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Prominent Russian scientists. The most famous scientists in the world

Physics

Andrew Game. Photo: ITAR-TASS / Stanislav Krasilnikov

In the new millennium, the Nobel Prize in physics went to Russian-speaking scientists three times, though only in 2010 for a discovery made in the 21st century. MIPT graduates Andrey Game And Konstantin Novoselov For the first time in the laboratory of the University of Manchester, they were able to obtain a stable two-dimensional carbon crystal - graphene. It is a very thin - one atom thick - carbon film, which, due to its structure, has many interesting properties: excellent conductivity, transparency, flexibility, and very high strength. For graphene, new and new areas of application are constantly being found, for example, in microelectronics: flexible displays, electrodes, and solar panels are created from it.

Mikhail Lukin. Photo: ITAR-TASS / Denis Vyshinsky

Another graduate of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and now a professor of physics at Harvard University Mikhail Lukin , did the seemingly impossible: he stopped the light. For this, the scientist used supercooled rubidium vapor and two lasers: the control one made the medium conductive for light, and the second served as a source of a short light pulse. When the control laser was turned off, the particles of the light pulse stopped leaving the medium, as if stopping in it. This experiment was a real breakthrough in the creation of quantum computers - machines of a completely new type that can perform an enormous number of operations in parallel. The scientist continued research in this area, and in 2012 his group at Harvard created the longest-lived qubit at that time, the smallest element for storing information in a quantum computer. And in 2013, Lukin for the first time received photonic matter - a kind of substance, only consisting not of atoms, but of particles of light, photons. It is also planned to be used for quantum computing.

Yuri Oganesyan (center) with Georgy Flerov and Konstantin Petrzhak. Photo from the JINR electronic archive

Russian scientists in the 21st century have significantly expanded the periodic table. For example, in January 2016, elements with numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 were added to it, three of which were first obtained at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna under the guidance of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Oganesyan . He also has the honor of discovering a number of other superheavy elements and the reactions of their synthesis: elements heavier than uranium do not exist in nature - they are too unstable, so they are created artificially in accelerators. In addition, Oganesyan experimentally confirmed that there is a so-called "island of stability" for superheavy elements. All these elements decay very quickly, but first theoretically, and then experimentally, it was shown that among them there should be those whose lifetime significantly exceeds the lifetime of their neighbors in the table.

Chemistry

Artem Oganov. Photo from personal archive

Chemist Artem Oganov , head of laboratories in the US, China and Russia, and now also a professor at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, has created an algorithm that allows a computer to search for substances with predetermined properties, even impossible from the point of view of classical chemistry. The method developed by Oganov formed the basis of the USPEX program (which reads like the Russian word for "success"), which is widely used around the world ("Attic" in detail). With its help, new magnets were discovered, and substances that can exist in extreme conditions, such as under high pressure. It is assumed that such conditions may well exist on other planets, which means that the substances predicted by Oganov are there.

Valery Fokin. Biopharmaceutical cluster "Severny"

However, it is necessary not only to simulate substances with predetermined properties, but also to create them in practice. To do this, a new paradigm was introduced in chemistry in 1997, the so-called click chemistry. The word “click” imitates the sound of a latch, because a new term was introduced for reactions that must, under any conditions, combine small constituents into the desired molecule. At first, scientists were skeptical about the existence of a miracle reaction, but in 2002 Valery Fokin , a graduate of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, now working at the Scripps Institute in California, discovered such a “molecular latch”: it consists of azide and alkyne and works in the presence of copper in water with ascorbic acid. With the help of this simple reaction, completely different compounds can be combined with each other: proteins, dyes, inorganic molecules. Such a "click" synthesis of substances with previously known properties is primarily necessary for the creation of new drugs.

Biology

Evgeny Kunin. Photo from the personal archive of the scientist

However, in order to treat a disease, it is sometimes necessary not only to neutralize a virus or bacterium, but also to correct one's own genes. No, this is not a plot for a science fiction movie: scientists have already developed several "molecular scissors" systems capable of editing the genome (more on the amazing technology in the Attic article). The most promising among them is the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which is based on the mechanism of protection against viruses that exists in bacteria and archaea. One of the key researchers of this system is our former compatriot Evgeny Kunin , who has been with the US National Center for Biotechnology Information for many years. In addition to CRISPR systems, the scientist is interested in many issues of genetics, evolutionary and computational biology, so it’s not without reason that his Hirsch index (citation index of a scientist’s articles, reflecting how much his research is in demand) has exceeded 130 - this is an absolute record among all Russian-speaking scientists.

Vyacheslav Epshtein. Photo by Northwestern University

However, the danger today is provided not only by the breakdown of the genome, but also by the most common microbes. The fact is that over the past 30 years not a single new type of antibiotics has been created, and bacteria are gradually becoming immune to old ones. Fortunately for mankind, in January 2015, a group of scientists from the US Northeastern University announced the creation of a completely new antimicrobial agent. To do this, scientists turned to the study of soil bacteria, which had previously been considered impossible to grow in the laboratory. To get around this barrier, an employee of Northeastern University, a graduate of Moscow State University Vyacheslav Epshtein Together with a colleague, he developed a special chip for growing recalcitrant bacteria right on the ocean floor - in such a cunning way, the scientist circumvented the problem of increased "capriciousness" of bacteria that did not want to grow in a Petri dish. This technique formed the basis of a large study, which resulted in the antibiotic teixobactin, which can cope with both tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Mathematics

Grigory Perelman. Photo: George M. Bergman - Mathematisches Institut Oberwolfach (MFO)

Even people who are very far from science have probably heard about mathematics from St. Petersburg Grigory Perelman . In 2002-2003 he published three papers proving the Poincaré conjecture. This hypothesis belongs to the branch of mathematics called topology and explains the most general properties of space. In 2006, the proof was accepted by the mathematical community, and the Poincaré conjecture thus became the first one among the so-called seven millennium problems to be solved. These include classical mathematical problems whose proofs have not been found for many years. For his proof, Perelman was awarded the Fields Prize, often referred to as the Nobel Prize for mathematicians, as well as the Clay Mathematical Institute's Millennium Prize. The scientist refused all awards, which attracted the attention of the public far from mathematics.

Stanislav Smirnov. Photo: ITAR-TASS / Yuri Belinsky

Working at the University of Geneva Stanislav Smirnov in 2010 he also won the Fields Medal. His most prestigious award in the mathematical world was his proof of the conformal invariance of two-dimensional percolation and the Ising model in statistical physics, a thing with an unpronounceable name used by theorists to describe the magnetization of a material and used in the development of quantum computers.

Andrey Okunkov. Photo: Radio Liberty

Perelman and Smirnov are representatives of the Leningrad School of Mathematics, graduates of the notorious School No. 239 and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University. But there were also Muscovites among the nominees for the mathematical Nobel Prize, for example, a professor at Columbia University who worked in the United States for many years, a graduate of Moscow State University Andrey Okounkov . He received the Fields Medal in 2006, at the same time as Perelman, for achievements connecting probability theory, representation theory, and algebraic geometry. In practice, Okounkov's work of various years has found application both in statistical physics for describing the surfaces of crystals and in string theory, a field of physics that attempts to combine the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.

Story

Petr Turchin. Photo: Stevens Technological University

A new theory at the intersection of mathematics and the humanities was proposed by Petr Turchin . Surprisingly, Turchin himself is neither a mathematician nor a historian: he is a biologist who studied at Moscow State University and now works at the University of Connecticut and studies populations. The processes of population biology have been developing over a long period of time, and their description and analysis often require the construction of mathematical models. But modeling can also be used to better understand social and historical phenomena in human society. This is exactly what Turchin did in 2003, calling the new approach cliodynamics (on behalf of the muse of history, Clio). Using this method, Turchin himself established "secular" demographic cycles.

Linguistics

Andrey Zaliznyak. Photo: Mitrius/wikimedia

Every year in Novgorod, as well as in some other ancient Russian cities, such as Moscow, Pskov, Ryazan and even Vologda, more and more new birch bark letters are found, the age of which dates back to the 11th-15th centuries. In them you can find personal and official correspondence, children's exercises, drawings, jokes, and even love messages at all - "Attic" about the funniest ancient Russian inscriptions. The living language of letters helps researchers understand the Novgorod dialect, as well as the life of the common people and the history of Rus'. The most famous birch bark researcher is, of course, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Andrey Zaliznyak : it is not for nothing that his annual lectures on newly found letters and deciphering the old ones are filled with a full hall of people.

Climatology

Vasily Titov. Photo from noaa.gov

On the morning of December 26, 2004, on the day of the tragic tsunami in Indonesia, which, according to various estimates, claimed the lives of 200-300 thousand people, an NSU graduate working at the Tsunami Research Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle (USA) Vasily Titov woke up famous. And this is not just a figure of speech: having learned about the strongest earthquake that occurred in the Indian Ocean, the scientist, before going to bed, decided to run a tsunami wave forecasting program on the computer and posted its results on the network. His prediction turned out to be very accurate, but, unfortunately, it was made too late and therefore could not prevent human casualties. Now the MOST tsunami forecasting program developed by Titov is used in many countries of the world.

Astronomy

Konstantin Batygin. Photo from caltech.edu

In January 2016, another piece of news shocked the world: in our own solar system. One of the authors of the discovery was born in Russia Konstantin Batygin from the University of California. After studying the movement of six cosmic bodies located beyond the orbit of Neptune - the last of the currently recognized planets, scientists using calculations showed that at a distance seven times greater than the distance from Neptune to the Sun, there must be another planet orbiting the Sun. Its size, according to scientists, is 10 times the diameter of the Earth. However, in order to finally be convinced of the existence of a distant giant, it is still necessary to see it with a telescope.

The biography of each scientist allows you to better understand his path to great achievements and get acquainted with some interesting facts. In order to have an idea of ​​the path that science is making, it is worth studying in detail at least a few stories about its leading figures.

The most significant figures

In each of the areas it is worth paying attention to the most significant scientist. So, the best British physician was Fleming. The most important inventor from Russia is Popov. Leonardo da Vinci, as a true man of the Renaissance, showed a wide variety of talents. Pascal, Tesla and others are the best mathematicians and physicists, whose contribution is visible in modern life. Which of them - the most Everyone is worthy of attention equally.

Alexander Fleming

The future inventor of penicillin was born in August 1881 in the small Scottish town of Lochfield. After receiving his secondary education, he went to London and became a student at the Royal Polytechnic Institute. On the advice of a professional physicist and his brother Tom, Alexander decided to pursue science, in 1903 he went to work at St. Mary's Hospital and began a surgical practice. After the war, where he saw many deaths, Fleming decided to find a cure that would deal with infections. Well-known English scientists have already worked on the issue, but no one has been able to achieve significant results. The only thing that was invented was an antiseptic, which only reduces the protective functions of the body. Fleming proved that such treatment is not suitable for the treatment of deep wounds. By 1928, he began to study bacteria from the Staphylococcus family. One day, returning from vacation, Fleming found fungal colonies on the table that affected harmful microorganisms. The scientist decided to grow the mold in its pure form and isolated penicillin from it. Until the forties, he improved its form and soon its production became large-scale and was accepted in hospitals. In 1944, together with a colleague, Flory received a knighthood. The names of famous scientists reached the Nobel Committee, and already in 1945 they received a prize in the field of medicine. The Royal College of Physicians made Fleming an honorary member. Not all famous English scientists can boast of such achievements. Fleming is an outstanding talent and a person worthy of mention in any list of the best doctors in the world.

Gregor Mendel

Many famous scientists did not receive a thorough education. For example, Gregor Mendel was born in July 1882 into a family of simple peasants and studied at a theological institute. He acquired all his deep knowledge of biology on his own. Soon he began to teach, and then went to the university in Vienna, where he began to study hybrid plants. With the help of many experiments on peas, he developed a theory about the laws of inheritance. The names of famous scientists were often assigned to their inventions, and Mendel was no exception. The works of Gregor did not interest his contemporaries, he quit his job in the laboratory and became the abbot in the monastery. The revolutionary nature of his discoveries and their deep meaning became noticeable to biologists only at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the death of Gregor Mendel. Famous scientists of Russia and the world use his theories even now. Mendel's principles are taught at a basic level in schools.

Leonardo da Vinci

Few famous scientists are as popular as Leonardo. He was not only an outstanding physicist, but also a creator, his paintings and sculptures delight people all over the world, and his life itself serves as a source of inspiration for works: he is a truly interesting and mysterious person. The greatest figure of the Renaissance was born in April 1452. Since childhood, Leonardo was fond of painting, architecture, sculpture. He was distinguished by impressive knowledge in the field of natural science, physics and mathematics. Many of his works were appreciated only after centuries, and contemporaries often did not pay attention to them. Leonardo was fond of the idea, but he failed to realize a working project. In addition, he studied many laws of fluid and hydraulics. Famous scientists are rarely famous as artists either. Leonardo is also a great artist, the author of the famous Mona Lisa and the painting The Last Supper. Numerous manuscripts remained after him. Many foreign and well-known Russian scientists still use da Vinci's work, created by him before 1519, when he died while in France.

Blaise Pascal

This French scientist was born in June 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, the son of a judge. Pascal's father was known for his love of the sciences. In 1631 the family moved to Paris, where Blaise wrote his first work on the sound of vibrating bodies - this happened when the boy was only 11 years old. Few well-known scientists in Russia and the world can boast of such an early success! Blaise surprised people with his mathematical abilities, he was able to prove that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two straight lines. At 16 he wrote a treatise on a hexagon inscribed in a circle. On its basis, the well-known Pascal's theorem will later be developed. In 1642, Blaise developed a mechanical calculating machine that could carry out addition and subtraction. However, like many other famous scientists and their discoveries, Blaise with his "Pascalina" did not become very famous among his contemporaries. To date, his variations on the theme of calculating machines are kept in the best museums in Europe. In addition, Pascal's contribution to science is invaluable - modern scientists also use his calculations.

Alexander Popov

Many famous Russian scientists made inventions that are still used by the whole world. These include the creator of the radio, who was born in the Ural village in the family of a priest. He received his first education in a theological school, after which he entered the seminary. Having gone to the University of St. Petersburg, Popov ran into financial difficulties, so he had to work in parallel with his studies. Alexander became interested in physics and began teaching it in Kronstadt. From 1901 he served as a professor at the Institute of Electrical Engineering in St. Petersburg, and then became its rector. The main interest of his life remained inventions and experiments. He studied electromagnetic oscillations. In 1895 he introduced the public to the radio. Since 1897 he worked on its improvement. Popov's assistants Rybkin and Troitsky confirmed the possibility of using it to receive signals by ear. Popov made the final modifications and thus created a device that is now in almost every home.

Nikola Tesla

This scientist was born in Austria-Hungary. Like Popov, Tesla was the son of a priest. In 1870 he graduated from the gymnasium and entered the college, where he became interested in electrical engineering. For several years he worked as a teacher at a gymnasium, after which he went to the University of Prague. In parallel, Nikola worked for a telegraph company, and then for Edison. All the years of study he tried to invent an electric motor that runs on alternating current. He moved to the USA, where he did a successful job of improving the machine created by Edison. However, Tesla did not receive any money from him, after which he quit and founded his own laboratory in New York. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Nicol already had several patents - he invented a frequency meter and an electricity meter. In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize. He never stopped working and made a significant contribution to science, he died in 1943 after an accident - Tesla was hit by a car, and broken ribs led to pneumonia that was too complicated.

Friedrich Schiller

As everyone knows very well, famous scientists can be not only in the field. An excellent example for this is the historian and philosopher, who has done a lot for his fields of knowledge and made an invaluable contribution to the literary heritage. He was born in 1759 in the Holy Roman Empire, but already in 1763 he moved with his family to Germany. In 1766 he ended up in Ludwigsburg, where he graduated from the medical faculty. Schiller began to create while still in the process of learning, and in 1781 his first drama saw the light and received such recognition that it was staged in the theater the following year. This play is still considered one of the first and most successful melodramas in Europe. Throughout his life, Schiller created, translated plays from other languages, and also taught history and philosophy at universities.

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow is a confirmation that famous scientists can be not only mathematicians and physicists. Absolutely everyone knows his theory of self-realization. Maslow was born in 1908 in New York. His parents mistreated and humiliated him in every possible way, and his Jewish origin caused anti-Semitic antics from his peers. This developed an inferiority complex in little Abraham, which caused him to hide in the library and spend his days reading books. Later, he gradually began to establish himself in life - first in the High School, participating in various clubs, and then in the psychology department, where he received a master's degree in 1931. In 1937, Maslow became a member of the college faculty in Brooklyn, where he worked for most of his life. When the war began, Maslow was already unfit for service, but at the same time he learned a lot from this bloody event - it influenced his research in the field of humanitarian psychology. In 1943, Maslow developed his famous Theory of Personal Motivation, in which he stated that each person has a pyramid of needs that must be met in order to fulfill himself. In 1954, he published the book "Motivation and Personality", where he explained his theory in as much detail as possible and developed it.

Albert Einstein

Any discussion on the topic "Famous scientists and their discoveries" will not do without a mention of Albert Einstein, a brilliant physicist who stands at the origins of the modern idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthis science. Einstein was born in Germany in 1879, was always a modest and quiet boy, did not stand out from the rest of the children. And only when he became interested in Kant, Einstein discovered in himself a talent for the exact sciences. This helped him successfully complete the gymnasium, and then the Zurich Polytechnic in Switzerland, where he moved. While still at the technical school, he began to write various articles and other works, to conduct research. Naturally, in the end this led to a number of discoveries that are known to the whole world - the theory of relativity, the photoelectric effect, and so on. After some time, Einstein moved to the United States, got a job there at Princeton and set himself the goal of working on the theory of a unified

André-Marie Ampère

Famous scientists of the world who worked in the field of physics are not limited to Einstein. For example, André-Marie Ampère was born in 1775 in France. His father did not want his son to study centrally, so he taught him himself, and books also helped him in this. Ampere was literally brought up on the works of Rousseau, which affected his future work. After the Revolution and the death of his father, Ampère marries and returns to normal. He continued to teach, and in 1802 he became a teacher of mathematics and chemistry in one of the schools. However, at the same time, he was doing research on his well-known theory of probability, because of which he ended up at the Paris Academy and wrote one of his most recognized works - "The Mathematical Theory of Games". In 1809, Ampère received the title of professor, and in 1814 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. After that, he moved on to research in the field of electrodynamics, and in 1826 he created his most famous work - "Scientific Essay on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena".

Our understanding of the world around us in the heyday of the technological era is all this, and much more, the result of the work of numerous scientists. We live in a progressive world that is developing at a tremendous pace. This growth and progression is the product of science, numerous studies and experiments. Everything we use, including cars, electricity, health care and science, is the result of the inventions and discoveries of these intellectuals. Were it not for the greatest minds of mankind, we would still be living in the Middle Ages. People take everything for granted, but it is still worth paying tribute to those thanks to whom we have what we have. This list features ten of the greatest scientists in history whose inventions have changed our lives.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician, widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Newton's contribution to science is wide and unique, and the laws he derived are still taught in schools as the basis of scientific understanding. His genius is always mentioned along with a funny story - allegedly, Newton discovered the force of gravity thanks to an apple that fell from a tree on his head. Whether or not the apple story is true, Newton also established the heliocentric model of the cosmos, built the first telescope, formulated the empirical law of cooling, and studied the speed of sound. As a mathematician, Newton also made a lot of discoveries that influenced the further development of mankind.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Albert Einstein is a German-born physicist. In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. But the most important achievement of the greatest scientist in history is the theory of relativity, which, along with quantum mechanics, forms the basis of modern physics. He also formulated the mass energy equivalence relation E=m, which is named as the most famous equation in the world. He also collaborated with other scientists on works such as Bose-Einstein Statistics. Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt in 1939, alerting him to a possible nuclear weapon, is supposed to be a key impetus in the development of the US atomic bomb. Einstein believes that this is the biggest mistake of his life.

James Maxwell (1831-1879)

Maxwell - Scottish mathematician and physicist, introduced the concept of the electromagnetic field. He proved that light and electromagnetic field travel at the same speed. In 1861 Maxwell took the first color photograph after researching in the field of optics and colors. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics and kinetic theory also helped other scientists to make a number of important discoveries. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is another major contribution to the development of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist, whose main invention was the process of pasteurization. Pasteur made a number of discoveries in the field of vaccination, creating vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also studied the causes and developed methods for preventing diseases, which saved many lives. All this made Pasteur the "father of microbiology". This great scientist founded the Pasteur Institute to continue scientific research in many fields.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Charles Darwin is one of the most influential figures in human history. Darwin, an English naturalist and zoologist, advanced the theory of evolution and evolutionism. He provided a basis for understanding the origin of human life. Darwin explained that all life arose from common ancestors and that development occurred through natural selection. This is one of the dominant scientific explanations for the diversity of life.

Marie Curie (1867-1934)

Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911). She became not only the first woman to win the award, but also the only woman to do so in two fields and the only person to achieve it across sciences. Its main field of research was radioactivity - methods for isolating radioactive isotopes and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. During World War I, Curie opened the first radiology center in France and also developed a mobile field x-ray that helped save the lives of many soldiers. Unfortunately, prolonged exposure to radiation led to aplastic anemia, from which Curie died in 1934.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Nikola Tesla, Serbian American, best known for his work in the modern electrical system and AC research. Tesla at the initial stage worked for Thomas Edison - he developed engines and generators, but later quit. In 1887 he built an induction motor. Tesla's experiments gave rise to the invention of radio communication, and Tesla's special nature gave him the nickname "mad scientist". In honor of this greatest scientist, in 1960, the unit of measurement of magnetic field induction was called "tesla".

Niels Bohr (1885-1962)

The Danish physicist Niels Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for his work on quantum theory and the structure of the atom. Bohr is famous for discovering the model of the atom. In honor of this greatest scientist, the element ‘Borium’, formerly known as hafnium, was even named. Bohr was also instrumental in founding CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei is best known for his achievements in astronomy. An Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher, he improved the telescope and made important astronomical observations, among them the confirmation of the phases of Venus and the discovery of the moons of Jupiter. The frantic support of heliocentrism became the reason for the persecution of the scientist, Galileo was even subjected to house arrest. During this time he wrote The Two New Sciences, for which he was called the "Father of Modern Physics".

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Aristotle is a Greek philosopher who is the first real scientist in history. His views and ideas influenced scientists in later years as well. He was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His work covers a wide variety of subjects - physics, metaphysics, ethics, biology, zoology. His views on the natural sciences and physics were innovative and became the basis for the further development of mankind.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev can be safely called one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind. He discovered one of the fundamental laws of the universe - the periodic law of chemical elements, to which the entire universe is subject. The history of this amazing man deserves many volumes, and his discoveries have become the engine of the development of the modern world.

Russian scientists invented the television, and Russian directors taught the whole world theater. Which of the Russians made the greatest achievement?

Great Russian scientists

The whole world knows them. They did what was not subject to the powerful of this world. They discovered "Russian science", which the whole world started talking about.

Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov, who worked all his life as an ordinary electrical engineer in Paris. It was he, an inconspicuous-looking "hard worker", who invented the world's first electric light bulb. It did not burn for long and had a light of dazzling power. It was unsuitable for small rooms, but was widely used in lighting streets and large rooms. But thanks to Yablochkov, enthusiasts appeared who were able to create the light bulb that illuminates our houses and apartments.

Alexander Popov in 1895 created a unique device that works without wires using electromagnetic waves. This radio is the greatest achievement of the Russian people, an indispensable assistant to any inhabitant of the planet. The Americans and the British offered fabulous sums for Popov to sell them his invention. He firmly answered that everything he invented did not belong to him, but to his Motherland.

Fate has always been kind to the Russians. All the first world inventions belong to the Russian people.


VK Zvorykin created the world's first electron microscope and the first TV set. Thanks to his invention, on March 10, 1939, happy owners of televisions began to watch the first regular television programs that were broadcast from the television center on Shabolovka.

And the first plane in the world was invented by Russian - A.F. Mozhaisky. The complex design of the device was able to lift a person into the sky for the first time.


Russian scientists invented the world's first satellite, ballistic missile and spacecraft. It was our compatriots who managed to create the first quantum generator, caterpillar tractor and electric tram. They always went ahead - Russian scientists who managed to glorify our country.

Russians not only managed to conquer the world. They opened up new lands, giving the whole world the opportunity to look into the unexplored corners of the planet.

Famous Russian travelers

Two brothers, two village guys: Khariton and Dmitry Laptev. They devoted their lives to traveling and exploring the North. Having organized the Great Northern Expedition in 1739, they reached the shores of the Arctic Ocean, opening up new lands to the whole world. The Laptev Sea is known throughout the world, thanks to their courage and perseverance in the development of the wild North.

Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel led an expedition to explore Eastern Siberia. He opened up areas little known to science to the world and compiled a detailed geographical map of the northern coast of Eastern Siberia.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky explored the Ussuri region, discovering previously unknown geographical objects. He became the discoverer of the Altyntag mountains in Central Asia. The whole world learned about the famous Przewalski's horse.

Miklouho-Maclay went to New Guinea in 1870, where he spent 2 years studying these lands, getting acquainted with the culture of wild tribes, their customs and religious rites. In 1996, on the 150th anniversary of the traveler, UNESCO awarded him the title of "Citizen of the World".


Our contemporary - Yuri Senkevich conducted more than 100 studies of human survival in extreme conditions. He participated in the Antarctic expedition, more than once was at the North Pole. His famous program "Travellers Club" had a million-strong audience.

Perhaps not everyone has read their books and is not familiar with their work. But despite this, their names are familiar to every person, because they are the geniuses of our era.

Russian writers popular all over the world

Leo Tolstoy - count, thinker, honorary academician, outstanding writer of the world. He had an amazing ability to learn foreign languages. Looking at the people, he learned to endure all the difficulties of life. Warming his hands by the stove, he immediately stuck them out into the window in the cold, in order to learn not only to bask in the warmth, but also not to be afraid of the cold. He sewed for himself a canvas robe, in which he walked around the house, and at night he replaced the sheet for him. He wanted to be like Diogenes.


He was not interested in secular life. At the balls he was distracted, thinking about his own. The young ladies considered him boring, because he did not try to keep up small talk, which for him were empty talk. He wrote many books that are read by the whole world. His "Anna Karenina" and "War and Peace" became world bestsellers.

Fyodor Dostoevsky was the second child of 6 children in the family. My father was a priest, a doctor in a hospital for the poor. Mother belonged to a merchant family. He learned to read from the books of the Old and New Testaments. He knew the gospel from childhood.

He spent 4 years in hard labor, then went to the soldiers. He was against the authorities, which renounced Christian morality and allowed the blood of the Russian people to be shed. His books are full of bitterness. Many consider him the most "depressing" writer of our era. But he created works whose influence was strongly reflected not only in the culture of Russia, but also in the West.

Bulgakov had a carefree youth, which he spent in the beautiful city of Kyiv. He dreamed of a carefree and free life, but the firm nature of his mother and the industriousness of his father, a professor, instilled in him authority for knowledge and contempt for ignorance.


After receiving his education, he worked in military hospitals and was a village doctor. He saved human lives by fighting diseases. He lay in typhoid fever, thinking every morning that this was his last day. It was the disease that radically changed his life. He left medicine and began to write.

"The Turbine Brothers", "The Heart of a Dog", "The Master and Margarita" - brought the writer posthumous world fame. A triumphal procession of Bulgakov's works began, which were translated into many languages ​​of the world.

The Russians have conquered the world in every direction. Our books are being read. Songs and films have become part of foreign culture.

World famous Russian singers and actors

Fedor Chaliapin - Russian bass, People's Artist since 1918. For three years he sang at the Bolshoi and Mariinsky theaters, performing only the first parts. An opera singer whose voice cannot be confused with anyone. He loved folk songs and romances, filling the space around with a powerful voice with rich timbres.

By the will of fate, he had to leave Russia. From 1922 he sang only abroad. But despite this, the world considers him an outstanding Russian singer.


Her voice is known all over the world. This woman is a legend. Out of five thousand people, she became the only girl who was chosen at the competition for the Pyatnitsky choir. Lyudmila Zykina is an idol of the 60s and an ideal to follow at all times. Her "Orenburg Shawl" and "The Volga River Flows" are sung all over the world. She did not like to be "gray mediocrity." She wore bright clothes and had a weakness for jewelry.

She was an important person and had friendship with the authorities. Everyone loved her: from a peasant and a worker to a Kremlin minister. She was the embodiment of the Russian woman, the Russian soul. She is an outstanding singer, whose voice has become a symbol of Russia.

Mark Bernes is a handsome man, conqueror of women's hearts, singer, actor, sex symbol of the era of his time. At the age of 15, he first managed to visit the theater and he fell ill with it for life. He dreamed of the stage. He was a poster-poster and worked as a barker for evening performances. He strove to be as close as possible to this temple of art.


He played his first, small episodic role in the film "Man with a Gun." In the film, he sang "Clouds have risen over the city." After the premiere of the film, the whole country started talking about him.

Playing in the film "Two Soldiers", he was sure that this was his last role in life. The director was dissatisfied with him, the role "did not go." For almost two months they tortured him, trying to create an image. And perhaps he would have to say goodbye to the cinema, but he was saved by an inexperienced hairdresser. Going in for a haircut, Bernes fell into her hands. She "cut off" his beautiful hair to zero. Seeing this, the director's face lit up with a smile. This was the image that he had been looking for for so long. For the performance of the role in this picture, the government awarded Bernes with the Order of the Red Star. In 1965 he became the People's Artist of Russia.

Innokenty Smoktunovsky is a provincial actor who, having arrived in Moscow, could not enter the theater school. This failure "gifted" the world from this outstanding actor. Having settled in the studio theater at Mosfilm, he immediately gets a cameo role in the film Soldiers. And it became a takeoff in his career. After filming is over, he plays in The Idiot, striking with his game, transitions and nuances from one state to another. He was prophesied worldwide fame, and this prophecy came true. The outstanding, multifaceted talent of Smoktunovsky has cemented his reputation as the best actor of our time.

Modern Russian actors deserve special attention. .
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Radio, television, the first artificial satellite, color photography and much more are inscribed in the history of Russian inventions. These discoveries marked the beginning of the phenomenal development of various fields in the field of science and technology. Of course, everyone knows some of these stories, because sometimes they become almost more famous than the inventions themselves, while others remain in the shadow of their loud neighbors.

1. Electric car

The modern world is hard to imagine without cars. Of course, more than one mind had a hand in the invention of this transport, but in improving the machine and bringing it to its current state, the number of participants is increasing many times, geographically gathering together the whole world. But separately we will note Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov, since he owns the invention of the world's first electric car. In 1899, in St. Petersburg, an engineer presented a four-wheeled carriage designed to carry two passengers. Among the features of this invention, it can be noted that the diameter of the front wheels significantly exceeded the diameter of the rear ones. The maximum speed was 39 km / h, but a very complex recharging system made it possible to travel only 60 km at this speed. This electric car became the forefather of the trolleybus known to us.

2. Monorail

And today, monorails make a futuristic impression, so you can imagine how incredible by the standards of 1820 was the “road on poles”, invented by Elmanov Ivan Kirillovich. A horse-drawn trolley moved along a bar, which was mounted on small supports. To Elmanov's great regret, there was no philanthropist who was interested in the invention, because of which he had to abandon the idea. And only 70 years later the monorail was built in Gatchina, St. Petersburg province.

3. Electric motor

Boris Semenovich Jacobi, an architect by education, at the age of 33, while in Koenigsberg, became interested in the physics of charged particles, and in 1834 he made a discovery - an electric motor operating on the principle of rotation of the working shaft. Instantly, Jacobi becomes famous in scientific circles, and among many invitations for further education and development, he chooses St. Petersburg University. So, together with Academician Emil Khristianovich Lenz, he continued to work on the electric motor, creating two more options. The first was designed for a boat and rotated the paddle wheels. With the help of this engine, the ship easily kept afloat, moving even against the current of the Neva River. And the second electric motor was the prototype of a modern tram and rolled a man in a cart along the rails. Among Jacobi's inventions, electroplating can also be noted - a process that allows you to create perfect copies of the original object. This discovery was widely used to decorate interiors, houses and much more. Among the merits of the scientist is also the creation of underground and underwater cables. Boris Jacobi became the author of about a dozen designs of telegraph devices, and in 1850 he invented the world's first direct-printing telegraph device, which worked on the principle of synchronous movement. This device was recognized as one of the greatest achievements of electrical engineering in the middle of the 19th century.

4. Color photography

If earlier everything that happened tried to get on paper, now all life is aimed at obtaining a photograph. Therefore, without this invention, which has become part of the small but rich history of photography, we would not have seen such a “reality”. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky developed a special camera and introduced his brainchild to the world in 1902. This camera was capable of taking three shots of the same image, each shot through three completely different light filters: red, green, and blue. And the patent received by the inventor in 1905 can be considered, without exaggeration, the beginning of the era of color photography in Russia. This invention is becoming much better than the achievements of foreign chemists, which is an important fact in view of the massive interest in photography around the world.

5. Bicycle

It is generally accepted that all information about the invention of the bicycle before 1817 is doubtful. The history of Efim Mikheevich Artamonov also enters this period. The Ural serf inventor made the first bike ride around 1800 from the Ural worker of the Tagil factory settlement to Moscow, the distance was about two thousand miles. For his invention, Efim was granted freedom from serfdom. But this story remains a legend, while the patent of the German professor Baron Karl von Dres from 1818 is a historical fact.

6. Telegraph

Mankind has always been looking for ways to transfer information as quickly as possible from one source to another. Fire, smoke from a campfire, various combinations of sound signals helped people transmit distress signals and other emergency messages. The development of this process is undoubtedly one of the most important tasks facing the world. The first electromagnetic telegraph was created by the Russian scientist Pavel Lvovich Schilling in 1832, presenting it in his apartment. He came up with a certain combination of symbols, each of which corresponded to a letter of the alphabet. This combination appeared on the apparatus as black or white circles.

7. Incandescent lamp

If you pronounce "incandescent lamp", then the name of Edison immediately sounds in your head. Yes, this invention is no less famous than the name of its inventor. However, a relatively small number of people know that Edison did not invent the lamp, but only improved it. Whereas Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin, being a member of the Russian Technical Society, in 1870 proposed the use of tungsten filaments in lamps, twisting them into a spiral. Of course, the history of the invention of the lamp is not the result of the work of one scientist - rather, it is a series of successive discoveries that were in the air and were needed by the world, but it was Alexander Lodygin's contribution that became especially great.

8. Radio receiver

The question of who is the inventor of the radio is debatable. Almost every country has its own scientist, who is credited with the creation of this device. So, in Russia, this scientist is Alexander Stepanovich Popov, in whose favor many weighty arguments are given. On May 7, 1895, the reception and transmission of radio signals at a distance were demonstrated for the first time. And the author of this demonstration was Popov. He was not only the first to put the receiver into practice, but also the first to send a radiogram. Both events occurred before the patent of Marconi, who is considered the inventor of the radio.

9. Television

The discovery and widespread use of television broadcasting has radically changed the way information is disseminated in society. Boris Lvovich Rosing was also involved in this powerful achievement, who in July 1907 filed an application for the invention of the "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." Boris Lvovich managed to successfully transmit and receive an accurate image on the screen of the still simplest device, which was the prototype of the kinescope of a modern television, which the scientist called the "electric telescope". Among those who helped Rosing with experience was Vladimir Zworykin, then a student of the St. 1911.

10. Parachute

Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov was an actor in the troupe of the People's House on the Petersburg Side. Then, impressed by the death of the pilot, Kotelnikov began to develop a parachute. Before Kotelnikov, the pilots escaped with the help of long folded "umbrellas" fixed on the plane. Their design was very unreliable, besides, they greatly increased the weight of the aircraft. Therefore, they were rarely used. Gleb Evgenievich proposed his completed project of a backpack parachute in 1911. But, despite successful tests, the inventor did not receive a patent in Russia. The second attempt was more successful, and in 1912 in France, his discovery received legal force. But even this fact did not help the parachute to start wide production in Russia because of the fears of the head of the Russian air forces, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, that at the slightest malfunction the aviators would leave the airplane. And only in 1924 he finally receives a domestic patent, and later transfers all rights to use his invention to the government.

11. Movie camera

In 1893, working together with the physicist Lyubimov, Iosif Andreevich Timchenko created the so-called "snail" - a special mechanism with which it was possible to intermittently change the order of frames in a stroboscope. This mechanism later formed the basis of the kinetoscope, which Timchenko is developing together with the engineer Freidenberg. The kinetoscope was demonstrated the following year at a congress of Russian doctors and naturalists. Two tapes were shown: "The Spear Thrower" and "The Galloping Horseman", which were filmed at the Odessa hippodrome. This event is even documented. Thus, the protocol of the section meeting reads: “Representatives of the meeting got acquainted with the invention of Mr. Timchenko with interest. And, in accordance with the proposals of two professors, we decided to express our gratitude to Mr. Timchenko.”

12. Automatic

Since 1913, the inventor Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov began work, consisting in testing an automatic rifle (firing in bursts) chambered for 6.5 mm, which was the fruit of his development. Three years later, soldiers of the 189th Izmail regiment are already armed with such rifles. But the serial production of machine guns was launched only after the end of the revolution. The weapons of the designer were in service with the domestic army until 1928. But, according to some reports, during the Winter War with Finland, the troops still used some copies of the Fedorov assault rifle.

13. Laser

The history of the invention of the laser began with the name of Einstein, who created the theory of the interaction of radiation with matter. At the same time, Alexei Tolstoy, in his famous novel The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin, wrote about the same thing. Until 1955, attempts to create a laser were not successful. And only thanks to two Russian physicists - N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov, who developed a quantum generator, the laser began its history in practice. In 1964, Basov and Prokhorov received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

14. Artificial heart

The name of Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov is associated with more than one operation, which was performed for the first time. Surprisingly, Demikhov was not a doctor - he was a biologist. In 1937, as a third-year student of the biological faculty of Moscow State University, he created a mechanical heart and put it in a dog instead of a real one. The dog lived with the prosthesis for about three hours. After the war, Demikhov got a job at the Institute of Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and created a small experimental laboratory there, in which he began to engage in research on organ transplantation. Already in 1946, he was the first in the world to perform a heart transplant from one dog to another. In the same year, he also performed the first transplant of a heart and lung into a dog at the same time. And most importantly, Demikhov's dogs lived with transplanted hearts for several days. It was a real breakthrough in cardiovascular surgery.

15. Anesthesia

Since ancient times, mankind has dreamed of getting rid of pain. This was especially true of treatment, which was sometimes more painful than the disease itself. Herbs, strong drinks only dulled the symptoms, but did not allow serious actions accompanied by serious pain. This significantly hindered the development of medicine. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, the great Russian surgeon, to whom the world owes many important discoveries, made a huge contribution to anesthesiology. In 1847 he summarized his experiments in a monograph on anesthesia, which was published throughout the world. Three years later, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia. Also, Nikolai Ivanovich is the author of topographic anatomy, which has no analogues in the world.

16. Plane Mozhaisky

Many minds around the world worked to solve the most difficult problems in the development of the aircraft. Numerous drawings, theories and even test designs did not give a practical result - the plane did not lift a person into the air. The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky was the first in the world to create a full-size aircraft. Having studied the works of his predecessors, he developed and supplemented them using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. His results fully resolved the issues of his time and, despite the very unfavorable situation, namely the lack of actual opportunities in material and technical terms, Mozhaisky was able to find the strength to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. But the surviving documentary materials, unfortunately, do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.

17. Aerodynamics

Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky developed the theoretical foundations of aviation and methods for calculating aircraft - and this was at a time when the builders of the first aircraft claimed that “an aircraft is not a machine, it cannot be calculated”, and most of all they hoped for experience, practice and their intuition. In 1904, Zhukovsky discovered the law that determines the lift force of an aircraft wing, determined the main profiles of the wings and propeller blades of an aircraft; developed the vortex theory of the propeller.

18. Atomic and hydrogen bomb

Academician Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov occupies a special place in the science of the twentieth century and in the history of our country. He, an outstanding physicist, plays an exceptional role in the development of scientific and scientific-technical problems of mastering nuclear energy in the Soviet Union. The solution of this most difficult task, the creation of a nuclear shield of the Motherland in a short time in one of the most dramatic periods in the history of our country, the development of problems of the peaceful use of nuclear energy was the main business of his life. It was under his leadership that the most terrible weapon of the post-war period was created and successfully tested in 1949. Without the right to make a mistake, otherwise - execution ... And already in 1961, a group of nuclear physicists from the Kurchatov laboratory created the most powerful explosive device in the history of mankind - the AN 602 hydrogen bomb, which was immediately assigned a quite appropriate historical name - “Tsar Bomba ". When this bomb was tested, the seismic wave resulting from the explosion circled the globe three times.

19. Rocket and space technology and practical astronautics

The name of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev characterizes one of the brightest pages in the history of our state - the era of space exploration. The first artificial satellite of the Earth, the first manned flight into space, the first spacewalk by an astronaut, the long-term work of the orbital station and much more is directly related to the name of Academician Korolev, the first Chief Designer of Rocket and Space Systems. From 1953 to 1961, every day Korolev was scheduled by the minute: at the same time he worked on projects for a manned spacecraft, an artificial satellite and an intercontinental rocket. October 4, 1957 was a great day for world cosmonautics: after that, the satellite flew through Soviet pop culture for another 30 years and even registered in the Oxford Dictionary as “sputnik”. Well, about what happened on April 12, 1961, it’s enough to say “man in space”, because almost every one of our compatriots knows what it is about.

20. Mi series helicopters

During the Great Patriotic War, Academician Mil worked in the evacuation in the village of Bilimbay, mainly engaged in the improvement of combat aircraft, improving their stability and controllability. His work was marked by five government awards. In 1943, Mil defended his Ph.D. thesis "Criteria for the controllability and maneuverability of an aircraft"; in 1945 - a doctorate: "The dynamics of a rotor with hinged blades and its application to the problems of stability and controllability of an autogyro and a helicopter." In December 1947, M. L. Mil became the chief designer of an experimental design bureau for helicopter construction. After a series of tests at the beginning of 1950, a decision was issued to create an experimental series of 15 GM-1 helicopters under the designation Mi-1.

21. Aircraft of Andrey Tupolev

Andrei Tupolev's design bureau developed more than 100 types of aircraft, 70 of which were mass-produced in different years. With the participation of his aircraft, 78 world records were set, 28 unique flights were performed, including the rescue of the crew of the Chelyuskin steamer with the participation of the ANT-4 aircraft. Non-stop flights by the crews of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov to the United States via the North Pole were carried out on ANT-25 aircraft. In the scientific expeditions "North Pole" by Ivan Papanin, ANT-25 aircraft were also used. A large number of bombers, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev (TV-1, TV-3, SB, TV-7, MTB-2, TU-2) and torpedo boats G-4, G-5 were used in combat operations in the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945. In peacetime, among the military and civilian aircraft developed under the leadership of Tupolev were the Tu-4 strategic bomber, the first Soviet jet bomber Tu-12, the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber, the Tu-16 long-range missile carrier bomber, and the Tu-22 supersonic bomber; the first jet passenger aircraft Tu-104 (was built on the basis of the Tu-16 bomber), the first turboprop intercontinental passenger airliner Tu-114, short- and medium-range aircraft Tu-124, Tu-134, Tu-154. Together with Alexei Tupolev, the Tu-144 supersonic passenger aircraft was developed. Tupolev's planes became the backbone of Aeroflot's fleet and were also operated in dozens of countries around the world.

22. Eye microsurgery

Millions of doctors, having received a diploma, are eager to help people, dream of future achievements. But most of them gradually lose their former fuse: no aspirations, the same thing from year to year. Fedorov's enthusiasm and interest in the profession only grew from year to year. Just six years after the institute, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, and in 1960 in Cheboksary, where he then worked, he performed a revolutionary operation to replace the lens of the eye with an artificial one. Similar operations were carried out abroad before, but in the USSR they were considered pure charlatanism, and Fedorov was fired from his job. After that, he became the head of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute. It was here that Fedorov's "empire" began in his biography: a team of like-minded people gathered around the indefatigable surgeon, ready for revolutionary changes in eye microsurgery. People from all over the country flocked to Arkhangelsk with the hope of regaining their lost sight, and they really began to see clearly. The innovative surgeon was also appreciated "officially" - together with his team, he moved to Moscow. And he began to do absolutely fantastic things: to correct vision using keratotomy (special incisions on the cornea of ​​the eye), to transplant a donor cornea, developed a new method for operating on glaucoma, and became a pioneer of laser eye microsurgery.

23. Tetris

Mid 80s. A time covered in legends. The idea of ​​Tetris was born by Alexey Pajitnov in 1984 after getting acquainted with the American mathematician Solomon Golomb's Pentomino Puzzle. The essence of this puzzle was quite simple and painfully familiar to any contemporary: from several figures it was necessary to assemble one large one. Alexey decided to make a computer version of pentomino. Pajitnov not only took the idea, but also supplemented it: in his game, it was necessary to collect figures in a glass in real time, and the figures themselves consisted of five elements and could rotate around their own center of gravity during the fall. But the computers of the Computing Center turned out to be unable to do this - the electronic pentomino simply did not have enough resources. Then Aleksey decides to reduce the number of blocks that made up the falling figures to four. So from pentomino turned tetramino. Alexey names the new game “Tetris”.