October 12 is the opening day of America. "Columbus was a real Trump": social networks reacted to America's Discovery Day. Parting words of the august persons of Spain before the departure of the Columbus expedition
Columbus discovered America
The year when this Spanish navigator discovered a new land is indicated in history as 1492. And by the beginning of the eighteenth century, all other regions of North America, for example, Alaska and the Pacific coast regions, had already been discovered and explored. It must be said that travelers from Russia also made an important contribution to the study of the continent.
Mastering
The history of the discovery of North America is quite interesting: it can even be called accidental. At the end of the fifteenth century, a Spanish navigator with his expedition reached the shores of North America. However, he mistakenly believed that he was in India. From this moment, the countdown of the era begins when America was discovered and its development and exploration began. But some researchers consider this date inaccurate, claiming that the discovery of the new continent happened much earlier.
The year Columbus discovered America - 1492 - is not an exact date. It turns out that the Spanish navigator had predecessors, and more than one. In the middle of the tenth century, the Normans got here after they discovered Greenland. True, they failed to colonize these new lands, since they were repelled by the harsh weather conditions of the north of this continent. In addition, the Normans were also intimidated by the remoteness of the new mainland from Europe.
According to other sources, this continent was discovered by ancient seafarers - the Phoenicians. Some sources, however, call the middle of the first millennium AD the time when America was discovered, and the Chinese are the pioneers. However, this version also lacks clear evidence.
The most reliable information is considered to be about the time when the Vikings discovered America. At the end of the tenth century, the Normans Bjarni Herjulfson and Leif Eriksson found Helluland - "stone", Markland - "forest" and Vinland - "vineyards" of land, which contemporaries identify with the Labrador Peninsula.
There is evidence that even before Columbus in the fifteenth century, the Bristol and Biscay fishermen reached the northern continent, who called it the island of Brazil. However, the time periods of these expeditions cannot be called that milestone in history when America was truly discovered, that is, they identified it as a new continent.
Columbus is a real discoverer
And yet, when answering the question of what year America was discovered, experts most often name the fifteenth century, or rather its end. And the first to do this is believed to be Columbus. The time when America was discovered coincided in history with the period when Europeans began to spread ideas about the round shape of the Earth and about the possibility of reaching India or China along the western route, that is, across the Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, it was believed that this path is much shorter than the eastern one. Therefore, taking into account the Portuguese monopoly on control over the South Atlantic obtained by the Alcazovas Agreement of 1479, Spain, always striving to obtain direct contacts with the eastern countries, warmly supported the expedition of the Genoese navigator Columbus in the western direction.
The honor of discovery
Christopher Columbus was interested in geography, geometry and astronomy from an early age. From a young age, he took part in sea expeditions, visited almost all the oceans known then. Columbus was married to the daughter of a Portuguese sailor, from whom he inherited many maps and notes from the time of Henry the Navigator. The future discoverer studied them carefully. His plans were to find a sea route to India, but not bypassing Africa, but directly across the Atlantic. Like some scholars - his contemporaries, Columbus believed that, having gone west from Europe, it would be possible to reach the Asian eastern shores - the places where India and China are located. At the same time, he did not even suspect that on the way he would meet a whole continent, hitherto unknown to Europeans. But it happened. And from that time the history of the discovery of America began.
First expedition
For the first time, Columbus' ships sailed from Palos harbor on the third of August 1492. There were three of them. Until the Canary Islands, the expedition proceeded quite calmly: this segment of the route was already known to the sailors. But very soon they found themselves in the endless ocean. Gradually the sailors began to become discouraged and murmured. But Columbus managed to pacify the disobedient, maintaining hope in them. Soon, signs began to come across - the harbingers of the proximity of land: unknown birds flew in, tree branches sailed. Finally, after six weeks of sailing, lights appeared at night, and when dawn broke, a green picturesque island, all covered with vegetation, opened up in front of the sailors. Columbus, having landed on the coast, declared this land the possession of the Spanish crown. The island was named San Salvador, that is, the Savior. It was one of the smaller pieces of land found in the Bahamas or Lucayan archipelago.
The land where there is gold
The natives are peaceful and good-natured savages. Noticing the greed of those who sailed to the gold jewelry that hung in the nose and ears of the natives, they told by signs that there is a land in the south that is literally teeming with gold. And Columbus went on. In the same year, he discovered Cuba, which, although he took it for the mainland, more precisely, for the eastern coast of Asia, he also declared it a Spanish colony. From here the expedition, turning east, landed in Haiti. At the same time, along the way, the Spaniards met savages who not only willingly changed their gold jewelry for simple glass beads and other trinkets, but also constantly pointed to the south when they were asked about this precious metal. On which Columbus called Hispaniola, or Little Spain, he built a small fortress.
Return
When the ships docked in Palos harbor, all the inhabitants went ashore to greet them. Columbus and Ferdinand and Isabella were very kindly received. The news of the discovery of the New World spread very quickly, just as quickly those wishing to go there together with the discoverer gathered. Then the Europeans had no idea what America Christopher Columbus discovered.
Second journey
The history of the discovery of North America, which was launched in 1492, continued. From September 1493 to June 1496, the second expedition of the Genoese navigator took place. As a result, the Virgin and Windward Islands were discovered, including Antigua, Dominica, Nevis, Montserrat, St. Christopher, as well as Puerto Rico and Jamaica. The Spaniards firmly settled in the lands of Haiti, making them their base and building the fortress of San Domingo in the southeastern part of it. In 1497, the British entered into a rivalry with them, who were also trying to find the northwestern routes to Asia. For example, the Genoese Cabot discovered the island of Newfoundland under the English flag and, according to some reports, came very close to the North American coast: to the Labrador and Nova Scotia peninsulas. So the British began to lay the foundation for their dominance in the North American region.
Third and fourth expeditions
It began in May 1498 and ended in November 1500. As a result, the mouth of the Orinoco was also discovered. In August 1498, Columbus landed on the coast already on the Paria Peninsula, and in 1499 the Spaniards reached the shores of Guiana and Venezuela, after which Brazil and the mouth of the Amazon. And during the last - the fourth - travel from May 1502 to November 1504, Columbus discovered Central America. His ships sailed along the coast of Honduras and Nicaragua, reached from Costa Rica and Panama up to the Darien Bay.
New mainland
In the same year, another navigator - whose expeditions were under the Portuguese flag, also explored the Brazilian coast. When he reached Cape Cananea, he hypothesized that the lands discovered by Columbus were not China, or even India, but a completely new continent. This idea was confirmed after the first trip around the world by F. Magellan. However, contrary to logic, the name America was assigned to the new mainland - on behalf of Vespucci.
True, there is some reason to believe that the new continent was named after the Bristol philanthropist Richard of America from England, who financed the second transatlantic voyage in 1497, and Amerigo Vespucci after that took the nickname in honor of the continent named so. In support of this theory, the researchers cite the facts that Cabot reached the coast of Labrador two years earlier, and therefore became the officially registered first European to set foot on American soil.
In the middle of the sixteenth century, Jacques Cartier, a French navigator, reached the shores of Canada, giving this territory its present name.
Other applicants
The exploration of the continent of North America was continued by such navigators as John Davis, Alexander Mackenzie, Henry Hudson and William Buffin. It was thanks to their research that the continent was studied up to the Pacific coast.
However, history knows many other names of seafarers who moored on American soil even before Columbus. These are Hui Shen - a Thai monk who visited this region in the fifth century, Abubakar - the Sultan of Mali, who sailed to the American coast in the fourteenth century, Count of Orkney de Saint-Clair, Chinese explorer Zhee He, Portuguese Juan Corterial, etc.
But, in spite of everything, it is Christopher Columbus who is the person whose discoveries had an unconditional impact on the entire history of mankind.
Fifteen years after the time when the ships of this navigator discovered America, the very first geographical map of the continent was compiled. Its author was Martin Waldseemüller. Today, it is the property of the United States and is kept in Washington, DC.
America is a part of the world that is credited with officially discovering Columbus, but history is full of dark spots.
The modern United States plays one of the key roles in political strife and has a serious impact on other countries and the world economy. But the path to such a high level was long and arduous. It all started with the date of the discovery of America.
Christopher Columbus was a Spanish navigator who discovered two new continents for Europeans. He made 4 expeditions, each of which was sent by kings, hoping to find a short trade route with India.
The first expedition consisted of three ships with a total of 91 people. She ended up on the island of San Salvador on October 12, 1492.
The second expedition, consisting of 17 ships and 1,500 men, lasted from 1493 to 1496. During this time, Columbus discovered Dominica, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and about 20 other Lesser Antilles. In June, he already reported to the government about his amazing findings.
The third expedition, which included 6 ships, set off in 1498, and two years later returned to their native shores. Several other lands were discovered, including Trinidad, Margarita, the Araya and Paria peninsulas.
The last expedition, which sailed in 1502, consisted of 4 ships. In two years, the islands of Martinique, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica were discovered. In Jamaica, Columbus was wrecked, and help arrived only a year later. The travelers arrived in their native Castile in November 1504.
Date America was discovered - by the Vikings in 1000
Eric the Red was known as a great Viking. His son, Leif Erickson, was the first to set foot on American soil. After wintering in its vastness, Erickson and his expedition returned to Greenland. This happened around 1000.
Two years later, brother Thorvald Erickson, the second son of Eric the Red, founded his settlement on the territory opened by his brother. Less than a month later, his men were attacked by local Indians, killing Torvald and forcing the others to return home.
Later, the daughter of Eric the Red Freydis and his daughter-in-law Goodrid also tried to conquer new spaces. The latter even managed to trade with the Indians, offering various goods. But the Viking settlement was never able to survive in America for more than 10 years, despite constant attempts.
When did Amerigo Vespucci discover America?
Amerigo Vespucci, after whom, according to some historians, the continents are named, first visited the New World as a navigator. The route of Alonso de Ojeda's expedition was chosen using a map created by Christopher Columbus. Together with him, Amerigo Vespucci took about a hundred slaves, who were the indigenous inhabitants of America.
Vespucci visited the new territory twice more - in 1501-1502 and from 1503 to 1504. If the Spaniard Christopher wanted to stock up on gold, then the Florentine Amerigo wanted to open up as many new lands as possible in order to gain glory and keep his name in history.
What does Wikipedia say about America's discovery dates?
The famous Wikipedia tells about the discovery of the American continents with unprecedented detail. In the vastness of the world encyclopedia, you can find information about all expeditions to the New World, about each of the possible discoverers, and the further history of the Indians.
Wikipedia calls the date of the discovery of America October 12, 1492, speaking about Christopher Columbus.
It was he who managed not only to discover new territories, but to capture them on his map. A more complete picture of what the continents look like was able to provide the Europeans with Amerigo Vespucci. Although his "complete" map was significantly different from the modern one.
In what year after the opening did the settlement of America begin?
The settlement of American soil began many thousands of years before its official opening. It is believed that the Eskimos, Inuit, Aleuts became the ancestors of the Indians. The Vikings, as you know, also tried to take possession of the territories of the New World. But they did not succeed - the indigenous people protected it too zealously.
After the discoveries of Columbus and Vespucci, it took almost 50 years before the first European settlements appeared.
In the American city of St. Augusting in 1565, the first small settlement of the Spaniards was organized.
In 1585, the first British colony of Roanoke was created, which was destroyed by the Indians. The next attempt by the British was a colony in Virginia, which appeared in 1607.
And finally, the first colony in New England was the settlement located in Plymouth in 1620. It is this year that is recognized as the official date of the colonization of the New World.
Possible discoverers before Christopher Columbus
There are many people on the list of possible discoverers. Historians cannot find reliable facts of this, but there are sources indicating that the information is still correct.
Of the hypothetical discoverers, it is worth highlighting:
- Phoenicians - 370 BC;
- ancient Egyptians;
- Hui Sheng, who was a Buddhist monk who made the first, as it turned out, travel around the world - the 5th century;
- the Irish monk Brendan, who followed in the footsteps of Shen - 6th century;
- Malay Sultan Abubakar II - 1330;
- Chinese explorer Zheng He - 1420;
- Portuguese João Corterial - 1471.
These persons had pure intentions, did not seek fame and gold, therefore they did not tell the general public about their find. They were not trying to bring back evidence or enslave the native people of America. Perhaps that is why their names are not familiar to most contemporaries, and the more cruel and greedy for gold Christopher Columbus is indicated as the discoverer of the new earth.
The fate of the indigenous people of America
The history of the discovery of America is presented in modern history as a joyous event that laid the foundation for a new nation of "emigrants". But it also became a nightmare for many Indians who had to endure the indescribable horrors created by the conquerors.
The Spaniards killed several thousand of the indigenous inhabitants of America, and took several hundred into slavery. They made fun of the Indians, killed them with special cruelty, not sparing even babies. "White", who arrived in new lands, sprinkled them with blood, reducing the joyful discovery to a bloody massacre.
One of those who watched the fate of the Indians - the priest Bartolomé de Las Casas, who arrived with Columbus, tried to protect the Indians, even reached the Spanish court in the hope of pardoning them. As a result, the court decided whether it was worth calling the Indians people at all, whether they had a soul.
The negative attitude is explained by the fact that Columbus left his team to look after the New World and went home. When he returned, he saw all of his people dead. As it turned out, the Spaniards became impudent, beating the men and raping the women of the tribe, as well as killing the rebellious. The Indians, who initially considered "white" gods, quickly realized how things were, and began to defend themselves. This is what led to further tragic accidents.
Anyway, the discovery of America- a worthy event, which today is considered one of the most high-profile in the history of civilization.
| HOLIDAYS: Opening day... Bahamas Columbus day(1492). USA, Paraguay, Argentina Friendship day... Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico Day of Ispanidad
Feast of the Apparition of the Virgin
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DAYS OF HISTORY:
1285
180 Jews refuse to be baptized in Munich, Germany, they are burned.
1366
The King of Sicily, FREDERIC III, forbids decoration in synagogues.
1428
The British siege Orleans. The seven-month siege of the city will mark a turning point in the Hundred Years War between England and France and will glorify the name of JANE D'ARC.
1492
COLUMBUS reaches the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas and discovers America, although he believes he has reached the shores of India.
The sailor Juan Rodriguez BERMEJO was the first to see the new land at two o'clock in the morning, but he did not receive the reward promised on behalf of the queen of 10,000 maravedis of life annuity. Columbus declared that he had seen the land at ten in the evening of the previous day, presented his servants as witnesses and appropriated the reward for himself. And admiral's honor does not save one from low deeds. (Columbus day)
1552
The troops of Ivan the Terrible capture Kazan, leaving Prince A.B. Gorbatogo. After the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, the tsar will move to conquer the Astrakhan.
1715
By order of PETER I in St. Petersburg, on the basis of the "navigation classes", the Maritime Academy was created. She will give a high-class naval education; BELLINSHAUZEN, ISTOMIN, KRUZENSHTERN, MOZHAYSKY, NAKHIMOV, USHAKOV will graduate from it at different times; writers DAL, STANYUKOVICH, SOBOLEV, composer Nikolai RIMSKY-KORSAKOV, artist Vasily VERESHCHAGIN and many others. dr.
1780
Due to a huge hurricane in the Martinique and Barbados region, all ships sink, about six thousand people die.
1787
Russian detachment under the command of General A.V. SUVOROVA defeats a Turkish landing on the Kinburn Spit.
1792
Columbus Day is celebrated for the first time.
1812
During the battle with the troops of NAPOLEON, the city of Maroyaroslavets passed from hand to hand eight times.
1817
Five years after the expulsion of the French from Moscow, the solemn laying of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior on the Sparrow Hills, between the Smolensk and Kaluga roads, takes place. However, soon it will be necessary to abandon the construction of the Temple due to the wrong location.
1822
Brazil gains independence from Portugal.
1871
US President Ulysses GRANT bans the Ku Klux Klan and orders the arrest of the leaders of this organization.
1872
- died Zakrevskaya-Benckendorf-Budberg Maria - baroness, Russian translator, publicist. She became famous for her love affair with the English diplomat R. Lockhart (Lockhart conspiracy). After the expulsion, Lockhart got a job at the publishing house "World Literature". Having met M. Gorky, she first became his secretary, and then - an unofficial wife
1897
In St. Petersburg, on the parade ground of the cadet corps, the first official football match in Russia is being held. Teams "Sport" and "Vasileostrovsky Circle of Football Fans" meet.
1901
US President Theodore ROOSEVELT officially names the residence of the US President the White House.
1915
Ford Motor produces its millionth Model T.
1915
US President Theodore ROOSEVELT, speaking in New York, says, "Half American is not American at all." Later, he will clarify what he meant: "There can be no 50 percent Americanism in our country. There is only room for 100 percent Americanism, for those who are American and no one else." This is how the expression "100% American" was born.
1922
The main department of places of detention was formed as part of the NKVD of the RSFSR.
1928
The first performance, created at the Central House of the Red Army. M.V. Frunze of the Red Army Song Ensemble. It initially consists of 12 people, and its leader is Alexander Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV, professor of the Moscow Conservatory. Over time, the team will be called twice the Red Banner Academic. A.V. Aleksandrov, the song and dance ensemble of the Soviet (and now Russian) Army.
1931
Inauguration and consecration of the statue of the Savior at the top of the Corcovado hill in Rio de Janeiro, considered the symbol of the city.
1931
First International Conference on Calendar Reform.
1933
Alcatraz becomes a federal prison (unofficially).
1940
The P.I. Tchaikovsky on the site of the never-built Theater. Meyerhold.
1945
The Provisional Government of Pathet-Lao (Country of Lao) proclaims the independence of Laos.
1964
The first three-seater spacecraft "Voskhod-1" with a crew consisting of commander Vladimir KOMAROV, research engineer Konstantin FEOKTISTOV and doctor Boris EGOROV is sent on a flight.
1966
The Jimi Henrix Experience group is formed, in addition to HENDRIX, it includes Noel REDDING and Mitch MITCHELL.
1968
The XIX Olympic Games open in Mexico City. The unusual conditions of the games (highlands) cause outstanding records and mini-tragedies when athletes lose consciousness during competitions that require endurance.
1969
For the first time 5 people in space.
1971
Iran celebrates 2,500 years of the Peridian monarchy.
1971
First performance of the rock opera "Jesus Christ Superstar" with lyrics by Tim RICE and music by Andrew Lloyd WEBBER at the Mark HELLINGER Theater, New York. In total, it will withstand 711 performances.
1991
Askar AKAYEV is elected President of Kyrgyzstan.
1994
The Okean Elzy group is formed in Lviv.
1999
The 6 billionth inhabitant of the Earth is born in Sarajevo. By the end of the second millennium, the rate of population growth on our planet has declined, and, according to demographers, humanity will reach the 10 billion mark only by 2050. Approximately by the end of the Paleolithic era (about 15 thousand years BC) the population reached 3,000,000 people, by the end of the Neolithic (2,000 years BC) 50,000,000 people, at the beginning of our era on Earth there were already 230,000,000 people, by the end, in 1900 - 1,600,000,000, now the world's population has reached 5,500,000,000 people (1993). In 1993 lived: in Europe 728 million, Asia 3 336 million, Africa 670 million, North and Central America 442 million, South America 308 million, Australia and Oceania 28 million. The largest countries in terms of population: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia. In the early 1990s, the world's population increased annually by about 70,000,000. The geographical distribution of the population is uneven: 70% of humanity lives on 7% of the land. There are over 2,000 peoples in the world (more than 100 in Russia).
2000
American scientists discover five tyrannosaurus skeletons. The largest is being sold to one of the museums in Chicago for $ 8 and a half million.
2001
The 2001 Nobel Prize in Literature is won by the British writer Vidyadhara Suraiprasad Naipaul NIPOL, who was born in Trinidad and Tobago.
In a statement, the Swedish Academy of Sciences said he won a $ 1 million prize for creating an original style based on existing genres.
2002
In Minsk, in the Palace of the Republic, the Nazareth group performs with the concert The Best.
2005
At the press conference, the Terra Publishing House is presenting the 62-volume "Great Encyclopedia", which is being printed in Germany, and will be sold immediately as a complete set.
The first edition of the encyclopedia is 32,000. A team of five hundred people wrote 160 thousand articles, providing them with 60 thousand illustrations and 340 general geographic and political maps. For comparison, the following figures are named: there were about 95 thousand articles in the TSB, in the new Great Russian Encyclopedia the order will be approximately the same. The current Britannica (15th edition) contains about 120,000 articles. The total cost of the kit is 58 thousand rubles, that is, almost 2 thousand dollars. There is also a project to publish an electronic version of the "Big Encyclopedia", but it will not be implemented before the first "paper" edition is sold out.
BIRTHDAY:
1350
- Russian commander. Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1359) and Vladimir (from 1362).
1537
EDWARD VI (12.10.1537, Hampton Court - 6.07.1553, Greenwich), King of England in 1547-53.
1627
ADRIAN (10/12/1627 - 10/26/1700), Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia from 1690. Supporting Peter's reforms, at the same time opposed barber, smoking, foreign clothing. He became the first patriarch whose burial was not attended by the king. After his death, elections for a new patriarch were not held until 1917.
1715
- Russian emperor (from May 1727), son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and his wife Natalya Alekseevna (née Charlotte Sophia, Princess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel).
1751
Alexey Ivanovich KORSAKOV (10/12/1751 - 09/06/1821), general of artillery, senator.
Under PAUL I, he became an inspector of all artillery, under ALEXANDER I - president of the Berg Collegium, director of the Mountain Corps. In the last years of his life he devoted himself entirely to his passion for art. Korsakov was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Arts for his "knowledge, love and respect for honorable arts." The collection of paintings, sculptures and curiosities he collected was one of the best and was sold out after his death. The general himself loved to embroider on canvas and achieved unprecedented skill in this occupation. He presented one of the paintings he had embroidered to Empress Maria Feodorovna. She, believing that this was the work of one of his relatives, sent diamond earrings in gratitude.
1771
Mikhail Andreevich MILORADOVICH (12 (1) .10.1771, Petersburg - 27 (15) .12.1825, ibid.), General, student of A.V. SUVOROVA and associate of M.I. KUTUZOVA, hero of the war of 1812, since 1818 Governor-General of St. Petersburg.
His father was of Serbian descent and served as governor of Chernigov. Mikhail studied at the Göttingen and Königsberg universities, but for seventeen years as a second lieutenant he participated in the war with Sweden. He showed himself excellently during the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov in 1799. At Austerlitz in 1805 Miloradovich received the Order of St. George 3rd degree and was promoted to lieutenant general. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12, he commanded a corps, which in December 1806 liberated Bucharest from the Turks (for which, in addition, he was awarded a sword with diamonds and the inscription "For the courage and salvation of Bucharest"), and the next year inflicted a number of severe defeats on the Turkish troops. In 1810, the infantry general Miloradovich became the Kiev military governor, at the beginning of 1812 he was entrusted with the formation of reserves. During the Battle of Borodino, Miloradovich commanded the 2nd and 4th corps on the right flank of the Russian army, and when retreating from Borodino, he was the commander of the rearguard, which provided the flank march of the army to the Kaluga road. During the counteroffensive, Miloradovich was already in command of the vanguard of the main army. The troops led by him inflicted defeats on the French at Vyazma and at Krasny. Surviving 52 battles, he was mortally wounded by the Decembrist P.G. KAKHOVSKY on Senate Square.
Someone considered the general a fanforton, but the French compared him to the most daring of their marshals, Murat. Once Miloradovich was informed that MURAT, being at the French outposts under fire from Russian rangers, was drinking champagne. Offended, he ordered a light camp table to be placed in front of the Russian posts and not only drank champagne, but also ate a three-course dinner. Miloradovich was not married, but had a weakness for women; his extravagance and generosity knew no bounds, which greatly upset his father. After the death of the general, his estate was barely enough to cover debts. A contemporary, who considered Miloradovich his friend, called him "a hero of our time, a favorite of the army and people, a representative of our glory."
1796
Mikhail Nikolaevich MURAVIEV (12 (1) .10.1796, Moscow - 10.09 (29.08) .1866, Petersburg), count, statesman, general of infantry.
One of the many Muravyovs who left their mark on the history of Russia, and almost half of them were Mikhail or Nikolai with the patronymic Nikolaevich. This Muravyov was a member of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, but in time he left the future Decembrists. After the uprising, he was arrested, but no fault was found. He later justified this trust all his life: he took part in the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-31, in 1850 he was appointed a member of the State Council, in 1866 - the chairman of the Supreme Investigative Commission on the case of D. V. KARAKOZOV. He especially distinguished himself during the Polish uprising of 1863-64, when he was the governor-general of the Northwestern Territory with extraordinary powers. The policy he was pursuing was aimed at the Russification of the region, and for the cruelty of suppressing the uprising, he was branded by public opinion as a "hangman". Other Muravyovs were generals, diplomats, writers, Decembrists, friends of PUSHKIN.
1798
PEDRO I (12.10.1798, Lisbon - 24.09.1834, ibid.), Emperor of Brazil (1822-31).
The son of the king of Portugal remained in Brazil, where his family fled after the capture of the country by Napoleon, and was appointed regent after the king's return to his homeland in 1821. The advisers and ministers of the regent supported the idea of proclaiming Brazilian independence, therefore, when the cortes (Portuguese parliament) demanded the return of Pedro to Portugal, he proclaimed the country's independence in September 1822, and three months later became its first emperor. The popularity of the emperor fell every year, and he was forced to abdicate in favor of a five-year-old son.
1812
Ascanio SOBRERO (12.10.1812 - 26.05.1888), an Italian chemist who received a powerful explosive - nitroglycerin (1847). Frightened by the destructive power of his discovery, he stopped further work on it. After 20 years, success will come to Alfred NOBEL, who invented dynamite.
1857
Roman Isidorovich KONDRATENKO (12.10 (30.09) .1857, Tbilisi - 15 (2) .12.1904, Port Arthur), lieutenant general, hero of the defense of Port Arthur.
1865
Arthur GARDEN (12.10.1865, Manchester - 17.06.1940, Born End, Buckinghamshire), British chemist, awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry, together with Hans von EULER-CHELPIN for research on the sugar fermentation process and fermentation enzymes. Later it turned out that these studies are most directly related to the chemistry of carbohydrates in plants and living organisms. He died of a nervous breakdown.
1866
James Ramsay MCDONALD (10/12/1866, Lossiemouth, County Morey - 11/9/1937, on his way to South America), one of the founders and leaders of the British Labor Party. First Prime Minister from the Labor Party in 1924 and 1929-31. The MacDonald government established diplomatic relations with the USSR.
1868
August HORCH (10/12/1868, Winningen on the Moselle - 02/02/1951, Münberg, in Bavaria), German car designer and entrepreneur, creator of the famous brands "Horch" and "Audi".
1876
KIRILL VLADIMIROVICH (ROMANOV) (1876 - 1938), Grand Duke, cousin of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II.
1886
- Russian Soviet statesman and politician. Member of the October Revolution (Petrograd), one of the main figures in industrialization in the USSR
1896
Eugenio MONTALE (10/12/1896, Genoa - 09/12/1981), Italian poet, Nobel laureate 1975 "for a significant achievement in poetry, which is distinguished by great penetration and expression of views on life, completely devoid of illusions."
1926
Nikita Pavlovich (Pogosovich) SIMONYAN, an outstanding football player and coach, a Spartak player, Olympic champion in 1956, Honored Master of Sports.
1935
- Italian singer (tenor).
Evil tongues said that the world famous tenor was not without sin before, but the faithful Aduya turned a blind eye to everything. But this time the husband went too far. Unambiguous shots - a kiss in the water, a walk in an embrace - went around all the magazines. The long-suffering Aduya could not stand humiliation, and a scandal erupted. An angry woman tore a sign with the name of Pavarotti from the gate of the mansion, but did not initiate a divorce case. Through her lawyer, she conveyed a long letter to Luciano: “... The fire of love that burns you with happiness today can turn into loneliness and grief. the test of time ".
1966
Alexey KORTNEV, Russian musician, songwriter, creator and soloist of the "Accident" group.
1975
JASMINE, pop singer.
Columbus day is a holiday in honor of the anniversary of the arrival of Columbus in America, which occurred on October 12, 1492 according to the Julian calendar (October 21, 1492 according to the Gregorian calendar).
On October 12, 1492, the expedition of Christopher Columbus reached the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas, which was later taken as the official date of the discovery of America.
While in most other American countries Columbus day celebrated on October 12, in the United States it is celebrated on the second Monday in October.
On this day, the people of the United States celebrate the anniversary of the opening of their country while attending festive church services and other events. Some cities host special services, parades and large ceremonies. Most of the celebrations are centered around the Italo-American communities. New York and San Francisco celebrations deserve special mention.
Columbus day is a public holiday in many parts USA, but in some states, for example, California, Nevada, Hawaii, the day is not celebrated. Government offices and schools are generally closed, but commercial companies can operate. The national flag is raised over government buildings USA.
Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo, Cristobal Colon) (1451-1506) - Spanish navigator of Italian origin, who discovered America.
Columbus Day is celebrated in the United States annually in honor of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World (on the island of San Salvador, also known as Weitling Island and now part of the British Bahamas) on October 12, 1492.
Columbus made four expeditions to America and died convinced that he had opened a new road to India and Asia - and not to North and South America, as it really was.
Columbus was not the first European to successfully cross the Atlantic. Around the 11th century, the Vikings established a settlement in Newfoundland. In addition, there are controversies among scientists about other pre-Columbian sea voyages to America. Nevertheless, it was thanks to Columbus that constant communication began between Europeans and the inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere.
Since the United States was founded by English colonists and not by Columbus and his followers, the United States did not observe Columbus' discovery of America at all for many years. The first holiday was celebrated annually by Italian immigrants, since Columbus was considered an Italian.
But the nationality of Christopher Columbus is still the subject of scientific debate. The main version says that he was born in Italy, but some scholars point to Spain, Portugal and even Greece. Columbus mastered the art of sailing in Portugal, but it was he who sponsored his historical expedition in 1492.
In 1937, Franklin Roosevelt declared Columbus Day a national holiday, originally scheduled for October 12th. In 1971, he moved the celebration from October 12 to the second Monday in October in order to add it to the weekend.
In New York, Denver and many other cities, a magnificent parade takes place on Columbus Day. All over country there are also sports events, fairs, and fireworks in the evenings.
But there are people in the United States for whom Columbus Day is not a holiday - these are the Indians. Indeed, in their opinion, it was Columbus who was to blame for the fact that the Europeans brought disease, death, poverty to the continent, and the surviving Indians were driven into reservations. In addition, every year on the eve of Columbus Day in Denver (Colorado), the Indians conduct their procession - a protest march against this holiday. Almost every year it is accompanied by riots.
In many places, such as Berkeley, state California, Columbus Day is replaced by Indigenous Day in honor of the inhabitants of the islands where Columbus's expedition landed. In South Dakota, this holiday is called American Indian Day, and in Alabama, Columbus Day is celebrated at the same time as Indian Heritage Day. In Hawaii, this holiday is called America's Discovery Day.
On Columbus Day in the United States, all offices of the federal government, as well as most banks, close. Schools are generally open on this day, as are most American businesses.
This event is also celebrated in a number of other countries with annual holidays: Bahamas it's Opening Day, on Spain- A holiday of Hispanic peoples, and in most Latin American countries - Race Day.
Columbus is named after the Colombian Republic in the burning continent, Colombian plateau and river Republic of Columbia in North America, Federal District Colombian Republic in the United States and the province of British Republic in Canada; in the United States there are five cities called Columbus and four called the Columbian Republic.
Columbus Day is
Columbus Day is
Since the 18th century, unofficially and from the beginning of the 20th century officially, every year on October 12, many countries of the New World, as well as some others, celebrate the anniversary of Columbus's arrival in America, which took place on October 12, 1492 according to the Julian calendar (October 21, 1492 according to the Gregorian calendar) ... In the United States, this holiday is held annually on the second Monday in October.
Sources of
Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia
calend.ru - Calendar of events
dinternal.com.ua - English in Ukraine
country.turmir.com - Tour World
wowshop.ua - Calendar
Investor encyclopedia. 2013 .
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Columbus Day is a holiday dedicated to the anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, which is annually celebrated on the second Monday of October
Definition of Columbus Day, the story of the Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus, the historical discoveries of Columbus, the traditions of Columbus Day celebrations in the USA and other countries, the movement against the celebration of Columbus Day
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Columbus day is, definition
The holiday, which is dedicated to the anniversary when the expedition of the Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus reached the shores of the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas, later this day, October 12, 1492, was adopted as the official date of the discovery of America, and in 1937, under President Franklin Roosevelt, Columbus Day became State a holiday, despite the fact that for the indigenous people of the country this holiday is a day of grief, the day when the Europeans brought death, disease, and poverty to their lands.
Columbus Day is A federal holiday in the United States, which is of great importance for the entire nation, which was first timed to coincide with the anniversary of a significant event - the opening of Columbus Day - is a holiday in honor of the discovery of the continent by a famous navigator, which took place on October 12, 1492 according to the Julian calendar (October 21, 1492 according to the Gregorian calendar ).
Columbus Day is a national public holiday of the United States of America, which was first celebrated in 1492, and centuries later, Americans began to celebrate it every year on the second Monday in October.
Columbus Day - et a celebration that was originally celebrated annually in New York by residents of Italian descent in 1866, since Columbus was considered Italian.
Columbus Day is a revered holiday, since its discovery served the development of lands, its settlement by Europeans, and on the other hand, the resettlement of Europeans ruined the culture and existence of the indigenous people of a hitherto unknown continent.
Columbus Day is a national and international phenomenon, reflecting myriad myths and historical lies that have been used for centuries to dehumanize Indians, justifying the theft of their lands, the deliberate destruction of entire nations and genocide against our people.
Columbus Day is a day off for the US stock exchanges
The Forex market starts at 23:00 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) on Sunday in Tokyo (03:00 on Monday Moscow time), and closes at 22:00 on Friday in Chicago (02:00 on Saturday Moscow time).
That is, the Forex market works five days a week almost around the clock, but, like everything else, there are also exceptions in the Forex market. These are state and, accordingly, bank holidays.
Days when American Forex exchanges are closed:
02.01 New Year "s Day - New Year;
02.20 Presidents Day or Washington "s Birthday - President's Day;
06.04 Good Friday - Good Friday;
28.05 Memorial Day - Memorial Day;
04.07 Independence Day - Independence Day;
03.09 Labor Day - Labor Day;
08.10 Columbus Day - Columbus Day;
12.11 Veterans Day - Veterans Day;
11.22 Thanksgiving Day - Thanksgiving Day;
12.25 Christmas Day - Christmas.
Although Columbus Day is a public holiday in the United States and banks are resting, some Forex markets continue to operate as usual. Therefore, no macro statistics are expected.
The name of the holiday or official day off for the US exchanges is as follows;
01.01 New Year's Day NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
01.21 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
18.02 Presidents Day or Washington's Birthday NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
03.29 Good Friday NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
27.05 Memorial Day NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
04.07 Independence Day NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
02.09 Labor Day NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
14.10 Columbus Day CME;
11.11 Veterans Day CME;
28.11 Thanksgiving Day NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
12.25 Christmas (Christmas Day) NYSE, NYMEX, CME;
NYSE - New York Stock Exchange (USA).
NYMEX - New York Mercantile Exchange (USA).
CME - Chicago Mercantile Exchange (USA).
Holiday Columbus Day
In most countries of the American continent, Columbus Day celebrations are held on October 12 - on the day of the landing of Christopher Columbus's expedition to American soil on October 12, 1492. and only in the USA this holiday is celebrated annually on the second Monday of October.
Celebrating Columbus Day in the USA
Columbus Day is celebrated annually on the second Monday in October in the United States and is a public holiday in most of the United States, but it is not celebrated in some states. In particular, it is not a public holiday in California, Nevada, and Hawaii.
Official celebrations for the anniversary of America's discovery begin with a worship service. Some cities in the United States host special church services, parades, and ceremonies. Most of the celebrations are centered around the Italo-American community. Celebrations in New York and San Francisco deserve special attention. In Hawaii, Columbus Day is also known as Disembarkation Day.
This day celebrates not only one of the greatest geographical discoveries in the history of mankind, but also highlights the role played by ethnic Italians in the exploration and development of the United States of America. For example, the Columbus Citizens Foundation, an organization that brings together US citizens of Italian descent, is organizing the celebrations. who have made the most significant contributions to science, culture, business, education and the development of democratic institutions in the United States.
Most of the celebrations are centered around the Italo-American community. And although the story with the navigator played a cruel joke, and the mainland of America got its name from another navigator - Amerigo Vespucci, three centuries later, the first ceremony in honor of Columbus the discoverer took place. A monument was erected in his honor by the Americans and since then to this day Columbus Day is celebrated.
Interestingly, the nationality of Christopher Columbus is still the subject of scientific debate. The main version says that he was born in Italy, but some scholars call Spain, Portugal and even Greece. Columbus mastered the art of sailing in Portugal, but it was Spain that sponsored his historical expedition in 1492.
During the holiday, most government agencies are closed, post offices, banks, stock exchanges are closed. Schools are generally open on this day, as are most American companies and businesses. In New York, Denver and many other cities in honor of Columbus Day, more than 500 years after the historic arrival of an expedition of three ships to the coast of a small island in the Caribbean, ceremonies, parades, theatrical performances depicting Columbus's discovery of America are held.
The holiday opens, as a rule, with the laying of flowers at the Columbus monument in Central Park in New York.
Then, on Manhattan's Fifth Avenue, a carnival begins with schoolchildren, police officers, firefighters and National Guard soldiers.
The most crowded and noisy on this day in New York. Up to 30 thousand people gather on Fifth Avenue, the streets of Manhattan are decorated in the colors of the Italian flag, because according to one version, the discoverer of America was from the Republic of Genoa.
Along with colorful parades, sports events, fairs, carnivals are held throughout the country, and fireworks are organized in the evenings.
Numerous participants in the celebrations and spectators pay tribute to the memory of Christopher Columbus and 90 sailors, who set off with him on a voyage on three caravels - "Pinta", "Niña" and "Santa Maria".
Parades also take place in the Italian and Latin American quarters of the metropolis. Towards evening, the famous Empire State Building is illuminated by red-white-green illumination in the colors of the Italian flag.
Shopping is another entertainment for Americans on this holiday. On Columbus Day, small stores and large shopping centers are not crowded, because discounts on goods sometimes reach 70%, so on the second Monday in October, some stores receive monthly revenue.
Since the United States was founded by English colonists, and not by Columbus and his followers, as the Spaniards assured, in the United States the day of the "discovery of America" by Columbus for many years was not celebrated at all, although on the days of the 300th and 400th anniversaries of his maiden voyage commemorative ceremonies took place. Despite the fact that Christopher Columbus was definitely not the first European to set foot on the land of the American continent, it was he who accounted for the bulk of the fame and honors (as well as the ruthless criticism of the mass extermination of the indigenous people that followed his travels) ) for the "discovery" of America.
For the first time this holiday was "officially" celebrated in the United States in 1792 - in honor of the three hundredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus. The celebration was organized at the initiative of the political society Tammany Hall, also known as the Columbia Order, which is close to the US Democratic Party. To commemorate the anniversary of this great event, a monument to the navigator was erected in Baltimore, Maryland, and the District of Columbia received its current name (albeit a year before the three hundredth anniversary).
On the four hundredth anniversary of this event, in 1892, a statue of the navigator was installed in New York, on Columbus Avenue.
In many American cities, Columbus Day traditions are closely associated with American communities of Italian descent. In New York City, residents of Italian descent first celebrated Columbus Day in 1866. The Italian community of San Francisco held the first Columbus Day celebration in 1869.
In 1892, the first official celebration of Columbus Day took place in the United States. President Benjamin Harrison called on the people to celebrate 400 years of the discovery of America.
School programs, theatrical performances, festivals, sports events and fairs dedicated to the holiday were organized throughout the country.
The first American state to legalize the celebration of Columbus Day was Colorado in 1907. New York State declared Columbus Day an official holiday in 1909. The popularization of the holiday in various American states is associated with the activities of the Catholic movement "Knights of Columbus", which was a Catholic society.
This holiday was given the status of a public holiday in 1937 at the initiative of President Roosevelt.
Initially, the holiday was celebrated on October 12, but forty years ago, Nixon decided to postpone the official celebration to the next Monday. After the adoption in 1971 of a federal reform of public holidays, Columbus Day in the United States - Columbus Day is celebrated on the second Monday in October. This holiday differs from other nationwide US celebrations in its informality.
Unlike, for example, Christmas, many work on Columbus Day, but those who have a day off can fully enjoy the festive events. One of the most important components of the celebration of Columbus Day in the United States is parades - from small parades in small towns to colorful performances that gather thousands of spectators in large cities like New York and San Francisco.
This day is especially honored in places where the density of former Italian emigrants is high - in San Francisco, as well as in New York. Italian communities use this holiday even more as a day of Italian culture and their historical homeland, and the rest of the US citizens are happy to join them in this.
Although it is not customary to celebrate Columbus Day, for example, in Nevada, California and Hawaii, commercial organizations are allowed to work, but government offices are usually closed. No one holds special celebrations, only the US flag is hoisted over government buildings.
Columbus is named after Columbia in South America, the Columbian Plateau and the Columbia River in North America, the District of Columbia in the United States and the province of British Columbia in Canada; there are five cities in the United States called Columbus and four called Columbia.
In many places, such as Berkeley, California, Columbus Day has been replaced by Indigenous Day in honor of the inhabitants of the islands where the Columbus expedition landed.
But there are people in the United States for whom Columbus Day is not a holiday - these are the Indians. Indeed, in their opinion, it was Columbus who was to blame for the fact that the Europeans brought disease, death, poverty to the continent, and the surviving Indians were driven into reservations. Several years ago, as a result of a lawsuit by a number of American Indian organizations, the municipality of Denver (Colorado) demanded that the organizers of the next festive procession provide an official document, which would make sure that during the parade they would not in any way use the name and image of the great navigator, and the time of the speeches will not sound the name of Columbus. The Indians considered the mention of Columbus's name in a positive context as a manifestation of discrimination.
In addition, every year on the eve of Columbus Day in Denver, the Indians hold their own alternative procession - a protest march against this holiday. Almost every year it is accompanied by riots and arrests of their instigators.
Culture Day in Costa Rica
On October 12, Costa Rica celebrates America's Discovery Day. On October 12, Christopher Columbus discovered America and the first Europeans arrived on the shores of the New World.
Although, by and large, this day is not a holiday in this country. Over the years of its independence, Costa Rica has become home to many immigrants from various countries and today it is a truly international state. It is to integration and good neighborliness that this holiday calls, which in Costa Rica has its own special traditions.
Christopher Columbus was lucky enough to discover the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica during his fourth voyage to the New World. Costa Rica is considered the whitest country in the region. This country is the quietest and most prosperous of all Central American countries. It is often called tropical Switzerland.
When the Spanish flotilla approached these fertile lands, it was surrounded by Indians, who adorned themselves with gold plates. The sailors thought that they had finally found a coast rich in gold, so they called it "golden". However, it was not possible to find precious metals, so the coast had to be renamed simply "rich". This is how the name "Costa Rica" or "Rich Coast" appeared.
America's Discovery Day, October 12, is celebrated mainly in schools as "Culture Day." Thematic classes on the theme of the "Day of Cultures" are held in schools. It is timed to the friendship of peoples and the combination of various civilizations in the country - Spanish, African, local Aboriginal Indians and many others.
In this case, the celebration emphasizes the friendship of peoples and the unification of many cultures in Costa Rica.
Costa Rica welcomes and gladly accepts any immigrants, provided that they come with good intentions and are included in a friendly working team.
Before Christopher Columbus discovered the Bahamas in 1492, the Indian tribes of the Arawaks settled on them, which were taken by the conquistadors to the mines of South America, where they soon became completely extinct.
The first settlers who settled in the Bahamas after the Indians were Europeans who found freedom of religion on the island of Eleuthera.
Pirates also used the Bahamas as a refuge, and after the American War of Independence and the Civil War, royalists came with slaves. Slaves, in fact, were the ancestors of the bulk of today's population of the Bahamas.
Columbus Day is celebrated in the United States annually in honor of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World (on the island of San Salvador, also known as Weitling Island and now part of the British Bahamas) on October 12, 1492.
This event is celebrated in several countries with annual holidays - in the Bahamas it is Opening Day. More recently, it has also been called the Day of National Heroes, although many locals call it the Day of the New World Discovery in the old fashioned way. In all cities on this day, festive processions and parades, musical and theatrical performances are held, all government agencies and banks do not work.
Ispanidad Day in Spain
The Spanish National Day is celebrated annually on October 12. It was on October 12, 1492 that Spanish ships under the command of Christopher Columbus reached the shores of America. Thanks to this discovery, the name of the navigator and discoverer is included among the greatest and famous people who have made a great contribution to world history.
In 1913, a Latin American lawyer, entrepreneur, then the influential head of the Latin American Union, Faustino Rodriguez San Pedro, proposed to celebrate October 12 every year as a holiday of the Hispanic community.
This holiday, since 1918, has been solemnly celebrated in the same way by all Spaniards living in Latin America.
As a sign of respect for the peoples of South America, since 1935 this day has been officially considered as the Day of Hispanidad.
In 1981, Hispanidad Day was declared a national holiday by royal decree.
For several years it was celebrated under the old name, but in 1987 it was renamed the National Day of Spain and became one of the country's two main public holidays, along with Constitution Day.
The word Ispanidad, translated from Spanish, can be called a commonwealth or community of Hispanic peoples. In the last century, this day, which was often imperial in nature, was symbolized with the Spanish race and the Spanish spirit, which is probably why many Spaniards recall the Spanish colonial empire with some degree of nostalgia.
In modern Spain, October 12 is considered the birthday of the community of peoples speaking the Spanish language, a holiday of the Spanish people, Spanish civilization.
The celebration of this day begins annually in the central square of Madrid, where the solemn parade of the Spanish National Guard takes place.
Indian Resistance Day in Venezuela
In the capital of Venezuela, Caracas, during the First International Gathering of Indians of All America, timed to coincide with the next anniversary of the discovery of America, which is celebrated on October 12, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said that in fairness this day should be called "Day of Indian Resistance".
On October 12, 2002, the President of the Republic of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frias, signed Decree No. 2.028 to rename the celebrations of October 12, a date that is very important for Aboriginal people throughout America. Thus, since 2002, this date has been celebrated as the Day of Indian Resistance.
In order to celebrate the struggle of the indigenous population against foreign invaders. Since last year, changes have been made to the school curriculum of the history course, now Columbus is considered not the discoverer of America, but the organizer of the extermination of the aborigines of America.
The program includes the laying of wreaths in the Pantheon at the sarcophagus of Libertador Simon Bolivar and the symbolic monument of the Indian leader Guaicaipuro, a festive Indian fair and festivities on Los Proseros, a gala evening at the Teresa Carreño Theater.
The Venezuelan people pay tribute to the courage and bravery of the indigenous peoples of the continent and their rich and distinctive culture.
Hugo Chávez welcomed the representatives of the Indian peoples of the Americas to Caracas. In a bright and emotional speech, Chavez said that the discovery, made in 1492, gave rise to 150 years of "genocide" of native Indians by foreign invaders who behaved "worse than Hitler." “Christopher Columbus was the start of the largest invasion and genocide ever in human history,” the president said. - When the conquistadors appeared on the continent, almost 90 million indigenous peoples lived here. After 150 years, a little more than 3 million of them remained ... The Spanish, English and Portuguese conquerors, it turns out, during these long years, an Indian was killed every 10 minutes! " Chávez paid tribute to many of the heroes of the American Indian resistance in the Americas. He also stressed that the great Liberators of South America were mindful of the rights of indigenous peoples, and cited the example of Simon Bolivar, who, on May 20, 1820, in Cucuta signed a decree restoring the rights of the Indians and restoring their lands.
In 2004, a group of supporters of Hugo Chavez broke and took away in an unknown direction a bronze statue of the "discoverer". March 2009: According to the Associated Press, the Prefect of Caracas, a neighborhood in Venezuela's capital, ordered the demolition of a statue of Christopher Columbus. President Hugo Chávez warmly endorsed the official’s decision, saying during a televised speech that, having reached America more than 5 centuries ago,
Race Day in Argentina
This is a national holiday - Columbus Day, or America's Day. According to historical data, it was on this day in 1492 that Christopher Columbus entered and "discovered" a new continent. This day is also called the Day of Race - in honor of the peoples who inhabited Argentina. Indeed, after the discovery of America, the Spaniards, the British, and the French reached out to the Inca country, although there were more Spaniards.
On this day, the people of Argentina celebrate the anniversary of the discovery of America. In the country, it is declared a day off. The people attend festive church services and other events. Although commercial organizations still work, they are mainly in the service sector.
Race Day is a holiday in honor of the local and Argentine peoples. The peoples of the American continent in different parts of it were formed in different ways, only the starting point was common - the discovery of Columbus. South America attracted newcomers, mainly Spaniards, primarily with the fabulous riches of the Aztecs and Incas, their gold and silver. And the colonization of lands seemed unrealistic because of the destructive climate of the coastal selva. Therefore, a type of conquistadors-adventurers was formed, rushing here for "quick fortune" without wives, children, brides left in Spain.
On this day, worship groups perform, performing songs in their native language with translation into Spanish, as well as dance, theater and mimic groups. This is a day of worship and worship in all languages.
Movement against the celebration of Columbus Day
This anti-Columbus movement dates back to the 19th century, when anti-migrant groups refused to celebrate.
For the indigenous people of the country, this holiday is a day of sorrow. Indeed, Europeans brought death, disease, poverty to America discovered by Columbus, and the Indians were expelled from their lands, settling on reservations.
Therefore, in many cities, the indigenous population arranges marches on this day, which can be accompanied by arrests and riots.
From an indigenous perspective, Columbus's arrival on America's shores was a disaster from the start. Although Columbus wrote in his diaries that the Indians secretly showed him the most generous hospitality, he began by enslaving and killing Indian peoples living on the islands of the Caribbean.
As his famous biographer Samuel Eliot Morison writes in his book The Admiral of the Seas and Oceans, Columbus was personally responsible for the enslavement and extermination of the indigenous population. It was he who created the encomienda system (the right to use land with the Indians living on it), which tied the Indians to the land stolen from them by the European invaders.
The October 1976 issue of American Heritage magazine states that Columbus foresaw genocide against secretly living in what is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Consequently, this researcher, despite his historical fame, deserves neither respect, nor respect, nor the laurels of a hero; and even more so, he does not deserve a public holiday in his honor.
Supporters of the celebration of Columbus Day argue that the Indians are unfair to him, considering him as a contemporary, and not a person who lived according to moral principles and laws of the 15th century. Arguments like this suggest that no legal or moral principle existed for Columbus or any other country in 1492. As Roger Williams writes in his book American Indian in Western Legal Thought, at that time, the principles of law and morality not only took place, but also provided for the protection of the indigenous population from invasion and plunder. Unfortunately, the question of Columbus or the celebration of the day in his honor is not so easy to solve, just by revealing the truth about Columbus as a person.
The image of Christopher Columbus as a brave hero raises a lot of doubts. In the Bahamas, Columbus and his people enslaved the local population. As governor of Haiti, Columbus allegedly subjected the local population to monstrous torture.
Columbus Day is a national and international phenomenon that reflects myriad myths and historical lies that have been used for centuries to dehumanize Indians, justifying the theft of their lands, the deliberate destruction of entire nations and genocide against our people.
Since the 15th century, the myth of Columbus' discovery of America has been used to create laws and policies from which Orwell's demagogy carries, theft was equated with the spread of civilization, genocide acted as a means of ridding savages of barbarism, and the destruction of entire Indian peoples implied the superiority of European values and social institutions over Indian.
Columbus Day is a perpetuation of the racist assumption that, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Hemisphere was a waste land on which crowds of savages roamed in anticipation of a blessed European civilization. Across the globe, educational systems are actively planting these myths, while forgetting about the significant contribution of Indians to world culture and implying that these savages should be grateful for the colonization and microwaves.
As Alfred Crosby, Kirkpatrick Sale, and Jack Weatherford have demonstrated in their writings, the Western Hemisphere, prior to the arrival of Europeans, was not only a fertile land in itself until 1492, but its population made significant contributions. to world civilization, for example, a model for the constitutional rule of the United States, agricultural plants, which today make up 60% of the diet, and hundreds of medicinal herbs and techniques that are used in modern medicine
The Indians gave chocolate to the world. It was they who first began to prepare the drink "chocolatl" from crushed cocoa beans in combination with honey, hot peppers and corn.
Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands were inhabited by the Arawak Indian tribes. Christopher Columbus was the first European to visit the Bahamas. From that time on, the Spanish expansion began. Approximately 40,000 Indians were transported by the Spaniards from the islands to work in mines or to dig for pearls.
As a result, for almost 135 years - the Bahamas were deserted and were only a haven for pirates. The first British colony was founded on the islands in 1647. Later, the British brought African slaves here to work on cotton plantations.
In recent decades, Native Americans and other groups of the population have also opposed the celebration of the event that indirectly led to the colonization of the American continents and the destruction of millions of Aboriginal people: Europeans became carriers of infectious diseases such as smallpox, influenza, of which one in ten local people became victims; many aboriginal lives were claimed by the military clashes between the colonialists and the indigenous population.
In many Latin American countries, the anniversary of Columbus's accession to American soil is traditionally celebrated as Nation Day, celebrating the diversity of the roots of Latin America. In Venezuela, the holiday is known as Resistance Day in recognition of the indigenous peoples of America and their experiences. Some cities and states in the United States celebrate alternative commemorative days instead of Columbus Day.
Columbus's discovery of America
The most important event in the history of great geographical discoveries, and indeed of world history in general, was the discovery of America by Columbus - an event as a result of which the inhabitants of Europe discovered two continents called the New World, or America.
The confusion began with the names of the continents. There is strong evidence for the version that the lands of the New World were named after the Italian philanthropist Richard America of Bristol, who financed the trans-Atlantic expedition of John Cabot in 1497. The Florentine traveler Amerigo Vespucci, who visited the New World only in 1500 and after whom America is believed to be named, took the nickname in honor of the already named continent.
In May 1497, Cabot reached the shores of Labrador, becoming the first officially registered European to set foot on American soil, two years before Amerigo Vespucci. Cabot mapped the coast of North America from New England to Newfoundland. In the calendar of Bristol for that year we read: “... on the day of St. John the Baptist found the land of America by merchants from Bristol, who arrived on a ship called "Matthew".
Christopher Columbus is considered the official discoverer of the continents of the New World.
The story of the Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus
Among the great figures of world civilization, few can compare with Columbus in the number of publications devoted to his life, and at the same time in the abundance of "blank spots" in his biography. More or less confidently it can be argued that by origin he is a Genoese and about 1465 entered the Genoese fleet, after a while he was seriously wounded. Until 1485 he sailed on Portuguese ships, lived in Lisbon and the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, engaged in trade, mapping and self-education. It is not clear when and where he drew up the project of the western, in his opinion, the shortest sea route from Europe to India; the project was based on the ancient doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth and on incorrect calculations of scientists of the 15th century.
Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo, Cristobal Colon) (1451-1506) - Spanish navigator of Italian origin, who discovered America. He was originally from Italy. Born in Genoa between August 26 and October 31, 1451. Became a sailor at an early age and sailed the Mediterranean. Perhaps he was a merchant and commander of a ship.
In the mid-1470s, Columbus settled in Portugal and joined a small colony of Italian merchants in Lisbon. In Portugal, Columbus married Felipe Moniz, daughter of noble landowners, becoming a member of a mixed Italo-Portuguese family. It was the mother-in-law who gave Columbus the maps and documents kept by her husband, who died in 1457. It is possible that Columbus got his extensive information on geography from them.
Having become acquainted with these sciences, Columbus came to the conclusion that using the spherical shape of the Earth, it is possible to reach India by a western route across the Atlantic Ocean, bypassing the traditional, dangerous route along Africa.
With this fantastic project Columbus in 1483 to the Portuguese king Juan III. The king had to give ships, people and provide them with food. In addition, Columbus demanded the fulfillment of such conditions: if he reaches Asia and opens new lands, he will be appointed viceroy (deputy of the Spanish king) of these lands; a quarter of all income from trade with newly discovered countries to be deducted for his benefit; he should be given the rank of admiral; all his titles and ranks are inherited by children. But the king refused to finance the expedition - the idea seemed unrealistic to him, the risk was very high, and the reward that Columbus demanded was very high.
Having received a refusal, Columbus and his family left for Spain, hoping that there his idea would be met more favorably.
The Spanish rulers, who were approached by Columbus, upset by the refusal of João II, also reacted coolly to the sailor's idea - the long war for Granada demanded large investments from the Spanish treasury. Columbus had to wait several years before he managed to convince the Spanish royal couple to approve his expedition. Obviously, he very well chose the time to turn to them again with his proposal - the ended Reconquista (the long process of reconquesting by the Pyrenean Christians - mainly Spaniards, Catalans and Portuguese - the lands on the Iberian Peninsula occupied by the Moorish Emirates) allowed the royal court of Spain in a new way take a look at Columbus's ideas.
He was admitted to an audience with Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, who, after his report, appointed an academic council to discuss the project.
The members of the council were mainly clergy. Columbus vigorously defended his project. He referred to the evidence of ancient scientists about the sphericity of the Earth, to a copy of the map of the famous Italian astronomer Toscanelli, which depicted many islands in the Atlantic Ocean, and beyond them - the eastern shores of Asia. He convinced the learned monks that the legends spoke of the land beyond the ocean, from the shores of which sea currents sometimes bring tree trunks with traces of their processing by people. Columbus was an educated man: he knew how to draw maps, navigate ships, knew four languages. He managed to convince the Academic Council of the validity of their expectations.
The rulers of Spain believed the traveler and decided to conclude a treaty with Columbus, according to which, if successful, he received the title of admiral and viceroy of the lands open to him, as well as a significant part of the profit from trade with the countries where he would be able to visit. Thus began the era of geographical exploration and discovery, which was initiated by Christopher Columbus with the discovery of America.
At the time, Spain was in a difficult position. An earlier agreement with Portugal prohibited the Spanish (and all other ships) from sailing in the region of the west coast of Africa, thus excluding the possibility of reaching the shores of India by circling the African continent. The state treasury was depleted, and the possibility of establishing profitable trade with India was very useful for Spain.
The Spanish Church was also a supporter of the discovery of new lands in order to further spread the religion.
It remains only to guess what feelings drove Columbus to the discovery of new lands - whether a passion for new discoveries, some religious impulses or a banal craving for a comfortable existence, especially considering the fact that on April 17, 1492, Columbus and the Spanish king and queen signed the Treaty of Santa Fe, according to which Columbus not only received the title of nobility, but in case of the success of the expedition received the titles of admiral of the seas and viceroy and governor of new lands, as well as a very solid part of the potential profits that could provide the Spanish court with his (Columbus) discoveries.
The Spanish treasury, impoverished during the Reconquista, was unable to finance it, and Columbus was forced to turn to private investors for help. Despite the participation of these in the preparation for the expedition, the funds were only enough for three new ships, the condition of which was not at all ideal, and the crew partially consisted of people who broke the law, who were promised freedom in exchange for taking part in Columbus's expedition.
The first expedition of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493)
Finally, on August 3, 1492, these three ships - the flagship Santa Maria, Pinta and Niña - left the port, consisting of 91 people, and set off to discover new lands.
The crews of the ships consisted mainly of convicted criminals. It had already been 33 days since the expedition left the Canary Islands, and the land was still not visible. The team began to grumble. To calm her down, Columbus wrote down the distances traveled in the logbook, deliberately minimizing them.
Finally, on October 12, "Earth!"
It was a small island with lush tropical vegetation. Tall people with dark skin lived here. The natives called their island Guanahaniya.
October 12, 1492 Christopher Columbus landed on this island. This date is the official date of the discovery of America.
Columbus named it San Salvador and declared it a possession of Spain. This name was stuck with one of the Bahamas.
The indigenous inhabitants of the island greeted the newcomers friendly, introduced the sailors to tobacco, as well as various local plants, among which were tomatoes and potatoes. Since Columbus was sure that he had sailed to India, he called the local people "Indians".
Continuing his journey, on October 28, Columbus reached the shores of Cuba, and soon Haiti (calling him Hispaniola). Having built the fort Navidad on Hispaniola, in which he left several people, Columbus went on. His next point was San Domingo.
Delighted with the discovery of a new path to India (as he believed), Columbus was nevertheless very disappointed not to find the luxurious cities and untold riches he expected. On January 4-16, 1493 he completed the survey of the northern coast of Haiti and on March 15 he returned to Castile, in Palos he was greeted as a hero.
Columbus took several local Indians with him to Spain as one of the proofs of the success of his expedition.
Second expedition of Christopher Columbus (1493-1496)
The second expedition was headed by Christopher Columbus already in the rank of admiral, and in the position of vice-king of the newly discovered lands, it consisted of 17 ships with a crew of over 1.5 thousand people
In this composition, the expedition arrived at Isabella - the first Spanish settlement in San Domingo.
Using the labor of local Indians, the Spaniards began work on the extraction of gold. In pursuit of profit, Columbus constantly demanded the Indians to work more and more, which contributed to the exacerbation of their already difficult relationship.
During the second expedition, Columbus discovered the islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe, turning to the Northwest - about 20 more Lesser Antilles, including Antigua and the Virgin Islands, and a little later - the island of Puerto Rico and approached the northern coast of Haiti.
In March 1494, Columbus, in search of gold, made an aggressive campaign into Haiti, and crossed the Cordillera Central ridge. On April 29-May 3, Columbus with 3 ships sailed along the southeastern coast of Cuba, turned from Cape Cruz to the South and on May 5 opened about. Jamaica.
Returning to Cape Cruz, Columbus walked along the southern coast of Cuba to 84 ° West longitude, discovered the Jardines de la Reina archipelago, the Zapata peninsula and the island of Pinos.
In 1496 Columbus returned to Spain.
Third expedition of Christopher Columbus (1498-1500)
The 3rd expedition (1498-1500) consisted of 6 ships, 3 of which Christopher Columbus himself led across the Atlantic Ocean.
On July 31, 1498, he discovered the island of Trinidad, entered the Gulf of Paria from the south, discovered the mouth of the western branch of the Orinoco delta and the Paria peninsula, initiating the discovery of South America.
After leaving for the Caribbean Sea, Christopher Columbus approached the Araya Peninsula, discovered the island of Margarita on August 15 and arrived in the city of Santo Domingo on August 31.
However, during his absence, the Spaniards, who remained in the colony, revolted against the admiral, dividing the land and the Indians among themselves and continuing to work in their own interests, regardless of the interests of the Spanish crown. Returning Columbus had to negotiate with the rebels, giving them ownership of a piece of land and Indians as slaves. Such a policy, of course, had a negative impact on the relationship with the Indians.
Columbus's original plans to trade with the inhabitants of the new lands changed dramatically when he realized that, from an economic point of view, it was much more profitable for him to subjugate the Indians than to trade with them. Columbus's cruelty towards the local Indians, which increased their already great discontent, the too low profits brought by the colonies, as well as the suspicion that Columbus was simply hiding the wealth he found in the new lands, led the Spanish rulers to the idea that to rule new lands should be assigned to another person. Arriving at Hispaniola in 1500, the royal inspector Francisco de Bobadilla arrested Columbus and sent him to Spain.
But soon the rulers of Spain ordered the release of the famous navigator. Columbus managed to convince them that there is gold and other riches in the lands discovered by him, and they only need to look carefully.
The fourth expedition of Christopher Columbus (1502-1504)
June 15 - moving through the Lesser Antilles, he discovered the island of Martinique. June 29 - fleeing a sea storm, asked the governor of Hispaniola Nicholas Ovando for permission to take refuge in the harbor of Santo Domingo, but he was refused. Fortunately, Columbus's ships made it through the storm.
July - Columbus moves west along the southern coast of Hispaniola and Jamaica. He intended to reach the mainland in the west and find the strait, following along the coast. July 30 - Columbus approached the northern coast of the land inhabited by the Maya people (Honduras).
September 18 - The Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua) and the "Gold Coast" (later - Costa Rica, "Rich Coast") are opened. October 5 - Columbus learned from the Indians of the Veragua country that the South Sea (Gulf of Panama in the Pacific Ocean) can be reached through a narrow but mountainous strip of land (Isthmus of Panama).
17 October - Mosquito Bay is opened. Locals talked about the existence in the south of the country, inhabited by warlike people who ride animals, wear shells, wield swords, bows and arrows (it is obvious that they were talking about Peru, a highly developed Inca state, whose inhabitants used llamas as beasts of burden). November - Columbus' ships struggle along the coast of Panama.
December - The expedition welcomes the new year 1503 in the bay, which in 400 years will become the northern entrance to the Panama Canal.
Columbus is only 65 km away from the Pacific Ocean, but he will never overcome them. January 1503 - Columbus returns to Mosquito Bay. He wants to leave the colony here under the command of his brother Bartolomé, but the local Indians are so warlike that he abandons this intention. April 16 - Columbus goes to sea and resumes searching for the strait, moving east.
June 25, 1503 crashed off the island of Jamaica; help from Santo Domingo came only a year later. Christopher Columbus returned to Castile on November 7, 1504.
The great navigator spent the last years of his life in oblivion. On May 20, 1506, Columbus died, a poor, sick man, while continuing to believe that the land he discovered was India.
After the death of Columbus in 1506, his ashes were first buried in Seville (Spain), but then Emperor Charles V decided to fulfill his dying wish and bury him in the West Indies. The remains of Columbus in 1540 were taken to the island of Hispaniola (as Haiti was called at that time) and buried in Santo Domingo. When, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, part of Hispaniola passed from the Spaniards to the French (and became known as Haiti), the ashes were transported to Cuba to the Havana Cathedral. After the expulsion of the Spaniards from this island in 1898, the seafarer's ashes were returned to Santo Domingo, and then to Seville.
Columba's tomb is in the Seville Cathedral.
However, at the end of the 19th century, during the restoration of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, the oldest in the New World, a box with bones was discovered, on which it was written that they belong to Columbus. After that, a dispute arose between Seville and Santo Domingo over the right to be considered the place where the great navigator rests. In 2003, a group of geneticists and anthropologists, led by a professor of forensic medicine at the University of Granada and the FBI Academy in Quantico Jose Antonio Lorente, took up the study of this issue. An analysis of the alleged remains of Columbus, exhumed in Seville, showed, however, that they belong to a rather fragile 45-year-old man, while Christopher Columbus, on the contrary, was of a very strong constitution, and died between the ages of 55 and 60 years.
The northern region includes the entire Yucatan PeninsulaCoat of arms of Christopher Columbus
Columbus for his great discoveries by the Catholic monarchs was granted the noble coat of arms, on which "the castle of Castile and the lion of Leon (Spanish castillo - castle, Spanish león - lion) coexisted with images of the islands discovered by him, as well as anchors - symbols of the admiral's title."
His son Diego married the niece of the Duke of Alba and demanded from the Spanish crown the provision of the Isthmus of Panama (the country of Veragua), discovered by his father during his last trip. Disputes about the status of these lands and about the rights of Columbus' descendants to them dragged on for almost 30 years. In 1536, Columbus's grandson announced the renunciation of claims to the lands discovered by his grandfather and the income from them, for which King Carlos I rewarded him with a substantial pension with the titles of Marquis of Jamaica and Duke of Veragua. In the future, these titles were carried by the descendants of Diego's eldest daughter - the younger Alvaresi, and then the Fitzjames (descendants of the Duke of Berwick). In the 19th century, the holder of the title “Duke of Veragua”, as a sign of his descent from Columbus, changed his surname “Fitzjames” to “Cristóbal Colón”. From the youngest daughter Diego comes the Guadalest branch of the Catalan family Cardona.
Objects named Columbus
By no means doubting the great achievement of Christopher Columbus, it is nevertheless worth noting that formally he discovered only the islands off the coast of Central America. As for continental America, Columbus visited it only on his third trip, and he never visited North America.
The greatest merit of Columbus was that he brought to the end a journey that seemed absolutely fantastic to his contemporaries. Convinced of the sphericity of the earth, Columbus knew that going in the opposite direction than was customary could achieve the same goal. Along the way, he made a number of discoveries:
The Greater Antilles Archipelago;
Mouth of the Orinoco River;
Central America.
But he was not aware of what he had discovered. Captivated by the idea of getting to India, he did not compare reality with theory, was not interested in his discoveries from a scientific point of view, but aspired only to wealth and honor. This was the curse of his life.
Many geographical objects received the name of Columbus, of course, they should be put at the head:
The South American Republic of Colombia;
Columbia River in the northwestern United States
Mount Columbia rises on the border between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia; the second mountain of the same name is located in the state of Colorado.
The northernmost cape of Canada (on Ellesmere Island) is also called Columbia. Southeast British Columbia has several lakes called Columbia. The most important port of Panama on the shores of the Caribbean Sea is called Colon, which corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the name of the great traveler.
City in the Colon Canal Zone;
Colon is a city on the Atlantic coast of the Panama Canal, the administrative center of the Colon province.
Monetary units of Costa Rica and El Salvador Colon;
On all the issued banknotes of all years of issue and all denominations, a portrait of Columbus was placed on the reverse side.
Pedro Alonso Niño 1499-1500 visited the Pearl Coast to the west of the Gulf of Paria in the Caribbean Sea and brought home 38 kg of pearls - this was the richest overseas production of the Spaniards in the 15th century.
From Alonso Ojeda on an expedition in 1499 also went to the representative of the Florentine bankers who financed the enterprise - Amerigo Vespucci, as a pilot and cartographer Juan de la Cosa and a notary Rodrigo de Bastidas. Approaching the South American mainland at a latitude of about 5 ° N. sh., Ojeda headed northwest, walked 1200 km along the coast of Guiana and Venezuela to the Orinoco Delta, then through the straits to the Caribbean Sea and to the Pearl Coast.
Meanwhile, Amerigo Vespucci, moving southeast, opened the mouths of the Amazon and Para rivers. Having climbed 100 kilometers upstream in boats, he was never able to disembark because of the dense forest. Movement further to the southeast was extremely hampered by a strong countercurrent. This is how the Guiana Current was discovered. In total, Vespucci discovered about 1200 kilometers of the northeastern coast of South America. Returning north and northwest, Vespucci landed in Trinidad and later linked up with Ojeda's ships. Together they explored the coast to the west of the Pearl Coast, discovered the eastern part of the Caribbean Andes, participated in armed clashes with unfriendly Indians, discovered the islands of Curacao and Aruba - the westernmost of the Lesser Antilles.
In December 1499, another member of Columbus's first expedition, Vicente Yanes Pinson, went overseas. He was the first of the Spaniards to cross the equator, and on January 26, 1500, went, as it later turned out, to the easternmost tip of the South American continent - Cape San Roque. Pinson landed and formalized the act of taking possession of the country, which would later be called Brazil. Moving from here to the north-west, Pinson, after Vespucci, opened the mouth of the Pará, the Amazon, and reached Guiana and the mouth of the Orinoco.
In October 1500, Rodrigo de Bastidas sailed from Cadiz on two ships. Upon reaching the shores of South America, Bastidas explored about 1000 km of the Caribbean coast, discovered the mouth of the Magdalena River, as well as Darien Bay and Uraba Bay (northern coast of Colombia). The members of the expedition were the first to explore the interior regions of the continent in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region. He was forced to return to Santo Domingo, previously being the first of the Europeans to set foot on the Isthmus of Panama. During his voyage in 1502, Bastidas found a lot of gold, but on charges of illegal trade, he was arrested by the governor of Hispaniola Francis de Bobadilla and sent to Spain.
At the same time, several more took place not only Spanish (the main purpose of which was to search for gold, pearls and the capture of slaves for sale in Spain), but also Portuguese expeditions (Opening on April 24, 1500 of Brazil by Pedro Alvaris Cabral, two expeditions to the Brazilian shores 1501 -1502 and 1503-1504 by Gonzalo Coelho with the participation of Amerigo Vespucci), as a result of which the outlines of the northern and eastern coasts of the new continent began to become clear, and it turned out that a significant part of it is located south of the equator, which means that it cannot be Asia.
Sources and links
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