Forms of social work with low-income citizens. Theoretical foundations of social work with a low-income family
Low-income citizens experience a state of poverty, in which a person or a social group (family) has the basic needs necessary for maintaining health and ensuring livelihoods cannot be fully satisfied due to lack or insufficient funds.
The main criterion for determining the level of poverty of the population in the Russian Federation is the subsistence minimum. It refers to the valuation of the consumer basket, as well as mandatory payments and fees. The consumer basket includes the minimum set of food products, non-food products and services necessary for human life support.
Low-income clients who cannot purchase all the products, goods and services included in the consumer basket include low-income families and single citizens.
According to Federal Law No. 134-FZ of October 24, 1997 “On the subsistence level in the Russian Federation,” a family whose average per capita income is lower than the subsistence level established in the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation is considered poor and has the right to receive social support. When calculating the average per capita income, the composition of a poor family includes persons related by kinship. These include spouses living together and running a joint household, their children and parents, adoptive parents and adopted children, brothers and sisters, stepsons and stepdaughters.
Individuals living alone are also considered poor if their income is lower than the subsistence level established in the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Social work with low-income and lonely citizens is carried out with the help of individual and group forms of social work. Individuals include the initial appointment, counseling, etc. For group: social patronage, festive events dedicated to the "Day of the Elderly", "Day of the Disabled", public works, the organization of hot meals, distribution of food sets, basic industrial goods (soap, washing powder, toothpaste, etc.).
During the initial appointment, the social work specialist collects information about the reasons that led to the low property status or poverty of the client. He tells the citizen about the types of state social assistance, lists and explains the requirements for the paperwork required to receive social services. A social work specialist clarifies the following information from a person: his age, actual and real place of residence, marital status. According to the client (in the absence of documents: certificates from the place of work, birth certificates of children), information about the place of work, the presence of children under the age of 18 is entered. All these data are entered by the social work specialist in the register. For a second consultation, a citizen must provide all the documents necessary to provide him with state assistance. The social work specialist explains to the client how to apply for the provision of social services and agrees with him about the date of the social patronage.
A special form of social service at home is social patronage, which involves visiting clients for diagnostic, social and rehabilitation purposes. This form of social work reveals the resources of a poor citizen, contributing to a way out of a difficult life situation. When providing social assistance to low-income citizens, primary and planned social patronage is used.
Primary social patronage is carried out to identify, register and provide emergency assistance to the client. Planned social patronage allows you to identify possible changes that have occurred in a low-income citizen since the last visit.
Social patronage of poor clients includes the following stages: preparatory, main, and final.
The preparatory stage involves planning a visit to the client's family at home (agreement with him about the time and date of the visit), determining the purpose of conducting patronage, and choosing methods of social diagnostics. A social work specialist develops in advance a scenario for conducting an interview with a person who has found himself in a difficult life situation, includes questions characterizing the socio-economic situation, the psychological climate of the family.
The main stage of social patronage is visiting the client at home, conducting social diagnostics (the specialist can record the necessary information in the notebook of social patronage, which indicates the last name, first name, patronymic of the client, address, living conditions of the family, the availability of conditions for rest, food, organization of it leisure) provision of advisory assistance, social services.
The final stage is summing up the results of social patronage, which includes an analysis of the results of social diagnostics, the development of recommendations by a specialist on how to get a low-income citizen out of a difficult life situation, and provide him with emergency assistance.
The social work specialist draws up the results of social patronage in the form of an act of inspection of living conditions, in the case of primary social patronage, the client's social card is filled in. Then the poor citizen is invited for a second consultation.
Counseling is carried out with the aim of choosing the type of social assistance and determining the average per capita income of a single client or family.
The average per capita income of a lonely client or family is calculated by a social work specialist in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated March 7, 2003 “On the procedure for recording income and calculating the average per capita income of a family and the income of a lonely citizen for recognizing them as poor and providing them with state social assistance ".
On the basis of the aforementioned Federal Law, the average per capita income of a family in deciding whether to recognize it as poor and to provide it with state social assistance is calculated by dividing one third of the income of all family members for the billing period by the number of family members.
When deciding on the recognition of a single citizen as poor and on the provision of state social assistance to him, his income is determined as one third of the client's income for the billing period.
When calculating the average per capita income, the family does not include:
servicemen doing military service on conscription as sergeants, foremen, soldiers or sailors, as well as servicemen studying in military educational institutions of vocational education and who have not concluded a military service contract;
persons serving a sentence of imprisonment, persons in respect of whom a preventive measure in the form of detention has been applied, as well as persons undergoing compulsory treatment by a court decision;
persons who are fully supported by the state.
When determining the average per capita family income and the income of a lonely citizen, a social work specialist takes into account the amount of income of each family member or a lonely citizen, received both in cash and in kind for the last three calendar months preceding the month of filing an application for the provision of state social help. During counseling, a social work specialist accepts all documents from the client (certificates: on the composition of the family, on the amount of wages, on the amount of pension, scholarships, etc.) conducts their initial examination. Then the presence of the seal and signature of the responsible persons who certified the documents is checked, it is monitored whether the client has correctly drawn up an application for providing him with state social assistance, whether all sources of income are reflected in it. A social work specialist has the right to check the following information specified by a citizen in an application for providing him with state social assistance: place of residence or stay of a family or a lonely client; income; the degree of kinship of family members, their cohabitation and running a joint household; property belonging to a citizen by right of ownership.
Various methods are used to verify the information provided by the applicant. One of the most effective ways is to make a request to various services that have information that characterizes the difficult life situation of the client. Within the framework of the agreement between the institution of social services for the population and the organization, the necessary information specified by the citizen in the application is requested by a specialist in social work . This saves clients time in collecting documents that the social work professional can check on their own.
Further, a specialist in social work, having determined the average per capita income of a family or a citizen living alone, assigns a type of state social assistance, namely, social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, services and essential goods or other measures of social support.
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance", social benefits are considered as a gratuitous provision of a certain amount of money to citizens at the expense of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. In addition to cash payments to low-income clients, social services are provided to low-income clients.
A set of social services is a list that includes additional free medical care (provision of necessary medicines, medical supplies, as well as specialized medical food for disabled children on prescriptions of a doctor or paramedic); providing, if there are medical indications, a voucher for sanatorium-resort treatment; medicines. The list also includes free travel by suburban railway transport, by intercity transport to the place of treatment and back.
Social supplement to pension is defined as the amount of money paid to a poor elderly citizen to retire and certain social support measures provided in kind. The federal social supplement to the pension is established for the pensioner by the territorial bodies of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation if the total amount of his material support does not reach the subsistence level. A regional social supplement to a pension is established for an elderly citizen by an authorized executive body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the event that the total amount of his material support does not reach the pensioner's subsistence minimum. The social supplement to the client's pension is established in such an amount that the specified total amount of his material support, taking into account this additional payment, reaches the pensioner's subsistence minimum established in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. This type of state social assistance is not paid during the period when the client is performing work or other activities, during which he is subject to compulsory pension insurance.
Subsidies include targeted purposes of full or partial payment of social services to citizens. They are provided to clients in the event that their expenses for paying for housing and utilities, calculated on the basis of the size of regional standards for the normative area of residential premises and the size of regional standards for the cost of housing and communal services, exceed the amount corresponding to the maximum allowable share of citizens' expenses for paying for housing. and utilities in the gross family income. At the same time, for low-income families, the maximum allowable share of expenses decreases in accordance with a correction factor equal to the ratio of the average per capita family income to the subsistence level. The following low-income citizens have the right to receive subsidies in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the provision of subsidies for the payment of housing and utilities" of the Russian Federation of December 14, 2005 N 761:
users of residential premises in state or municipal housing stock;
tenants of residential premises under a lease agreement in a private housing stock;
members of a housing or housing construction cooperative;
owners of residential premises (apartment, residential building, part of an apartment or residential building).
Subsidies are provided to clients if they do not have arrears on payment for housing and utilities or when they enter into agreements with them to pay off. The size of this type of state social assistance is calculated on a monthly basis and depends on the amount of expenses for paying for housing and utilities, calculated on the basis of regional standards for the cost of housing and communal services, the standard area of \ u200b \ u200bthe residential premises and the permissible share of citizens' expenses for paying for housing and utilities in the aggregate. family income. The amount of the subsidy provided should not exceed the family's actual expenses for housing and utilities.
After registration of state social assistance, a social work specialist enters information about the client into an automated databank of low-income citizens, which contains the following information: family composition, place of residence, passport data, composition of property owned, income, family category (full, incomplete , single mother, pensioners, a family with a disabled child), a lonely citizen.
In some regions of the country, such a type of targeted social assistance to low-income lonely citizens has been introduced as charitable hot meals. Elderly people, disabled people, persons with neuropsychiatric diseases and those in extreme situations can visit social canteens. For clients with mobility restrictions, hot meals and convenience foods are delivered to their homes.
The next interesting form of work with low-income categories of the population is the organization of a small farmstead. Comprehensive social service centers are purchased for low-income pensioners and disabled people, as well as families with children living in rural areas, livestock, poultry, mixed feed, etc.
In addition, in some institutions of social services for the population, mutual aid funds are organized, where funds are used to provide emergency material assistance to low-income citizens by issuing an interest-free loan with a maturity of up to one year.
Non-working pensioners and disabled people receiving social pensions, as well as pregnant women, may be given the opportunity to travel free of charge once a quarter on all types of public transport. Poor citizens can visit health care facilities, close relatives, as needed. Payment for trips due to social necessity is carried out by the centers of social services of the population upon the fact of presentation by the client of travel tickets and a personal application.
Specialists in social work hold fairs for products manufactured at the enterprises of public organizations of disabled people, workshops of social service centers, social rehabilitation institutions. This form of social work with low-income citizens allows them to profit from the sale of products, to preserve and increase jobs for them, makes people feel able to work and create products that are in demand.
The state develops social work with low-income citizens with the help of such a new organizational and legal form as “social subsidy agreements”. This social contract, concluded between a citizen and the institution of social services for the population at the place of residence, guarantees the provision of cash payments to those low-income families who take active steps to find work, lead a healthy lifestyle, take care of children, do not commit antisocial acts and illegal actions.
Thus, social work with low-income categories of the population is carried out using individual and group forms. The initial reception of clients, as an individual interaction between a specialist and a client, allows you to determine the degree of need of a person or his family and determine a strategy for providing him with assistance. Social patronage refers to group forms of social work with a poor citizen, as a result of its implementation, the specialist receives information about the organization of the client's life, the frequency of his meals, employment, etc. In order to prevent a dependent position among the poor, many other forms of social work are used to increase their income.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"Smolensk State University"
Social Faculty
Department of Social Work
Final qualifying work
on the topic: "Social work with a low-income family"
Completed:
student of group number 63
correspondence department
specialty "Social work"
Primerova Lilia Vladimirovna
Scientific adviser:
candidate of pedagogical sciences,
assistant professor
Milko Lyubov Vladimirovna
The work is admitted to protection
head department ___________
Flint Faina Maratovna
Smolensk
2015
Content
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… ..3
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the formation of a system of social assistance to the family in Russia
1.1. The history of the formation of the system of social assistance to families in Russia ………………………………………………………… ................. ..........eight
1.2. State legal foundations of social work with a family in modern Russia ..................... .....thirteen
1.3. Forms and types of social work with a low-income family ...................... 26
Chapter 2 ... Analysis of the activities of the Administration of the Sobolevsky rural settlement of the Monastyrshchinsky district
2.1. Analysis of activities to provide social assistance to low-income families ……………………………………………………… ..32
2.2. Diagnosis of social problems of low-income families in the Sobolevskoye rural settlement .......................................................... 35
2.3. Development of a social assistance program for low-income families ………………………………………………………………………… ... 41
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 46
References …………………………………………………………… 50
Appendix
Introduction
Who and how will live and work in the 21st century depends on the social well-being of the modern family, on what kind of children the family gives birth to and how it raises them spiritually and physically.
The family - the most ancient institution of human society - has gone through a difficult path of development. From tribal forms of community, when a person alone could not exist at all, through a large family that accommodated several generations under one roof, to a nuclear family consisting only of parents and children. The family is also a small unit of society, its elementary cell, which carries out the most important social functions. In addition, the family is the main source of continued life and, therefore, population growth.
The upbringing of the younger generation takes place in the family, the foundations of the formation of the personality are laid. It carries a code of moral ideas and values developed and accepted by society. The culture of family relations is an integral part and reflection of the general culture of society. Finally, the family is the most important link in the economic structure of society. Consumption and, above all, family consumption is the purpose and goal of social production. The level and structure of the benefits consumed by the family are used to judge the level of well-being of society, the quality of life, and the degree of economic development. At the same time, the family economy is an important component of production in any country.
At the present time, there is such a life situation that a huge number of families and children need effective implementation of the state family policy. Incomplete families (only one earned income), families of refugees, internally displaced persons, low-income families, the unemployed, families with disabled children, large families, and dysfunctional families find themselves in difficult living conditions. These families are characterized by problems: financial, employment, disabilities, medical, psychological, and so on.
Children in such families have low self-esteem, an inadequate idea of the value of their own personality, which can adversely affect their future fate. The family has various problems and they need to be solved in the form of state assistance to families:
Cash payments to the family for children in connection with their birth, maintenance and upbringing (pensions, benefits);
Labor, tax, housing, medical, credit and other benefits for parents and children;
Social services for the family (provision of social services, counseling and other types of assistance).
It is impossible to single out the exact date of the emergence of interest in family and family therapy, but it can be noted that already in the 1920s, psychiatrists, clinical and social psychologists began to conduct systematic studies of the family. These studies covered both the upbringing process and the structure of the family, the relationship between its members, leadership, family conflicts and ways to resolve them. Therapists at this time were still more involved in education, "family education" than family therapy in the modern sense of the word. But still, at all times, the family was in the center of attention of progressive social thought, progressive politicians and scientists, from ancient philosophers to modern reformers. No wonder. As can be seen from the definitions, the family is a system of social functioning of a person, one of the main institutions of society. It is in motion, changing not only under the influence of socio-political conditions, but also due to the internal processes of its development.
We believe that the topic of the family is currently very relevant.
Every year there are more and more families in difficult life situations. And since the family is a "mini-society", it needs help in solving various problems.
The topic "Social work with low-income families" attracted and interested us at first sight. Today the number of such families has increased dramatically. All members of such families, and especially children, need various types of assistance. Based on this, rehabilitation centers, family and child support services and other state and non-state institutions are being created that provide various types of assistance and support.
Research object: low-income family.
Subject of research: features of social work with a low-income family.
Purpose of the research: to study the technologies of social work with the family, to determine the ways and means of social support for a low-income family.
Research objectives:
1. Study of the problem of social work with a low-income family in the theory and practice of social work;
2. Acquaintance with the main activities of the social worker in the family; with the specifics of the work of social service institutions and centers of social support for families and children;
3. To consider the forms and methods of social protection of low-income families;
4. Revealing the peculiarities of social adaptation of low-income families;
5. Experimental study of the problems of low-income families;
6. Processing of the obtained experimental data.
Research hypothesis: support for low-income families is an urgent area of social protection of the population at the present time. The support system for this category is actively developing in the direction of targeting and maximum efficiency.
In accordance with the intended purpose and objectives of the study, we have identified the following methods:
Analysis of literature and regulatory documents;
Comparison;
An experimental method that includes conducting an experiment, analyzing and summarizing the data obtained.
The relevance of research. Improving the well-being of the population is one of the main goals of any society striving for progress. A state that cares about its citizens should create favorable conditions for a long, safe, healthy and prosperous life of people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society.
The problems of low-income families are considered in the works of Kholostova E.I., Firsov M.V., Pavlenka P.D., Guslova M.N. and other authors.
As a result of the liberal reforms in the 90s of the XX century, our country has undergone intensive processes of socio-economic transformations, which entailed a change in the established models of socio-economic behavior of the country's population. There has been a transformation of the social structure of Russian society, a deep social polarization has developed. The depreciation of incomes as a result of hyperinflation has led to a massive decline in the standard of living of Russians. Not only those who in the past lived below the poverty line found themselves in a disastrous situation, but also a huge share of the able-bodied, working, until recently quite prosperous middle-income stratum of the population.
At present, the well-being of families is negatively affected by the high level of unemployment, high tariffs for housing and communal services, and a low level of wages that does not correspond to the cost of living. Low-income families practically do not have the opportunity to pay for expensive education and health services, tourist and recreational services, and many other material, social and spiritual benefits. In these conditions, it becomes impossible to high-quality socialization of children, the realization of their potential, their spiritual and intellectual development.
Thus, the family is a fundamental institution, the most important social value, the fundamental principle of society. The family provides all its members with economic, social, spiritual and physical security, care for young people, the elderly and the sick; conditions for social protection of children and youth.
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the formation of the system of social assistance to the family in Russia
The history of the formation of the system of social assistance to families in Russia
The family is a community of people connected by relations of marriage, parenthood, kinship, joint household, as the basic unit of society performs the most important social functions, plays a particularly significant role in a person's life, his protection, the formation and satisfaction of spiritual needs.
The main purpose of the family is to satisfy social (population reproduction), group (social) and individual needs.
The main functions of the family: reproductive (having children), existential (keeping children), economic, educational, communicative, facitological (feeling of happiness), organizing leisure and recreation. The family is the only and irreplaceable producer of the person himself, procreation.
A disadvantaged family is a family in which the structure is disturbed, the basic family functions are devalued or ignored, there are obvious or hidden defects in upbringing, as a result of which “difficult children” appear.
By a dysfunctional family, we mean a family in which the child is experiencing dysfunction (from the word "good"), where there is no good for the child. In this case, the type of family (problematic, dysfunctional, etc.) does not matter. This can be a family in which either both parents, or one parent, and an economically wealthy family, and an economically insolvent one, etc. The main characteristic of a dysfunctional family is the lack of love for the child, caring for him, meeting his needs, protecting his rights and legitimate interests.
There are 2 types of dysfunctional families:
1. Conflict families - where there is an intra-family conflict (between parents, parents and children, etc.);
2. Disorganized families - where there is tension in intra-family relations; The spouses' lack of common interests and mutual understanding is very often complemented by a violation of value orientations that meet social requirements and norms.
Serious interpersonal, intrafamily relationships, as a rule, lead to deformation of the psyche of children. The negative consequences of unhappiness in the family manifest themselves quite quickly and often irreversibly - mental defects, the difficult character of the child, social maladjustment and deviant behavior, due to which not only seven suffer, but society as a whole.
A “risk group” family is a dysfunctional family in which there are two types of risk. The first type of risk is associated with a danger to society. Such a family poses a danger to society with its values, norms, rules, a special direction of raising children, most often antisocial. The second type of risk is associated with the difficulties of socialization of family members, especially children who cannot develop normally, since there are no conditions in the family for the normal mental and physical development of the child.
Family "at risk" - a type of family in which there is some deviation from the norms, which does not allow it to be defined as prosperous. Deviations did not become a maladaptive factor, but are complicated by other negative characteristics. Non-compliance with social standards is not recognized by family members as an important problem that can disrupt the life of such a family. Families of the "risk group" occupy an intermediate position between well-off and disadvantaged families. Such families include a low-income family.
Low income family- a family that, for valid reasons or reasons beyond its control, has an average monthly total income below the subsistence level for the family.
Throughout history, social relationships have shaped different forms of communication between men and women, the diversity of which constitutes family history. The family is the real relationship between spouses, parents and children. In the history of mankind, there was no society that did not regulate the relationship between the sexes, did not impose on them certain forms and norms of sexual intercourse.
Gradually, with the development of the state governance structure, departments appear that take on the functions of "protection and order", that is, the transmission link between the "will of the prince" and an act, an action that is aimed at helping and supporting those in need, is manifested. Orders as a civil support system are becoming the leading form of assistance and protection, control over church life. So under IvanIVa tradition is laid according to which the supreme power begins to control the church. The task was to identify all the lepers and the elderly in all cities, build male and female almshouses for them in every city and keep them there, providing clothes and food at the expense of the treasury.
The state authorities officially legalized the institution of begging, as monasteries could not solve this problem.
The state also regulates the price of bread during the period of mass famine. In 1603, a decree appeared, allowing the "release" during a famine, working families for food without issuing leave to freedom.
A rethinking is also taking place in approaches to widows and children. The treasury takes over the care of those widows and children, whose husbands and fathers died in public service. This "pension" right was expressed in the form of distribution of "land for subsistence".
You can note,XIXcentury also continues to develop assistance to those in need, but has not yet been singled out as a separate category of assistance to the family. At this time, material assistance included assistance in kind: distribution of clothes, food, tuition fees, and the provision of cheap meals.
By March 1918, the main directions in the field of social assistance were gradually being formed: the issuance of rations, the provision of shelter to those injured in the war, the appointment of pensions, the supervision of educational institutions of state charity.
In April 1918, the People's Commissariat for Social Security was formed. A class approach is beginning to take shape in the provision of various types of assistance.
The new legislation established the main areas of social work: medical assistance, the issuance of benefits and pensions, the protection of mothers and infants, work in orphanages and juvenile delinquency, the issuance of food rations.
Social assistance and protection during the Great Patriotic War is associated with the problems of helping the families of front-line soldiers, so since the end of June 1941 a number of decrees have been issued that served as the basis for the social security of their families, the procedure for the payment of benefits is regulated.
Social work as a professional activity began to take shape in the early 90s. This was facilitated by the economic crisis and the growth of social problems in society: a decline in living standards, unemployment, a drop in the birth rate, forced migration, the collapse of the institution of family and marriage. Therefore, it was necessary to identify priority groups of the population that first of all needed support: children, pensioners, disabled refugees, the poor, military personnel retired.
In the 90s. territorial social centers are developing as institutions of assistance to the needy, so by the end of 1995 there were 991 institutions of social services for families. The main types of assistance are: material, in-kind, employment, humanitarian.
Thus, in general, we can distinguish such characteristics of people from low-income families as:
· Lack of initiative, passivity;
• shifting responsibility to others;
• inability to set goals to achieve them;
· Fear of risk;
· The desire to blame others for their troubles.
At the same time, there are specific features of a low-income family that are objective and do not depend on the desires or personal characteristics of its members, for example, the mother's inability for economic reasons to leave the sphere of social labor and focus on the problems of the family and children.
Thus, social work in Russia has a long and rich history. And at each stage more and more attention and support of this weakly protected category is required from the state.
State and legal foundations of social work with the family in modern Russia
The state, economic and social policy, on which the employment of the population in the spheres of social labor, the welfare and income of the family depend, is of decisive importance in ensuring the life of the family. In particular, the social protection of the family is a multi-level system of predominantly state measures to ensure the minimum social guarantees, rights, benefits and freedoms of a normally functioning family in a situation of risk in the interests of the harmonious development of the family, personality and society. An important role in the social protection of the family is assigned to the family itself: strengthening parental ties; the formation of a stable rejection of the promotion of sex, drugs, violence, aggressive behavior; maintaining the normal psychological health of the family; interaction with school and industry, social services; teaching children about housekeeping, etc.
Social security of the family is formed by differentiating projects and programs for the development of various categories of families, creating multi-profile centers for social assistance to families and children, developing a network of specialties and specializations of social workers, increasing the psychological, pedagogical, medico-social and legal literacy of families in the system of parental education, networks advice points, etc.
A special place in it is occupied by the social protection of childhood, which includes the prevention of pedagogical traumatism and emotional rejection, the prevention of intra-family (parental) violence, vocational guidance of children and adolescents, the democratization of relations between adults and children, the regulation of adolescent labor, etc.
At present, there are four main forms of social protection for families with children in Russia: cash payments to families for children in connection with the birth, maintenance and upbringing of children (benefits and pensions); labor, tax, housing, credit, medical and other benefits for families with children, parents and children; legal, medical, psychological, pedagogical and economic consulting, parental education, scientific and practical conferences and congresses; free distribution to families and children of baby food, medicine, clothing and footwear, food for pregnant women, etc .; federal, regional, targeted social programs such as "Family Planning", "Children of Russia", etc.
Social work is a meaningful activity that can give a person satisfaction with his importance, the opportunity to express himself and contribute to solving family problems, by constant communication with different people. She generates sublime, positive feelings, which are an important source of his motivation.
Family work can take place in a variety of social work areas, including health care, mental health, child welfare, gerontology, the legal system, work and of course family agencies, services.
The attention of any of the spheres of social work is focused on a person, a family. And whatever problems the family members have (psychological and pedagogical, social, legal or other), they affect the whole family, form various social and psychological phenomena that either strengthen it or, most often, destroy it. A necessary prerequisite for the successful solution of the main problems of the family is a deep understanding of the psychological and pedagogical laws of social work with her.
The activities of social work specialists, whether they are social educators or social workers, are multifaceted: in one case, they consult young spouses, in another, together with their parents, they develop a common line of education for a teenager, in the third, they solve the problems of an incomplete or large family, in the fourth - are engaged in family therapy, support, etc. In principle, these multifaceted contacts of the social worker with families, generated by the needs of joint activities, are peculiar forms of manifestation of the general laws of social work with the family.
Social services are organized to work with the family.
Social and pedagogical service. Created by bodies of public education and institutions of culture, sports; should have the following range of responsibilities: diagnose the social - pedagogical and psychological situation in the family, at the place of residence, provide psychological and pedagogical assistance to parents in raising children, in improving the conditions of family education; organizes family leisure, family, teenage clubs, pedagogical universities for parents and other persons involved in education, sports facilities, etc .; carries out organizational and pedagogical activities aimed at creating an educational environment at the place of residence of families and children; the organization of family and neighborhood communities, the inclusion of various social institutions in the process of raising children, the provision of social assistance to children and families at risk.
Social and legal service. Should be created and implemented by law enforcement agencies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, justice, prosecutor's office. It provides social control and social protection of minors from the criminal environment, special attention to criminal families. The task of the social and legal function includes social control and social and legal assistance to families, the implementation of measures for social rehabilitation. Another important area of activity is the creation of legal advice centers, family and childhood advocacy, whose task is to protect the rights and benefits of women and children.
Social - household service. Created by the social security and trade authorities, communal services, should be created by the following cases: identify the elderly, lonely, disabled people, including children with disabilities, who need social assistance, help in the purchase of food and medicines, in the purchase of necessary disabled devices and prostheses; provide social and legal assistance to disabled people, the elderly, lonely, as well as families - disabled people and other socially unprotected segments of the population, provide social and psychological support and assistance in social adaptation and rehabilitation of disabled people, etc.
Social - medical service, which should be created by health authorities: carries out medical social patronage over families with young children, disabled, elderly and single, engaging, as necessary, departments of social protection of families and children, law enforcement agencies to work with families - social risk groups ; organizes family planning centers, medico-genetic, medico-psychological consultations for spouses and those who are getting married, as well as centers "Health and Ecology"; creates medical and psychological services dealing with psychoprophylaxis. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle among the population, and primarily among children, adolescents, youth, as well as families with minor children; ensures the participation of neuropsychiatric specialists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists in the work of rehabilitation centers for minors with mental and social disabilities; provide social assistance to families with sick children, disabled parents, chronic people.
A democratic society is interested in the family becoming a powerful factor in its stabilization and strengthening. For this, marriage and family relations, the life of the family, its dialogue with society must be based on a solid legislative base. The general strategy of legislative acts is laid down in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, where it is written that the family, motherhood and childhood are under the protection of the state, which creates socio-economic and legal prerequisites for the normal development, upbringing and education of children.
The norms of marriage and family legislation in Russia are based on the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:
Equal rights of men and women in the field of family relations (rights and obligations during marriage, common property, mutual maintenance, in connection with the dissolution of marriage, equal rights and obligations for a child, regardless of whether he was born in or out of wedlock);
Freedom of behavior of participants in family relations, ensuring the unhindered exercise by family members of their rights is the main democratic value.
Quite an important document "Family Code of the Russian Federation". The Code is the result of a large-scale work on the creation of new progressive legal norms, the regulation of intra-family relations, which should form the most important part of family legislation. The Code establishes the conditions and procedure for marriage, termination of marriage and its recognition as invalid, regulates personal non-property and property relations between family members. The moral values traditional for Russian society are legally confirmed: voluntariness of marriage based on mutual trust, respect and love and mutual support, monogamy, equality of spouses in the family. The main principle of domestic legislation is the priority of family education of children, protection of their rights and interests.
Specific articles of the Family Code define how family rights are protected:
Inadmissibility of outside interference in family affairs;
Priority of the interests of the child and disabled family members;
Family education priority;
Inadmissibility of arbitrary restriction of family rights;
The right to family protection.
The most important document in the system of social services is the Federal Law "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" dated December 10, 1995, No. 195-FZ, since it defines important concepts, indicates the principles of social services, defines the rights of citizens, and so on.
Social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social and medical, psychological and pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.
The following basic concepts are used in this Federal Law:
Social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity;
Social service client - a citizen in a difficult life situation, who is provided with social services in this regard;
Social services - actions to provide certain categories of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, to a client of a social assistance service provided for by this Federal Law;
Difficult life situation - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, poverty, unemployment, lack of a definite place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc.), which he cannot overcome on his own.
If we turn to the Federal Law “On the subsistence level in the Russian Federation”, we will see that new concepts appear here, such as the subsistence level, the average per capita family income, and others.
So, the cost of living is the cost estimate of the consumer basket, as well as mandatory payments and fees.
The average per capita income of a family (citizen living alone) is the total amount of income of each family member (citizen living alone), divided by the number of all family members.
The next significant law in the field of social assistance, in particular assistance to low-income families, is the Federal Law “On State Social Assistance” dated July 17, 1999, No. 178-FZ. This document establishes the legal and organizational framework for the provision of state social assistance to low-income families, low-income citizens living alone and other categories of citizens.
The following basic concepts are used in the Federal Law:
state social assistance - providing low-income families, low-income citizens living alone, as well as other categories of citizens specified in this Federal Law, social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, social services and essential goods;
social benefit - gratuitous provision of a certain amount of money to citizens at the expense of the corresponding budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation;
subsidy - full or partial payment for social services provided to citizens for a specific purpose;
compensation-reimbursement to citizens of their expenses established by law;
set of social services - a list of social services provided to certain categories of citizens in accordance with this Federal Law.
State social assistance is assigned on the basis of a citizen's application in writing on behalf of his family to the social protection authorities of the population at the place of residence, indicating information about the composition of the family, income and property belonging to the family. The information provided by the applicant can be confirmed by an act of examination of material and living conditions, carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population.
This Federal Law determines the procedure for the provision of social services, the categories of citizens eligible for state social assistance, the types of state social assistance and the amount, etc.
In 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a decree "On priority measures to create a state system of social assistance to the family", which includes economic, legal, medical, psychological and pedagogical assistance. This decree was aimed at implementing the state policy of family and children. The new social policy in the country regarding the family and children is manifested in the payment of child benefits, the creation of new social service institutions that are focused on family and children. This was manifested in the organization of various social service institutions that provided assistance to families, orphans, difficult teenagers, the organization of family vacations, family clubs, where both adults and children spend their holidays with the whole family. Local authorities set up various centers to help families in crisis situations.
It is also possible to note the importance in the system of social assistance to the family, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 14, 1996 No. 712 "On the main directions of state family policy."
In it, the main directions of state family policy are:
providing conditions for overcoming negative trends and stabilizing the material situation of Russian families, reducing poverty and increasing assistance to disabled family members;
providing employees with children favorable conditions for combining work with family responsibilities;
cardinal improvement of family health protection;
strengthening of family assistance in raising children.
To receive social assistance, you must submit an application to the social protection authority at the place of residence, indicating in it:
Family composition (confirmed by the child's birth certificate, marriage certificate);
Income (confirmed by certificates of salary, scholarships, benefits, pensions, etc.);
Property owned by the family (confirmed by a certificate of state registration of ownership of real estate;
Information about the receipt of state aid in the form of the provision of social services. A limited number of persons have the right to do this, for example, war invalids, participants in the Great Patriotic War and other persons listed in Art. 6.1 of the Law on Social Assistance.
Note that the right to certain types of state support for low-income families should be formalized in other authorized bodies, where additional documents may be required. For example, in order to receive a subsidy for paying for housing, you need to contact the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and submit, among other things, documents confirming the absence of arrears in rent. To obtain free legal assistance, as well as benefits provided for by the legislation on education and the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, you should contact the relevant organizations or government authorities by submitting documents confirming the status of a poor family.
Regional laws and programs on targeted social assistance differ in one common feature: they combine the principle of categorization and the principle of targeting. The laws on targeted assistance are focused on certain categories of the population (as a rule, pensioners, disabled people, single-parent families and large families) and those in need are already selected from them.
The adoption of normative legal acts on targeted assistance, establishing the principle of targeted payment of child benefits even before the adoption of the corresponding federal law, was due to a lack of funds for the payment of benefits in full and an increase in arrears on them. Unfortunately, to implement the principle of targeting, assistance is often provided in kind, based on the belief that only those in need will apply for in-kind assistance. Of course, the accumulation of arrears on payments of benefits, their issuance in kind does not contribute to the transparency of the payment mechanism.
All regional laws and programs on targeted social assistance differ in one thing in common: they combine the principle of categorization and the principle of targeting. The laws on targeted assistance are focused on certain categories of the population (as a rule, pensioners, disabled people, single-parent families and large families) and those in need are already selected from them.
To the definition of the concept of targeted social support of the population, Russia has so far only limited itself to a declaration on a social state. Many social guarantees of rights and freedoms, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, are either not ensured, or operate in a truncated version.
In the traditional understanding, the essence of social policy is reduced to support, primarily material, the poorest strata of the population, or to the redistribution of social wealth in favor of the poorest strata in order to limit property differentiation. However, social policy should be interpreted somewhat more broadly, and its main goal should be not so much "the treatment of social diseases", but, first of all, their prevention and prevention. This is the essence of social policy - a concentrated expression of all other types of policy, and above all - economic.
Targeted social support of the population occupies an important place in the structure of social management in general and local government in particular. The organization of optimal targeted social support for the population involves not only the study of laws and other regulations that establish its criteria within the framework of relations between the state - person - law - social protection, but also the ability to locally determine the permissible boundaries of action in relations with other actors and develop their own versions of models targeted social support.
Thus, we see that Russian legislation is directly aimed at helping vulnerable categories of citizens, especially families, low-income families. A large number of legislative acts are aimed at ensuring the normal existence of citizens with children, income stabilization and all kinds of achievement of a favorable existence for families.
We can once again note the measures of state support for low-income families provided at the federal level:
1) The Housing Code of the Russian Federation establishes the right of certain categories of citizens to receive benefits in paying for housing and utilities. The housing subsidy is provided for a period of 6 months.
2) Low-income families are provided with a tax break for the amounts they receive from the state. In particular, one-time payments (including material assistance) that poor citizens receive in the form of targeted social assistance provided at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets and extra-budgetary funds are exempted from personal income tax. It should be emphasized that this benefit applies only to assistance received in accordance with programs that are approved annually by the relevant government agencies.
3) The Law on Free Legal Aid, which entered into force in January 2012, gives low-income families the right to receive free assistance from professional lawyers. Such families can not only receive oral or written advice, but also count on representing their interests in court or other government agencies. It is also extremely important that within the framework of this law, professional legal advice can be provided, including on issues of rendering state social assistance to low-income citizens. Therefore, this in-kind support (in the form of free services) can help to obtain other benefits and benefits.
1.3. Forms and types of social work with a low-income family
The federal law "On State Social Assistance", which came into force, defined "the legal and organizational basis for providing state social assistance to low-income families or low-income citizens living alone." In accordance with this federal law, recipients of state social assistance can be low-income families and low-income citizens living alone, whose average per capita income, for reasons beyond their control, is below the subsistence level.
From this document, we know the main types of state social assistance, these are:
Cash payments (social benefits, subsidies and other payments);
In-kind assistance (fuel, food, clothing, shoes, medicine and other in-kind assistance).
A subsidy is understood as the purpose of payment for material goods provided to citizens or for services provided. Compensation is understood as reimbursement to citizens of their expenses established by law. In addition to cash payments, the Law provides for the possibility of its provision in kind. The Law "On State Social Assistance" gives the executive authorities the broadest powers: they have the right to provide assistance, both in the form of cash payments and in kind. This provision allows us to assert that with a lack of funds, local authorities, as a rule, always have the opportunity to help with fuel, food, clothing, shoes, medicines, etc.
Social protection as a social institution, which is a set of legal norms designed to solve certain social and economic problems. In the international context, it usually deals with the categories of citizens established by law who, due to disability, lack of work, or for other reasons, do not have sufficient funds to meet their vital needs and the needs of disabled family members. Within the framework of social protection systems, such citizens are provided with compensatory assistance in cash and in kind, as well as in the form of various types of services, in the event of adverse events established by law. In addition, social safety nets implement preventive measures to prevent adverse events. Social protection is carried out in various organizational and legal forms, including such as individual responsibility of employers, insurance, social insurance, targeted social assistance, state social security, etc. The use of certain organizational and legal forms of social protection can have various social and economic consequences. that must be taken into account when managing this industry.
The main method of protecting the most vulnerable categories of the population is the targeted provision of social assistance only to those citizens whose actual consumption is below the subsistence level. The concept of "targeting" in this context means limiting the range of recipients of social assistance to a specific target group, depending on the priorities of the state's social policy. Strengthening the targeting of social assistance involves the implementation of legislative and organizational measures to limit the range of recipients of social assistance to low-income families and low-income citizens living alone.
In addition, when determining the status of a low-income family, it can count on receiving increased subsidies for housing payments and basic utility services. In some cases, the family can receive tax benefits (it is necessary to check with the fiscal authorities at the place of residence), as well as free legal assistance from lawyers.
It can also be noted that if a low-income family is officially recognized as needing housing, it can queue up for an apartment for the poor and, when the turn comes, receive free housing from the state under a social tenancy agreement.
The housing program for low-income families also provides for the possibility of acquiring housing on a social mortgage basis. Unlike the terms of a commercial mortgage, social mortgage lending implies a preferential cost of residential real estate, as well as the provision of additional social guarantees.
Help families are also provided in the form of tax breaks in relation to the amounts they receive from the state. In particular, one-time payments (including material assistance) paid to low-income citizens as targeted social assistance are exempted from personal income tax.
It can also be said that a low-income family can count on help not only from the state, but also from charitable organizations, in particular Orthodox charitable organizations. Often, such organizations provide food to those in need, lodging, and provide psychological support.
Poor families can receive material support, both at the federal and regional levels.
Regional measures of social assistance are diverse and differ depending on the subject of the Russian Federation in which the family lives. The most important are: the provision of free or preferential services (in health care, transport, utilities, etc.), unemployment benefits, for children, pensions, etc.
It should be noted that low-income families do not lose the rights inherent in all families with children. Therefore, they can count on receiving lump-sum payments and monthly benefits related to pregnancy, childbirth and raising children, maternity capital funds, as well as compensations for paying for kindergartens.
Also, we can say that children from low-income families can use the right of admission out of competition to state and municipal higher educational institutions, subject to the following conditions:
there is only one parent in the family, and he has not lower than group I;
a child who decides to become a student has not reached the age of 20;
the prospective student has successfully passed the entrance examinations, gaining a predetermined minimum passing score (in the USE or entrance exams).
Social programs to support low-income categories of the population also provide for a social service to provide vouchers for children in sanatoriums and dispensaries if there are medical indications. This service is provided no more than once a year.
The main directions for the implementation of family policy include the creation of a system of social and psychological and pedagogical assistance to the family, the protection of the health of mothers and children, the improvement of the material living conditions of the family, support of low-income families, the improvement of the professional and social status of women, the prevention of juvenile delinquency, ideological, propaganda and cultural - educational work, training of cadres of workers of social services.
The main functions of a social worker are:
diagnostic (studying the characteristics of the family, identifying its potential);
security and protection (legal support of the family);
socio-psychological and pedagogical;
predictive (modeling situations and developing targeted assistance programs);
coordination.
Thus, we see that social work with a low-income family is currently in great demand. A very large number of such families need support from the state. Material, legal assistance, assistance in obtaining housing - these are only small areas of assistance to such a family.
Based on this, three main problems can be identified in the provision of state support to low-income families:
1) low awareness of low-income families about government support programs.
2) small popularization of assistance to children from low-income families.
3) low level of social work with low-income families.
In connection with the highlighted problems, the following recommendations can be offered:
1) Dissemination of information about government programs for low-income families. Implementation is possible through the media, public service announcements, special seminars, distribution of booklets, newspapers, etc. Low-income families should know that they have every right to receive public assistance and should not be afraid to apply for it.
2) Increasing the popularization of assistance to children from poor families. Implementation is possible through the opening of free sections for children, vocational guidance. The opening of sports, dance and technical sections will help attract children from low-income families to creative activities, bring them closer to other children, and allow them to choose an activity "to their liking." The organization of vocational guidance will help the child decide on the choice of a future profession, help to choose a direction that will help him in later life.
3) Dissemination of social work by attracting volunteers. Social assistance is necessary for low-income families, because, as a result of economic, they also have social problems. Volunteer work must be organized in every district of the city. Members of low-income families will know who they can turn to, volunteers will always be ready to provide one or another assistance to the family, direct them, and tell about existing programs. This can also be done through advertising, social videos, specially held actions on the streets and in organizations.
The suggested recommendations are not the only ones possible. But these ways of solving problems will make it possible to achieve a definitely positive result in providing assistance to low-income families, will make it possible to achieve a positive result in the dissemination of state support, in the spread of loyalty to this kind of families, and in the dissemination of social work. The implementation of these recommendations will help low-income families "get on their feet", feel like a full-fledged unit of society, and most importantly, save their families.
Chapter 2. Experimental work on the creation of a program of social assistance to low-income families (on the basis of the Administration of the Sobolevsky rural settlement of the Monastyrshchinsky district)
2.1. Analysis of activities to provide social assistance to low-income families
Analyzing the activities of the Administration of the Sobolevsky rural settlement in general, I would like to note that assistance to various categories of families is provided on an individual basis.
First of all, work is being done to identify and register families in need of support, and especially children.
This work is carried out jointly with a representative of the village administration, who is responsible for working with low-income families and also with the school administration.
Patronage of low-income families is carried out in order to identify the conditions of life and upbringing. Material assistance is provided (for social reasons, examination results and patronage):
Grocery sets;
Clothes, shoes;
Free meals in schools during the academic year;
All school supplies and uniforms by the beginning of the school year.
Consulting on the upbringing of children, taking into account their age and psychological characteristics. Legal assistance is provided: free legal advice in the preparation of claims, petitions, etc .; assistance in obtaining child benefits; in the preparation of documents for material assistance, etc.
Experts carefully consider all requests from visitors in order not only to provide support, but also to identify problems of a spiritual and psychological nature.
According to material security, they are classified into families: with high material wealth, with very high material wealth, with average material wealth, with low material wealth, and those in need (below the poverty line). We track families with low material incomes, or we call them low-income families, that is, families that are registered with social security.
A large number of residents implies a large number of people in need of social assistance. These are elderly and large families, families raising a disabled child, dysfunctional families and, of course, low-income families.
In its activities, the Administration sets the following tasks to provide for low-income citizens and families:
Providing living quarters for low-income citizens living in a rural settlement and in need of housing, organizing the construction and maintenance of municipal housing stock, creating conditions for housing construction, exercising municipal housing control, as well as other powers of local governments in accordance with housing legislation;
Organization and implementation of activities for working with families and children in a rural settlement;
Material aid;
Assistance in the provision of health services to families in need and their referral to sanatorium-resort treatment;
Providing qualified consulting;
Providing legal assistance and assistance in obtaining social support measures established by law;
Assistance in the preparation of documents for sending children and adolescents (if necessary) to social service institutions for temporary residence;
Leisure organization.
In contrast to assistance in cash and in kind, local benefits in the rural population expand or supplement the benefits provided for by federal legislation.
Today, the family, more than ever, needs social assistance and protection, and the help is not one-time, but constant, guaranteed, targeted, based on balanced social programs that take into account socio-economic opportunities, the specifics of families of various socio-demographic types.
A clear algorithm has been developed to identify early family trouble:
Stage 1. Familiarity with the family, examination of the living conditions of the family, identification
problems in the family.
Stage 2. Identification and analysis of the reasons for the social ill-being of the family, its features, the personal qualities of the family.
Stage 3. Development of specific, individual goals, tasks for working with a dysfunctional family.
Stage 4. Summing up the results of work with the family.
Stage 5. Development of further plans for working with the family.
Thus, social assistance to families and children is currently social services and support for family members in difficult life situations, providing them with a range of social services.
The most important task of the system of social services for families and children is to ensure the realization of social rights and guarantees of the family, to solve emerging problems through the provision of social and legal, social and medical, social, social, social and pedagogical services and consultations.
2.2. Diagnostics of social problems of low-income families on the territory of the Sobolevsky rural settlement
The study was carried out on the basis of the Administration of the Sobolevsky rural settlement of the Monastyrshchinsky district of the Smolensk region.
24 low-income families live on the territory of the settlement. Our work was carried out with 5 families, which we took for patronage and conducted a parental attitude test questionnaire.
Purpose of the study: diagnostics of the situation in the family.
We used a test - a questionnaire of parental attitudes (A. Ya.Varga, V.V. Stolin) (see appendix)
The parental attitude test questionnaire is a psychodiagnostic tool aimed at identifying parental attitudes in persons seeking psychological help on raising children and communicating with them.
Parental attitude is understood as a system of various feelings in relation to the child, behavioral stereotypes practiced in communicating with him, the peculiarities of perception and understanding of the character and personality of the child, his actions.
Patronage of families, observation of family members during patronage and conversation with them, testing of parents revealed the following:
1. The Medvedev family.
Incomplete family. The mother alone brings up her son for 14 years, she works as a librarian.
Testing showed that the mother had a pronounced positive attitude towards the child (high scores on the Accept / Refute scale - 26 points). However, high scores on the "Symbiosis" scale (6 points) make it possible to conclude that this adult does not establish a psychological distance between himself and the child, always tries to be closer to him, to satisfy his basic reasonable needs, to protect him from troubles. Low scores on the "Control" scale (2 points) indicate that there is practically no control over the child's actions by an adult.
Thus, the mother takes care of her son, loves him, but does not control her son enough, does not make due demands on him, justifies him in everything, which was also shown by conversation and observation.
The main problem of the family, in addition to poverty, is the son's unwillingness to study, although the teenager, according to the teachers, has the ability to study. At the same time, the son helps the mother with the housework, take care of her. The child receives free food, during the summer holidays he will go on a social trip to a sanatorium, the mother receives child support, subsidies for utility bills.
The living conditions of the family are satisfactory, the house is clean.
A conversation was held with the teenager and his mother about how a teenager can find a job in the summer.
A social work specialist, together with teachers, a psychologist, should carry out work with a teenager aimed at changing his attitude towards learning, motivate him to study.
2. The Varsky family.
The family is complete. A 13-year-old teenager is being brought up in the family. The mother works as a cleaner, the father does not work, is not registered with the Employment Service, and abuses alcohol.
The father refused to talk, the mother refused to take part in the testing, agreed to talk, but with reluctance. The 13-year-old teenager was not at home. According to his mother, he often does not sleep at home. The teenager is noticed in the use of alcohol, petty theft. She often misses school. Not registered with the CIT.
The family lives in a municipal building that needs maintenance, the house is dirty.
The family does not receive child support and subsidies, since the father cannot provide a certificate of income. The child receives free meals at school.
The family does not want to cooperate with the school.
There is a need for joint activities of a social work specialist, social educator, teachers with the involvement of law enforcement agencies in order to influence the parents of a teenager (especially the father) and convince them of the need to raise a child (possibly with the use of sanctions). It is also necessary to influence the adolescent himself, who needs to prove how destructive the path he has chosen is for him, to show him possible development prospects.
3. The Petrov family.
The family is complete, raising one child - a girl of 12 years old. The mother works as an accountant. The father is disabled, does not work.
The mother took part in the testing, the father was being treated in a hospital.
Testing showed a pronounced positive attitude towards the child (high scores on the Accept / Overtake scale - 27 points). The adult in this case accepts the child as he is, respects and recognizes his individuality, approves his interests, supports plans, spends a lot of time with him and does not regret it.
High scores on the "Cooperation" scale (7 points) are a sign that an adult shows a sincere interest in what the child is interested in, appreciates the child's abilities, encourages the child's independence and initiative, and tries to be on an equal footing with him.
Low scores on the scale "Attitude towards the failure of the child" (2 points), indicate that the failure of the child is considered random by the adult and believes in him. Such an adult is likely to become a good teacher and educator.
Thus, the mother, according to the test results, is a loving parent and a good caregiver.
The girl studies normally, participates in social life, however, starting from adolescence, the child has problems communicating with peers who tease the girl for not having fashionable things, etc.
The family lives in a dilapidated house and is on the waiting list for housing improvements. An allowance is paid for the child. The family also receives subsidies for utility bills, and the girl gets free meals at school.
The social work specialist advised the mother to consult a school psychologist to diagnose the level of development of the child's communication skills, the characteristics of interpersonal relationships in the class where the girl is studying, and to provide the child with psychological assistance.
A social work specialist also needs to monitor how the local administration decides to relocate a family from hazardous housing, whether the promised relocation deadlines will be met.
4. The Smirnov family.
A large family with 4 children, including one teenager, one child in elementary school and two twins who are not even a year old.
The mother is on parental leave, the father recently lost his job and is registered as unemployed. However, he says that they promised to employ him in the near future.
A 12-year-old teenager who is brought up in a family has problems in his studies, since he simply has no time to study and has nowhere to do his homework. He helps his mother and father with the housework, takes care of the younger ones.
The father agreed to be tested, the mother was busy with the children.
High scores on the "Control" scale (7 points) - indicate that an adult behaves too authoritarian in relation to a child, demanding unconditional obedience from him and setting him a strict disciplinary framework. He imposes his will on the child in almost everything. Such an adult person can not always be useful as an educator for children.
The family lives in their own house and needs to improve their living conditions, as the house is very cramped. Maternity capital, which parents will soon receive. They plan to spend on housing improvements. The family receives all benefits and benefits due to large families.
The social work specialist talked with the father about the fact that the child should not help the parents to the detriment of his studies. It was not a teenager's choice but a parent's choice to have many children. The interests of the child in this situation should not suffer. The father was also advised to turn to a psychologist for advice on the problems of parent-child relations.
The specialist also needs to monitor how the issue of the father's employment is being resolved, with the improvement of the family's living conditions, how the recommendations for raising a teenager are being fulfilled, whether he is overloaded with work at home to the detriment of his studies.
5. The Ivanov family.
The family has two children: a 15-year-old girl and a 9-year-old boy. The family is incomplete as a result of the loss of a breadwinner. After the death of her husband, the mother drinks, works as a dishwasher, but often skips, until she is fired only out of pity. She was unable to talk to a social work specialist. There is dirt in the house, outsiders men and women drink in the kitchen. A teenage girl skips school, does not come home to spend the night, and leads a promiscuous sex life. The social work specialist turned to the CPN and the guardianship authorities to resolve the issue of depriving the mother of parental rights and the temporary placement of children in a rehabilitation center, since conversations with the woman were conducted several times, but she is not going to take up her mind.
Such families were identified, after which observation was carried out, a study of their condition, needs, the specifics of raising children and intra-family relationships.
Socialreal help: free legal advice; one-time financial assistance, free food packages, work is also underway to organize summer vacations for children;
Educational and control patronages of families, joint raids on families with the administration of the Sobolevsky rural settlement were carried out.
An action was organized to collect books, things, toys.
In this way, family patronage, talking with family members, observing them, testing them revealed various problems of low-income families that need to be addressed through the cooperation of a social teacher with various services.Experimental work has shown that a specialist in social work in activities with adolescent children from low-income families takes into account the peculiarities of adolescence; takes into account the peculiarities of a low-income family; organizes cooperation with teachers, psychologists, representatives of the public.
2.3. Development of a social assistance program for low-income families
During the period of practical training, we developed a program of social assistance to low-income families.
The social assistance program is our semblance of solving this problem, helping family members.
Many families who have had bad experiences in improving their difficult situation are afraid of putting themselves at risk again. Instead, they prefer to be in a state of rage and rejection of the world around them. Over time, the state of crisis becomes the norm for them, they cease to show their own initiative. Families learn to defend themselves in their own way when faced with difficulties. The paradox is that excitement and rage bring them a certain comfort as proof that nothing can be done and therefore their state is natural.
In many cases of work in families at risk, experiencing financial difficulties, specialists and community organizations who come to the family to provide assistance play the role of a “worker”. This consists in the fact that family members shift the care of each other, of children to outside specialists, since they cannot live without outside control, taking a passive position and giving the specialists the right to find a way out of the difficult situation of their family themselves. This leads to dependency, the desire to blame society for their troubles, while masking the real state of affairs in the family and their own doing nothing.
The object of the program is a low-income family.
Subject - Social Work Specialists.
The goal of the program is to create a system for organizing work with low-income families.
Principles:
Objectivity;
Reality;
Concreteness;
Confidence.
Carrying out conditions:
work is carried out at the place of residence, in a general education school and in a cultural institution.
The social worker organizes visits to families in order to examine the material and living conditions, at the conclusion of which the family may be asked to apply to the KCCO or any other organization in order to obtain the necessary social assistance.
The main forms of work with low-income families:
1. Social and household:
Provision of temporary residence
Providing free meals
Provision of clothing and footwear according to the season
Teaching children self-service skills
Provision of soft inventory and stationery;
2. Socio-medical:
Initial medical examination and primary sanitization
Organization of medical and recreational activities
Assistance in the provision of health services to needy families and their referral to spa treatment
Assistance in the provision of medical care in the amount of the basic program of compulsory medical insurance within the framework of medical guarantees programs, the provision of free medical care in state and municipal medical institutions
Providing qualified consulting
Assistance in the provision of medicines and medical products upon the conclusion of doctors
Assistance in hospitalization, accompaniment of those in need in medical and preventive institutions
3. Socio-psychological:
Socio-psychological and psychological counseling
Psychotherapeutic assistance
Psychological trainings
Emergency psychological assistance
Socio-psychological patronage;
4. Social and legal:
Provision of legal assistance and assistance in obtaining social support measures established by law
Assistance in the preparation of documents for the referral of children and adolescents (if necessary) to social service institutions for temporary residence
Providing legal assistance in the protection and observance of rights.
5. Socio-pedagogical:
Socio-pedagogical counseling
Organization of teaching children and adolescents according to the school curriculum
Leisure organization
Organization of vocational guidance, vocational training and employment.
We have noticed that in working with low-income families there is no system of measures aimed at assisting in solving family problems, at increasing the activity and initiative of all family members in improving their financial situation on their own.
You can also highlight the types of possible work with low-income families:
Identification of such families, observation, study of their condition, needs, the specifics of raising children and intra-family relationships;
Provision of legal assistance: defending the interests of members of such families, assistance in the provision of possible services, protection of rights, etc.;
Referral, if necessary, to the psychological assistance service;
Organization of leisure and recreation for children in conjunction with trade union committees and the administration of enterprises and organizations located in this territory;
Providing assistance to parents in finding a job, facilitating their placement in free courses, in centers for vocational training or retraining;
Employment of minors;
Providing assistance in organizing joint leisure communication, etc.
The main forms and methods of working with a low-income family: provision of material assistance; individual conversations, consultations, lectures for children and parents; social patronage; group forms of work with family (families) - trainings.
Thus, there are 3 main blocks of work with a low-income family:
Psychological block - providing psychological help and support. It includes consultations, trainings, conversations with family members;
Material block - assistance in obtaining and obtaining benefits, subsidies, material assistance;
Social block organization of free excursions, events.
Work with low-income families is mainly carried out by social protection bodies, as well as educational institutions, where the contingent of students is studied, children from families of this category are identified and they are provided with various kinds of timely assistance. The introduction of this technology presupposes the timely identification of families in need and the provision of the necessary support to them.
Conclusion
Currently, the most acute problem in the Russian Federation is the problem of poverty, which is increasingly turning into a problem of poverty. The number of people who find themselves below the poverty line is steadily growing, the country is experiencing a consistent increase in the stratification of the population in terms of income and material security, which is spontaneous in nature, since until recently the impact on it from the state was hardly noticeable.
In modern conditions in our country, social security of a person is achieved, first of all, thanks to state forms of social support and assistance. The main one remains protection from poverty. The social policy of the state is aimed at creating conditions for every able-bodied person that would allow him to provide for the maintenance of his family with his labor. But as we have seen, not always salary, pension or other income can ensure the well-being of a family. Therefore, the state is called upon to provide assistance to the most vulnerable categories of the population on the basis of a targeted approach to solving existing problems, to the development of various kinds of social services.
Currently, the Russian Federation is rapidly implementing a state social policy aimed primarily at overcoming the extreme degree of social inequality in modern Russian society, and providing state assistance to the most vulnerable groups of the population, namely, low-income families and low-income citizens living alone.
The starting point for poverty is the subsistence minimum. According to the Federal Law "On the subsistence minimum of the Russian Federation" (1997), it is calculated based on the cost of the consumer basket, taking into account the amount spent on mandatory payments and fees. Consumer basket - the minimum set of food products, non-food products and services necessary to preserve human health and ensure his life.
A family (a lonely citizen), whose average per capita income (which) is below the subsistence level established in the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation, is considered poor (poor) and has the right to receive state social assistance.
Consequently, the main goal of state social assistance is to support low-income groups of the population: families and single citizens who today live below the poverty line and cannot provide themselves and their family members with the most necessary things.
The second goal of providing state social assistance is targeted and rational use of budget funds.
From the above, we can conclude that at present in the Russian Federation, state social policy is being implemented at a high rate, aimed primarily at overcoming the extreme degree of social inequality in modern Russian society, and providing state assistance to the most vulnerable groups of the population, namely low-income families and poor lonely citizens.
The desire and attempts of the family to adapt to new phenomena and constant changes taking place in society predetermine changes in the very institution of the family. The presence of an ideological and moral vacuum in society, the loss of historical identity, patriotism, a sharp change in spiritual and moral interests to material ones became the main reason for the unstable position of society in general, and the family in particular. Therefore, today the scientific rethinking of family problems is a prerequisite for the effective solution of family policy problems. The state, public organizations, religious associations, entrepreneurs, scientists, journalists must do everything to provide the family with support. Without taking into account the interests of the family, the state policy aimed at the revival of Russia can never be implemented. The family will raise children, looking confidently into the future, in love and harmony, fostering high spirituality in young people, pride in their Motherland and responsibility for its fate.
Targeted social support is the most important direction of the social policy of our state.
The targeting of social protection, taking into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person, is a means of ensuring social justice and a factor in activating his internal potential. Thanks to the principles of social work, it is possible to achieve the main thing - to help people who find themselves in difficult life situations, to encourage and support their social initiative, their desire to independently resolve the problems that have arisen.
The problem of improving the quality of life is not being solved by the modern system of social protection of the population. Maintaining a living standard on the brink of survival in difficult times, this help allows a person to survive in a difficult life situation. However, it is necessary to find ways out of this situation, increasing the level of self-sufficiency and the ability to self-help. In order to overcome poverty among families and strengthen state support for this category of families, it is necessary:
Continue the implementation of measures to ensure real incomes of the population based on an increase in the minimum wage, growth in real wages, pensions, benefits and other social payments;
Strengthen the targeted approach of providing social assistance to families with children based on the restructuring of the system of social benefits and payments using the whole variety of forms of social support;
Keep records of families in difficult life situations.
Thus, the federal authorities are faced with the task of helping to improve the efficiency of the social protection system of the population, to reduce social differentiation in order to reduce poverty through inter-budgetary equalization. It is necessary to increase the regulatory and methodological role of the executive authorities, and first of all, the Ministry of Labor of Russia, responsible for the development and delivery of standard methods of targeted provision of social assistance to the regions, and assistance to local administrations in their practical application.
From all that has been said, we can conclude that such a problem as poverty, in particular, the poverty of families, can and should be considered and analyzed from all sides. Poverty and social inequality have been considered since ancient times, and it will take more than a decade, and maybe even a century, to solve such an acute problem in our society. And we can only hope that someday in society there will be no more than one family that found itself on the verge of poverty and needed support ...
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Appendix
Parental Relationship Questionnaire
(A.Ya. Varga, V.V. Stolin)
The Parental Attitude Test Questionnaire (ORO) is a psychodiagnostic tool aimed at identifying parental attitudes in persons seeking psychological help on raising children and communicating with them. Parental attitude is understood as a system of various feelings in relation to the child, behavioral stereotypes practiced in communicating with him, the characteristics of perception and understanding of the character of the child's personality, his actions.
Questionnaire structure
The questionnaire consists of 5 scales:
"Acceptance-rejection". The scale reflects the integral emotional attitude towards the child. The content of one pole of the scale: the parent likes the child as he is. The parent respects the individuality of the child, sympathizes with him. The parent seeks to spend a lot of time with the child, approves of his interests and plans. At the other end of the scale; the parent perceives his child as bad, unadapted, unlucky. It seems to him that the child will not achieve success in life because of low abilities, a small mind, bad inclinations. For the most part, the parent feels anger, annoyance, irritation, resentment towards the child. He does not trust the child and does not respect him.
"Cooperation" is a socially desirable image of parenting. In essence, this scale is revealed as follows: the parent is interested in the child's affairs and plans, tries to help the child in everything, sympathizes with him. The parent highly appreciates the child's intellectual and creative abilities, feels a sense of pride in him. He encourages the initiative and independence of the child, it is erased to be on an equal footing with him. The parent trusts the child, tries to stand up to his point of view and controversial issues.
"Symbiosis" - the scale reflects the interpersonal distance in communication with the child. With high scores on this scale, it can be assumed that the parent strives for a symbiotic relationship with the child. In essence, this tendency is described as follows - the parent feels himself with the child as a single whole, seeks to satisfy all the needs of the child, to protect him from the difficulties and troubles of life. The parent constantly feels anxiety for the child, the child seems to him small and defenseless. The parent's anxiety increases when the child begins to become autonomous due to circumstances, since, of his own free will, the parent never provides the child with independence.
"Authoritarian hypersocialization" - reflects the form and direction of control over the behavior of the child. With a high score on this scale and the parental attitude of this parent, authoritarianism is clearly visible. The parent requires unconditional obedience and discipline from the child. He tries to impose his will on the child in everything, is unable to stand on his point of view. For manifestations of willfulness, the child is severely punished. The parent closely monitors the social achievements of the child, his individual characteristics, habits, thoughts, feelings.
"Little loser" - reflects the peculiarities of the child's perception and understanding by the parent. With high values on this scale, the parental attitude of a given parent tends to infantilize the child, ascribe personal and social inconsistency to him. The parent sees the child as younger than the actual age. The interests, hobbies, thoughts and feelings of the child seem to the parent childish, frivolous. The child appears to be unfit, not successful, open to bad influences. The parent does not trust his child, is annoyed at his failure and ineptitude. In this regard, the parent tries to protect the child from the difficulties of life and strictly control his actions.
Questionnaire text
I always sympathize with my child.
I consider it my duty to know everything my child thinks.
I respect my child.
It seems to me that my child's behavior deviates significantly from the norm.
It is necessary to keep the child aside from real life problems for a longer time if they injure him.
I have a sense of affection for the child.
Good parents shield the child from the hardships of life.
My child is often unpleasant to me.
I always try to help my child.
There are times when bullying a child is of great benefit to him.
I am annoyed with my child.
My child will not achieve anything in life.
It seems to me that children are making fun of my child.
My child often does things that, apart from contempt, are worthless.
For his age, my child is a little immature.
My child is misbehaving on purpose to annoy me.
My child absorbs everything bad like a "sponge".
Good manners are difficult to teach my child with all the effort.
The child should be kept within strict limits, then a decent person will grow out of him.
I love it when my child's friends come to our house.
I take part in my child.
Everything bad "sticks" to my child.
My child will not be successful in life.
When in the company of friends they talk about children, I am a little ashamed that my child is not as smart and capable as I would like.
I feel sorry for my child.
When I compare my child with peers, they seem to me more mature both in behavior and in judgments.
I am happy to spend all my free time with my child.
I often regret that my child is growing and maturing, and fondly remember him when he was little.
I often find myself in a hostile attitude towards the child.
I dream that my child will achieve everything that I have failed in life.
Parents must adapt to the child, and not only demand it from him.
I try to fulfill all the requests of my child.
The child's opinion should be taken into account when making family decisions.
I am very interested in my child's life.
In a conflict with a child, I can often admit that he is right in his own way.
Children learn early that parents can be wrong.
I always reckon with the child.
I have friendly feelings for the child.
The main reason for my child's whims is selfishness, stubbornness and laziness.
It is impossible to rest properly if you are on vacation with your child.
The most important thing is that the child has a calm and carefree childhood.
Sometimes it seems to me that my child is not capable of anything good.
I share my child's hobbies.
My child can piss off anyone.
I understand my child's frustrations.
My child often annoys me.
Raising a child is a hassle.
Strict discipline as a child develops a strong character.
I don't trust my child.
Children thank for their strict upbringing later.
Sometimes I think I hate my child.
My child has more disadvantages than advantages.
I share the interests of my child.
My child is not able to do anything on his own, and if he does, it will certainly not be so.
My child will grow up not adapted to life.
I like my child the way he is.
I carefully monitor the health of my child.
I often admire my child.
The child should not have secrets from the parents.
I do not think highly of my child's abilities and do not hide it from him.
It is highly desirable that the child be friends with those children who are liked by his parents.
Questionnaire Keys
Acceptance-rejection: 3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 29, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60.
The image of the social desirability of behavior: 6, 9, 21, 25, 31, 34, 35, 36.
Symbiosis: 1, 5, 7, 28, 32, 41, 58.
Authoritarian hypersocialization: 2, 19, 30, 48, 50, 57, 59.
"Little Loser": 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 28, 54, 61.
Test points calculation procedure
When calculating test scores on all scales, the answer "true" is taken into account. A high test score on the appropriate scales is interpreted as:
- rejection,
- social desirability,
- symbiosis,
- hypersocialization,
- infantilization (disability).
Test norms are carried out in the form of tables of percentile ranks of test scores according to the corresponding scales = 160
1 scale: "acceptance-rejection"
2 scale 3 scale 4 scale 5 scaleIssues under consideration:
- Poverty as a socio-economic problem
- Forms of social work with low-income citizens
1. Poverty as a socio-economic problem
Low income- a special state of material insecurity of people, when the income of a person or family does not allow maintaining the consumption that is socially necessary for life, which is a factor of social risk.
Social risk from the perspective of the onset of poverty is a measure of the expected consequences of economic insolvency, the occurrence of which contains the likelihood of loss or limitation of financial independence and social well-being of a person.
As a personal problem, poverty is a lack of material resources as a means of meeting the economic and social needs of a person. The life situation of low-income citizens of working age is characterized by a low social status, the formation of an inferiority complex, and an increase in social apathy. For children brought up in low-income families, there is a danger of understating social standards, the development of aggressiveness both towards the state, society, and towards individual strata, groups of the population, and individuals. For elderly citizens experiencing material difficulties, this provision is disappointing in relation to the state they served, paid taxes, and defended in wartime.
The concept of poverty is historically conditioned, multifactorial. In the USSR, the official recognition of the problem of socio-economic inequality took place in the 70s, when benefits for low-income children were introduced. But even before that, the topic of low-paid and low-income people was present with periodic increases in the minimum wage and pensions, the establishment of certain social benefits and payments for the population.
However, in Soviet times, a rather narrow circle of people belonged to the needy, mainly by demographic characteristics: age, health status, loss of a breadwinner, increased dependency burden on a working person. On social grounds, low qualifications and professional status played a certain role. However, these characteristics were not necessarily accompanied by low incomes. The territorial differences in the standard of living were of some importance - due to inequality in the economic development of the regions, as well as in the city and in the countryside, etc. Nevertheless, the socio-economic factors identifying the low-income zone in those conditions are clearly inferior to the current situation in modern conditions.
Political and socio-economic processes in the post-Soviet period were accompanied not only by an increase in the scale of negative social phenomena rooted in previous years, but also by the emergence of new ones - population poverty, poverty of the majority of citizens, unemployment, homelessness, etc., as a result - population growth. in need of social support. All this required in the mid-90s of the XX - beginning of the XI century active actions on the part of the state to develop new documents aimed at increasing the efficiency of the social protection system of the population.
In Russia, laws and other regulations were adopted, both at the federal and regional levels, providing for an increase in the number of categories of the population recognized as socially vulnerable; the list of social payments, benefits, compensations, services (social assistance) provided to them has expanded. A system of bodies, institutions and enterprises performing these functions arose and began to expand. Expenditures for these purposes have increased from the budgets of all levels, off-budget social funds (pension, social and compulsory health insurance). This and much more testified to a radical restructuring and improvement of the entire social protection system - one of the most important social institutions, both social policy and modern society as a whole, aimed at solving the problem of poverty.
In the current socio-economic conditions, social protection is aimed at targeted support of individual strata and groups of the population in greatest need of it. Most often, the category of low-income people includes: families with low monetary income per family member (most often these are large families); citizens who have lost their breadwinner; single mothers raising children; disabled people; elderly; pensioners receiving insufficient pension; students living on a scholarship; unemployed; persons affected by natural disasters, political and social conflicts and other categories of citizens. All these people need social protection from society and the state.
Social support for low-income citizens can be manifested in a variety of forms: in the form of financial assistance; provision of material benefits, free food, shelter, shelter; providing medical, legal, psychological assistance; patronage, guardianship, adoption. This takes into account the material and social situation of the individual.
There are no people who are free from needs and desires. Any person needs something, certain goods and services. And naturally, not all of their needs can be satisfied by a person, taking into account both material and social, psychological factors. In this regard, we can talk about the level of need and, as a consequence, low income.
Need in the broadest sense of the word can take both material and non-material forms. A person may experience needs at the level of unfulfillment of his economic and creative potential, career growth, arrangement of his personal life, family and feel himself in need in these areas. In this sense, any member of society, every citizen can be attributed to any group of needy.
However, in the context of social work as a direction for the implementation of social policy, first of all, the tasks of overcoming various options for material need (poverty), insufficient satisfaction of such human needs (for food, clothing, lodging, treatment), which are directly related to the prospects of its existence, should be solved. This is what is included in the primary, immediate tasks of social protection.
The peculiarity of social work with low-income people is that its effectiveness depends on the degree of assistance to precisely those who fell under the situation of socio-economic risk. To determine the level of material insecurity, it is important to assess the possibility of a risk, that is, to determine the likelihood of harm, the severity of the consequences. It is carried out by identifying the risk factors for the onset of low-income, their intensity, the amount of damage.
A risk factor is understood as a source of danger, loss or limitation of economic independence and social well-being of a person. The scheme for assessing risk factors includes their ranking based on qualitative and quantitative comparisons, which requires natural indicators characterizing the hazard.
The intensity of the risk of the onset of low-income is the probability (frequency) of the hazard realization in a certain period of time, i.e. the number of cases under consideration (for example, the lack of funds for the purchase of essential items) in a specific unit of time. The amount of damage from the onset of material need is characterized by a list of resulting indicators that can be grouped as social and economic.
Social indicators (consequences)- this is an increase in the level of mortality, disability, complete or partial loss of the ability to carry out self-service, training, work, movement, communication, control over their behavior for health reasons and (or) socio-economic circumstances.
Economic indicators- these are the forced costs of a person, family, society to compensate for the consequences of the implementation of the danger caused by social risk (low income). Social indicators help to assess the level of social protection of people in the state, and economic indicators allow us to compare the levels and significance of material insecurity, the possibility of minimizing damage from it.
As a whole, the social protection system is aimed at assessing the economic and social consequences of the onset of material insecurity, at building mechanisms for the prevention of this social phenomenon. In modern conditions, it is very important that poverty does not develop into a stagnant form of its manifestation. In the prevailing socio-economic conditions, it is typical for certain categories of unemployed citizens, refugees and internally displaced persons, persons without a fixed abode, people who have left places of imprisonment. The essence of the effectiveness of social work in solving the problem of improving the material situation of these categories of the population is expressed in the ability of the state and society, the social protection system of the population or its individual elements to respond positively and respond to the requests, needs of residents, especially its socially vulnerable part.
After ten years of continuous economic growth and improving the well-being of the people, Russia at the end of 2008 faced the most serious economic challenges. The global financial crisis has led to a drop in production in all countries of the world, an increase in unemployment, and a decrease in household income. In the current conditions, the role of state institutions at all levels in the socio-economic life of the country is objectively increasing.
The task is to ensure that the public commitments of the Russian government taken during the period of improvement in the economic situation in the country are fully implemented and in the conditions of the crisis. This implies strengthening the social protection of the population, increasing the volume and quality of the provision of social services. It is important not to allow the transition to chronic forms of poverty among certain categories of citizens, to maintain social well-being and stability in the state.
In the legal acts of the Russian Federation, the concept of a poor person is often used to determine the property status of a client. Based on the Federal Law "On the subsistence level in the Russian Federation" dated 24.10.1997, No. 134-FZ. A family or a citizen living alone is recognized as poor if the average per capita income is lower than the subsistence level established in the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation. This category of citizens has the right to receive social support, including the provision of housing under a social contract.
The state strives to create conditions for restraining and overcoming the problem of economic insolvency of citizens. First of all, this concerns the working and socially unprotected categories of the country's population.
The solution to this problem involves:
- Federally funded social benefits and benefits are indexed to reflect the new inflation forecast. This applies, first of all, to pensions, a package of state benefits for children, maternal (family) capital, as well as payments made within the framework of legislation on social support for certain categories of citizens eligible for state social assistance.
- The earlier decision to increase the average size of social pensions was implemented. This means an increase in social pensions, as well as the base, state-guaranteed part of labor pensions in excess of price increases.
- Increasing the level of provision of the population of the Russian Federation with the necessary medicines, taking a set of measures to expand the availability of high-quality, effective and safe medicines.
- Special measures have been taken to reduce social tension in relation to the deteriorating situation in the labor market. First of all, an increase in the maximum amount of unemployment benefits.
- Work is underway to restructure mortgage loans for persons who have temporarily lost their jobs. Work is underway to strengthen the targeting of the system of subsidies to the population to compensate for the costs of paying for housing and communal services.
- In connection with the crisis processes in the economy, students found themselves in a difficult situation, primarily those who study on a paid basis, as well as students who used or planned to use educational loans. Therefore, measures are being taken to provide social support to students. Among these measures, the development of an experiment on educational lending with the establishment of a low interest on loans (no more than 11.5% per year) and the strengthening of the role of state support for students in vocational schools.
- Support is provided to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are not able to independently ensure the implementation of priority social obligations to citizens living in the region.
The measures taken by the government to improve the material situation of the population show that state policy in modern conditions is aimed at solving the issues of social protection of citizens and the prevention of poverty as a socio-economic phenomenon. The purpose of social support is to provide material and financial and other assistance to those in need, to establish guardianship, patronage over them. At the same time, the main thing is to stimulate personal, socially significant initiative, creativity, creating conditions under which a citizen himself could find a way out of a difficult socio-economic situation.
To solve this problem, it will be necessary to modernize and develop the sector of social services, targeted programs for the poor and low-income categories of the population. Formation of a system of social support and adaptation that meets the needs of modern society, which, in addition to social protection, implements the functions of social development and creates accessible mechanisms of "social lift" for everyone, including socially vulnerable categories of the population.
Thus, poverty as a socio-economic problem is, first of all, the lack of material resources to meet the economic and social needs of a person. On the part of the state, solving this problem requires achieving social harmony, promoting the development of mechanisms for social adaptation and social support for the population, and reducing social inequality. Measures that ensure the solution of these problems should be aimed at harmonizing the actions of markets, the state, and the family in improving the level and quality of life of the population, creating a society of equal opportunities in Russia for all categories of citizens.
2. Forms of social work with low-income citizens
Low-income citizens experience a state of poverty, in which a person or a social group (family) has the basic needs necessary for maintaining health and ensuring livelihoods cannot be fully satisfied due to lack or insufficient funds.
The main criterion for determining the level of poverty of the population in the Russian Federation is the subsistence minimum. It refers to the valuation of the consumer basket, as well as mandatory payments and fees. The consumer basket includes the minimum set of food products, non-food products and services necessary for human life support.
Low-income clients who cannot purchase all the products, goods and services included in the consumer basket include low-income families and single citizens.
According to Federal Law No. 134-FZ of October 24, 1997 “On the subsistence level in the Russian Federation,” a family whose average per capita income is lower than the subsistence level established in the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation is considered poor and has the right to receive social support. When calculating the average per capita income, the composition of a poor family includes persons related by kinship. These include spouses living together and running a joint household, their children and parents, adoptive parents and adopted children, brothers and sisters, stepsons and stepdaughters.
Individuals living alone are also considered poor if their income is lower than the subsistence level established in the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Social work with low-income and lonely citizens is carried out with the help of individual and group forms of social work. Individuals include the initial appointment, counseling, etc. For group: social patronage, festive events dedicated to the "Day of the Elderly", "Day of the Disabled", public works, the organization of hot meals, distribution of food sets, basic industrial goods (soap, washing powder, toothpaste, etc.).
During the initial appointment, the social work specialist collects information about the reasons that led to the low property status or poverty of the client. He tells the citizen about the types of state social assistance, lists and explains the requirements for the paperwork required to receive social services. A social work specialist clarifies the following information from a person: his age, actual and real place of residence, marital status. According to the client (in the absence of documents: certificates from the place of work, birth certificates of children), information about the place of work, the presence of children under the age of 18 is entered. All these data are entered by the social work specialist in the register. For a second consultation, a citizen must provide all the documents necessary to provide him with state assistance. The social work specialist explains to the client how to apply for the provision of social services and agrees with him about the date of the social patronage.
A special form of social service at home is social patronage, which involves visiting clients for diagnostic, social and rehabilitation purposes. This form of social work reveals the resources of a poor citizen, contributing to a way out of a difficult life situation. When providing social assistance to low-income citizens, primary and planned social patronage is used.
Primary social patronage is carried out to identify, register and provide emergency assistance to the client. Planned social patronage allows you to identify possible changes that have occurred in a low-income citizen since the last visit.
Social patronage of poor clients includes the following stages: preparatory, main, and final.
- The preparatory stage involves planning a visit to the client's family at home (agreement with him about the time and date of the visit), determining the purpose of conducting patronage, and choosing methods of social diagnostics. A social work specialist develops in advance a scenario for conducting an interview with a person who has found himself in a difficult life situation, includes questions characterizing the socio-economic situation, the psychological climate of the family.
- The main stage of social patronage is visiting the client at home, conducting social diagnostics (the specialist can record the necessary information in the notebook of social patronage, which indicates the last name, first name, patronymic of the client, address, living conditions of the family, the availability of conditions for rest, food, organization of it leisure) provision of advisory assistance, social services.
- The final stage is summing up the results of social patronage, which includes an analysis of the results of social diagnostics, the development of recommendations by a specialist on how to get a low-income citizen out of a difficult life situation, and provide him with emergency assistance.
The social work specialist draws up the results of social patronage in the form of an act of inspection of living conditions, in the case of primary social patronage, the client's social card is filled in. Then the poor citizen is invited for a second consultation.
Counseling is carried out with the aim of choosing the type of social assistance and determining the average per capita income of a single client or family.
The average per capita income of a lonely client or family is calculated by a social work specialist in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated March 7, 2003 “On the procedure for recording income and calculating the average per capita income of a family and the income of a lonely citizen for recognizing them as poor and providing them with state social assistance ".
On the basis of the aforementioned Federal Law, the average per capita income of a family in deciding whether to recognize it as poor and to provide it with state social assistance is calculated by dividing one third of the income of all family members for the billing period by the number of family members.
When deciding on the recognition of a single citizen as poor and on the provision of state social assistance to him, his income is determined as one third of the client's income for the billing period.
When calculating the average per capita income, the family does not include:
- servicemen doing military service on conscription as sergeants, foremen, soldiers or sailors, as well as servicemen studying at military educational institutions of vocational education and who have not concluded a military service contract;
- persons serving a sentence of imprisonment, persons in respect of whom a preventive measure in the form of detention has been applied, as well as persons undergoing compulsory treatment by a court decision;
- persons who are fully supported by the state.
When determining the average per capita family income and the income of a lonely citizen, a social work specialist takes into account the amount of income of each family member or a lonely citizen, received both in cash and in kind for the last three calendar months preceding the month of filing an application for the provision of state social help. During counseling, a social work specialist accepts all documents from the client (certificates: on the composition of the family, on the amount of wages, on the amount of pension, scholarships, etc.) conducts their initial examination. Then the presence of the seal and signature of the responsible persons who certified the documents is checked, it is monitored whether the client has correctly drawn up an application for providing him with state social assistance, whether all sources of income are reflected in it. A social work specialist has the right to check the following information specified by a citizen in an application for providing him with state social assistance: place of residence or stay of a family or a lonely client; income; the degree of kinship of family members, their cohabitation and running a joint household; property belonging to a citizen by right of ownership.
Various methods are used to verify the information provided by the applicant. One of the most effective ways is to make a request to various services that have information that characterizes the difficult life situation of the client. Within the framework of the agreement between the institution of social services for the population and the organization, the necessary information specified by the citizen in the application is requested by a specialist in social work. This saves clients time in collecting documents that the social work professional can check on their own.
Further, a specialist in social work, having determined the average per capita income of a family or a citizen living alone, assigns a type of state social assistance, namely, social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, services and essential goods or other measures of social support.
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance", social benefits are considered as a gratuitous provision of a certain amount of money to citizens at the expense of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. In addition to cash payments to low-income clients, social services are provided to low-income clients.
A set of social services is a list that includes additional free medical care (provision of necessary medicines, medical supplies, as well as specialized medical food for disabled children on prescriptions of a doctor or paramedic); providing, if there are medical indications, a voucher for sanatorium-resort treatment; medicines. The list also includes free travel by suburban railway transport, by intercity transport to the place of treatment and back.
Social supplement to pension is defined as the amount of money paid to a poor elderly citizen to retire and certain social support measures provided in kind. The federal social supplement to the pension is established for the pensioner by the territorial bodies of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation if the total amount of his material support does not reach the subsistence level. A regional social supplement to a pension is established for an elderly citizen by an authorized executive body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the event that the total amount of his material support does not reach the pensioner's subsistence minimum. The social supplement to the client's pension is established in such an amount that the specified total amount of his material support, taking into account this additional payment, reaches the pensioner's subsistence minimum established in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. This type of state social assistance is not paid during the period when the client is performing work or other activities, during which he is subject to compulsory pension insurance.
Subsidies include targeted purposes of full or partial payment of social services to citizens. They are provided to clients in the event that their expenses for paying for housing and utilities, calculated on the basis of the size of regional standards for the normative area of residential premises and the size of regional standards for the cost of housing and communal services, exceed the amount corresponding to the maximum allowable share of citizens' expenses for paying for housing. and utilities in the gross family income. At the same time, for low-income families, the maximum allowable share of expenses decreases in accordance with a correction factor equal to the ratio of the average per capita family income to the subsistence level. The following low-income citizens have the right to receive subsidies in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the provision of subsidies for the payment of housing and utilities" of the Russian Federation of December 14, 2005 N 761:
- users of residential premises in state or municipal housing stock;
- tenants of residential premises under a lease agreement in a private housing stock;
- members of a housing or housing construction cooperative;
- owners of residential premises (apartment, residential building, part of an apartment or residential building).
Subsidies are provided to clients if they do not have arrears on payment for housing and utilities or when they enter into agreements with them to pay off. The size of this type of state social assistance is calculated on a monthly basis and depends on the amount of expenses for paying for housing and utilities, calculated on the basis of regional standards for the cost of housing and communal services, the standard area of \ u200b \ u200bthe residential premises and the permissible share of citizens' expenses for paying for housing and utilities in the aggregate. family income. The amount of the subsidy provided should not exceed the family's actual expenses for housing and utilities.
After registration of state social assistance, a social work specialist enters information about the client into an automated databank of low-income citizens, which contains the following information: family composition, place of residence, passport data, composition of property owned, income, family category (full, incomplete , single mother, pensioners, a family with a disabled child), a lonely citizen.
In some regions of the country, such a type of targeted social assistance to low-income lonely citizens has been introduced as charitable hot meals. Elderly people, disabled people, persons with neuropsychiatric diseases and those in extreme situations can visit social canteens. For clients with mobility restrictions, hot meals and convenience foods are delivered to their homes.
The next interesting form of work with low-income categories of the population is the organization of a small farmstead. Comprehensive social service centers are purchased for low-income pensioners and disabled people, as well as families with children living in rural areas, livestock, poultry, mixed feed, etc.
In addition, in some institutions of social services for the population, mutual aid funds are organized, where funds are used to provide emergency material assistance to low-income citizens by issuing an interest-free loan with a maturity of up to one year.
Non-working pensioners and disabled people receiving social pensions, as well as pregnant women, may be given the opportunity to travel free of charge once a quarter on all types of public transport. Poor citizens can visit health care facilities, close relatives, as needed. Payment for trips due to social necessity is carried out by the centers of social services of the population upon the fact of presentation by the client of travel tickets and a personal application.
Specialists in social work hold fairs for products manufactured at the enterprises of public organizations of disabled people, workshops of social service centers, social rehabilitation institutions. This form of social work with low-income citizens allows them to profit from the sale of products, to preserve and increase jobs for them, makes people feel able to work and create products that are in demand.
The state develops social work with low-income citizens with the help of such a new organizational and legal form as “social subsidy agreements”. This social contract, concluded between a citizen and the institution of social services for the population at the place of residence, guarantees the provision of cash payments to those low-income families who take active steps to find work, lead a healthy lifestyle, take care of children, do not commit antisocial acts and illegal actions.
Thus, social work with low-income categories of the population is carried out using individual and group forms. The initial reception of clients, as an individual interaction between a specialist and a client, allows you to determine the degree of need of a person or his family and determine a strategy for providing him with assistance. Social patronage refers to group forms of social work with a poor citizen, as a result of its implementation, the specialist receives information about the organization of the client's life, the frequency of his meals, employment, etc. In order to prevent a dependent position among the poor, many other forms of social work are used to increase their income.
INTRODUCTION
Social work with low-income families and large families is a complex, multifaceted concept. Social work is an activity whose purpose is to optimize the implementation of the subjective role of people in all spheres of society in the process of life support and active existence of an individual, family, social and other groups and strata in society. This activity is professional and is aimed at providing assistance, support, protection to all people, especially the so-called weak strata and groups (large families, low-income families, etc.). It is clear that such activity took place from the very beginning of the emergence of human society, taking different forms at different stages of its development. Historically, social work grew out of philanthropic (charitable) activities, which were carried out by various religious, social, and later entrepreneurial organizations. Philanthropy was originally aimed at helping the poor, sick, homeless, orphans and other socially disadvantaged groups of the population.
It is important to note that today social work with low-income families and large families as a type of activity is aimed at implementing measures of social support for these social groups. In this broad sense, social work concerns every person, the entire population.
Relevance of the research topic. Improving the well-being of low-income and large families is one of the goals of any society striving for progress. A state that cares about its citizens should create favorable conditions for a long, safe, healthy and prosperous life of people, ensuring economic growth and social stability in society.
The current negative impact on the well-being of families
have a high level of unemployment, high tariffs for housing and communal services, a low level of wages that does not correspond to the cost of living. Low-income and large families practically do not have the opportunity to pay for expensive education and health services, household services and many other material, social and spiritual benefits. In these conditions, it becomes impossible to high-quality socialization of children, the realization of their potential, their spiritual and intellectual development. The problem of poverty in the family is becoming persistent. Thus, poverty is one of the most pressing and acute problems in modern Russia.
Purpose and main objectives of the study. The aim of the work is to analyze social work with low-income families and large families and to identify ways of improvement. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Consider low-income families and large families as hotbeds of social tension.
2. Analyze the problems of low-income families and large families and technologies of social prevention.
3. Consider the forms and methods of social protection of low-income families and large families.
The object of the research is the problem of social work with low-income families and large families.
The subject of study is social work with low-income families and large families.
When preparing the work, legislative and regulatory documents were considered that determine the institutional foundations of social guarantees of the state.
Work structure. In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study, the work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used.
1 HISTORICAL FACTS AND PRESENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORK WITH LOW-PROVIDED AND LARGE FAMILIES
1.1 The essence of social work with low-income families and large families
The modern understanding of the foundations of social development proceeds from the fact that the social policy of the state should be aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free development of a person. In this regard, it is important to protect labor and health of people, establish a guaranteed minimum wage, ensure state support for families, mothers and children, people with disabilities and the elderly, develop social services, establish state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection.
Social work with low-income families and large families is a universal social institution: its carriers provide assistance to all individuals, regardless of social status, nationality, religion, race, gender, age and other circumstances.
The only criterion in this matter is the need for help and the inability to cope with life's difficulties on their own.
Social work is a professional activity aimed at helping people, social groups to overcome personal and social difficulties through support, protection, correction and rehabilitation.
As an activity to help low-income families and large families in solving their problems, social work is one of the humane professions. Like medicine, which aims to rid people of disease, or pedagogy aimed at shaping the human personality, it is a practical expression of the principle of humanism, according to which a person is the highest value in society. Humanity is a moral quality that characterizes the attitude of social workers towards their clients.
Like all social institutions, the institution of social protection and social work ultimately fulfills the most important task for the state and society - the task of stabilizing and preserving society, maintaining and harmonizing existing social relations and providing conditions for its all-round development, i.e. in fact, it is one of the essential factors in ensuring the stability and security of the state.
The socio-political and socio-economic crisis in Russia caused serious social losses that affected most families. Low-income families with many children found themselves in the most difficult situation. Large families in most territories of the Russian Federation are recorded in the presence of three or more children (in a number of subjects of the Federation - five or more). Large families, once making up the majority on the territory of Russia (in the 20th century in the European part of the country there were on average 8-9 births per family), now they steadily occupy an insignificant share (5.3%) of the total number of families. The share of the poor among large families is especially high. If among all families with children it is about 50%, then among families with three children it is much higher - about 85%, and among families with four children or more it exceeds 90%. Moreover, a significant part of large families does not have even half of the living wage per family member. Meanwhile, large families bring up about 20% of children in the country.
Attention to low-income and large families, especially in rural areas, in modern science is explained by the fact that in the conditions of deepening socio-economic crisis and spiritual and psychological shock among other traumatized categories, they occupy one of the first places.
1.2 The history of the development of social work with low-income families and large families
Social work as a social phenomenon has been characteristic of human society from the moment of its existence: at different periods of its development, society helps its members in various forms to help them survive. This model of assistance is determined by the level of development of society, its culture in a specific historical period. The very first forms of social assistance to low-income families and large families was charity. With the emergence of the state, the process of providing assistance is enriched with systemic properties (legislative basis for assistance, regulation of the process, etc.).
In the second half of the XIX century. not only the state, the church, but also various public organizations, primarily charitable, educational societies, and feminist organizations, are beginning to play an active part in the processes of providing assistance.
The state aid and support system focused mainly on the treatment of social ailments such as poverty, homelessness, and disability. In a number of countries, government organizations are emerging that purposefully implement government policies in the field of social security and support on the ground.
The development of social work in Russia has its own logic and features, which are expressed in the conceptual apparatus of the history of Russian social assistance (charity and charity are the basic, specific concepts of domestic experience) and in content and forms. This specificity was formed in the conditions of the civilizational originality of Russia (peculiarities of the way of life, mentality, cultural traditions, folk pedagogy, etc.).
The identification of the main stages of pre-revolutionary charity and charity activities is associated with the nature of the participation of various forces in it: the church, the state, the public.
So, the first stage: X - the middle of the XVIII centuries. - noted for the active charitable activities of the church and the gradual formation of the state charity system. By the second half of the 18th century, a stable state policy was being formed in Russia aimed at helping the disadvantaged and needy. Effective forms and methods of helping those in need appear: orphans, illegitimate children, widows, the elderly, the disabled, the disabled, the crippled, the mentally ill, incarcerated fire victims, etc. Two types of charity are distinguished: “closed” - in specially created institutions (hospitals, shelters , almshouses, etc.), “open” - outside institutions, carried out in the form of pensions, benefits, land provision, profession. Church and private charity exists along with state charity and sometimes has a leading role.
Low-income citizens experience a state of poverty, in which a person or a social group (family) has the basic needs necessary for maintaining health and ensuring livelihoods cannot be fully satisfied due to lack or insufficient funds.
The main criterion for determining the level of poverty of the population in the Russian Federation is the subsistence minimum. It refers to the valuation of the consumer basket, as well as mandatory payments and fees. The consumer basket includes the minimum set of food products, non-food products and services necessary for human life support.
Low-income clients who cannot purchase all the products, goods and services included in the consumer basket include low-income families and single citizens.
According to Federal Law No. 134-FZ of October 24, 1997 “On the subsistence level in the Russian Federation,” a family whose average per capita income is lower than the subsistence level established in the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation is considered poor and has the right to receive social support. When calculating the average per capita income, the composition of a poor family includes persons related by kinship. These include spouses living together and running a joint household, their children and parents, adoptive parents and adopted children, brothers and sisters, stepsons and stepdaughters.
Individuals living alone are also considered poor if their income is lower than the subsistence level established in the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Social work with low-income and lonely citizens is carried out with the help of individual and group forms of social work. Individuals include the initial appointment, counseling, etc. For group: social patronage, festive events dedicated to the "Day of the Elderly", "Day of the Disabled", public works, the organization of hot meals, distribution of food sets, basic industrial goods (soap, washing powder, toothpaste, etc.).
During the initial appointment, the social work specialist collects information about the reasons that led to the low property status or poverty of the client. He tells the citizen about the types of state social assistance, lists and explains the requirements for the paperwork required to receive social services. A social work specialist clarifies the following information from a person: his age, actual and real place of residence, marital status. According to the client (in the absence of documents: certificates from the place of work, birth certificates of children), information about the place of work, the presence of children under the age of 18 is entered. All these data are entered by the social work specialist in the register. For a second consultation, a citizen must provide all the documents necessary to provide him with state assistance. The social work specialist explains to the client how to apply for the provision of social services and agrees with him about the date of the social patronage.
A special form of social service at home is social patronage, which involves visiting clients for diagnostic, social and rehabilitation purposes. This form of social work reveals the resources of a poor citizen, contributing to a way out of a difficult life situation. When providing social assistance to low-income citizens, primary and planned social patronage is used.
Primary social patronage is carried out to identify, register and provide emergency assistance to the client. Planned social patronage allows you to identify possible changes that have occurred in a low-income citizen since the last visit.
Social patronage of poor clients includes the following stages: preparatory, main, and final.
1. The preparatory stage involves planning a visit to the client's family at home (agreement with him about the time and date of the visit), determining the purpose of conducting patronage, choosing methods of social diagnostics. A social work specialist develops in advance a scenario for conducting an interview with a person who has found himself in a difficult life situation, includes questions characterizing the socio-economic situation, the psychological climate of the family.
2. The main stage of social patronage is visiting the client at home, conducting social diagnostics (the specialist can record the necessary information in the notebook of social patronage, which indicates the client's surname, name, patronymic, address, living conditions of the family, the availability of conditions for rest, food, organization of his leisure time) provision of advisory assistance, social services.
3. The final stage - summing up the results of social patronage, which includes an analysis of the results of social diagnostics, the development of recommendations by a specialist on how to get a low-income citizen out of a difficult life situation, and provide him with emergency assistance.
The social work specialist draws up the results of social patronage in the form of an act of inspection of living conditions, in the case of primary social patronage, the client's social card is filled in. Then the poor citizen is invited for a second consultation.
Counseling is carried out with the aim of choosing the type of social assistance and determining the average per capita income of a single client or family.
The average per capita income of a lonely client or family is calculated by a social work specialist in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated March 7, 2003 “On the procedure for recording income and calculating the average per capita income of a family and the income of a lonely citizen for recognizing them as poor and providing them with state social assistance ".
On the basis of the aforementioned Federal Law, the average per capita income of a family in deciding whether to recognize it as poor and to provide it with state social assistance is calculated by dividing one third of the income of all family members for the billing period by the number of family members.
When deciding on the recognition of a single citizen as poor and on the provision of state social assistance to him, his income is determined as one third of the client's income for the billing period.
When calculating the average per capita income, the family does not include:
· Servicemen doing military service on conscription as sergeants, foremen, soldiers or sailors, as well as military personnel studying in military educational institutions of vocational education and who have not concluded a contract for military service;
· Persons serving a sentence of imprisonment, persons in respect of whom a preventive measure in the form of detention has been applied, as well as persons undergoing compulsory treatment by a court decision;
· Persons who are fully supported by the state.
When determining the average per capita family income and the income of a lonely citizen, a social work specialist takes into account the amount of income of each family member or a lonely citizen, received both in cash and in kind for the last three calendar months preceding the month of filing an application for the provision of state social help. During counseling, a social work specialist accepts all documents from the client (certificates: on the composition of the family, on the amount of wages, on the amount of pension, scholarships, etc.) conducts their initial examination. Then the presence of the seal and signature of the responsible persons who certified the documents is checked, it is monitored whether the client has correctly drawn up an application for providing him with state social assistance, whether all sources of income are reflected in it. A social work specialist has the right to check the following information specified by a citizen in an application for providing him with state social assistance: place of residence or stay of a family or a lonely client; income; the degree of kinship of family members, their cohabitation and running a joint household; property belonging to a citizen by right of ownership.
Various methods are used to verify the information provided by the applicant. One of the most effective ways is to make a request to various services that have information that characterizes the difficult life situation of the client. Within the framework of the agreement between the institution of social services for the population and the organization, the necessary information specified by the citizen in the application is requested by a specialist in social work . This saves clients time in collecting documents that the social work professional can check on their own.
Further, a specialist in social work, having determined the average per capita income of a family or a citizen living alone, assigns a type of state social assistance, namely, social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, services and essential goods or other measures of social support.
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance", social benefits are considered as a gratuitous provision of a certain amount of money to citizens at the expense of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. In addition to cash payments to low-income clients, social services are provided to low-income clients.
A set of social services is a list that includes additional free medical care (provision of necessary medicines, medical supplies, as well as specialized medical food for disabled children on prescriptions of a doctor or paramedic); providing, if there are medical indications, a voucher for sanatorium-resort treatment; medicines. The list also includes free travel by suburban railway transport, by intercity transport to the place of treatment and back.
Social supplement to pension is defined as the amount of money paid to a poor elderly citizen to retire and certain social support measures provided in kind. The federal social supplement to the pension is established for the pensioner by the territorial bodies of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation if the total amount of his material support does not reach the subsistence level. A regional social supplement to a pension is established for an elderly citizen by an authorized executive body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the event that the total amount of his material support does not reach the pensioner's subsistence minimum. The social supplement to the client's pension is established in such an amount that the specified total amount of his material support, taking into account this additional payment, reaches the pensioner's subsistence minimum established in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. This type of state social assistance is not paid during the period when the client is performing work or other activities, during which he is subject to compulsory pension insurance.
Subsidies include targeted purposes of full or partial payment of social services to citizens. They are provided to clients in the event that their expenses for paying for housing and utilities, calculated on the basis of the size of regional standards for the normative area of residential premises and the size of regional standards for the cost of housing and communal services, exceed the amount corresponding to the maximum allowable share of citizens' expenses for paying for housing. and utilities in the gross family income. At the same time, for low-income families, the maximum allowable share of expenses decreases in accordance with a correction factor equal to the ratio of the average per capita family income to the subsistence level. The following low-income citizens have the right to receive subsidies in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the provision of subsidies for the payment of housing and utilities" of the Russian Federation of December 14, 2005 N 761:
· Users of residential premises in state or municipal housing stock;
· Tenants of residential premises under a lease agreement in a private housing stock;
· Members of a housing or housing construction cooperative;
· Owners of residential premises (apartment, residential building, part of an apartment or residential building).
Subsidies are provided to clients if they do not have arrears on payment for housing and utilities or when they enter into agreements with them to pay off. The size of this type of state social assistance is calculated on a monthly basis and depends on the amount of expenses for paying for housing and utilities, calculated on the basis of regional standards for the cost of housing and communal services, the standard area of \ u200b \ u200bthe residential premises and the permissible share of citizens' expenses for paying for housing and utilities in the aggregate. family income. The amount of the subsidy provided should not exceed the family's actual expenses for housing and utilities.
After registration of state social assistance, a social work specialist enters information about the client into an automated databank of low-income citizens, which contains the following information: family composition, place of residence, passport data, composition of property owned, income, family category (full, incomplete , single mother, pensioners, a family with a disabled child), a lonely citizen.
In some regions of the country, such a type of targeted social assistance to low-income lonely citizens has been introduced as charitable hot meals. Elderly people, disabled people, persons with neuropsychiatric diseases and those in extreme situations can visit social canteens. For clients with mobility restrictions, hot meals and convenience foods are delivered to their homes.
The next interesting form of work with low-income categories of the population is the organization of a small farmstead. Comprehensive social service centers are purchased for low-income pensioners and disabled people, as well as families with children living in rural areas, livestock, poultry, mixed feed, etc.
In addition, in some institutions of social services for the population, mutual aid funds are organized, where funds are used to provide emergency material assistance to low-income citizens by issuing an interest-free loan with a maturity of up to one year.
Non-working pensioners and disabled people receiving social pensions, as well as pregnant women, may be given the opportunity to travel free of charge once a quarter on all types of public transport. Poor citizens can visit health care facilities, close relatives, as needed. Payment for trips due to social necessity is carried out by the centers of social services of the population upon the fact of presentation by the client of travel tickets and a personal application.
Specialists in social work hold fairs for products manufactured at the enterprises of public organizations of disabled people, workshops of social service centers, social rehabilitation institutions. This form of social work with low-income citizens allows them to profit from the sale of products, to preserve and increase jobs for them, makes people feel able to work and create products that are in demand.
The state develops social work with low-income citizens with the help of such a new organizational and legal form as “social subsidy agreements”. This social contract, concluded between a citizen and the institution of social services for the population at the place of residence, guarantees the provision of cash payments to those low-income families who take active steps to find work, lead a healthy lifestyle, take care of children, do not commit antisocial acts and illegal actions.
Thus, social work with low-income categories of the population is carried out using individual and group forms. The initial reception of clients, as an individual interaction between a specialist and a client, allows you to determine the degree of need of a person or his family and determine a strategy for providing him with assistance. Social patronage refers to group forms of social work with a poor citizen, as a result of its implementation, the specialist receives information about the organization of the client's life, the frequency of his meals, employment, etc. In order to prevent a dependent position among the poor, many other forms of social work are used to increase their income.
Questions for self-control
1. Expand poverty as a socio-economic problem.
2. Describe the main forms of social work with low-income citizens.
Akhinov G.A., Kalashnikov S.V. Social policy: textbook. allowance. - M., 2009.
The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 dated November 17, 2008 No. 1662-r.
Pavlenok P.D., Rudneva M.Ya. Social work technologies with different groups of the population. Tutorial. - M., 2010.
Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the provision of subsidies for the payment of residential premises and utilities" of the Russian Federation of December 14, 2005 N 761.
Social work and pedagogy: a dictionary-reference book / Ed. N.F. Basov. - Kostroma, 2009.
Social work: Textbook. allowance / Ed. N.F. Basov. - 2nd ed. - M., 2010.
Timoshina M.V. Providing targeted social assistance to low-income citizens // Social service worker. - 2007. - No. 2.
Federal Law No. 134-FZ of October 24, 1997 "On the cost of living in the Russian Federation"
Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance".
Federal Law of the Russian Federation of March 7, 2003 "On the procedure for recording income and calculating the average per capita family income and the income of a single citizen for recognizing them as poor and providing them with state social assistance."
Chapter 6 Social work with unemployed citizens