution

The absence in the family of a regime coinciding with the regime of a kindergarten.

The presence of the child's peculiar habits.

Inability to occupy yourself with a toy.

Lack of formation of elementary cultural and hygienic skills.

Lack of experience with strangers.

Reminders for the educator:

1. Educators get acquainted with parents and other family members, with the child himself, learn the following information:

What habits have developed at home in the process of eating, falling asleep, using the toilet, etc.

What is the name of the child at home

What does the child like to do the most?

What features of behavior please, and what are alarming parents.

2. Introduce parents to the preschool educational institution, show the group. To acquaint parents with the daily routine in kindergarten, find out how the daily routine at home differs from the daily routine in kindergarten.

4. Clarify the rules in communicating with parents:

Kindergarten is an open system, at any time parents can come to the group and stay there for as long as they see fit;

Parents can pick up the child at a convenient time for them;

Etc.

5. It is necessary to show joy and care when the child comes to the group.

6. It is necessary to ensure the stability of the composition of educators for the period of admission and for the entire period of stay of children in the preschool educational institution. During the period of adaptation and after it, it is strictly forbidden to transfer children to other groups.

7. For the period of adaptation, if possible, a sparing regimen is necessary.

8. The proximity of the kindergarten mode to the home mode.

9. It is important to remember that the child should enjoy communicating with adults and peers.

10. The quality of adaptation of each child with

During the adaptation period, the following factors must be considered:

Condition and development of the child. It is absolutely clear that a healthy, well-developed child endures all sorts of difficulties more easily, including difficulties of social adaptation. Therefore, in order to protect the child from diseases, to prevent mental stress, parents should do their best to provide the child with conditions for development and take care of his health.

Baby's age. It is more difficult for children of one and a half years to endure separation from relatives and adults and changes in living conditions. At an older age (after one and a half years), this temporary separation from the mother gradually loses its stressful influence.

Biological and social factors. Biological factors include toxicosis and diseases of the mother during pregnancy, complications during childbirth and diseases of the baby during the neonatal period and the first three months of life. Frequent illnesses of a child before entering a preschool institution also affect the severity of adaptation. Unfavorable social conditions are essential. They are expressed in the fact that parents do not provide the child with the correct regimen appropriate for age, a sufficient amount of daytime sleep, do not monitor the correct organization of wakefulness, etc. this leads to the fact that the child is overworked.

The level of training of adaptive capabilities. Socially, this opportunity does not train on its own. The formation of this important quality should go in parallel with the general socialization of the child, with the development of his psyche. Even if a child does not enter a preschool institution, he should still be placed in such conditions when he will need to change his form of behavior.

No. 12. Organization of the life of children in the period of adaptation to a preschool institution. Persons responsible for its success.

When entering kindergarten, all children experience adaptive stress, so it is very important to help the child overcome emotional stress and successfully adapt to the new environment. Experts distinguish three periods of a child's getting used to kindergarten: acute, subacute, compensation period. The first two periods can be classified according to severity - mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe. The characteristics of all degrees of adaptation are described in the specialized literature, so we will focus only on the functions of a nurse during the period of adaptation. Among them: - work with medical records, if necessary, a conversation with parents to determine the child's health group, understanding the history of its development, clarification of complications and prohibitions on certain medications and products;

Together with the psychologist and the head teacher of the preschool educational institution, preparation of recommendations on the mode of adaptation of the child to the preschool educational institution based on the records in the medical record;

Preventing children with viral infections and other current diseases from entering the kindergarten, monitoring the health of children and food intake;

Together with teachers, maintaining an adaptation sheet (is carried out until the child fully adapts to kindergarten).

Often the reason for the unbalanced behavior of children is the incorrect organization of the child's activity: when his physical activity is not satisfied, the child does not receive enough impressions, he experiences a deficit in communication with adults.

Disruptions in the behavior of children can also occur as a result of the fact that his organic needs are not satisfied in a timely manner - inconvenience in clothing, the child is not fed in time, has not slept.

Therefore, the regime of the day, careful hygienic care, methodically correct conduct of all routine processes - sleep, feeding, toilet, timely organization of independent activities of children, classes, implementation of the correct educational approaches to them is the key to the formation of the correct behavior of the child, creating a balanced mood in him.

No. 13. Phases of adaptation.

In the course of a comprehensive study conducted by scientists in different countries, stages (phases) of the adaptation process were identified.

1. Acute phase - accompanied by various fluctuations in the somatic state and mental status, which leads to weight loss, more frequent respiratory diseases, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, regression in speech development; phase lasts an average of one month.

2. Subacute phase - characterized by adequate behavior of the child, that is, all shifts decrease and are recorded only in certain parameters, against the background of a slow pace of development, especially mental, compared with average age norms; phase lasts 3-5 months.

3. Compensation phase - characterized by an acceleration in the pace of development, and by the end of the school year, children overcome the developmental delay indicated above.

No. 14. The main objective indicators of the end of adaptation.

Objective indicators of the end of the period of adaptation in children are:

· deep dream;

· a good appetite;

a cheerful emotional state;

Complete restoration of existing habits and skills, active behavior;

age-appropriate weight gain.

No. 15. The main types of adaptation.

Doctors and psychologists distinguish three degrees of adaptation: mild, moderate and severe. The main indicator of severity is the timing of the normalization of the child's behavior, the frequency and duration of acute diseases, the manifestation of neurotic reactions.

Easy short-term adaptation lasts for 2-6 weeks.

Severe - long-term: about 6-9 months.

No. 16. The concept of microbiology. Characteristics of microorganisms.

Microbiology is the science that studies the life and development of living microorganisms (microbes). Microorganisms are an independent large group of unicellular organisms related in origin to the plant and animal world.

A distinctive feature of microorganisms is the extremely small size of an individual.

Diameter b. bacteria does not exceed 0.001 mm. In microbiology, the unit of measure is micron, 1 µm = 10-3 mm). Details of the structure of microorganisms are measured in nanometers (1 nm = 10-3 µm = 10-6 mm).

Due to their small size, microorganisms easily move with air current through water. Spread quickly.

One of the most important properties of microorganisms is their ability to reproduce. The ability of m / organisms to reproduce rapidly is far superior to animals and plants. Some bacteria can divide every 8-10 min. So from one cell weighing 2.5 10-12 gr. in 2-4 days, under favorable conditions, a biomass of the order of 1010 tons could be formed.

Another distinguishing characteristic of m / organisms is the diversity of their physiological and biochemical properties.

Some m/organisms can grow in extreme conditions. A significant number of m / organisms can live at a temperature of - 1960C (liquid nitrogen temperature). Other types of m / organisms are thermophilic m / organisms, the growth of which is observed at 80 ° C and above.

Many microorganisms are resistant to high hydrostatic pressure (in the depths of the seas and oceans; oil fields). Also, many m / organisms retain their vital activity in a deep vacuum. Some m / organisms withstand high doses of ultraviolet or ionizing radiation.

No. 17. Spread of microbes.

The soil- is the main habitat of many microorganisms. The content of microorganisms in the soil is millions and billions in 1 gram. The composition and number of microorganisms depend on humidity, temperature, nutrient content, soil acidity.

Fertile soils contain more microorganisms than clay and desert soils. The top layer of soil (1-2 mm) contains fewer microorganisms, because the sun's rays and drying cause their death, and at a depth of 10-20 cm - microorganisms are the most. The deeper, the lower the number of microorganisms in the soil. The 15 cm of the topsoil are richest in microbes.

The species composition of soil microflora primarily depends on the type of soil. Aerobic microorganisms predominate in sandy soils, while anaerobic microorganisms predominate in clay soils. In their composition, as a rule, saprophytic species of spore-forming bacilli and clostridia, actinomycetes, fungi, mycoplasmas, blue-green algae, and protozoa are found.

Soil microorganisms decompose human corpses, animal and plant residues, self-purify the soil from sewage and waste, the biological cycle of substances, change the structure and chemical composition of the soil. Pathogenic microorganisms enter the soil with excretions of humans and animals.

Air. The number of permanently located microorganisms in the atmospheric air is relatively small. Most of them are found in the near-Earth layers of the atmosphere. As you move away from the earth's surface in ecologically favorable regions, the air becomes cleaner.

The number of microorganisms depends on the height and distance from settlements. Here they only remain for some time, and then they die due to solar radiation, temperature effects, and lack of nutrients.

In winter, the number of microorganisms in the air of open spaces is less than in summer. In indoor air, the number of microorganisms in winter is greater than in summer. Microorganisms enter the air from patients through the respiratory tract, with dust, from contaminated objects, soil.

In the atmospheric air, the species composition of microflora is constantly changing. In the air there can be: staphylococci, streptococci, pathogens of diphtheria, tuberculosis, measles, influenza viruses. Therefore, airborne and airborne dust transmission routes of the infectious principle are possible. And to prevent them, masks, airing, wet cleaning are used.

Water. Water is the natural habitat for many microorganisms. Quantitative ratios of aquatic microorganisms in open water bodies vary widely, depending on the type of water body, season, and degree of pollution. There are especially many microorganisms near settlements, where water is polluted by household sewage. Clean water - artesian wells and springs. Water is characterized by its self-purification: death under the influence of sunlight, dilution with clean water, due to the antagonism of microorganisms and other factors.

The species composition of the water microflora is not much different from the soil. Water epidemics are known: with cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, tularemia, leptospirosis.

Normal microflora of the human body. The microflora isolated from a healthy person differs in species diversity. At the same time, some types of microorganisms live in the human body permanently and constitute a normal group of microflora, while others are found periodically, entering the human body from case to case.

Respiratory tract: permanent microflora is contained only in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and pharynx. It contains gram-negative catarrhal micrococci and pharyngeal diplococci, diphtheroids, capsular gram-negative rods, actinomycetes, staphylococci, peptococci, proteus, adenoviruses. The terminal branches of the bronchi and pulmonary alveoli are sterile.

Mouth: specific types of microorganisms in the oral cavity of the child appear after 207 days. Among them, 30-60% are streptococci. The oral cavity is also populated with mycoplasmas, yeast-like fungi, saprophytic species of treponema, borrelias and leptospira, entameb, trichomonads.

Gastrointestinal: The small intestine does not contain specific types of microbes, and occasional ones are rare and few. The large intestine is colonized by transient microorganisms from the first day of life. Obligate anaerobes prevail in it, in particular - bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, bacteroids and eubacteria - 90-95%. 5-10% - facultative anaerobic bacteria: Escherichia coli and lactic streptococci. Tenths to hundredths of a percent of the intestinal biocenosis fall on the residual microflora: clostridia, enterococci, proteus, candida, etc.

Microflora of the skin and conjunctiva of the eye: micro- and macrococci, coryneforms, mold yeasts and yeast-like organisms, mycoplasmas, opportunistic staphylococci live on the skin and conjunctiva of the eye. Other types of microbes, actinomycetes, fungi, clostridia, Escherichia, Staphylococcus aureus, inseminate the skin and conjunctiva in conditions of severe indoor air dustiness, contamination of household items, direct contact with the soil. At the same time, the number of microorganisms on the skin is many times greater than on the area of ​​the eye, which is explained by the high content of microbicidal substances in the secretion of the conjunctiva.

The microflora of the urinary tract: the urinary tract of healthy people is sterile, and only in the anterior part of the urethra are gram-negative non-pathogenic bacteria, coryneforms, micrococci, staphylococci and others. Mycobacteria smegma and mycoplasma live on the external genitalia. From the 2-5th day of a newborn's life, the vagina is inhabited for many years by non-pathogenic coccal microflora, which is replaced by lactic acid bacteria during puberty.

No. 18. microbial variability. Application of these properties in medicine.

Microbes are highly variable. For example, under the influence of certain influences, a bacterium that has the shape of a long stick can turn into a ball. But it is important for us that a change in the appearance, shape of the smallest creatures is sometimes accompanied by hereditary changes in their properties under the influence of irradiation.

In the laboratory, it is possible to "tame" useful microbes that produce, for example, antibiotics, or even change their properties so that they will produce useful products in even greater quantities. So, it was possible to develop a culture of a mold fungus that gives penicillin, the productivity of which is 200 times higher than usual. Under natural conditions, a microbe was discovered that is capable of synthesizing a valuable amino acid, lysine, in noticeable quantities. As a result of the impact applied, an altered form of this microorganism was obtained, which synthesizes lysine 400 times more intensively than the "savage". The addition of cheap lysine to bird and animal feed dramatically increases its nutritional value.

It is possible to deprive pathogenic microbes of harmful properties by acting on them, for example, with x-rays or radium. Such neutralized microbes turn from enemies into our friends. With great success they are used to obtain therapeutic vaccines. To successfully combat harmful microbes, their characteristics must be taken into account. Knowing the properties of microbes, it is possible to create conditions that will be favorable for the development of beneficial species and hinder the development of harmful ones.

thesis

3. Classification of the severity of adaptation of children

Each child goes through a period of adaptation individually. Some babies get used to the new regimen in a couple of weeks and at the same time feel great, their appetite is maintained throughout the entire period of adaptation. Other kids have a hard time adapting, they are depressed, and there is no appetite. Poor appetite in such babies can be at home.

Doctors and psychologists distinguish three degrees of adaptation: mild, moderate and severe. The main indicators of severity are the terms of normalization of behavior, the frequency and duration of acute diseases, the manifestation of neurotic reactions.

With easy adaptation within a month, the child's behavior normalizes according to the indicators that we spoke about above, he calmly or joyfully begins to relate to the new children's team. Appetite decreases, but not much, and by the end of the first week it reaches the usual level, sleep improves within one to two weeks. By the end of the month, the baby's speech, play, and interest in the world around him are restored. Relations with close people with easy adaptation in a child are not disturbed, he is quite active, but not excited. The decrease in the body's defenses is expressed slightly and is restored by the end of the 2-3rd week. There are no acute illnesses.

During adaptation of moderate severity, violations in the behavior and general condition of the child are more pronounced and longer. Sleep and appetite are restored only after 20-40 days, the mood is unstable for a month, activity is significantly reduced: the baby becomes whiny, inactive, does not seek to explore a new environment, does not use previously acquired speech skills. All these changes last up to one and a half months. Changes in the activity of the autonomic nervous system are clearly expressed: this may be a functional violation of the stool, pallor, sweating, "shadows" under the eyes, "flaming" cheeks, manifestations of exudative diathesis may increase. These manifestations are especially pronounced before the onset of the disease, which, as a rule, proceeds in the form of an acute respiratory infection.

Of particular concern is the state of severe adaptation. The child begins to get sick for a long time and seriously, one disease replaces another almost without interruption, the body's defenses are undermined and no longer fulfill their role - they do not protect the body from numerous infectious agents that it constantly has to deal with. This adversely affects the physical and mental development of the baby. This type of severe adaptation is more common in children of 1.5-2 years of age with a history of deviations in health, the consequences of toxicosis of pregnancy in the mother, complications in childbirth, diseases of the neonatal period. Another variant of the course of severe adaptation: the child's inadequate behavior is so severely expressed that it borders on a neurotic state. Appetite decreases strongly and for a long time, the child may experience a persistent refusal to eat or neurotic vomiting when trying to feed him. The baby falls asleep badly, cries and cries in a dream, wakes up with tears. Sleep is light, short. During wakefulness, the child is depressed, not interested in others, avoids other children or is aggressive towards them; constantly crying or indifferent, not interested in anything, convulsively clenching his favorite home toy or handkerchief in his fist. It is difficult for us adults to comprehend the extent of his suffering. A child who violently expresses his protest against the new conditions by screaming, crying loudly, whims, clinging to his mother, falling to the floor in tears, is uncomfortable and disturbing for parents and caregivers, but causes less anxiety in child psychologists and psychiatrists than a child falling into a stupor , indifferent to what happens to him, to food, wet pants, even to the cold. Such apathy is a typical manifestation of childhood depression. The general condition of the body suffers: there is a loss in weight, vulnerability to infections, signs of childhood eczema or neurodermatitis appear. Improvement is extremely slow, over several months. The pace of development slows down, there is a lag in speech, play, communication. Sometimes it takes several years to restore the health of such a child. Adaptation of such severity is most often manifested in children from the age of three, when the formation of personal qualities is most actively carried out, the psyche is characterized by rapid development and becomes especially vulnerable and sensitive to circumstances that aggravate development, as well as in frequently ill children, from families with overprotection. In the anamnesis of such children, adverse biological factors are recorded - the pathology of pregnancy and childbirth in the mother, leading to hypoxia of the fetus and newborn. As a result of severe adaptation, both physical and mental exhaustion of the child's body can occur, which indicates his maladaptation and excludes the possibility of attending a preschool educational institution. Children with severe adaptation need repeated consultations with a pediatrician, neuropathologist, psychologist; in this case, specialists can recommend parents to postpone the child's admission to preschool until he gets stronger and his nervous system becomes stronger.

Summing up, we can say that the unfavorable course of adaptation to a preschool educational institution leads to a slowdown in intellectual development, negative changes in character, and violations of interpersonal contacts with children and adults, i.e. to poor mental health.

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