Food and energy. Maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Evaporation and condensation

08.05.2019

All living organisms, except viruses, consist of cells. They provide all the processes necessary for the life of a plant or animal. The cell itself can be a separate organism. And how can such a complex structure live without energy? Of course not. So how does the supply of energy to cells take place? It is based on the processes that we will discuss below.

Providing cells with energy: how does it happen?

Few cells receive energy from the outside, they generate it themselves. possess a kind of "stations". And the source of energy in the cell is the mitochondria - the organoid that produces it. The process of cellular respiration takes place in it. Due to it, the cells are supplied with energy. However, they are present only in plants, animals and fungi. In bacterial cells, mitochondria are absent. Therefore, their supply of cells with energy occurs mainly due to fermentation processes, and not respiration.

Mitochondrion structure

This is a two-membrane organoid that appeared in a eukaryotic cell during evolution as a result of absorption of a smaller one.This can explain the fact that mitochondria have their own DNA and RNA, as well as mitochondrial ribosomes that produce proteins necessary for organelles.

The inner membrane has outgrowths called cristae, or ridges. The process of cellular respiration takes place on the cristae.

What is inside the two membranes is called the matrix. It contains proteins, enzymes necessary to accelerate chemical reactions, as well as RNA, DNA and ribosomes.

Cellular respiration is the basis of life

It takes place in three stages. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

The first stage is preparatory

During this stage, complex organic compounds are split into simpler ones. Thus, proteins break down to amino acids, fats to carboxylic acids and glycerol, nucleic acids to nucleotides, and carbohydrates to glucose.

Glycolysis

This is an oxygen-free stage. It consists in the fact that the substances obtained during the first stage are further degraded. The main sources of energy that the cell uses at this stage are glucose molecules. Each of them in the process of glycolysis breaks down to two molecules of pyruvate. This happens during ten successive chemical reactions. Due to the first five, glucose is phosphorylated and then split into two phosphotrioses. In the next five reactions, two molecules and two molecules of PVC (pyruvic acid) are formed. The energy of the cell is stored in the form of ATP.

The whole process of glycolysis can be simplified as follows:

2NAD + 2ADP + 2H 3 PO 4 + C 6 H 12 O 6 → 2H 2 O + 2NAD. H 2 + 2C 3 H 4 O 3 + 2ATF

Thus, using one glucose molecule, two ADP molecules and two phosphoric acid, the cell receives two ATP molecules (energy) and two pyruvic acid molecules, which it will use in the next step.

The third stage is oxidation

This stage occurs only in the presence of oxygen. The chemical reactions of this stage take place in the mitochondria. This is the main part during which the most energy is released. At this stage, reacting with oxygen, it decomposes to water and carbon dioxide. In addition, 36 ATP molecules are formed. So, we can conclude that the main sources of energy in the cell are glucose and pyruvic acid.

Summing up all the chemical reactions and omitting the details, we can express the entire process of cellular respiration in one simplified equation:

6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 + 38ADP + 38H 3 PO 4 → 6CO 2 + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Thus, during respiration, from one glucose molecule, six oxygen molecules, thirty-eight ADP molecules and the same amount of phosphoric acid, the cell receives 38 ATP molecules, in the form of which energy is stored.

Variety of mitochondrial enzymes

The cell receives energy for vital activity due to respiration - oxidation of glucose, and then pyruvic acid. All these chemical reactions could not take place without enzymes - biological catalysts. Let's look at those of them that are found in mitochondria - organelles responsible for cellular respiration. All of them are called oxidoreductases, because they are needed to ensure the occurrence of redox reactions.

All oxidoreductases can be divided into two groups:

oxidase;
dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenases, in turn, are divided into aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic ones contain the coenzyme riboflavin, which the body receives from vitamin B2. Aerobic dehydrogenases contain NAD and NADP molecules as coenzymes.

Oxidases are more diverse. First of all, they are divided into two groups:

those that contain copper;
those that contain iron.

The former include polyphenol oxidases, ascorbate oxidase, the latter - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. The latter, in turn, are divided into four groups:

cytochromes a;
cytochromes b;
cytochromes c;
cytochromes d.

Cytochromes a contain iron-formylporphyrin, cytochromes b - iron protoporphyrin, c - substituted iron mesoporphyrin, d - iron dihydroporphyrin.

Are there other ways to get energy?

Despite the fact that most cells receive it as a result of cellular respiration, there are also anaerobic bacteria that do not need oxygen to exist. They generate the necessary energy through fermentation. This is a process during which, with the help of enzymes, carbohydrates are broken down without the participation of oxygen, as a result of which the cell receives energy. There are several types of fermentation, depending on the end product of chemical reactions. It can be lactic acid, alcoholic, butyric acid, acetone-butane, citric acid.

For example, consider It can be expressed with the following equation:

S 6 N 12 O 6 → C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2

That is, the bacterium splits one molecule of glucose into one molecule of ethyl alcohol and two molecules of carbon (IV) oxide.

Energy exchange- this is a stepwise decomposition of complex organic compounds, proceeding with the release of energy, which is stored in the high-energy bonds of ATP molecules and is then used in the process of cell life, including biosynthesis, i.e. plastic exchange.

In aerobic organisms, there are:

Preparatory- cleavage of biopolymers to monomers.
Oxygen free- glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.
Oxygen- splitting of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water.

Preparatory stage

At the preparatory stage of energy metabolism, the organic compounds received with food are split into simpler ones, usually monomers. So carbohydrates are broken down to sugars, including glucose; proteins - to amino acids; fats - to glycerin and fatty acids.

Although energy is released, it is not stored in ATP and therefore cannot be used later. Energy is dissipated as heat.

The breakdown of polymers in multicellular complex animals occurs in the digestive tract under the action of enzymes secreted here by the glands. Then the formed monomers are absorbed into the blood mainly through the intestines. Already the blood carries nutrients through the cells.

However, not all substances are decomposed to monomers in the digestive system. Cleavage of many occurs directly in cells, in their lysosomes. In unicellular organisms, the absorbed substances enter the digestive vacuoles, where they are digested.

The resulting monomers can be used for both energy and plastic exchange. In the first case, they are split, in the second, the components of the cells themselves are synthesized from them.

Oxygen-free stage of energy metabolism

The oxygen-free stage occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and, in the case of aerobic organisms, includes only glycolysis - enzymatic multistage oxidation of glucose and its breakdown to pyruvic acid also called pyruvate.

The glucose molecule has six carbon atoms. During glycolysis, it is split into two molecules of pyruvate, which contains three carbon atoms. In this case, some of the hydrogen atoms are split off, which are transferred to the coenzyme NAD, which, in turn, will then participate in the oxygen stage.

Part of the energy released during glycolysis is stored in ATP molecules. Only two ATP molecules are synthesized per glucose molecule.

The energy remaining in pyruvate, stored in NAD, will be further extracted from aerobes at the next stage of energy metabolism.

Under anaerobic conditions, when the oxygen stage of cellular respiration is absent, pyruvate is "rendered harmless" to lactic acid or undergoes fermentation. In this case, energy is not stored. Thus, here a useful energy output is provided only by low-effect glycolysis.

Oxygen stage

The oxygen stage takes place in the mitochondria. Two substages are distinguished in it: the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen entering the cells is used only in the second. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is formed and released.

Krebs cycle proceeds in the matrix of mitochondria, is carried out by a variety of enzymes. It does not receive the molecule of pyruvic acid (or fatty acid, amino acid) itself, but the acetyl group separated from it with the help of coenzyme-A, which includes two carbon atoms of the former pyruvate. During the multistage Krebs cycle, the acetyl group is split to two CO 2 molecules and hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen combines with NAD and FAD. Also, the synthesis of the GDP molecule occurs, leading to the synthesis of then ATP.

For one glucose molecule, from which two pyruvates are formed, there are two Krebs cycles. Thus, two ATP molecules are formed. If the energy metabolism ended here, then the total cleavage of the glucose molecule would give 4 ATP molecules (two from glycolysis).

Oxidative phosphorylation proceeds on cristae - outgrowths of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is provided by a conveyor of enzymes and coenzymes, which forms the so-called respiratory chain, ending with the enzyme ATP synthetase.

Through the respiratory chain, hydrogen and electrons are transferred from the coenzymes NAD and FAD. The transfer is carried out in such a way that hydrogen protons accumulate on the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the last enzymes in the chain transfer only electrons.

Ultimately, electrons are transferred to oxygen molecules on the inside of the membrane, as a result of which they are negatively charged. A critical level of the electric potential gradient arises, leading to the movement of protons through the channels of ATP synthetase. The energy of motion of hydrogen protons is used to synthesize ATP molecules, and the protons themselves combine with oxygen anions to form water molecules.

The energy yield of the functioning of the respiratory chain, expressed in ATP molecules, is large and in total amounts to 32 to 34 ATP molecules per one initial glucose molecule.

From the food we consume, energy is generated, which is necessary for the implementation of all functions of our body - from walking and the ability to speak to digestion and breathing. But why do we often complain about lack of energy, irritability, or lethargy? The answer lies in what food we eat every day.

Power generation

In addition to water and air, our body constantly needs a regular flow of food, which provides the energy reserves necessary for movement, breathing, thermoregulation, heart function, blood circulation and brain activity. Strikingly, even at rest, our brains consume about 50% of the energy stored from the food we eat, and energy consumption increases dramatically during intense brain activity, for example, during exams. How does the transformation of food into energy occur?

In the process of digestion, described in more detail in the corresponding section (-79), food is broken down into individual glucose molecules, which then enter the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. With the bloodstream, glucose is transported to the liver, where it is filtered and stored in reserve. The pituitary gland (located in the brain of the endocrine gland) sends a signal to the pancreas and thyroid glands to release hormones that cause the liver to release the accumulated glucose into the bloodstream, after which the blood delivers it to those organs and muscles that need it.

Having reached the desired organ, the glucose molecules penetrate into the cells, where they are converted into a source of energy, which is available for use by the cells. Thus, the process of constantly supplying organs with energy depends on the level of glucose in the blood.

In order to increase the body's energy reserves, we must consume certain types of foods, in particular, those capable of increasing the level of metabolism and maintaining the required level of energy. To understand how all this happens, consider the following questions:

How is food converted to energy?

There are mitochondria in every cell in our body. Here, the components that make up food products undergo a series of chemical transformations, resulting in the formation of energy. Each cell in this case is a miniature power plant. Curiously, the number of mitochondria in each cell depends on energy requirements. With regular exercise, it increases to provide more energy needed. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle leads to a decrease in energy production and, accordingly, a decrease in the number of mitochondria. Converting to energy requires different nutrients, each of which determines different stages in the process of obtaining energy (see Energy Food). Therefore, the food consumed should not only be satisfying, but also contain all types of nutrients necessary for energy production: carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO LIMIT THE CONTENT IN THE DIET OF PRODUCTS THAT TAKE ENERGY OR HINDER ITS FORMATION. ALL SUCH PRODUCTS STIMULATE THE RELEASE OF THE HORMONE ADRENALINE.

Maintaining a constant blood glucose level is important for the body to function properly (see Maintaining Normal Blood Sugar Levels - 46). For this purpose, it is desirable to give preference to foods with a low glycemic index. By adding protein and fiber to every meal or snack, you can help build up the energy you need.

Carbohydrates and glucose

The energy we extract from food comes more from carbohydrates than proteins or fats. Carbohydrates are more easily converted into glucose and are therefore the most convenient source of energy for the body.

Glucose can be used up for energy needs immediately, or stored in the liver and muscles. It is stored in the form of glycogen, which, if necessary, is easily converted into it again. In fight-or-flight syndrome (see), glycogen is released into the bloodstream to provide the body with additional energy. Glycogen is stored in a soluble form.

Protein must be balanced with carbohydrates

While carbohydrates and protein are essential for everyone, their ratios can fluctuate depending on individual needs and habits. The optimal ratio is selected individually by trial and error, but you can be guided by the data presented in the table on page 43.

Be careful with proteins. Always add high quality complex carbohydrates to them, such as dense vegetables or grains. The predominance of protein foods leads to acidification of the internal environment of the body, while it should be slightly alkaline. The internal self-regulation system allows the body to return to an alkaline state by releasing calcium from the bones. Ultimately, this can disrupt the structure of the bones, leading to osteoporosis, in which fractures often occur.

Health drinks and snacks that contain glucose provide a quick burst of energy, but the effect is short lived. Moreover, it is accompanied by the depletion of energy reserves accumulated by the body. During sports you spend a lot of energy, so you can "refuel" with soy curd with fresh berries in front of them.

Good food, good mood

Try increasing your protein intake a little while lowering your carbohydrates, or vice versa, until you determine your optimal energy level.

Energy needs throughout life

The need for additional energy arises in us at various stages of life. In childhood, for example, energy is needed for growth and learning; in adolescence, for hormonal and physical shifts during puberty. During pregnancy, the need for energy increases in both the mother and the fetus, and with stress, excess energy is expended throughout life. In addition, an active person requires more energy than ordinary people.

Energy thieves

It is very important to limit the content in the diet of foods that take away energy or interfere with its formation. These include alcohol, tea, coffee and fizzy drinks, as well as cakes, biscuits and sweets. All of these foods stimulate the release of the hormone adrenaline, which is produced in the adrenal glands. Adrenaline is most rapidly generated in the so-called fight-or-flight syndrome, when something threatens us. The release of adrenaline mobilizes the body to action. The heart begins to beat faster, the lungs absorb more air, the liver releases more glucose into the blood, and the blood rushes where it is needed most, such as the legs. A constantly increased production of adrenaline, in particular with adequate nutrition, can lead to a persistent feeling of fatigue.

Stress is also considered one of the energy thieves, as stress releases stored glucose from the liver and muscles, resulting in a short-term burst of energy followed by a state of prolonged fatigue.

Energy and emotions

In fight-or-flight syndrome, glycogen (stored carbohydrates) travels from the liver into the bloodstream, resulting in high blood sugar levels. Because of this, prolonged stress can seriously affect blood sugar levels. Caffeine and nicotine have a similar effect; the latter promote the secretion of two hormones, cortisone and adrenaline, which interfere with the digestive process and encourage the liver to release stored glycogen.

Energy-rich food

The richest in energy terms are foods containing a complex of B vitamins: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, B9 (folic acid) and biotin. All are found in abundance in grains of millet, buckwheat, rye, quinoa (a South American cereal very popular in the West), corn and barley. In germinating grains, the energy value increases many times over - the nutritional value of the seedlings is increased by enzymes that promote growth. Many B vitamins are also found in fresh herbs.

Vitamin C, which is present in fruits (for example, oranges) and vegetables (potatoes, peppers), is also important for the energy of the body; magnesium, which is abundant in greens, nuts and seeds; zinc (egg yolk, fish, sunflower seeds); iron (grains, pumpkin seeds, lentils); copper (brazil nut shells, oats, salmon, mushrooms); and coenzyme Q10, which is found in beef, sardines, spinach and peanuts.

Maintaining normal blood sugar levels

How often did you have to wake up in the morning in a bad mood, feeling lethargic, fatigued, and feeling an urgent need to sleep for another hour or two? And life seems to be no joy. Or, perhaps, tormented before noon, you wonder if you can make it to lunch. It’s even worse when you’re tired in the afternoon, at the end of the day, and you have no idea how you’ll get home. And there, after all, you still have to cook dinner. And then - eat. And don't you ask yourself: "Lord, and where did the last strength go?"

Constant fatigue and lack of energy can be caused by various reasons, but most often they are the result of a poor diet and / or irregular nutrition, as well as the abuse of stimulants that help "hold on".

Depression, irritability, and mood swings, along with PMS, tantrums, anxiety and nervousness, can result from imbalances in energy production, malnutrition, and frequent fad diets.

Having received an idea of how and from what energy is generated in our body, we can quickly increase our energy, which will not only maintain efficiency and good mood throughout the day, but also ensure a healthy deep sleep at night.

"We can also talk about the chemical death of a person, when the supply of psychic energy is depleted.

We can talk about resurrection when psychic energy begins to replenish".

The Fiery World, p. 3, p. 414.

What is Psychic Energy?- This is the life-giving energy on which the existence of a person depends. There is no Psychic Energy (hereinafter PE) - there is no life, physical decomposition, illness and death occur. There is PE - there is a life full of creativity, health and happiness.

Synonyms for PE: grace, prana, Chinese energy Qi, fire of Hermes, Kundalini, fire tongues of the day of the Holy Trinity, Vril Bulwer-Lytton, free energy of Killy, fluid Mesmer, Od Reichenbach, living fire of Zoroaster, Sophia of the Hellenes, Saraswati of the Hindus and many, many others.

Signs of decline in PE: mental and physical fatigue, drowsiness, amorphous consciousness, and in severe cases - nausea.

Signs of a PE flush: joy and optimism, creative activity, desire for achievement and fruitful activity.

Seven Ways to Conserve PE

1. AURA. Leaving the house in the morning, mentally outline an energetic shell in the shape of a chicken egg at an elongated elbow distance so that your body is in the center of this auric egg. Thus, you will strengthen the protective network of your aura, which protects your PE from unwanted intrusions.

2. VAMPIRES. Try to avoid communicating with people with a dull and dim, shifting gaze - these are energy vampires, after communicating with whom severe fatigue sets in. A person's gaze cannot be faked. The eyes are the most reliable indicator of the presence of PE in a person. Those who do not have their own PE often become an energy vampire and try (often unconsciously) to steal it by simply approaching the donor's aura.

3. CROWD. On public transport or similar crowded places, discreetly do a blitz assessment of the people standing next to you. If one of them caused you a slight rejection, then move away from him to another place. When human auras touch, your PE flows according to the magnetic principle into another aura, and the PE of another aura flows into yours, and there is no way to hinder this energy exchange - this is a firm law.

4. HANDS. In public places, try to avoid direct bare hand contact with common objects and things, such as door handles, handrails, shopping cart handles, etc. If possible, in the winter season, do not take off your gloves or buy thin ones, for example, kid gloves. If it is not possible to avoid direct contact with bare hands, then find the place that is least used. Human hands emit strong streams of PE. With each touch, a person saturates with his PE those objects that the hand touched. Be mindful of old, unfamiliar things. They can carry a charge of negative PE, from contact with which you will spend a lot of your PE to neutralize it.

5. IRRITATION. By all means, avoid irritation, which can be especially annoying in public transport, in shops, during heavy traffic on the road, driving a car, at home, etc. Mental irritation creates a negative PE, which destroys your positive PE.

6. INTIM. Lead a moderate intimate life, because the reproduction of seminal fluid requires a large consumption of PE.

7. ANIMALS. Do not keep animals at home so that your PE does not leak to them. Animals, like all living things, have their own aura with their own PE, which is much lower in quality than human PE. When the auras of a person and an animal come into contact, the same exchange of PE occurs as between people. Don't saturate your aura with a lower animal PE.

Seven ways to enhance PE

1. AIR. Breathe in natural, clean air more often. Prana, the solar PE, is dissolved in it. In large cities with a population of over one million, the air is not clean, so try to either go out into nature more often, or even move out of town or in a small town.

2. SPACE. Boundless universal spaces are filled with cosmic life-creating energy, which is akin to human PE. You just need to mentally call, pull her out of there. Look at the starry sky and imagine that it is an ocean of energy, by touching which you can easily enhance your life energy.

3. FRIENDSHIP. Be friendlier to everyone around you. Do not wish harm to anyone, even your enemies. Kindness and a friendly attitude not only generate positive PE radiation in your aura, but also evoke in people the same reciprocal vibrations of their auras. Friendly people exchange positive PE with other people simply because they induce the same positive PE in other people.

4. HEART. The main ruler of a person's PE is his heart. Listen to your heart, not your brain. The rational brain is often deceived in the correct assessment of the life situation and sometimes leads to a dead end. The heart is never deceived and knows much more than the mind can imagine. Hear the voice of your heart in silence and silence. It will tell you how to follow the path of life so that at the end you can say that you have lived a happy life.

6. VEGETABLES AND FRUITS. Eat raw vegetables and fruits - they are full of solar PE deposits. Try not to eat fried foods, as overcooked butter releases poisons that kill your PE. Do not eat meat, it is full of invisible energy of disease-causing fluids of decomposition, which begins immediately after the death of the animal. Even the freshest meat is full of not only low animal PE, but also energetic microbes, when eaten, your body will spend a lot of PE to neutralize them. Legumes can easily replace meat products.

7. DREAM. Before going to bed, do not worry, and even more so do not quarrel with your family. Try not to watch negative and criminal TV programs that cause bad emotions. Better to watch a good movie, or read a good book, or listen to calm music. Before going to bed, take a shower to cleanse not only your body of sweat deposits, but, more importantly, to wash away the energy accumulations of the day lived from the aura. Pure water has the ability to purify PE. Having retired to sleep in a clean body and a calm, serene spirit, your PE will rush into the clean layers of space, where it will receive strengthening and nourishment. In the morning you will feel vigor and strength to live the day ahead with dignity.

Metabolism (metabolism) is a collection of all chemical reactions that take place in the body. All these reactions are divided into 2 groups.

1. Plastic exchange(assimilation, anabolism, biosynthesis) - this is when from simple substances with the expenditure of energy formed (synthesized) more complex. Example:

During photosynthesis, glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.

2. Energy exchange(dissimilation, catabolism, respiration) - this is when complex substances decay (oxidize) to simpler ones, and at the same time energy is released necessary for life. Example:

In the mitochondria, glucose, amino acids and fatty acids are oxidized by oxygen to carbon dioxide and water, thus forming energy (cellular respiration)

The relationship of plastic and energy metabolism

Plastic metabolism provides the cell with complex organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids), including enzyme proteins for energy metabolism.
Energy metabolism provides the cell with energy. When performing work (mental, muscular, etc.), energy metabolism increases.

ATF- a universal energetic substance of a cell (a universal accumulator of energy). Formed in the process of energy metabolism (oxidation of organic substances).

During energy metabolism, all substances disintegrate, and ATP is synthesized. In this case, the energy of chemical bonds of disintegrated complex substances is converted into the energy of ATP, energy is stored in ATP.
During plastic exchange, all substances are synthesized, and ATP is decomposed. Wherein ATP energy is consumed(the energy of ATP is converted into the energy of chemical bonds of complex substances, is stored in these substances).

Choose the one that is most correct. In the process of plastic exchange
1) more complex carbohydrates are synthesized from less complex
2) fats are converted to glycerin and fatty acids
3) proteins are oxidized to form carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen-containing substances
4) energy is released and ATP is synthesized

Answer

Choose three options. How is plastic metabolism different from energy metabolism?
1) energy is stored in ATP molecules
2) the energy stored in ATP molecules is consumed
3) organic substances are synthesized
4) decomposition of organic substances occurs
5) end products of exchange - carbon dioxide and water
6) proteins are formed as a result of metabolic reactions

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. In the process of plastic metabolism, molecules are synthesized in cells
1) proteins
2) water
3) ATP
4) inorganic substances

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. What is the relationship between plastic and energy metabolism
1) plastic metabolism supplies organic substances for energy
2) energy metabolism supplies oxygen for plastic
3) plastic metabolism supplies minerals for energy
4) plastic metabolism supplies ATP molecules for energy

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. In the process of energy metabolism, in contrast to plastic, occurs
1) expenditure of energy contained in ATP molecules
2) storage of energy in the high-energy bonds of ATP molecules
3) providing cells with proteins and lipids
4) providing cells with carbohydrates and nucleic acids

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the exchange and its type: 1) plastic, 2) energy. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) oxidation of organic substances
B) the formation of polymers from monomers
C) cleavage of ATP
D) storage of energy in the cell
E) DNA replication
E) oxidative phosphorylation

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of metabolism in the cell and its type: 1) energetic, 2) plastic. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) anoxic breakdown of glucose occurs
B) occurs on ribosomes, in chloroplasts
C) end products of exchange - carbon dioxide and water
D) organic substances are synthesized
E) the energy contained in the ATP molecules is used
E) energy is released and stored in ATP molecules

Answer

3. Establish a correspondence between the signs of human metabolism and its types: 1) plastic metabolism, 2) energy metabolism. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) substances are oxidized
B) substances are synthesized
C) energy is stored in ATP molecules
D) energy is consumed
E) ribosomes are involved in the process
E) mitochondria are involved in the process

Answer

4. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of metabolism and its type: 1) energy, 2) plastic. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) DNA replication
B) protein biosynthesis
C) oxidation of organic substances
D) transcription
E) synthesis of ATP
E) chemosynthesis

Answer

5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of exchange: 1) plastic, 2) energy. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) energy is stored in ATP molecules
B) biopolymers are synthesized
C) carbon dioxide and water are formed
D) oxidative phosphorylation occurs
D) DNA replication occurs

Answer

Select three processes related to energy metabolism.
1) the release of oxygen into the atmosphere
2) the formation of carbon dioxide, water, urea
3) oxidative phosphorylation
4) glucose synthesis
5) glycolysis
6) photolysis of water

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. The energy required for muscle contraction is released when
1) the breakdown of organic substances in the digestive organs
2) muscle irritation with nerve impulses
3) oxidation of organic matter in muscles
4) ATP synthesis

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. As a result of what process lipids are synthesized in the cell?
1) dissimilation
2) biological oxidation
3) plastic exchange
4) glycolysis

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. The value of plastic metabolism - supplying the body
1) mineral salts
2) oxygen
3) biopolymers
4) energy

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. Oxidation of organic substances in the human body occurs in
1) pulmonary vesicles when breathing
2) body cells in the process of plastic metabolism
3) the process of digesting food in the digestive tract
4) body cells in the process of energy metabolism

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. What metabolic reactions in the cell are accompanied by energy expenditures?
1) the preparatory stage of energy metabolism
2) lactic acid fermentation
3) oxidation of organic substances
4) plastic exchange

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the processes and constituent parts of metabolism: 1) anabolism (assimilation), 2) catabolism (dissimilation). Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) fermentation
B) glycolysis
B) breathing
D) protein synthesis
E) photosynthesis
E) chemosynthesis

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and metabolic processes: 1) assimilation (anabolism), 2) dissimilation (catabolism). Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) synthesis of organic substances of the body
B) includes a preparatory stage, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
C) the released energy is stored in ATP
D) water and carbon dioxide are formed
D) requires energy costs
E) occurs in chloroplasts and ribosomes

Answer

Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Metabolism is one of the main properties of living systems, it is characterized by what happens
1) selective response to external environmental influences
2) change in the intensity of physiological processes and functions with different periods of oscillation
3) transmission from generation to generation of signs and properties
4) absorption of essential substances and excretion of waste products
5) maintaining a relatively constant physical and chemical composition of the internal environment

Answer

1. All but two of the following terms are used to describe plastic exchange. Identify two terms "falling out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) replication
2) duplication
3) broadcast
4) translocation
5) transcription

Answer

2. All of the concepts listed below, except for two, are used to describe the plastic metabolism in the cell. Define two concepts that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) assimilation
2) dissimilation
3) glycolysis
4) transcription
5) broadcast

Answer

3. The following terms, other than two, are used to characterize plastic exchange. Identify two terms that fall out of the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) splitting
2) oxidation
3) replication
4) transcription
5) chemosynthesis

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. The nitrogenous base adenine, ribose and three phosphoric acid residues are part of
1) DNA
2) RNA
3) ATP
4) squirrel

Answer

All the signs below, except two, can be used to characterize the energy metabolism in the cell. Identify two signs that "fall out" from the general list, and write in the answer the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) comes with energy absorption
2) ends in mitochondria
3) ends in ribosomes
4) is accompanied by the synthesis of ATP molecules
5) ends with the formation of carbon dioxide

Answer

Find three errors in the above text. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made.(1) Metabolism, or metabolism, is a set of reactions of synthesis and decay of substances of a cell and an organism, associated with the release or absorption of energy. (2) The set of reactions for the synthesis of high molecular weight organic compounds from low molecular weight compounds is referred to as plastic exchange. (3) ATP molecules are synthesized in reactions of plastic exchange. (4) Photosynthesis is referred to as energy metabolism. (5) As a result of chemosynthesis, organic substances are synthesized from inorganic ones due to the energy of the Sun.

Answer