Dyslexia in children treated at home. How to treat dyslexia in children? Didactic games for children

04.10.2023

Dyslexia is not as common as people say. According to the famous pediatrician E. O. Komarovsky: true dyslexia is of a neurological nature, and the one we encounter arises due to the fact that it is not customary to read anything at home!

To make it easier for parents to understand this disease and help their child in time, we will talk about the causes of this disease, its main types and symptoms. Let's look at the correction methods and methods of treating this disease.

Dyslexia is a chronic disease that causes problems with reading. It is often a concomitant syndrome with various child disabilities.

According to statistics, up to 15% of the world's population suffers from dyslexia. Boys get sick more often.

Children with dyslexia are talented in art, design, creativity, mathematics and programming.

Causes of dyslexia:

There are three causes of dyslexia. Unfortunately, scientists have not yet found an explanation for all manifestations of the disease.

Hereditary predisposition to the disease is perhaps one of the most understandable and studied manifestations of the disease.

The second factor that influences the occurrence of the disease is the clinical and psychological symptoms that arise from neurological diseases and developmental pathologies.

There is also a pedagogical approach to dyslexia - when there are no signs of pathology or disease in the body, but symptoms of dyslexia are present. This cause can only be determined through a thorough medical examination. Scientists have not yet been able to explain the manifestations of the disease in this case.

Types of dyslexia:

The classification of dyslexia was carried out by teacher-professor R.I. Lalaeva.

There are 6 types of disease:

Semantic, manifested in a violation of the understanding of read words, sentences, texts during technically correct reading, i.e. the word, sentence, text are not distorted during the reading process.

Optical, manifested in difficulties in assimilation and in the mixing of similar graphic letters and their mutual substitutions. There are literary optical dyslexia and preverbal dyslexia.

Phonemic, there are two forms.
The first form is a reading disorder, where sounds are replaced (b-p, d-t, s-sh, zh-sh).
The second form is reading pathology, which is caused by letter-by-letter reading, distortion of the sound-syllable structure of the word. Distortion of the sound-syllable structure - in the omission of consonants during confluence (mark - “mara”); in insertions of vowels between consonants when they come together (pasla - “pasala”); in permutations of sounds (duck - “tuka”); in the omission and insertion of sounds in the absence of a combination of consonants in a word; in omissions, permutations of syllables (shovel - “lata”, “lotapa”).

Mnestic - difficulty in mastering letters, in their undifferentiated substitutions.

Agrammatic dyslexia. With this form of dyslexia, the following are observed: changes in case endings and number of nouns (“from under the leaves”, “at comrades”, cat – “cats”); incorrect agreement in gender, number and case of noun and adjective (“interesting fairy tale”, “fun for children”); change in the number of the pronoun (all – “all”); incorrect use of gender endings of pronouns (“such a city”, “our rocket”); changing the endings of third-person verbs of the past tense (“it was a country”, “the wind rushed”), as well as forms of tense and aspect (flew - “flew”, sees - “saw”).

Tactile dyslexia usually occurs in blind children.

How can you tell if your child has dyslexia?

First of all, you need to know that the diagnosis of dyslexia is given to a child only after 8 years of age. All those mistakes in reading and writing that he makes before this age can be a banal learning to read. But if these mistakes remain after 8 years, and the child does not want to correct them, think about the manifestation of the disease.

Symptoms of dyslexia:

There are many signs of dyslexia. It occurs differently for each child. But we will try to highlight the symptoms that occur more often than others, and divide them into main and additional.

Basic:

Frequently rubbing the eyes, reading from an unnatural viewing angle.

Bringing a book closer to your eyes when reading. However, visual impairment is not observed in other cases.

Reading with one eye or closing eyes one at a time.

Complaints of fatigue, headache, reluctance to do homework related to reading.

Omission of sounds, words, phrases when reading, breaks in voicing the text.

Difficulties in understanding the text, absent-mindedness, inattention, inability to retell what was read, misunderstanding of certain parts of it.

Related problems with handwriting, learning to write, spelling words with non-standard errors.

Additional:

These symptoms are not always signs of illness. If you notice one of these symptoms in your child, do not rush to see a doctor, watch him. And only when several points from our list come together, is it worth contacting specialists:

Reading difficulties with generally normal or good intellectual and physical development. Reading results do not correspond to age norms, despite the fact that general speech development is proceeding normally.

Problems with evaluating written information and images not related to visual impressions.

Minor or clearly visible incoordination in space, slow or clumsy movements.

Difficulties in mastering spelling and calligraphy.

Failure to recognize words when reading, misunderstanding of the text.

Methods of correction and treatment of dyslexia:

A child with dyslexia may have extraordinary abilities. But his emotional maturity lags behind his age. It is impossible to get rid of dyslexia once and for all, but it can be corrected, help the child independently control his condition and protect him from rejection by his peers. With proper correction of dyslexia, he may not differ from his classmates, but when stress or illness occurs, errors in writing and reading increase.

When starting the correction of dyslexia, first of all you need to undergo an examination, diagnosis, and receive recommendations from specialists that are individual for each child.

The correction methods that we will consider apply to those children who are clinically healthy and have not been diagnosed with a mental illness. Correcting dyslexia is about building missing connections in the brain.

To help your baby, it is important to understand that such children are characterized by imaginative thinking; for him, thoughts are primarily pictures. It is difficult for a child to express his ideas in words; for him, these are just sounds that make him tired. From here it seems that the child does not understand you well. Sometimes it is precisely because of this feature that a dyslexic child’s speech is monosyllabic, inconsistent, and it seems that the child has a poor vocabulary. Dyslexia is often a concomitant condition of the diagnosis of ADD (attention deficit disorder). Try to describe La Gioconda in words. Feeling confused? A dyslexic child feels the same way when he needs to convey his thoughts.

Correcting the disease should begin with the development of speech and increasing the child’s vocabulary. But you can’t explain everything to such a child in words; for him it’s just sounds. He needs images, which means the parent needs to show everything: objects, signs, actions. It is important for a child to use his life experience in the future, and it is the parents’ duty to give him this experience. I advise you to stock up on dictionaries: explanatory, antonyms, synonyms, proverbs and sayings.

Speech development for a child with dyslexia and his parents is a way of life. First, the baby needs to be taught not only to read, but also to understand what he reads. One word can have several meanings, and all these meanings must be conveyed to the child. Subsequently, difficulties may arise with mathematics, music and other subjects where it is difficult to imagine an image.

When correcting dyslexia, it is very important not to force the child to read. This can make him hysterical, headache, nausea, and tears.

Visual information is important for a child, so read to him yourself, turn on various audio fairy tales and encyclopedias in audio format. Attending various performances and performances helps a lot.

Sports help especially well with adjustments, these can be exercises for coordination and balance. Wushu, qigong, yoga, and trampoline are suitable here. Breathing exercises will help the child calm down and give strength to further fight the disease.

Effective methods for correcting dyslexia in primary schoolchildren

Ronald Davis method

Doctor R. Davis is the author of a method for treating dyslexia; he himself suffered from this disease and successfully dealt with it. According to the doctor, dyslexics are gifted people who have a rich imagination. This disease was also observed in A. Einstein, Walt Disney, W. Churchill and many other famous personalities who achieved such success not because of dyslexia, but rather because of it. This is how R. Davis describes this disease in his book “The Gift of Dyslexia.” What is his technique?

The essence of the technique: to help the child activate his brain by “turning off” disorientation and learn to perceive the world around him without distortion. This technique helps children fill gaps in memory and teach them the perception of letter forms. In 99% of cases, R. Davis's method helps children get rid of dyslexia.

The undeniable success of the method is also proven by the reaction of children who attend classes with pleasure. According to the guys themselves, they are understood here and speak the same language with them. Children move forward step by step, master the keys of the methodology and open doors to a new world one after another.

Kornev's technique

A. N. Kornev developed a method for the early diagnosis of dyslexia in children in 1982. He suggests fighting the disease through certain tests, such as:

row-speaking;
rhythms;
subtest “repetition of numbers”;
fist-edge-palm.

Prevention of dyslexia:

For the full development of the child and to eliminate the possibility of dyslexia, children need to be taught from an early age. These should be various play-based activities that develop speech, writing, fine and gross motor skills, and increase vocabulary.

Games help develop mental abilities in children, and also teach them to think, analyze, and navigate. At the initial stage, training should consist of demonstrating images: animals, objects, letters and words. Visual information is more easily perceived by the child with this form of learning. All these images are stored in the memory, and problems such as dyslexia will not arise in the future. Even in preschool institutions, children's learning is based on the demonstration of visual materials.

Games to prevent dyslexia:

Making a sentence from words: the sentence should be easy, each word is written on a separate card. The parent voices the sentence, shows it to the child, and then shuffles the cards and invites the child to put the sentence back together correctly.

"We write out loud." The game consists of writing a passage from a child’s favorite work under dictation. The main condition is that you like the passage.

To develop phonetic abilities, play the Find the Word game with your child. You must prepare different pictures and label them on the back. When calling a word, the child must find the corresponding picture. For example, a tree or the sun. And you can also collect syllables. Write the names of the animals syllable by syllable and ask the baby to put the words together. For example, “so-va” or “so-ba-ka”.

These games will help parents teach their child to write and read without losing interest in learning in the future.

It is possible to overcome dyslexia. Parents need to be patient, and the child will need support, attention and participation. Regular classes with parents and specialists will help the child correct the disease and teach him to live a full life, no different from his peers.

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Dyslexia - types, signs and treatment of the disease in children

The Middle Ages, along with their illiteracy, are long gone. Reading is now considered a basic skill. It is difficult to imagine an adult who reads syllables, but such people exist. They are not lazy, they are not stupid, they just have dyslexia. What kind of disease is this?

Dyslexia is a violation of the process of mastering reading skills with intact intelligence, vision and hearing, caused by immaturity of mental processes and manifested in persistent specific errors. In other words, a person reads poorly, although there are no visible prerequisites for this.

Specific symptoms of dyslexia:

Difficulty learning letters;
Slow reading by letters and syllables;
guessing reading (the child tries to guess the entire word from the first syllable);
Omission, rearrangement of letters and syllables, replacing them with ones similar in sound and style;
Reading from right to left;
Not understanding the meaning of what you read.

Although this is an independent defect, it is often paired with a writing disorder, since these operations use the same brain processes. In this case, similar errors appear when writing.

Non-verbal symptoms of dyslexia:

With this diagnosis, the following problems are very often detected:

Poor coordination and clumsiness;
Disorientation in time and space (the child confuses the days of the week, month, right and left, up and down, does not understand the meaning of the prepositions “for”, “on”, “under”, “about” and others);
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Very often, parents and teachers see signs of dyslexia in children, but, not knowing about this disorder, they associate all the problems that arise with laziness or inattention.

If you notice your child has difficulty reading, pay close attention to the mistakes he makes. One should be wary of constant attempts to guess a word by its first letters, misunderstanding of what is read, frequently repeated substitutions of letters in a strong position: stressed vowels (“snog” - “snow”, “ablako” - “cloud”), consonants before a vowel (“tologa” - “road”, “building” - “building”). If there are one or more problems from this list, the student should be shown to a speech therapist.

If a child has been diagnosed with dyslexia, treatment should begin immediately to avoid serious consequences.

Classification of dyslexia

Scientists who have studied reading and writing defects offer various classifications. Let's look at the most common ones.

Types of dyslexia according to R. Becker:

Literal (manifests itself in difficulties in learning letters up to their complete failure to master them);
Verbal (characterized by repeated specific errors during reading).

Domestic scientists O. A. Tokareva and M. E. Khvattsev identify the following forms of dyslexia:

Acoustic dyslexia is the most common form. Due to a specific disorder of auditory perception, students poorly distinguish sounds and do not correlate them with letters.
Motor dyslexia in children occurs due to difficulty moving the eyes. This leads to a narrowing of the field of vision, the student loses a line or word.
Optical dyslexia is caused by inferiority of visual perception, as a result of which the child has difficulty distinguishing letters that are similar in spelling (P-L, Z-V, ZH-X). In severe cases, optical alexia occurs, characterized by a complete inability to master the reading process.
Phonemic dyslexia occurs due to problems with phonemic awareness. Such children have difficulty distinguishing some sounds (ts-s, m-n). This leads to difficulties in learning the corresponding letters. With phonemic dyslexia, reading becomes letter-by-letter. Specific errors and distortions of words appear (“pack” or “pamka” instead of “stick”).
Mnestic dyslexia is characterized by a violation of the connection between the sound that we hear, the letter that we see, and the so-called articulome that we pronounce. This entails a low reading speed, omissions, substitutions of letters, syllables and whole words, which ultimately leads to a loss of meaning of what was read.
Semantic dyslexia is also called mechanical reading, since the child reads correctly, but does not understand the meaning of what he read.
Agrammatic dyslexia manifests itself in the use of incorrect endings when agreeing words in a sentence (“two pears”, “saw the car”, “Peter was looking”).
The diagnosis of tactile dyslexia is given to blind children who have problems learning Braille. In this case, tactile sensitivity suffers, which leads to specific errors.

Identification of reading disorders

The dyslexia test consists of several parts. Initially, the speech therapist examines the child’s sound analysis skills. At the second stage, the specialist tests reading skills. The final stage contains exercises to establish the level of development of oral speech in general.

Diagnosis of dyslexia may include tasks such as:

find the right letter;
come up with as many words as possible starting with a certain sound;
highlight all vowels or consonants in a given word;
compare the sound composition of words that differ in one sound (kot-kit, mak-rak);
count the number of letters in a word or words in a sentence;
make up a short story based on a series of pictures.

Such a comprehensive examination allows you to find out the level of speech development of the child, understand what his main difficulties are, and draw up an individual plan for correctional classes. It is necessary to establish exactly what form of dyslexia the student has; exercises and their complexity will depend on this.

Dyslexia correction

Worried parents have many questions: what to do if the child cannot remember the letters, or why does he jump from one line to another? How to treat this disease? Unfortunately, it cannot be cured completely. Dyslexia persists in adults, but with timely detection in childhood and proper correctional work, the negative consequences can be minimized. It is very important to begin treatment for dyslexia in children before the age of 10.

General correctional work for dyslexia includes a comprehensive impact on deficiencies in reading, writing, and speaking. In this case, the teacher-speech therapist will place emphasis on restoring the most disturbed analytical system.

So, correction of semantic dyslexia will include more exercises to comprehend what is read. For example: name a whole word pronounced by individual syllables or sounds; make up a word from the given syllables; Find in the sentence you read a word that answers the question what? Who? Which? or where?; complete the sentence spoken by the speech therapist.

If the primary disrupted analytical system is auditory, then dyslexia will be corrected to a greater extent through exercises to develop phonemic hearing, syllable analysis and synthesis. A specialist can recommend the following exercises: come up with a syllable with a given sound; emphasize only the vowels in a word, count how many syllables it has; determine what sound the word begins with, what sound it ends with, etc.

To correct reading and writing disorders, regular classes with a specialist are necessary. This requires a lot of time and effort from students. Therefore, it is important for parents to know what to do to prevent these disorders from occurring.

Prevention of dyslexia

Although dyslexia is not diagnosed at an early age, symptoms can be noticeable in preschoolers. In order not to wonder later why the child reads very poorly, you should take him to a speech therapist at least once a year. You should visit a specialist for the first time at the age of three. These measures will allow timely identification of prerequisites for deviations in speech development.

To prevent reading disorders, parents should introduce their baby to books from birth, read him poems, nursery rhymes and fairy tales. Play more often with your kids the well-known word games: edible - inedible, cities, inventing a fairy tale based on a word/sentence.

Particular attention should be paid to the development of fine motor skills. Educational books and boards with various lacing and locks are perfect for this. From the first days of life, play finger games with your children (“the white-sided magpie was cooking porridge…”, “okay”). In preschool age, introduce your child to shadow theater.

These exercises will promote the proper speech development of your baby and help avoid problems with reading and writing.

Did you know that editors were reluctant to accept Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales for a very long time? They returned manuscripts back because of a large number of errors, without even reading them.

Walt Disney invented Mickey Mouse, but it was easier for him to draw a mouse than to write his name.

Leonardo da Vinci wrote mirror images, that is, from right to left. His notes could only be deciphered with the help of a mirror.

Singer Cher, Albert Einstein, Charlie Chaplin, Agatha Christie, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Tom Cruise, Swedish king Carl XVI Gustaf... The list of great dyslexics is very impressive.

About 40% of the world's famous people suffer from dyslexia. The disease, on the one hand, greatly complicated their lives, on the other hand, it instilled in them perseverance.

So how should we define dyslexia: a terrible disease or a great gift? It's up to you to decide. The main thing to remember is that this is not a sentence.

Dyslexia is considered one of the common learning problems in children. It is difficult for a child who suffers from dyslexia to learn to write and read, even despite a satisfactory level of intelligence, good hearing and vision. The child does not perceive written information well, his coordination is impaired, and he has problems mastering spelling. Hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder develop.

Research in the field of this disease has demonstrated that in most cases a hereditary tendency has a strong influence. The main causes of dyslexia are brain dysfunction caused by many factors. Thus, during the period of intrauterine life of the fetus, long labor, anemia or heart disease in the mother, early detachment of the placenta, entanglement of the umbilical cord can lead to brain damage, which also leads to ONR and ZPR.

Also, the causes of dyslexia in a child can be toxic damage to the central nervous system due to alcohol or drug intoxication, jaundice in a newborn, etc.

The reasons may be the following: infectious diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy. There is a possibility of disrupting brain function mechanically through long-term labor, intracranial hemorrhages and fetal expulsion manipulations, which lead to ONR and ZPR.

Even if the above factors were not noticed during pregnancy, there are signs that lead to slow maturation of the cerebral cortex. This can happen due to chronic diseases, infections, neuroinfections. Usually, Dyslexia may be accompanied by cerebral palsy, aphasia, mental retardation, and alalia, OHP.

There are also social factors that influence the development of dyslexia and mental retardation in a child. Among them are bilingualism, deficit of verbal communication, and pedagogical neglect.

Other causes may include GSD (general speech underdevelopment) or mental retardation (mental retardation). OHP represents the unformed sound and semantic side of speech, which is expressed in gross or residual underdevelopment of such processes as lexical, grammatical and phonetic. Children with special needs speech pathology make up 40% of all students, and OHP or mental retardation sooner or later can lead to dyslexia.

Symptoms

You should start with the earliest symptoms. Having noticed the first signs, you should definitely consult a doctor. First of all, this is a restructuring of the order of letters in the process of composing words, modification of the order of numbers, refusal to read aloud and write, difficulties in learning the alphabet, inattention, clumsiness, poor memory, confusion in orientation.

In preschool age signs may be the following: late development of the speech apparatus, poor memorization of the simplest things, difficulties in learning and pronouncing words. There are also problems in communicating with peers, and confusion appears in the arrangement of letters in words, and mental retardation develops.
In grades 1–3 Elementary schoolchildren may have problems decoding words. He can reverse words and letters and replace some similar-sounding words with others. With dyslexia, it is difficult to read, memorize facts, new knowledge is slowly acquired, impulsiveness, anxiety, and clumsiness are manifested.
In middle school Children with this disease find it difficult to read. They refuse to write or read out loud. Handwriting is difficult to read, and there are difficulties pronouncing words and writing them. Learning is slow and difficult. The child has poor memory and has difficulty perceiving body language.
In high school It is difficult for a child with dyslexia to pronounce words; many errors are revealed during the reading process; it is difficult to read. Problems also manifest themselves in retelling and poor comprehension of information. Symptoms such as slow learning, difficulty adapting to new conditions, and anxiety are noted.
In adult children with dyslexia there are the following characteristics and symptoms: difficulties in perceiving written and audio information, poor memorization, illegible pronunciation of words. It is difficult to teach such a child to organize and plan his time. He gets confused about the sequence of numbers and words.

Diagnostics

Children with dyslexia undergo an examination, during which reading, hearing, and speech skills are tested. Additionally, a psychological examination is carried out, thanks to which the child’s functional characteristics and learning are determined.

A survey is also carried out to help determine the degree of understanding of the text while reading and listening to speech. Such research can determine which training will be more effective for the child. Thus, passive and active speech is characterized, memory and attention are examined, pronunciation and language are assessed.

A psychological diagnostic method can help identify the emotional aspects that make it difficult for dyslexic patients to read. For this purpose, a family history is collected, including emotional disorders and mental disorders.

Speech card

Speech therapists use a speech map for diagnosis. The speech card is universal and is intended for professional and systematic testing of children's speech development. Using the map, you can study in detail the speech development of each person and, as a result, establish the optimal methods for correcting the pathology.

Read also:

Treatment

Treatment of dyslexia, as well as ODD and mental retardation, involves speech therapy correction work. This method is effective and is aimed at correcting and eliminating speech pathologies and non-speech processes. Treatment for dyslexia also depends on the specific type of disorder.

With optical form the disease requires work on visual-spatial representation;
With tactile it is necessary to work on studying and understanding patterns;
With mnestic form needs to develop speech, auditory and visual memory.

Don't neglect to read:

To treat phonemic view the disease requires adjustments to the pronunciation of sounds and the formation of an idea of the letter composition of words.
In semantic form it is necessary to teach the patient grammatical language norms and develop syllabic synthesis.
Treatment ungrammatical type involves carrying out work on creating grammatical systems.

For adults suffering from dyslexia, ODD or mental retardation, other correction methods are used and extended classes are suggested. But in terms of mechanism, they differ little from the classes that are conducted with children.

Exercises

Treatment involves carrying out all kinds of exercises, which will have a positive effect on the mental and mental health of children in the future.

Cross out a letter

The exercise should be done daily. Children must cross out certain letters for five minutes. For example, cross out the vowel letter “A” and circle the consonant “B”. Over time, you can give tasks with paired letters. After 2 months, such exercises will lead to better writing quality, but this is provided that you do them every day.

Interesting read:

Dictations

The following exercises suggest writing small dictations every day. Texts of 200 characters will not bore children, and at the same time they will make fewer mistakes. In the dictation, errors are not corrected, but are simply marked in the margins with a black or blue pen, but not a red one. Then you need to give the notebook to the baby so that he can find his own mistakes. Such exercises are aimed at helping to get rid of errors in words and sentences.

Articulation training

It is also worth giving exercises to Slow reading with clear articulation and copying. When working with a child, you are obliged to make him feel at least a little success, after a huge number of bad marks in school classes. There is no need to require him to read at speed. The child already experiences enormous stress when reading slowly with an accent and mistakes, but here it is also necessary to read quickly for a while. As a result, neurosis may develop.

In general, exercises may not be voluminous, but high-quality. It is better to write and read less, but while making a minimum of mistakes.

Education

Training sessions with a speech therapist are very important. This way the treatment is faster and more effective. The specialist gives tasks in the form of a game. The child must find a specific letter in a small text or substitute a small written one for a large printed one. He can also cut out letters on paper and read some of their combinations. The process uses a magnetic alphabet to form words. In this way, you can teach your baby to pronounce specific sounds and words.

Take note:

Training is carried out through numerous repetitions of words, writing a dictation, and a selection of word forms.

How to teach reading

A child who begins to learn to read perceives a letter as a complex graphic detail, which is not so simple in its content. Letters consist of certain components and are located differently in space. During the study of the optical image, the ability to memorize and subsequently reproduce words is manifested. But if a child has difficulty reading, it is worth paying more attention to him and developing a specific treatment and adjustment regimen.

The most important thing is to start correcting speech disorders as early as possible. As a result, you can count on high efficiency regarding the elimination of speech pathologies. In this regard, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of reading disorders.

We recommend reading:

And remember, the sooner you diagnose and carry out corrective work, the easier it will be to adapt the little person to society and minimize neuroses and psychological problems.

You may have heard that many children write words in a mirror way. Or they read words backwards, sometimes replacing sounds in them with similar ones. Is this normal for a child? Yes, but sometimes such signs can be a wake-up call. What is dyslexia and what are its symptoms?

Short description

Dyslexia is a disorder of reading skills due to poor development or breakdown of certain mental functions responsible for the processes of reading and writing. The disorder is expressed in constantly recurring shortcomings in reading and writing.

If we consider it from the point of view of psycholinguistics, then dyslexia is a disorder in the connections of the visual, speech-motor and speech-auditory analyzers. The fact is that reading involves all analyzers, forces you to gradually include visual perception, connecting letters with sounds, merging these sounds into syllables, and then, into words, merging words into sentences, and them into a story.

In this case, gradual processing of information occurs, including not only reproduction, but also understanding of what is read. If this fails, dyslexia begins to appear.

Forms of dyslexia

There are several classifications of forms of the disease, however, the most common is the one described below. It includes such types as:

phonemic;
semantic;
ungrammatical;
optical;
mnestic;
tactile;

Phonemic

The mechanism is based on the general underdevelopment of the functions of the phonemic system. In this case, when pronouncing a dyslexic, he confuses sounds that differ in their meaning (b-p, s-sh, etc.). There may be a rearrangement of letters and some parts of words in words when reading and writing.

Semantic

It is often called “mechanical reading” due to the fact that the understanding of words, sentences and entire texts read is impaired. At the same time, reading itself does not suffer. In semantic dyslexia, words are only partially perceived, causing them to lose connection with other words in the text.

Ungrammatical

The form is characterized by changes in case endings, number of nouns, various types of agreements, as well as in verb endings. It is most common in children with systemic speech underdevelopment.

Optical

With optical dyslexia, it is difficult for a child to learn and distinguish between letters that are similar in spelling. The letters may differ slightly (S-O, R-V) or consist of similar parts, but with different locations on the paper (G-T, P-N).

Mnestic

This form is characterized by difficulties in understanding letters. The child cannot associate a sound with a specific graphic image of it.

Tactile

It can only happen to blind children. It manifests itself in problems understanding letters on a Braille table.

Causes of dyslexia

Recent studies of the disease have shown a strong influence of hereditary predisposition. Foreign doctors are inclined to believe that dyslexia may be associated with latent left-handedness.

The main cause of dyslexia is brain dysfunction, which can be caused by exposure to certain biological factors, for example:

In the perinatal period, dyslexia can be caused by brain damage what can lead to:

maternal anemia;
maternal and fetal heart disease;
asphyxia;
prolonged labor;
fetoplacental insufficiency;
premature placental abruption;
entanglement and abnormal development of the umbilical cord;

Toxic lesions of the central nervous system, which could give:

alcohol and drug intoxication;
hemolytic disease of the fetus;
jaundice in a newborn;

Dysfunction can also lead to infectious lesions due to: diseases suffered during pregnancy (measles, rubella, influenza, etc.);

Damage the brain mechanically possible with:

fruit expulsion manipulations;
protracted labor;
intracranial hemorrhages.

Even if the child did not experience any of the above, after birth there is factors leading to delayed maturation of the cerebral cortex, which leads to dyslexia. These factors include:

neuroinfection;
infections such as rubella, measles, chickenpox, polio and the like;
severe chronic diseases;

Dyslexia may accompany:

mental retardation.

This is due to pathologies of brain areas.

There are also social disadvantages, For example:

deficit of verbal communication;
pedagogical neglect;
bilingualism.

Symptoms

It may seem that dyslexics may have developmental delays due to problems with pronunciation and writing. Actually this is not true. For all their shortcomings, they are very often talented, sometimes even brilliant people. Albert Einstein, Leonardo da Vinci, Marilyn Monroe, Walt Disney, Vladimir Mayakovsky - they were all dyslexic, but this did not stop them from becoming worthy famous people.

Research into dyslexia has shown that dyslexics:

have a broad outlook;
curious about the phenomena of the surrounding world;
have an excellent imagination;
have developed intuition;
can evaluate and consider things familiar to us from other angles.

Dyslexia can manifest itself in different ways, depending on the age of the patient. For ease of understanding, below the symptoms are divided into several subgroups.

Early signs

These symptoms are placed in a separate category, since their presence may indicate an advanced process of disease development. If you notice more than 5–7 such signs, you should consult a doctor.

changing the order of letters when composing words;
reluctance to read aloud and write essays;
changing the order of letters, words or numbers during writing and reading;
difficulties with learning the alphabet, multiplication tables;
confusion in the simplest orientation (right-left, etc.);
inattention;
poor memory;
difficulty following simple instructions;
clumsy grip of the handle;
difficulties in learning spelling and reading principles.

In preschool age

Late onset of speech development.
Difficulties in pronunciation and learning words.
Poor memory, especially regarding words (gets confused or cannot remember the right word for a long time.
Problems communicating with peers.
Problems in mastering basic reading and writing skills.
Confusion in the arrangement of words and letters in words, when retelling or telling a story.

Junior School

Problems decoding words.
Replacing some words with others, often similar in sound and meaning (box - box).
Transposition and inversion when reading.
Spread of words and letters (uh, etc.).
Confusion in arithmetic signs (instead of + -).
Difficulty remembering facts.
Impaired coordination of movements.
Impulsiveness and awkwardness.
Slow learning new skills.

high school

The reading level is lower than that of classmates.
Persistent reluctance to read aloud or write.
Poor memory, which also affects planning.
Difficulties in communicating and finding a common language with peers.
Poor perception of body language and facial expressions.
Poorly readable handwriting.
Difficulty pronouncing and writing words.

High school

Slow reading with many errors.
Insufficient writing skills.
Problems in retelling, presenting and summarizing material.
Incorrect pronunciation of words.
Poor perception of information.
Bad memory.
Slow operating speed.
Difficulty in adapting to any changes.

Adults

Difficulties in perceiving audio and written information.
Poor memory, inattention and absent-mindedness.
Difficult to understand pronunciation.
Confusion in the sequence of numbers and words, inability to reproduce them in the correct order.
Lack of writing skills or their insufficient development ().
Problems with planning and organizing your time.
Weak organizational skills.

Diagnostics

A diagnostic study begins with a visit to a pediatrician, who, after considering all the signs, should refer the child to a speech therapist.

The speech therapist begins the examination by collecting a detailed medical history, including aspects such as:

how the mother’s pregnancy progressed;
are there any genetic predispositions to such diseases;
whether the child has congenital diseases;
How did the child develop in the first years of life?

After collecting anamnesis, the speech therapist finds out:

development of the child’s speech, writing and reading skills;
features of the formation of these skills;
state of the articulatory apparatus;
state of motor skills;
student’s performance in Russian language and literature.

After collecting data, the doctor may perform several tests, including:

reading aloud;
copying text;
writing by ear.

Depending on the results of the examination, consultation with a neurologist and ophthalmologist may be necessary. Hardware examination in this case includes EEG and EchoEG.

Dyslexia test

Recently, foreign scientists have created a special test for dyslexia, suitable for children from 3 years old. It takes about 10 minutes to complete, and it is designed to identify problems in young children who have not even started preschool education.

The mechanism of the test is based on the fact that children are especially attentive to the pronunciation of sounds when constructing words. If a child has problems with pronunciation, then there may be problems with reading and writing. So, along the way, dysgraphia can be diagnosed in children.

To diagnose dyslexia, classical tests can also be carried out, taking 1.5–2 hours. They are carried out by a speech therapist.

Treatment and correction of dyslexia

The traditional method of treating dyslexia is speech therapy correction work. This method involves working to correct all pathologies of speech and non-speech processes.

The method of speech therapy correction depends on the specific form of the disease:

Optical dyslexia requires work on visuospatial representation, visual synthesis and analysis.
Tactile involves working on parsing and understanding patterns and developing spatial representation.
With mnestic memory, it is necessary to develop auditory-verbal and verbal-visual memory.
With the phonemic form, it is necessary to correct sound pronunciation and form ideas about the sound-letter composition of words.
Semantic requires the development of syllabic synthesis and vocabulary, and work on the child’s assimilation of grammatical language norms.
In the agromatic form, work should be done to form grammatical systems.

For adult dyslexics, correction methods involve more extensive training. However, in terms of mechanisms they do not differ from classes with children.

Watch a video that addresses the causes and correction of dyslexia:

Dyslexia is a specific reading disorder that involves the inability to correctly and quickly recognize words. This disease is neurological in nature and is characterized by difficulties in reproducing, understanding and comprehending information read. Moreover, despite the external similarity, dyslexia is not a consequence of mental retardation. The disease is not associated with hearing or vision impairment.

In this article, we will look at the causes of this disorder, consider its symptoms, and most importantly, we will talk about how to correct dyslexia with the help of exercises.

The essence of the disorder

This problem is detected in children in the graduating group of kindergarten or in elementary school, when the child begins to master reading and writing skills. The child cannot remember and reproduce the information read; when reading, he confuses sounds or changes their places. Moreover, a child with dyslexia does not understand the meaning of words read and is not able to arrange words into a logical chain when trying to retell the content.

Causes of dyslexia

The exact causes of this disorder are unknown to science. However, doctors associate this problem with a genetic predisposition, with damage to certain areas of the brain, as well as with the intrauterine development of the child. Provoking factors for the development of dyslexia include:

viral and infectious diseases of a woman during pregnancy;
toxic damage to the central nervous system during intrauterine development;
umbilical cord entanglement or early placental abruption;
fetal asphyxia;
premature birth;
brain injuries during difficult childbirth;
social and everyday factor and associated speech development deficit.

Symptoms and forms of dyslexia

To understand how dyslexia manifests itself in a child, one should consider the forms of this disease, which manifest themselves not only in reading disorder, but also in the child’s behavioral characteristics.

1. Acoustic form. The child has difficulty reproducing letters that sound similar (Zh-Sh, D-T, Z-S). The baby can skip them or change places. In addition, this form of the disease is characterized by problems with memory, inattention, absent-mindedness and lack of concentration.

2. Optical form. The baby has difficulty remembering and reproducing letters that are similar in spelling (Z-V, L-M, R-L). Because of this feature, it is difficult for him to understand what is being said in the text he reads and it is difficult for him to express his own thoughts.

3. Phonemic form. The child has dysgraphic errors; he often changes the letters in a word, which leads to a loss of semantic meaning (goats-braids, house-tom). In addition, a person with this disorder lacks the perception of certain symbols.

4. Semantic form. This feature leads to the fact that the child does not perceive and does not assimilate the text read. He perceives information poorly by sound, suffers from poor memory, which is why he has poor performance in school.

5. Agrammatical form. In this case, the child has problems reproducing case endings and gender of nouns, which causes problems with understanding the information read (it was a good day, heavy rains).

It is worth noting that dyslexia affects not only a child’s reading, but also his perception of the surrounding reality. Children with this disease experience problems with the perception of information, disorganization, spatial disorientation, attention deficit, clumsiness, and hyper- or hypoactivity.

However, children with such an anomaly may be distinguished by developed intelligence, they are more curious, they have well-developed insight and intuition, and all because they perceive reality in a multidimensional representation. In addition, such children have a vivid imagination and all senses are heightened.

Be that as it may, dyslexia needs to be identified and corrected in a timely manner, because it creates many problems for the child. And if it is possible to correct the deficiency in the perception of information, the child will ultimately receive two qualitative characteristics - high intelligence and developed creative abilities.

Methods for correcting dyslexia

The treatment of dyslexia is based on the correctional work of a speech therapist. It is the specialist who must identify the form of the disease and select the appropriate treatment method.

Correction carried out by speech therapists

1. Correction of phonemic dyslexia. In this case, the specialist’s work takes place in two stages. At the first stage, the articulation of the young patient is clarified (the speech therapist shows him how to open his mouth correctly and where to position his tongue to correctly pronounce the word). Once this stage has been mastered, the child moves on to comparing different sounds, both when listening and when pronouncing. Gradually complicating the task, the specialist seeks to eliminate dysgraphic errors that the child previously made.

2. Correction of agrammatic dyslexia. The specialist solves this problem by composing with the child first small and then more complex sentences in the correct case and with the correct endings.

3. Correction of optical dyslexia. In this case, the specialist plays an interesting game with the child - asks him to find the right letter. Such a letter may be hidden in the drawing, among other letters, or perhaps it needs not only to be found, but also to be completed. Composing letters using counting sticks or sculpting letters from plasticine is also used.

4. Correction of semantic dyslexia. With this form of the disease, the speech therapist must teach the child to understand the meaning of certain words. This is a long and extremely painstaking work, as a result of which the young patient must learn to understand the meaning of what he read.

5. Correction of acoustic dyslexia. In his work, a speech therapist uses various objects that clearly or vaguely resemble a certain letter. At the same time, the specialist pronounces the sound, ensuring that the child remembers which letter is meant.

Exercises to correct dyslexia

The specialist not only works with the child himself, but also recommends exercises to correct reading disorders at home. If you work with your child every day for 30–40 minutes, you can achieve impressive progress in a few months.

1. Gymnastics for articulation. This includes various breathing exercises given by the speech therapist. As a rule, they are a warm-up before corrective classes.

2. Tongue twisters. Learn a variety of tongue twisters with your child, from elementary to complex. Tongue twisters themselves are nothing more than sequences of words that sound similar. Trying to read words in reverse order will also be beneficial.

3. Pronouncing sounds. The child must be taught to pronounce vowels first and then consonants, in any order. Over time, when the baby masters this element, you can move on to mixing vowels and consonants.

4. Exercise “Rings”. To correct dyslexia, it is necessary to develop fine motor skills of the hands. An exercise in which the child must learn to put his fingers into rings is well suited for this. First, ask the baby to form a ring by connecting the thumb with the index finger, and then, one by one, with all the other fingers. Moreover, first the exercise must be performed with one hand, and then you can switch to two-handed execution. Moreover, rings can be formed from left to right and from right to left.

5. Exercise “Rubber ball”. This exercise is designed to teach your child to read syllables. The rubber ball is necessary so that the child squeezes it every time he pronounces a syllable.

6. Exercise “Tugboat”. In this activity, the parent reads the text with the child. First, they learn to read the text out loud synchronously, and then to themselves. Here parents need to be patient, because they need to adapt to the reading of a child who may read slowly.

7. Exercise “Mirror drawing”. Having given your child a landscape sheet of paper and two pencils (felt-tip pens), teach him to write identical letters in a mirror image or draw shapes with both hands at the same time. To be effective, the exercise should be done every day for at least 15 minutes.

8. Exercise “Corrector”. The child is offered a small text from which they are asked to cross out a specific letter. Start telling him vowels and then move on to consonants. Once the task is mastered, you can make it more difficult by asking your child to circle the vowels and underline the consonants. You need to start with simple letters, gradually moving on to those that are most difficult for the baby. As soon as the child learns to recognize letters, you can begin to write them first separately, then in words and sentences.

9. Exercise “Missing letters”. Parents write a word to their child in which they deliberately leave out one or two letters. The kid must try to read what is written and insert the missing letters. Examples: fishing rod, machine.

10. Exercise “Second half”. This is another writing exercise in which parents write the first half of a word to the baby, and he must figure it out and write the ending correctly. You need to start with simple words in which one letter is missing, gradually complicating the task. Examples: speech (ka), chocolate (lad).

11. Reading the text. The child is given an excerpt from the text, which he reads for a minute. Parents mark the place to which the baby managed to read. After a while, the child begins to read the same passage again, and so on several times a day with breaks. Parents should monitor whether the child has read more or less, and ask him what he understood from what he read.

12. Diactants. It is recommended to alternate reading texts with written exercises. To begin with, choose light texts for children, 200 characters long. They will not be tiring for the child, which means he will make fewer mistakes. There is no need to correct errors in the text. It is worth taking a pen with a colored tip (not red, preferably black or green) and making notes in the margins opposite the line with the error. After this, you should ask the child to find his own inaccuracy. Such activities will help the child learn to write without errors and will contribute to the treatment of dyslexia.

Davis method

The Ronald Davis system has gained enormous popularity in the correction of dyslexia. The researcher himself suffered from this disease as a child, and therefore knew all the nuances of fighting it very well. Davis's technique is divided into several stages, each of which plays a specific role in the treatment of dyslexia, improving memory, developing attention and thinking.

Stages of the Davis method

1. The first stage is the comfortable conditions in which the child should be.

2. At the second stage, the specialist moves on to work with coordination. The child must understand where the top, bottom, right and left sides are.

3. Correction using sculpting. The baby is given plasticine, with the help of which he, together with a speech therapist, sculpts numbers, letters and even syllables. Such activities help the child to better master letters and symbols, because he can not only look at them, but also touch and even smell them.

4. The key stage of correction is reading. Davis divides it into three sections. At first, the baby should simply move his gaze from left to right across the text, recognizing the necessary groups of letters. The second stage involves consolidating this skill and recognizing words. At the third and final stage, the child must learn to understand the meaning of the entire sentence, and then the text read.

Practice shows that classes with a child using the Davis method can improve his reading, as well as improve his overall performance at school. Over time, such a child will be able to read and comprehend up to 50–60 pages a day. Moreover, in addition to reading, the child will begin to write legibly and more competently than before treatment. All this has the most beneficial effect on the child’s learning and allows him to forget about such an unpleasant problem as dyslexia.
Take care of your children!

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Classification of dyslexia

Identification of reading disorders

Dyslexia correction

Prevention of dyslexia

Symptoms

Diagnostics

Speech card

Treatment

Exercises

Cross out a letter

Dictations

Articulation training

Education

How to teach reading

Short description

Forms of dyslexia

Phonemic

Semantic

Ungrammatical

Optical

Mnestic

Tactile

Causes of dyslexia

Symptoms

Early signs

In preschool age

Junior School

high school

High school

Adults

Diagnostics

Dyslexia test

Treatment and correction of dyslexia

The essence of the disorder

Causes of dyslexia

Symptoms and forms of dyslexia

Methods for correcting dyslexia

Exercises to correct dyslexia

Davis method