Who and when invented a ball handle? Modern ballpoint pen. Who invented the ballpoint pen

Ball pen

Ball handle tip with ball: magnification

Ball pen - The handle using the so-called rod (tube filled with pasty ink) with a ball writing node at the end. The channel for which ink pass, on the end, is blocked by a small metal ball, which rolls on the surface of the paper, wetting ink from the back side. A small gap between the ball and the walls allows it to rotate and leaving the trace on paper. These are the cheapest, the most simple and therefore the most common handles. Ink paste, used in balloons, differs from ink for letters with feather handles. It is created on an oil basis and is more thick, which prevents it from the rod leakage.

The principle of action of the handle was patented on October 30, 1888 in the USA John Laut. In subsequent years, various structures of ballproofs were invented and patented: May 3, 1904 - George Parker, in 1916 - Van Van Vecten Reisberg.

Modern ballpoint handle invented by a Hungarian journalist Laszle Biró (László József Bíró) in 1938. In Argentina, where a journalist lived for many years, such knobs are called in honor of him "Biroms".

Originally ordered by the Royal Air Forces of the UK, since ordinary feathers proceeded in airplanes from reducing atmospheric pressure at a height set.

In 1953, the Frenchman Marcel Bich enhanced and simplified the design, having received the cheapest (disposable) in the production of a ballpoint handle model called Bic (Bic Cristal).

In the USSR, ballpoint handles were distributed in the late 1960s, after their mass production began in the fall of 1965 on Swiss equipment. For a fairly long time in Soviet schools, students of junior classes were not allowed to use ballpoint handles, believing that it is impossible to work out the right and beautiful handwriting. This ban gradually went to no in the 1980s.

There are two main types of ballpoints - disposable and with interchangeable rods.

see also

• Space Pen - Fisher Space Handle

Notes

Links

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Watch what is "ballpoint pen" in other dictionaries:

Ballpoint pen, a device for a letter consisting of a tank (rod) filled with thick ink (paste), which from one end is closed with a small ball; The ball during the nazhima on the rod rotates and transfers the paste on the paper. ... ... Scientific and Technical Encyclopedic Dictionary

See the handle ... Go to the handle .. Dictionary of Russian Synonyms and Similar expressions in the meaning of expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. Pen Pen, Rysfeheder; lever; sting Cupga, Knutovishche, ballpoint pen, handle, handle, foot ... Synonym dictionary

The style of this article is non-Encyclopedic or violates the rules of the Russian language. The article should be corrected according to Wikipedia's stylistic rules. This term has other meanings, see the handle ... Wikipedia

In WikiSlovar, there is an article "Handle" handle: handle Writing, with which you can leave the ink track on the surface. Feather handle Writing for writing on paper with liquid ink. Ball pen handle, ... ... Wikipedia

Space Pan Space Pen (Russian Space Peng Space Handle) Also known as Zero Gravity Pen (Handle of weightlessness), ballpoint handle created and sold by Fisher Spacepen Co., in which the ink is in a special ... ... Wikipedia

Handle, and, wives. 1. A part of the subject, for to the room it is kept or taken by hand. Door r. R. kettle, suitcase, saws. 2. Part of furniture, serving hand support, armrest. R. Chairs. Handles of the sofa. 3. Written an elongated holder for ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

SUM., G., UPOTR. Often morphology: (no) what? Handles, what? handle, (see) What? handle than? handle what? about the handle; MN. what? Handles, (no) What? Handles, what? Handles, (see) What? Handles than? Handles, what? About the handles of a man's hand 1. Handle ... ... Explanatory dictionary Dmitrieva

AND; MN. Rod. Check, dates. chkam; g. 1. Reduce. Lask. K hand (1 zn). Little r. Baby. Make handle (talk; about gesture with hand in goodbye). Go under the handle (\u003d at hand). To make a handle (ion.; Kiss your hand to some; usually ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

a pen - and; MN. Rod. Check, dates. chkam; g. See the TZH. to handle 1) reduce. Lask. K hand 1) Little RU / CK baby. Make handle (talk; about gesture hand in goodbye) go under the handle (\u003d d / d) ... Dictionary of many expressions

What did I do with you today if one day someone did not occur to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe invention of the ballpoint pen? Did you think? No, you just imagine that so far we would have stood jars with ink, which periodically inevitably poured into some important document.

Still, we should say thank you to those people who have such dissatisfaction pushed to it indisputably useful in our day. Well, it all started, of course, not from the pen, but with much more primitive items.

About 4,000 years before our era, a person first began using moistened clay plate for writing. At the same time, the handle served a wooden or bronze stick or bone. They are essentially and became the first writing tools. About 1300 BC, Romans began to use a letter to wax. The wax fledged into the wooden tablet. At this time, the name of the writing tool was given - the stylus. The stylus was made of metal. When the record was not needed, it was erased with a flat inverse end of the stylus. Due to the similarity of the Roman tablet with modern pocket computers, the tool for working with the display was also called the stylus.

A letter to wax has practically unchanged about 18th centuries until the Anglo-Saxons invented the parchment. In the period from 600 to 1800. Our era, the cheaper and the spread of parchment led to the fact that a publicly accessible writing tool took. This need and stimulated the device for writing a bird feather, dipped into the mascara. By the way, the English word "Pen" (handle) occurred from the Latin "Penna" (bird feather).
Goose feathers lived a record long time - until the end of the 18th century. They gave the name to the folding knife, which were pushing the feathers. The knife was called the peer.
By the end of the 19th century, the handles with a metal pen completely displaced short-lived, requiring frequent replacement of goose feathers.

In 1884, the insurance agent Lewis Edson Waterman entered the story as the inventor of the handle filled with ink (at first, with the help of a special pipette). He had so much to write at work, which pushed it to the invention. Waterman left the job and formed the Ideal Pen company than put the start of sales of feathers ink handles.
So it would continue indefinitely, if in 1943, Laszlo Biro did not intervene in the case. By the nature of your work (and he was a journalist), he often visited the printing house and, seeing a newspaper sheet, practically dry immediately after leaving the rotational car, once thought: why can not fill the tank of the "Eternal Feather" with some special ink drying so same fast as typographic paint? Then deal with the reference point would be much more pleasant.
The journalist quickly realized that such inks should be as thick as possible.

But then they score the system of capillaries of the usual fountain pen. So, for them will have to come up with some other writing node. After consulting with her brother, a graduate chemist, Biro replaced the feather with a freely rotating ball. The first prototype of the ballpoint handle was created in 1938.

Before World War II, the situation in Hungary became dangerous for a liberal journalist, which was Biro. He had to emigrate first to Paris, where he received a patent for his invention, then to Spain and, finally, in 1940 - in Argentina. Here he found a financier who agreed to invest in the original idea, improved the design and developed cars for the production of ball rods. The first products of a small factory built by Biro, went on sale in Argentina in 1943 and cost much more expensive than good ink fountain pen.

One of the first of their buyers was pilots who have convinced that, unlike the usual "eternal pen", the ballpoint pen does not flow when the height is raised, where the atmospheric pressure is reduced. Information about the Aviation Patcher reached the US Department of Defense, and it entrusted to the best referral manufacturers to familiarize themselves with the novelty and establish its release for American military pilots.

In 1944, Bio defended his invention to the US patent and sold the license to two major American firms. But they did not have time to "rock", as an enterprising businessman M. Reynolds, accidentally bought a ball handle somewhere in South America, without any license began to produce such knobs, making some changes to the design.

To avoid prosecution, he referred to a forgotten American patent, taken in 1888 some J. Loud for a marker for bales and boxes. In the Laud system, resembling the ball plastic plastic bottles with a deodorant, spring-made ball with a diameter of 1-2 centimeters on a cylinder with paint served to apply numbers and tags to the surface of burlap, cardboard or boards.
Reynolds managed to convince the court that his handles - a reduced copy of the invention of the Lauda, \u200b\u200band the system of bioming here.
When, after a massive advertising campaign, on October 19, 1945, the first batch of Reynolds pens entered a major department store in New York, to maintain order in the queue had to cause 50 police officers. Ten thousand handles were sold out in a few hours. Biro himself in 1947 retired from affairs and devoted himself to painting.
Initially, the technology of the rod production was expensive. Ball rods were bent to increase the ink tank and had a "double-length". The technology has evolved in the direction of thinner balls and cheaper rods. And by 1953, the French entrepreneur Marseil Beach (who somehow was devoted to the rubric "Great Entrepreneurs" in our journal) invested in the development of cheap ballpoint handles and invented the first disposable samples. The cost of manufacture fell so much that the ballpoint handles have become publicly available.
In this way, the ballpoint handles spread around the world, and once fell to our tables with you and steel for us indispensable assistants.

"Story of Things" - Ballpoint pen

Despite the fact that today many people begin to forget that such a handwritten letter, preferring for these purposes the computer keyboard or the smartphone touch screen, do without such written accessories as a pencil, a marker or a ballpoint handle is not yet possible. Even the ordinary procedure for obtaining wages, a registered letter or requires a recipient's fax. At the same time, despite the abundance of elite stationery of world-famous brands "Ancora", "Parker" and "Waterman", fountain pencils with a ball writing node are the greatest popularity. Therefore, many are interested in the question - who and when invented a ball handle, which reliably serves not to one generation of the inhabitants of the Earth?

Who invented a handle with a ball writing node

There are at least four inventors applying for the creation of a ballpoint handle. This is due to the fact that the patent is not only an object - the writing device itself, but also the principle of its action. In addition, today there is a sufficiently large number of improvements, in which the differences between new writing accessories from their prototypes are insignificant and aimed at improving usability, reducing the consumption of writing paste and the use of various types of ink. The same gel handle is not different from the ball, but refilled by a more viscous pasty mass.

The first patent on the principle of writing text using the ball node was obtained in October 1888 in the United States John Laud. However, from the development of technology to the implementation of the equipment in which it is used, a sufficient time can pass. It also happened with the writing device under consideration.

In May 1904, George Parker receives a patent on a ballpoint patent. Despite its suitability, the mass spread this product did not receive. In 1916, American patent received Van Van Vecten Reisberg. In total, in the twentieth century, before creating a practically active sample of the ballpoint handle, about 350 patents were obtained for this product.

However, the inquisitive readers are more interested in the question - who and when invented the ball handle, which could not be used as a souvenir or rare wonder, but to use it as practical, convenient to operate a writing device? Such a device that is as close as possible to modern models was invented by the Hungarian publicist Laszlo Biro (László Bíró) in 1931, but the author managed to patent his invention in Hungary and Argentina only in 1938.

Pen - writingWith which you can leave the ink track on the surface (usually paper).
Distinguish the following types of handles:
ballpoint pens,
fans,
capillary handles,
markers,
engineering handles,
gel (helium) handles.
Sharic handles, fountain pen and helium pens Sometimes they have "washed" ink.

Term and History

The painting feathers are known with deep antiquity, from about 3000 BC. E., and cut out of the stems of the cane. The English word "Pen" (pen, puberty) occurred from the Latin "Penna" (bird feather), since a large distribution was acquired by goose feathers, which were calculated from the root. From the 6th century to n. e. Feathers were used for over a thousand years with many civilizations. The best samples were made of flies of swans, turkeys and geese as having the greatest size in the wings. Archaeological finds in the ruins of Pompeii include bronze features of feathers, but they received distribution only by the end of the 18th century. A century later, fountain pen appeared, the capillary system for which was invented by L. E. Waterman (L.E. Waterman), the New York seller of the stationery. Laszlo Biro (Laszlo Biro), relying on the latest methods of manufacturing ball bearings for machines and weapons, added the capillars with a ball mechanism and introduced the world a ball handle around 1944. The Tokyo stationery firm PENTEL became the first to represent the world of Flomaster in 1960.
The Russian term comes from the word "hand."

Ball pen

Main article: Ball pen
Invented by the Hungarian journalist Laszlo Biro (Laszlo Biro). In the Argentine city, where for many years a journalist lived, such knobs are called in honor of him "Biroms", the eponymic name "Biro" is distributed in Europe.
Originally intended for the Royal Air Force UK, since the usual feather auto pen Not functioned in airplanes at high altitude.
There are two types ballproof handles - Disposable and refilled.

Culture

Since the 1960s, Fisher has developed Space knobs that could operate at zero atmospheric pressure, in conditions of weightlessness and extreme temperatures. Before the development of the American aerospace Agency NASA used for its lunar program pencils, but the latter often broke and represented the danger to the astronaut (chips could get into his eyes). In addition, the tree represented the risk of fire in the oxygen atmosphere. It should be noted that these handles are not the only ones that can be applied in space, ordinary ballpoint pens Also coped well.

Pens with the ability to erase your own ink

Handles with the ability to erase their own ink in the opposite of steel "skate" from the beginning of the 1980s before the early 1990s. Produced with blue, black and red ink. The handles almost disappeared from use due to low quality ink, not guaranteed "wasarability" and the absence of a specific application.

Computer with feathery data entry

Special manipulator, externally resembling a handle, allows you to enter handwritten data to the computer. Next, the entered images can be interpreted by the symbol optical recognition system. See Light Feather, Graphic Tablet, Touch Screen.

History of writing tools (tools for writing)

There are few more than 6,000 years, marked by milestones leading to a change in technology and methods and in a brief presentation looks like this:
About 3000-4000 years BC e.
A man scratches a wet clay plate with a bronze or bone wand.
About 3000 years BC e.
Egyptians begin to use images in their writings. Inscriptions on a scroll of papyrus are applied with thin cane tassels or feathers
1300 years BC e.
Romans are used for the letter thin waxhels, applied on wooden tiles, and metal feathers. She is erased written by the second end of the pen.
Middle Ages
In addition to Parchment, Anglo-Saxes use tiles filled with wax. They write metal or bone feathers, in which one end is sharpened, and the second is used for erasing.
600-1800 of our era
The Europeans found that the use of a sharpened pen changes the style of the letter (handwriting). First, they use only capital letters, but later appear and uppercase to increase the speed of writing. Fountain pen (goose feather) (first appeared in Seville, Spain) was used as a writing tool from 600 to 1800 of our era.
1790s
Sticky Pencil Invented independently in France and Australia.
1800-1850
The metal feathered handle was patented in 1803, but the patent was not used for commercial purposes. Steel feathers entered public use in the 1830s. In the 19th century, metal handles fully fassed the handles from goose feathers. In the 1850s, the use of goose feathers decreased noticeably when the quality of steel handles was improved by starting to produce tips from heavy alloys with the addition of iridium, rhodium, osmia.
1844
Lewis Edson Waterman (Lewis Edson Waterman), an insurance agent, invented the first real real fountain pen.
1888-1916
The invention of the principle of work ball knob Officially dates from the end of the 19th century. In 1888, the patent received John Loud (John Loud), in 1916 - Van Van Vecten Reisberg. Unlike other patents, these were used for commercial purposes.
1940-E.
The invention of modern ballpoint handle is attributed to Josef (Laslo) and George Biro (see above). In the summer of 1943, the first industrial copies were made. Patent rights were bought by the British Parliament. Ball pen Used by the military during World War II, as it was more convenient and stronger feathers.
1945
The ballpoint pen appeared on the US goods market. The handle was sold as "the first handle that writes under water." Success turned out to be dizzy. One of the departments of a large department store in New York sold during Lunch on October 29, 1945 more than 10,000 pens.
1953
First inexpensive ballpoint pens Appeared when the French Baron Beach (Bich), Bic CO engaged in production ballproof handlesIt was possible to significantly reduce production costs by improving the technological process.
1960-E.
In Japan, a felt-tip pen was invented (see above). In the 1960s, markers appear in the US market and capture it. Following the success of markers, the production of the handles is in force by the production departments of any modifications, including markers.
1980-1990-E.
Rolers. Roller handles appeared in the early 1980s. Unlike dense ink used in a conventional ballpoint handle, rollers are equipped with a movable ball and liquid ink, which allows you to get a smoother line on paper. The technological progress of the late 1980s - early 1990s significantly improved rollers in all indicators.
1990th ...
Public recognition get pens with rubberized surfaces, which reduce pressing on the handle.
1997…
Ringpen knobs are running in mass production (see above). These handles are designed for writing without pressing the handle with three fingers.

Not as simple as it may seem, and much older is officially documented.

Prehistory.

The idea of \u200b\u200ba ball writing knot, working on pasty ink on an oil basis, is traced to ... Holland XVII in! The sailors of the then "Lady of the Seas" were required writing accessories that are unreleased, non-spilling, and which could be used in a storm when riding. The Netherlands were almost the firstborn of the European Industrial Revolution.

However, the level of development of the then mechanical engineering and chemical technology did not allow to create a device suitable for the needs. Like a marine chronometer to accurately determine longitude. The Hans Christian Guygens himself was worked on him in vain, but the idea faithful in principle was implemented only in the XIX century.

At the same time, when the accuracy of the metallium processing has reached an acceptable value, and chemists could accurately develop substances of complex composition, and the principle of action of the ballpoint handle was patented. Accurate name, date, and country - October 30, 1888, John Loud, USA.

Looud faithfully formulated the main highlight "": the forces of viscous friction and the surface tension in thick liquids will not allow the hand in the top of its hole in the upper throat, fuse and overlap the flow of ink. Louds also defined the physico-chemical requirements for ink: they must be thixotropic, that is, they should diluted from mechanical loads - friction, pressure. The ballproof node will never dispel only when it is filling in its thixotropic ink.

Good thixotropic substance - pine rosin. If you have a penny with pressure, then the roughness is felt, as if we lead through a solid body. But then the finger begins to slide, as the paraffin or soap, although the piece is far from heated until softening.

Start

Further, the efforts of the inventors went more along the way of improving the composition of ink. The first workable design suitable for mass production was created in 1938. Hungarian journalist Laszle Biró (László József Bíró). In Argentina, ballpoint handles are still called "Biroms". However, his priority of Anglo-Saxus challenges, referring to the US patent of June 10, 1943, Milton Reynolds.

Reynolds, it seems, did not know about the Bio handle, and developed a similar design and ink on its own. He worked for the needs of the US Air Force and England. Their bombardment armadas flew at large altitudes, hermocabine then was not yet, pilots many hours were carried out in oxygen masks. Normal under reduced atmospheric pressure flowed, and it was inconvenient to use pencils.

In essence, there is no reason for the patent dispute here and no, "the ball" invented bios. But the fact that the priority of Biro was challenged on the grounds that he was a citizen of fascist Hungary and lived in a formally neutral, but secretly and actively helped Hitler Argentina. Nazism crimes, of course, no one denies and does not diminish, but the technique is not to blame for them.

Further, the "ball" simplified and needshell Marcel Beak (Marcel Bich) in France in 1953 he proposed to perform a rod - an ampoule with ink - with thickened walls, and use it as a handle case. So there were still disposable BIC's disposable cheap handles, only the surname of the inventor is written already in English transcription.

Pretty long ballpoint handles were forbidden to use in primary schools. They wrote even badly, often clogged with villings from paper, and immediately began to write "balls", forever broke the hand writing.

Modernity

The latest point in the improvement of the ballpoint handle was put by the Specialists of the Japanese company Ohto Co in 1963, they began a spangled Lunka, in which the ball was located, not round in cross section, but in the form of three converging channels. The design of the writing node of the modern ballpoint handle is shown in the figure. Such a handle can write on almost any ink holding material, and does not clog, even if it is greyhound a large wool block.

Unfortunately, the names of the inventors are unknown: in the Japanese corporate rules, the entire intellectual property developed in the company belongs to the company. A genuine inventor under the threat of severe punishment cannot declare his authorship even in a private conversation.

Improvements

In 1984, another Japanese company, Sakura Color Products Corp., replaced oil ink to gel synthetic, zooming at the same time the diameter of the ball to 0.7 mm. So the roller handle appeared, the native sister "ball". Roller can be written literally without push, even on glass, polished metal and wet packaging cardboard, and the ink trace is clearer than from the "ball".

With the beginning of space flights, they faced the problem: the handles, including the balls, did not write in weightlessness, and graphite pencils were given chips and conductive dust. Soviet cosmonauts used wax pencils for a long time, American astronauts, up to flights to the moon - special mechanical, $ 100 per piece at the then rate.

However, in 1967, the entrepreneur Paul Fisher suggested NASA his Zero Gravity Pen, or Space Pen (handle of weightlessness or space handle). The ball in it was performed from tungsten carbide (it is known as it will be won). The entire writing knot was made with precision accuracy. A ampoule with ink (cartridge) is sealed, it contains nitrogen under pressure of 2.4 atm. Ink with sharply pronounced thixotropy, they are separated from the gas with a viscous moving cork.

The development of the AG7 Space Pen model handle is one of the NASA legends, a reason for his accusations and anecdotes about him. AG7 cost ... $ 1,000,000! Although an experienced Fisher has no complaints of astronauts caused. Now the models available on the wide sale are from $ 6 to $ 100. They write to anything in the temperature range from -30 to +120 degrees Celsius in the air, in vacuo and under water. Guaranteed service life - 120 years.

So who is still?

In the history of the Great Inventions, a tendency is traced: as a rule, it is impossible to call the name of one particular inventor. Exceptions, such as the inventor of the rubber Charles Chudir, literally the NamAum "bug" sulfur in crude rubber, extremely rare. Experts most of their priority discussions simply avoid.

A. S. Popov and Gulielmo Marconi, for example, in their correspondence issues did not concern, they discussed the problems of radio engineering. Only once Marconi in the public report said: his English patent gives him the right to commercially use the radio in the UK, and the world's first radiogram conveyed and accepted nevertheless.

So with a ballpoint handle. It will be more correct to say: it is the fruit of many years of collective creativity of people who worked for the sake of meeting the urgent needs of humanity.