Test strips for the determination of acetone in the urine. What should I do if the test showed a high degree of acetone? What tests and examinations can a doctor prescribe with acetone in the urine
Instructions for use
Ketogluk-1 test strip for determining glucose and ketone bodies in urine n50 instructions for use
Composition
The indicator strip is a strip of plastic 5x(60-75) mm in size, which acts as a substrate on which the sensor element is located
Description
Semi-quantitative determination of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine makes it possible to control the level of glucosuria and ketonuria, choose the appropriate diet, and adjust the course of treatment.
IT'S IMPORTANT TO KNOW!
There should be no glucose in the urine. At the slightest appearance of glucose, you should immediately consult a doctor. The sensitivity of the touch zone is very high. The most sensitive test in the world (see paragraph "Sensitivity and specificity").
There should be no ketone bodies in the urine. At the slightest appearance of ketone bodies in the urine, you should immediately consult a doctor. The sensitivity of the touch zone is very high.
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD
The method for determining ketone bodies in urine is based on a series of sequential chemical reactions between ketone bodies, sodium nitroferricyanide and diamine, which result in the formation of a colored compound. The intensity of the color developed during the chemical reaction is determined by the degree of interaction of sodium nitroferricyanide and diamine with ketone bodies and is proportional to the content of ketone bodies in the urine.
By comparing the color intensity of the sensor element of the strip with the standard on the color scale, the content of ketone bodies in the urine is determined.
The method for determining glucose is based on a specific enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidation to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Under the action of the latter in the presence of the enzyme peroxidase, the chromogen is oxidized and a colored compound is formed. The degree of chromogen conversion, and, consequently, the color intensity, is proportional to the glucose content in the urine under study.
Comparing the color intensity of the chromogen with the standard on the color scale, determine the glucose content in the urine.
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION
The indicator strip is a strip of plastic 5x(60-75) mm in size, which acts as a substrate on which the sensor element is located.
The first sensor element is a specially processed material 5x(3-6) mm in size, containing sodium nitroferricyanide and diamine, located at a distance of 1-2 mm from the edge of the substrate, which ensures the occurrence of chemical reactions and the formation of a colored complex.
The second sensor element is a specially processed material 5x(3-6) mm in size, containing the enzymes glucose oxidase and peroxidase, chromogen and stabilizers, located at a distance of 1-2 mm from the edge of the first sensor element, which ensures the oxidation of glucose and chromogen and the formation of a colored complex.
The indicator strips are supplied as a set, which is made in two versions depending on the packaging.
Option A. 25, 50, 75 or 100 indicator strips packed in a case with a lid. The case is equipped with a moisture-absorbing element - finely porous silica gel.
Option B. 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100 indicator strips individually packed in a laminated aluminum foil bag containing a silica gel sachet.
Each set of indicator strips is supplied with a label and instructions for use. The label contains two color scales, consisting of a series of color fields, next to each of which the corresponding concentration of ketone bodies or glucose is indicated.
test strip
Selling Features
Without a license
Indications
for simultaneous visual qualitative or semi-quantitative determination of glucose and ketone bodies in human urine
Mode of application
Dosage
For determination, use freshly collected (no more than 2 hours before analysis) urine in a clean dish.Open the case or open the package, remove the indicator strip from it. (in the case of a pencil case, immediately close the pencil case tightly with a lid). Immerse the sensory elements of the Strip completely in the urine. After 4-5 seconds, remove the strip and remove excess liquid on the sensor elements with a sharp movement of the hand, or by carefully touching the edge of the strip to clean filter paper for 2-3 seconds, or by carefully touching the edge of the strip to the wall of the container with urine. Place the indicator strip on a flat, clean, dry surface with the sensor element up.
After 2 minutes from the moment the sensor elements are immersed in urine, compare the color of the sensor element with the corresponding color scale on the label of the kit packaging in good light.
A change in the color of the sensory elements indicates the presence of ketone bodies and glucose in the urine (qualitative definition). Semi-quantitative determination is carried out by comparing the color of the sensory elements with the corresponding color fields of the scales.
Reading time: 6 minutes
One of the causes of the disease of the baby's body can be increased acetone in the urine of a child, its content causes a lot of unpleasant symptoms. The disease can occur both with improper lifestyle and nutrition, and together with other serious diseases. To determine acetone, special test strips are produced, they are suitable for use at home.
What is acetone in urine
If the presence of ketone bodies in urine is overestimated, this disease is called acetonuria or ketonuria. Ketones include three substances such as acetoacetic acid, acetone and hydroxybutyric acid. These substances appear due to a deficiency of glucose or a violation of its absorption, as a result of which the oxidation of fats and proteins occurs in the human body. The normal level of acetone in the urine is very low.
The rate of acetone in the urine of a child
The urine of a healthy child should not contain acetone. In the entire volume of daily urine, its content can be from 0.01 to 0.03 g, the excretion of which occurs with urine, then exhaled air. When conducting a general urine test or using a test strip, the level of acetone is detected. If dirty dishes were used to collect urine or hygiene requirements were not met, then the analysis may give an incorrect conclusion.
Symptoms
Increased acetone in the urine of a child can be expressed by the following symptoms:
- Nausea, vomiting. In the vomit, there may be food debris, bile, mucus, from which the smell of acetone comes.
- Pain and cramps in the abdominal cavity, which appear due to intoxication of the body and irritation of the intestines.
- Enlargement of the liver, determined by palpation of the abdomen.
- Weakness, fatigue.
- Indifference, clouding of consciousness, coma.
- An increase in body temperature up to 37-39 C.
- The smell of acetone in the urine of a child, from the mouth, in severe conditions, the smell can come from the skin.
Causes of acetone in the urine of a child
Ketones in the urine of a child increase significantly with malnutrition, daily routine, emotional outbursts. An increase in acetone can cause:
- overeating, abuse of animal fats or starvation, lack of carbohydrates;
- lack of fluid, due to which a state of dehydration occurs;
- overheating or hypothermia;
- stress, severe nervous tension, excessive physical activity.
Elevated acetone in a child may appear for some physiological reasons:
- oncological disease;
- previous injuries and surgeries;
- infections, chronic diseases;
- temperature rise;
- poisoning;
- anemia;
- pathology of the digestive system;
- deviations in the psyche.
Why is acetone in urine dangerous?
The essence of acetonemic syndrome is the manifestation of signs that appear if acetone in the urine is elevated. Vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, the smell of acetone, abdominal pain, etc. may occur. In another way, the disease is called acetone crisis, ketosis, acetonemia. There are two types of acetonemic syndrome:
- Primary. Occurs for unknown reasons without damage to any internal organs. Excitable, emotional and irritable children can suffer from this disease. This type of acetonemic syndrome manifests itself in metabolic disorders, loss of appetite, insufficient body weight, sleep disturbance, speech function, and urination.
- Secondary. It is caused by other diseases. For example, infections of the intestines or respiratory tract, diseases of the digestive system, thyroid gland, liver, kidneys, pancreas. Acetone in urine in children may be increased due to diabetes. If diabetes is suspected, a blood sugar test is mandatory.
Increased acetone occurs in children under the age of 12, this is due to the completion of the formation of the child's enzyme system. If the syndrome recurs periodically, severe complications may appear in the form of:
- hypertension;
- diseases of the liver, kidneys, joints, biliary tract;
- diabetes mellitus.
How to determine the presence of acetone
The increased content of acetone is determined by passing a general urine test. A biochemical blood test shows a low glucose content, an increased level of leukocytes and ESR. If acetonemia is suspected, the doctor can feel the enlarged liver by touch. After that, this diagnosis is controlled by ultrasound.
Acetone urine test
To determine the ketone bodies in the urine of a child at home, special test strips are used. They can be bought at a pharmacy. Tests are carried out in plastic tubes. They are a small strip that changes color in the presence of ketones in the urine. If there is a change in color from yellow to pink, then this indicates the presence of acetonuria. And if the strip has acquired a purple color, then this indicates a high probability of the disease. By the intensity of the color of the test, you can approximately determine the concentration of ketones, comparing with the scale on the package.
Urinalysis for acetone
In a laboratory study of urine, a healthy baby should not have ketones. Ketones are determined using indicator substances. Test strips are also used in laboratory research. When collecting urine, personal hygiene requirements must be carefully observed. Urine utensils must be thoroughly washed and dried. For analysis, take the morning portion of urine.
Treatment
Signs of acetone in a child should be treated based on the reasons that caused them. Measures must be taken immediately to avoid a threat to life. Babies are advised to undergo inpatient treatment. First aid should be as follows:
- Start removing acetone from the body. For this, an enema, a gastric lavage procedure, sorbents are prescribed. Among them are Uvesorb, Sorbiogel, Polysorb, Filtrum STI, etc.
- Prevention of dehydration. It is necessary to give the child a lot to drink, but in small doses, to avoid recurrence of vomiting. Give your child an incomplete tablespoon of water every 10 minutes. Additionally, rehydration solutions Oralit, Gastrolit, Regidron are prescribed.
- Ensure the supply of glucose. Give moderately sweet tea, compote, alternating with mineral water. If there is no vomiting, then you can give oatmeal, mashed potatoes, rice water. If there is vomiting, you can not feed the child.
- The doctor prescribes an additional examination: ultrasound of the pancreas and liver, biochemical blood and urine tests.
The most popular drugs for the treatment of acetone syndrome:
Nutrition and lifestyle
To prevent cases when ketone bodies in the urine of a child increase significantly, it is necessary to carefully monitor nutrition. The diet should not contain the following products:
- fatty meat and fish, offal;
- smoked, pickled;
- fatty dairy products;
- oranges, chocolate, tomatoes;
- fast food food.
An important factor in the manifestation of the disease is the wrong regimen of the child's day, excessive physical activity, sports, lack of rest and sleep. Violation of the emotional state, stress can also affect the occurrence of the disease. Therefore, in order to maintain health, sleep and rest should be enough to fully restore strength. It is necessary to understand and resolve all psychological problems and conflicts, to strive to experience more positive emotions.
Prevention
Proper nutrition and daily routine will be a guarantee that the disease will not recur. The main points for the prevention of acetonemic syndrome:
- regular proper nutrition;
- prevent overexcitation of the baby, stressful conditions;
- health resort treatment, medical procedures will bring benefits;
- annual delivery of urine, blood, ultrasound of internal organs.
Video
The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.
Modern medicine has a variety of home diagnostic tools, a striking example of which are test strips for determining acetone in urine, which act quickly. This substance in urine is a fairly common phenomenon, which is caused by non-compliance with the diet, the presence of a chronic pathology, or another disease.
Before proceeding with the study, you should read the attached instructions.
But besides this, in order to use the strips for determining ketones correctly, there are a number of conditions, which include the following:- Wash your hands thoroughly and put on disposable gloves before starting the examination.
- The detection of the amount of acetone in the urine can be determined exclusively in warm conditions, that is, the temperature should be from fifteen to thirty degrees.
- Do not touch the sensor with your hands.
- The box where the test strips for the determination of acetone in urine remained must be hermetically sealed.
- Urine must be prepared in advance and at the same time no later than two hours before use.
- The container with urine for ketones will need to be kept in the dark.
- The container used must contain at least five milliliters of urine.
After all the preparations, you will need to lower the test for a couple of seconds in the urine. Then take it out and wipe the remains with a dry cloth, but without touching the indicator. Next, you will need to wait two minutes and check the urine ketone test .
But not all people understand what the result means. In fact, if the sensory part of the strip for acetone is colored, this indicates the presence of acetone, that is, this is already a qualitative analysis.
But the quantitative is checked on the scale of colors available in the package.
Some worry that their result turned out to be lilac or red. This fact means that the patient was taking drugs based on phenolphthalein. If the resulting shade is not on the package, then this is most likely the result of the influence of drugs. Here, determining the amount of ketone will be required only in the hospital.
It is worth noting that the result is considered up to five minutes from the moment the strip is removed from the urine, since later time is not taken into account.
This test for measuring ketones is used not only at home, it is often used in:
- hospitals;
- medical and preventive institutions;
- diagnostic laboratory.
Basically, the test for acetone in the urine helps to identify violations in dieting.
The strips that determine acetone are a kind of sensory indicators, consisting of specific reagents placed on paper. The length of this test may be different, everything here depends on the functionality. On one edge there is a strip containing sodium nitroprusside, it is he who actually stains.
As a rule, this study is best used instead of a daily test. But the test strips cannot fully replace the examination, but their staining in a different color indicates the presence of ketones. To perform the test, a patient with pathologies will be helped by the instructions for use attached to the tests, which indicate all the steps for a correct study.
These bodies are toxic substances, that is, ketones in the urine can appear for the following reasons:- lack of carbohydrates in the diet;
- prolonged hunger;
- unacceptable physical activity;
- diabetes;
- fever;
- severe dehydration;
- oncology in the gastrointestinal tract.
All these conditions require urgent diagnosis and treatment, since the prolonged presence of ketone bodies in the urine leads to disorders of the central nervous system.
Today, there are research methods that a person, with the manifestation of certain symptoms, can conduct himself, at home. Test strips for acetone in the urine are just such studies. If there is a sharp increase in temperature, vomiting, weakness in an adult or child, then it is recommended to conduct a study on the level of acetone in the urine. An increase in indicators that is not detected in time is fraught with serious consequences.
Rapid tests are available in the pharmacy network for the analysis of certain substances in urine.
What are they?
For a quick determination of ketone bodies in the urine, test strips are used, which can be purchased at the pharmacy on their own. Additional contact with medical professionals is not required. Test strips for the determination of acetone come in plastic, metal containers or glass bottles. Their number in a package can be from 5 to 200 units. Each test strip is made of litmus and impregnated with a special composition for the determination of acetone in urine.
When are they used?
This method is used both at home and in various medical institutions. Test strips for the determination of ketones in urine are used:
How does the express method work?
Each test strip reacts by changing color indicators when interacting with a low alkaline medium. This is what helps to determine the elevated levels of acetone. According to the color shade that appears after the procedure, the ketone concentration in the body is determined. To measure acetone and its concentration, it is necessary to compare the obtained indicator values with the examples on the container. In case of sharply positive reactions (the brightest shades), you should immediately contact a qualified specialist for advice, examination and further treatment. Urinary ketones can pose a huge danger to humans.
Instruction
Training
Instructions for use of indicator test strips for the determination of acetone in urine may differ depending on the manufacturer. However, the main requirements are:
- conducting a study in a temperature regime of + 15- + 30 ° C;
- avoidance of touching hands with sensory elements of test strips;
- after removing the test material from the package, it should be used within an hour;
- monitoring the tightness of the container closure;
- only collected urine is used in the study (storage of urine for analysis is allowed no more than 2 hours);
- collected urine for testing for ketones should only be placed in a sterile reservoir.
Acetone in the urine (Acetonuria) - causes, symptoms, treatment, diet, answers to questions
Thanks
Acetonuria
Acetonuria(ketonuria) - an increased content of ketone bodies in the urine, which are products of incomplete oxidation of proteins and fats in the body. Ketone bodies include acetone, hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid.Until recently, the phenomenon of acetonuria was very rare, but now the situation has changed dramatically, and more and more often acetone in the urine can be found not only in children, but also in adults.
Acetone can be found in the urine of every person, only in very small concentrations. In a small amount (20-50 mg / day), it is constantly excreted by the kidneys. In this case, no treatment is required.
Causes of acetone in urine
In adults
In adults, this phenomenon can be caused by a number of reasons:- The predominance of fatty and protein foods in the diet, when the body does not have the ability to completely break down fats and proteins.
- Lack of food containing carbohydrates.
In such cases, it is enough to balance the diet, do not eat fatty foods, add foods containing carbohydrates. Adhering to a simple diet that will remove all nutritional errors, it is quite possible to get rid of acetonuria without resorting to treatment. - Physical exercise.
If the reasons lie in increased sports, you need to contact a specialist and adjust the load that would suit the body. - Rigid diet or prolonged fasting.
In this case, you will have to give up fasting and contact a nutritionistso that he can select the optimal diet and foods necessary to restore the normal state of the body. - Type I diabetes mellitus or an exhausted state of the pancreas in long-term type II diabetes mellitus.
In this state, the body does not have enough carbohydrates for the complete oxidation of fats and proteins. Depending on the reasons that provoked the appearance of acetone in the urine in diabetes mellitus, the tactics of managing the patient is chosen. If the reason lies in the simple observance of a strict diet (although this is unreasonable behavior for diabetics), then such acetonuria will pass in a few days after the normalization of nutrition or the addition of foods containing carbohydrates to the diet. But when a patient with diabetes does not decrease the level of acetone in the urine even after taking carbohydrates and simultaneous injections of insulin, you should seriously think about metabolic disorders. In such cases, the prognosis is unfavorable and is fraught with diabetic coma, if urgent measures are not taken.
- Cerebral coma.
- Heat.
- Alcohol intoxication.
- precomatose state.
- Hyperinsulinism (attacks of hypoglycemia due to an increase in insulin levels).
- A number of serious diseases - stomach cancer, stenosis (narrowing of the opening or lumen) of the pylorus or esophagus, severe anemia, cachexia (severe exhaustion of the body) - are almost always accompanied by acetonuria.
- Uncontrollable vomiting in pregnant women.
- Eclampsia (severe toxicosis in late pregnancy).
- Infectious diseases.
- Narcosis, especially chloroform. In patients in the postoperative period, acetone may appear in the urine.
- Various poisonings, for example, phosphorus, lead, atropine and many other chemical compounds.
- Thyrotoxicosis (increased levels of thyroid hormones).
- Sequelae of injuries affecting the central nervous system.
In children
In children, acetone in the urine appears as a result of malfunctions of the pancreas, which can occur for many reasons. Until the age of 12, the pancreas develops. At this time, she simply may not be able to cope with all the blows that fall on her. When the pancreas is suppressed, a significantly smaller amount of enzymes is produced than necessary. The main causes of childhood acetonuria:
- Nutritional errors.
Overeating, fatty foods, foods containing chemical flavors, preservatives and dyes are an incomplete list of childhood nutritional disorders that can lead to the appearance of acetone in the urine of a child. - Increased excitability or stress (which parents mistake for simple whims).
- Overwork.
In an effort to make a child prodigy out of a child, parents enroll the baby in numerous sections and circles. They forget that a child can just get tired. - Worms, diathesis, dysentery.
Only a doctor can help here by prescribing the appropriate treatment. - Uncontrolled intake of antibiotics.
- Heat.
Acetone in urine during pregnancy
During pregnancy, the appearance of acetone in the urine is somewhat of a mysterious phenomenon. No one can yet say the exact cause of acetonuria in pregnant women, but nevertheless, experts identify several factors that contribute to the occurrence of this syndrome: - Negative environmental impact.
- The future mother has great psychological stress, not only in the present, but also in the past.
- Decreased immunity.
- The presence of chemicals in the products used - dyes, preservatives and flavorings.
- Toxicosis, in which the main symptom is constant vomiting. At the same time, it is simply necessary to restore the water balance in the body - drink water in small sips or even inject liquid intravenously. With the right treatment, acetone disappears from the urine within two days or even earlier.
Acetone in urine - symptoms
You can suspect "extra" acetone in the urine with the following symptoms:- unpleasant odor when urinating;
- the smell of acetone from the mouth;
- mental depression;
- lethargy of the patient.
- Loss of appetite . The child may even refuse water because he is constantly sick.
- Complaints of the baby for weakness.
- Excitability, which is replaced by drowsiness and lethargy.
- Spasmodic pains in the abdomen, most often in the navel.
- Vomiting after every meal.
- Temperature rise.
- Paleness, dry skin, unhealthy blush.
- Dryness of the tongue.
- The smell of acetone from the mouth, from vomit and from urine.
Determination of acetone in urine
Acetone urine test
Recently, the procedure for determining acetone in urine has been greatly simplified. At the slightest suspicion of a problem, it is enough to purchase special tests in a regular pharmacy, which are sold by the piece. It is best to take several strips at once. The test is done every morning for three consecutive days. To do this, you need to collect the morning urine and lower the strip into it. Then take it out, shake off excess drops and wait a couple of minutes. If the strip turns from yellow to pink, this indicates the presence of acetone. The appearance of purple hues may indicate severe acetonuria.
The test, of course, will not show exact numbers, but it will help determine the level of acetone, at which you need to urgently consult a doctor.
Urinalysis for acetone
To clarify the level of acetone, the doctor writes out a referral to a routine clinical urinalysis, where it is determined along with other indicators.Urine collection for analysis is carried out according to the usual rules: after hygiene procedures, morning urine is collected in a dry and clean dish.
Normally, there are so few ketone bodies (acetone) in the urine that they cannot be detected by conventional laboratory methods. Therefore, it is believed that acetone in the urine should not be normal. If acetone is detected in the urine, its amount is indicated in the analysis by pluses ("crosses").
One plus means that the reaction of urine to acetone is weakly positive.
Two or three pluses is a positive reaction.
Four pluses ("four crosses") - a sharply positive reaction; the situation requires immediate medical attention.
Which doctor should I contact with acetone in the urine?
Since the presence of acetone in the urine can be caused not only by various diseases, but also by physiological causes (overwork, unbalanced nutrition, etc.), it is not necessary to consult a doctor in all cases of acetonuria. The help of a doctor is necessary only in cases where the appearance of acetone in the urine is due to various diseases. Below we will consider the doctors of which specialties you need to contact with acetonuria, depending on the disease that provoked it. If, in addition to acetone in the urine, a person is tormented by constant thirst, he drinks a lot and urinates a lot, the oral mucosa feels dry, then this indicates diabetes mellitus, and in this case, you should contact endocrinologist (make an appointment).
In the presence of acetone in the urine against the background of high body temperature or an infectious disease, you should contact general practitioner (make an appointment) or infectious disease specialist (sign up) who will conduct the necessary examination and find out the cause of the fever or inflammation, followed by the appointment of treatment.
If acetone in the urine appeared after the abuse of alcoholic beverages, then you need to contact narcologist (sign up) who will carry out the necessary treatment aimed at removing the toxic decomposition products of ethyl alcohol from the body.
If a high concentration of acetone in the urine is due to anesthesia, then it is necessary to contact resuscitator (sign up) or a therapist to carry out activities aimed at the speedy removal of toxic products from the body.
When there are symptoms of hyperinsulinism (periodic attacks of sweating, palpitations, hunger, fear, anxiety, trembling in the legs and arms, loss of orientation in space, double vision, numbness and tingling in the limbs) or thyrotoxicosis (nervousness, excitability, imbalance, fear , anxiety, rapid speech, insomnia, impaired concentration of thoughts, fine trembling of the limbs and head, palpitations, protrusion of the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, double vision, dryness and pain in the eyes, sweating, high body temperature, low weight, intolerance to high environmental temperatures, pain in the abdomen, diarrhea and constipation, muscle weakness and fatigue, menstrual irregularities, fainting, headache and dizziness), then you should contact an endocrinologist.
If a pregnant woman has acetone in her urine, and at the same time she is worried about frequent vomiting or a complex of edema + high blood pressure + protein in the urine, then you should contact gynecologist (make an appointment), since such symptoms make it possible to suspect complications of pregnancy, such as severe toxicosis or preeclampsia.
If acetone appeared in the urine after suffering injuries of the central nervous system (for example, brain contusion, encephalitis, etc.), then you should contact neurologist (make an appointment).
If a person intentionally or accidentally poisoned himself with any substances, for example, he took atropine or worked in a hazardous industry with lead, phosphorus or mercury compounds, then you should contact toxicologist (make an appointment) or, in his absence, to a therapist.
If an adult or a child has severe abdominal pain in combination with diarrhea, and possibly with vomiting and fever, then you should contact an infectious disease specialist, since the symptoms indicate dysentery.
If a child has a high concentration of acetone in the urine is combined with diathesis, then you need to contact a therapist or allergist (make an appointment).
When acetone in the urine is found against the background of pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, weakness, dizziness, taste perversion, "seizure" in the corners of the mouth, dry skin, brittle nails, shortness of breath, palpitations, then anemia is suspected, and in this case it is necessary to contact hematologist (make an appointment).
If a person is too thin, then the presence of acetone in the urine is one of the signs of such extreme exhaustion, and in this case it is necessary to consult a general practitioner or Rehabilitologist (sign up).
If, against the background of acetone in the urine, a person regularly vomits previously eaten food, splashing noise in the stomach after abstaining from food for several hours, visible peristalsis in the stomach area, belching sour or rotten, heartburn, weakness, fatigue and diarrhea, then stenosis is suspected pylorus of the stomach or esophagus, and in this case it is necessary to contact Gastroenterologist (make an appointment) And surgeon (make an appointment).
If acetone in the urine is combined with pain in the stomach, heaviness in the stomach after eating, loss of appetite, aversion to meat, nausea and possibly vomiting, satiety with a small amount of food and poor general well-being, fatigue, then gastric cancer is suspected, and in this case, please contact oncologist (make an appointment).
What tests and examinations can a doctor prescribe for acetone in the urine?
When acetone appears in the urine against the background of physiological factors, special examinations are not needed, since such a phenomenon is temporary and will pass without treatment after the provoking factor is eliminated. But if acetone in the urine appeared against the background of symptoms of other, serious diseases, then it is necessary to undergo an examination in order to clarify the diagnosis and carry out the necessary treatment. Below we will consider what tests and examinations a doctor can prescribe with acetone in the urine, when this indicator is combined with various symptoms indicating a particular disease.
If acetone in the urine is combined with symptoms indicative of hyperinsulinism (periodic attacks of sweating, palpitations, hunger, fear, anxiety, trembling in the legs and arms, loss of orientation in space, double vision, numbness and tingling in the limbs), then the doctor necessarily appoints a daily measurement of the concentration of glucose in the blood. In this case, the glucose level is measured every hour or every two hours. If, according to the results of daily monitoring of blood sugar levels, deviations from the norm are detected, then the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism is considered established. And then additional examinations are performed to understand the cause of hyperinsulinism. First of all, a fasting test is performed, when the level of C-peptide, immunoreactive insulin and blood glucose is measured on an empty stomach, and if their concentration is increased, then the disease is caused by organic changes in the pancreas.
To confirm that hyperinsulinism is provoked by pathological changes in the pancreas, tests for sensitivity to tolbutamide and leucine are additionally performed. If the results of the sensitivity tests are positive, then it is mandatory to appoint Ultrasound (make an appointment), scintigraphy (make an appointment) And magnetic resonance imaging of the pancreas (make an appointment).
But if, during a fasting test, the level of C-peptide, immunoreactive insulin and blood glucose remains normal, then hyperinsulinism is considered secondary, that is, due not to pathological changes in the pancreas, but to a disorder in the functioning of other organs. In such a situation, to determine the cause of hyperinsulinism, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound scan of all abdominal organs and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (make an appointment).
If acetone in the urine is fixed against the background of symptoms of thyrotoxicosis (nervousness, excitability, imbalance, fear, anxiety, rapid speech, insomnia, impaired concentration of thoughts, fine trembling of the limbs and head, palpitations, protrusion of the eyes, swelling of the eyelids, doubling, dryness and pain in eyes, sweating, high body temperature, low weight, intolerance to high environmental temperatures, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation, muscle weakness and fatigue, menstrual irregularities, fainting, headache and dizziness), then the doctor prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood;
- The level of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the blood;
- Ultrasound of the thyroid gland (make an appointment);
- Computed tomography of the thyroid gland;
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) (make an appointment);
- Thyroid scintigraphy (make an appointment);
- Thyroid biopsy (make an appointment).
When the presence of acetone in the urine is combined with constant thirst, frequent and copious urination, a feeling of dryness of the mucous membranes, then diabetes mellitus is suspected, and in this case, the doctor prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- Determination of the concentration of glucose in the blood on an empty stomach;
- Determination of glucose in urine;
- Determination of the level of glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood;
- Determination of the level of C-peptide and insulin in the blood;
- Glucose tolerance test (enroll).
Determination of glucose in the blood and urine, as well as a glucose tolerance test, are mandatory. These laboratory methods are quite enough to make a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, in the absence of technical feasibility, other studies are not assigned and not carried out, since they can be considered additional. For example, the level of C-peptide and insulin in the blood makes it possible to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes (but this can also be done by other signs, without analysis), and the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin makes it possible to predict the likelihood of complications. In order to identify complications of diabetes, the doctor may prescribe Ultrasound of the kidneys (make an appointment), rheoencephalography (REG) (to sign up) brain and rheovasography (make an appointment) legs.
If acetone in the urine is detected against the background of a high body temperature or an infectious disease, then the doctor prescribes a general and biochemical blood test, as well as various tests to identify the causative agent of the inflammatory process - PCR (sign up), ELISA, RNGA, RIF, RTGA, bacteriological culture, etc. At the same time, to conduct tests to identify the causative agent of infection, depending on the location of its localization, various biological fluids can be taken - blood, urine, feces, sputum, bronchial lavage, saliva, etc. For the presence of which pathogens tests are performed, the doctor determines each time individually, depending on the clinical symptoms that the patient has.
When acetone appeared in the urine due to alcohol abuse, the doctor usually prescribes only a general and biochemical blood test, a general urinalysis, as well as Ultrasound of the abdominal organs (make an appointment) in order to assess the general condition of the body and understand how pronounced functional disorders are on the part of various organs.
If acetone in the urine is found in a pregnant woman, then the doctor must prescribe complete blood count (make an appointment) and urine, determination of protein concentration in urine, biochemical blood test, blood test for the concentration of electrolytes (potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium), blood pressure measurement, blood coagulation analysis (with the obligatory determination of APTT, PTI, INR, TV, fibrinogen, RFMK and D-dimers).
When acetone appears in the urine after suffering injuries of the central nervous system, the doctor, first of all, performs various neurological tests, and also prescribes general and biochemical blood tests, rheoencephalography, electroencephalography (sign up), dopplerography (to sign up) brain vessels and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. In addition, depending on the results of the examinations, the doctor may additionally prescribe any other research methods necessary to identify the pathology of the central nervous system and clarify its nature.
When acetone in the urine appears simultaneously with suspicion of poisoning with heavy metal salts, phosphorus, atropine, the doctor must prescribe a complete blood count, blood coagulation test and a biochemical blood test (bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol, cholinesterase, AsAT, AlAT, alkaline phosphatase, amylase , lipase, LDH, potassium, calcium, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, etc.).
When acetone in the urine appears in a child with symptoms of diathesis, the doctor prescribes allergy tests (make an appointment) for sensitivity to various allergens, as well as determining the level of IgE in the blood and a complete blood count. Tests for sensitivity to allergens allow you to understand which foods, herbs or substances the child has an overreaction to, provoking diathesis. A blood test for IgE and a complete blood count make it possible to understand whether it is a true allergy or a pseudo-allergy. After all, if a child has a pseudo-allergy, then it manifests itself in exactly the same way as a true allergy, but is due to the immaturity of the organs of the digestive tract, and, therefore, these reactions of excessive sensitivity will pass when the baby grows up. But if a child has a true allergy, then it will remain for life, in which case he needs to know what substances cause hypersensitivity reactions in him in order to avoid their effects on his body in the future.
If acetone in the urine is present against the background of pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, weakness, dizziness, taste perversion, "seizure" in the corners of the mouth, dry skin, brittle nails, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, dizziness - anemia is suspected, and in this case, the doctor prescribes the following tests and surveys:
- General blood analysis;
- Determination of the level of ferritin in the blood (enroll);
- Determination of the level of transferrin in the blood;
- Determination of the level of serum iron in the blood;
- Determination of the iron-binding capacity of blood serum;
- Determination of the level of bilirubin in the blood (enroll);
- Determination of the level of vitamins B 12 and folic acid in the blood;
- Examination of feces for occult blood;
- Bone marrow puncture (sign up) counting the number of cells of each germ ( myelogram (make an appointment));
- X-ray of the lungs (make an appointment);
- Fibrogastroduodenoscopy (make an appointment);
- Colonoscopy (make an appointment);
- CT scan;
- Ultrasound of various organs.
However, for other anemias, a blood test for the concentration of bilirubin and ferritin, as well as a stool test for occult blood, is prescribed. If the level of bilirubin is elevated, then the anemia is hemolytic, due to the destruction of red blood cells. If there is hidden blood in the feces, then anemia is hemorrhagic, that is, due to bleeding from the organs of the digestive, genitourinary or respiratory tract. If the level of ferritin is reduced, then iron deficiency anemia.
Further studies are carried out only if hemolytic or hemorrhagic anemia is detected. With hemorrhagic anemia, colonoscopy, fibrogastroduodenoscopy, x-ray of the lungs are prescribed, Ultrasound of the pelvic organs (make an appointment) and abdomen to identify the source of bleeding. With hemolytic anemia, a bone marrow puncture is performed with a smear examination and counting the number of various hematopoietic stem cells.
Analyzes to determine the level of transferrin, serum iron, iron-binding capacity of serum, vitamin B 12 and folic acid are rarely prescribed, since they are classified as auxiliary, since the results they give are also obtained by other, simpler examinations listed above. For example, determining the level of vitamin B 12 in the blood makes it possible to diagnose B 12 deficiency anemia, but the same can be done by a general blood test.
If a high concentration of acetone in the urine is accompanied by regular vomiting some time after eating, splashing noise in the stomach a few hours after eating, visible peristalsis in the stomach, rumbling in the stomach, sour or rotten belching, heartburn, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, then the doctor suspects stenosis (narrowing) of the pylorus or esophagus, and prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- Ultrasound of the stomach and esophagus (make an appointment);
- X-ray of the stomach with a contrast agent (make an appointment);
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy;
- Electrogastrography;
- Blood test for hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit level;
- Biochemical blood test (potassium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, urea, creatinine, uric acid);
- Analysis of the acid-base state of the blood;
- Electrocardiogram (ECG).
When, in addition to acetone in the urine, a person has heaviness in the stomach after eating, satiety with a small amount of food, aversion to meat, poor appetite, nausea, sometimes vomiting, poor general health, fatigue, the doctor suspects stomach cancer and prescribes the following tests and examinations:
- Gastroscopy with a fence biopsy (make an appointment) suspicious areas of the stomach wall;
- X-rays of light;
- Ultrasound of the abdominal organs;
- Multislice or positron emission tomography;
- Analysis of feces for occult blood;
- General blood analysis;
- Blood test for tumor markers (sign up)(main - SA 19-9, SA 72-4, REA, additional SA 242, PK-M2).
If the results of gastroscopy and histology of the biopsy do not reveal cancer, then other studies are not carried out. But if cancer is detected, then an x-ray of the lungs is required to detect metastases in the chest, and either ultrasound, or multislice computed tomography, or positron emission tomography is done to detect metastases in the abdominal cavity. A blood test for tumor markers is desirable, but not mandatory, since stomach cancer is detected by other methods, and the concentration of tumor markers makes it possible to judge the activity of the process and will help to monitor the effectiveness of therapy in the future.
Treatment of acetonuria
Treatment of acetonuria depends on the causes and severity of the process. Sometimes it’s enough just to adjust the daily routine and diet. With high numbers of acetone in the urine, urgent hospitalization of the patient is necessary.First of all, the doctor will prescribe a strict diet and plenty of fluids. Water should be drunk often and little by little; children should be given a teaspoon every 5-10 minutes.
In this case, a decoction of raisins and solutions of special drugs, such as Regidron or Orsol, are very useful. It is also recommended to drink non-carbonated alkaline water, chamomile infusion or dried fruit decoction.
If a baby or an adult cannot drink due to severe vomiting, intravenous drip fluid is prescribed. With severe vomiting, injections of the drug Cerucal sometimes help.
In addition to drinking plenty of water, toxins can be removed from the body with the help of absorbent preparations, such as White Coal or Sorbex.
To alleviate the condition of the child, you can make him a cleansing enema. And at a high temperature for an enema, prepare the following solution: dilute one tablespoon of salt in one liter of water at room temperature.
Diet with acetone in the urine
A diet with acetonuria must be observed. You can eat meat boiled or stewed, in extreme cases, baked. It is allowed to eat turkey, rabbit and beef.
Vegetable soups and borscht, low-fat fish and cereals are also allowed.
Vegetables, fruits, as well as juices, fruit drinks and compotes perfectly restore the water balance and at the same time are a source of vitamins.
Of all fruits, quince is the most useful in any form. Since this fruit is quite tart in taste, it is best to cook compote or make jam from it.
You can not use fatty meat and broths, sweets, spices and various canned food with acetonuria. Fried foods, bananas and citrus fruits are excluded from the menu.
Komarovsky about acetone in the urine
Famous pediatrician and TV presenter Komarovsky E.O. repeatedly raised the topic of acetone in the urine of children and devoted a special program to acetonuric syndrome.Komarovsky says that in recent years the appearance of acetone in the urine has become very common in children. The doctor considers this phenomenon to be associated with an unbalanced diet of children and more frequent cases of chronic stomach diseases in childhood. With a diet overloaded with protein and fatty foods, with a lack of carbohydrates, and even if the child has any digestive dysfunction, the resulting ketone bodies are not processed, but begin to be excreted in the urine.
In his program, Komarovsky intelligibly explains to parents how to build a child's nutrition in order to prevent the development of acetonuria.