Reverse French. Interrogative sentence. Four strand French braid

Be sure to watch the video tutorial on this topic BEFORE you start reading the text. The topic in the video is explained very simply - it will remove your fear of the topic and save time for studying.

They are also called pronominal, since they include pronouns.

In Russian, these are verbs ending in - Xia / -camping(train Xia, entertain Xia…).

In French, this "Xia" is before verb. And as if justifying the French reputation of individualists, it changes with every face.

Se love (to wash oneself = to wash oneself)

Je me love. - I wash (literally: I me mine).
Tu te laves. - You wash (literally: you you wash).
Il se lave. - He washes (literally: he myself washes).
Elle se lave. - She washes (literally: she myself washes).
Nous nous lavons. - We wash (literally: we us mine).
Vous vous lavez. - you wash (literally: you you wash).
Ils se lavent. - They wash (literally: they myself wash).
Elles se lavent. - They wash (literally: they myself wash).

As you can see, it is possible to say “myself” (that is, not in a specific sense) only in the third person (he, she, they) or in the infinitive, because here we can also talk about someone unknown. All other faces are completely specific! And the French emphasize it :))

I can only wash me(in the sense of "I wash").
If you see the phrase "Je te lave" - ​​this is already "I you mine”, that is, the verb is not reflexive.

So remember that we need to put the particle se in front of the verb in the correct form and correctly conjugate the verb itself.

Je me lève tôt et je vais au travail. - I wake up early and go to work.
Tu te leves? - Are you getting up?

Despite the fact that the particle se is separate from the verb (and even before it!), It should be considered as inseparable part of the verb. And this means that we will negate the verb together with this pronoun:

Je ne me lave pas. - I not I wash my face.

If in a phrase two verb (and the second is just reflexive and is in the infinitive), then the particle se still needs to be changed by person.

Je dois me laver. - I must wash (wash me).
Tu peux te reveiller plus tard. - You can wake up later (wake yourself up).
Je vais me promoter. - I I'm going to take a walk me take a walk).
Vous venez de vous habiller. - You just got dressed you dressed).

If the verb starts with vowel or unpronounceable h, then some pronouns are reduced to:

S "appeler - be called (name oneself)

Je m "appelle… - My name is ... (I call me)
Tu t "appelles… - Your name is ... (you call you)
Il s "appelle ... - His name is ... (he calls himself)
Nous nous appelons… – We are called ... (we call us)
Vous vous appelez… – Your name is ... (you call you)
Ils s" appellent ... - Their name is ... (they call themselves)

Reveille-toi! - Wake up!

Je me suis promené(e). - I took a walk.
Vous ne vous êtes pas rasé(s.) - You haven't shaved.

The concept of recurrence does not always coincide in Russian and French.
For example:

Some verbs can be used both in reflexive and non-reflexive form (as in Russian).

Je me lave - I wash camping.
Je lave la vaisselle. - I mine dishes.

Je vois mes amis chaque jour. - I see my friends every day.
On se voit chaque jour. - We see Xia everyday.

Ils s "ecrivent. - They rewrite Xia(they write to each other).
Ils ecrivent des lettres. - They write letters (but not to each other).

There are verbs that always returnable. They just need to be remembered:

se souvenir de - to remember
s "en aller - to leave
se moquer de - to laugh at
s "enfuir - run away
s "écrier - exclaim

Je m "en vais tout de suite. - I'm leaving now.
Souviens-toi des moments divins. - Remember wonderful moments.
Vous vous moquez de moi , je suis humilié. - You laugh at me, I'm humiliated.

There are also verbs that can be both reflexive and non-reflexive. However, they are completely change their meaning. They also need to be remembered!

se douter - suspect
douter - to doubt

s "ennuyer - bored
ennuyer- to annoy someone, to bore

se plaindre de - to complain
plaindre - to regret

se taire - to be silent
taire - to remain silent

se tromper - to make mistakes
tromper - to deceive

Tais-toi, je ne veux pas savoir ton opinion. - Shut up, I don't want to know your opinion.
Je tairai votre secret. - I will keep your secret secret.
Tu te trompes j "en etais syr. - You are wrong, I was sure of it.
Ils veulent vous tromper, ne les croyez pas. - They want to deceive you, don't trust them.

If you need voice explanations of this grammatical topic, as well as an additional set of exercises, you can find it in our audio course.

The Russians are very much mistaken when they find fault with the Federation. As never before, the saying will be in place: "It's good where we are not" and the understanding that Russians judge the rest of the "countries of their dreams" by tourist prospectuses, by feature films and by their own logic, which is hardly worse than Russia where there is a place on Earth...

“Undoubtedly, Paris is one of the most elegant capitals of the world.
Through the centuries, Paris was able to carry the romanticism of the present and evidence
its glorious past. Any traveler will find in Paris
entertainment to your liking. The best time to visit Paris is spring.
In the spring, everything comes alive in Paris, and the scent of love is in the air.”

(c) From the tourist booklet.

In the delusions of Russians, the very word Europe is already, Paris is a sign of the quality of the standard of living, culture and cleanliness, D'Artagnan and croissants. But what is really there? Let's discuss the taste of pineapples not with empty dreamers from the Russian Federation, but with those who ate them - a resident of Paris:

When I arrived in Paris, I was deeply disappointed.

I expected to see romantic French people, but I saw something completely different. Well, first of all, the French are no more romantic than we are. And, secondly, it seemed to me that more than half of the population of Paris is black. Lots of Africans and Arabs. I can give you an example. In the morning I took the subway to work, and in seven cases out of ten, there were 2-5 white people in the whole car, the rest were dark-skinned. A third of Paris is areas where a white man is afraid to go.

I somehow had the courage to walk in the afternoon through the Barbes and Chateau Rouge district, a walk, I can tell you, is not pleasant and not entirely safe. The fact is that no one remembers any tolerance in such places, and the white color of the skin stands out very much in such places. If not to say "cuts the eye." Moreover, these areas are located a few steps from the Moulin Rouge, so this is far from being a suburb or outskirts. Somehow, out of curiosity, I suggested to my friend, who has been living in Paris for 12 years, that he give me a car tour of the criminal outskirts of Paris, inhabited by Arabs and Africans. He flatly refused, saying that such trips could end badly.

Why does no one tell how many homeless people are in Paris?

Homeless people are everywhere in Paris, their number is simply depressing. Someone lives in the subway, someone right on the street in tents, someone just spends the night anywhere. I have repeatedly seen people sleeping in telephone booths, in back streets. Having personally turned off the “shopping”, elite street (the “Opera” district) to the side and came across about 15 people, located on cardboard boxes with blankets.

And nearby, a white man was washing clothes in the water that is allowed in the evenings along the sides of the roads to wash off garbage, his son, who looked about 6 years old, was standing nearby. This picture was strongly engraved in my memory. I know that almost all abandoned houses and factories are inhabited. Homeless people, immigrants, hippies often live there... Moreover, there are real illegal settlements.

Gypsies, for example, build their camps from improvised means: from tents, cars, boards. Other, abandoned factories are occupied. Until some time, even the police were afraid to enter their camps. But last year, these settlements began to be evicted and dispersed.

There is also enough crime on the streets.

Under my window (Chateau Rouge area) mass fights took place twice, 30-40 people converged. It's just not worth talking about fights on the streets. You can get punched in the face at any time of the day, in almost any district of Paris. The exception is probably the elite, sleeping areas.

Pickpockets work in all tourist places in Paris, wherever there is a large crowd of people. I myself was robbed by a pickpocket, pulling out of the purse that lay in the inner pocket of the jacket, all the money. They robbed me in the Opera district, this is a rich, prestigious area. On Pigalle Street, where the Moulin Rouge is located, I have repeatedly observed thimbles.

There were three of them - two men and a woman. Oddly enough, people still buy into their tricks. Near the church cathedral "Sakri Coeur" a company of 10-15 young, strong Africans is constantly working. They surround the victim and offer to tie a thread on his hand - you will have to pay for it. And they offer more than obsessively. And they don't look very friendly. I immediately recall the Odessa phrase: "Buy a brick."

Well, those who offer to buy gold, perfume, hashish, a girl ... ... there are also enough of them, but at least they do not threaten health. I didn’t make a reservation - hashish, you can buy it right at the Barbès metro station, there are guys who are open all day long, offering: “Marlboro, hashish”?

Is Paris the capital of fashion?

First of all, do not confuse tourists in Paris and people living in it! In fact, there are not so many fashionably dressed people in Paris. Africans and Muslims walk around Paris very often in their national clothes. You feel more in Africa than in Europe, given their number. Most of the French are dressed rather modestly and not fashionably. Although, of course, there are rich people who are fashionably and beautifully dressed.

The main thing that catches your eye is that men often look more fashionable and more beautiful than women. Gays are almost always dressed stylishly and beautifully. So if you think that in Paris everyone is fashionable without exception, then know that this is a bike!

Cafes and restaurants....

Cafes in Paris at every turn. Why does no one talk about how dirty these cafes are? Of course, there are chic restaurants, but there are also ordinary cafes where people come to drink a cup of coffee. In these cafes, you can very often find that the entire floor is covered with sugar bags, crumbs from “croissants”. I myself witnessed how my friends threw bags on the floor, and crumbled the “croissant” not on a saucer, but on the floor.

To the remark I made, the answer was given - "it's customary here." They also told me that when it was possible to smoke in these cafes, they also threw cigarette butts on the floor. They say that supposedly it was possible to define a good cafe in this way, the more garbage on the floor - the more people there are, the better the coffee there. By the way, in Parisian cafes they don’t really like to let people into the toilet. First you need to buy something, then they will only let you in.

Service in Parisian restaurants and cafes is a separate topic for conversation. For some reason, boorish waiters and sellers are mentioned only with the phrase “Soviet Union”. But I assure you that in modern Paris, the service is no better. The waiter can easily get nasty, the owner of a shop or cafe can easily put you out if you demand an apology for poor service. Moreover, this can happen both in a cafe where Muslims or Africans gather, and in a restaurant near the Eiffel Tower. So, going to Parisian restaurants - be prepared for rudeness.

Is the air saturated with the scent of perfumes and flowers?

The smells around the Eiffel Tower and the Sacri Coeur are fantastic. Near these two tourist sites, street sellers of souvenirs always live. And they, of course, are there for 8 hours. Guess where they go to relieve themselves? In the nearest bushes. And given that they work there every day in the summer, the stench is serious.

And being at these two sights, you can only inhale the smell of urine, but not perfume or flowers. The subway smells no better. Homeless people live in the subway, so they often relieve themselves there. Well, probably, the subway itself gives out smells that are not very pleasant.

The life of our immigrants.

Most of the Russian-speaking men with whom I managed to talk worked at construction sites. Most of them work illegally, because Parisians don't like to pay taxes. Well, in general, there are a lot of illegal immigrants from all over the world in Paris, which is probably why the natives are used to using their cheap labor. Moreover, it is financially more profitable for the Parisians themselves. Why would they hire legal workers who have some rights when there is a queue of those who are willing to work for a lower salary and do not have any rights.

By the way, in Paris, job seekers often go to “Platform” construction stores, such as our ABC, and there they gather near the stores and wait for someone to drive up and use their services. Everyone who wants to hire a builder or a cleaner knows about this place, they go there and choose a worker for themselves, sometimes they even bargain about the price for the services provided.

Immigrant women are more likely to work as cleaners and nannies in families. At the very least, this kind of work is safer than working as a waitress in some Arabic cafe. Take my word for it, having worked as a waitress in an ordinary cafe (especially for those who speak French poorly), you can get a good idea of ​​how “cultured” people are in France. And, of course, working as a cleaning lady, too, do not expect special respect for yourself.

In France, the culture of the bourgeoisie is still alive, and they look down on their servants or servants. In my personal opinion, rich people who have servants treat less rich people, and especially those who depend on them, like dogs. Those. as most of us look at a dog, the rich look at their staff.

I made this conclusion after talking personally with some of these rich people, and with many people who worked for the rich as a security guard, chauffeur, butler, cleaner. And in general, the attitude of employers towards employees is not very friendly, they do not value the worker there. And I think it's because there are too many job seekers (immigrants, I mean), and many are willing to put up with poor working conditions, pay, etc. Probably the same situation with Tajiks in Moscow.

So, when you are going to work in France, do not think about an apartment with a view of the Eiffel Tower, most likely you will find a communal apartment and work on the principle “if you don’t like it, leave it”. By the way, deception by an employer of an employee is very common if the employee works illegally. Even millionaires do not consider it shameful not to pay the full salary of a cleaning lady, or even not to pay a month at all. I'm not talking about small firms or employers.

About the cleanliness of the French.

I want to give you some short facts. In the summer, in the heat, you can often see a French woman in a light dress and leather boots. In the south of France, the French do not wear socks, I tried walking like this - my feet sweat, and the sweat is no longer absorbed into the sock, but immediately into the shoes. I doubt the French wash sneakers or sandals every week. The smell, you know, what such shoes have. They walk barefoot around the house, they can go outside “quickly” barefoot.

Lice in schools is a common sight in Paris. All pharmacies advertise a lice remedy, not a cold remedy, like ours. Many working-class French families hire a cleaner once a week. And all week long they don’t clean their houses, they don’t clean at all, sometimes they don’t even clean their underwear from the floor ... after all, soon the cleaning lady will come and clean everything up.

The French walk their dogs in the city, and the dogs relieve their needs right on the sidewalks, sometimes between parked cars next to the sidewalk. And, believe me, no one cleans up after their dog, although of course there are exceptions. With a dog, you can go to almost any cafe and restaurant, I personally saw a man with a bull terrier in a large hardware store and with a Rottweiler in a restaurant, not to mention decorative dogs.

By the way, most dogs don't have muzzles. Smoking hashish and cannabis is very common in France. At least in the south and in Paris. I do not know if this is due to the large number of Muslims, or for some other reason. But many people smoke drugs, regardless of their financial situation and nationality.

Multiculture.

There are many different nationalities living in France. Naturally, they all have different cultures. But I want to talk about Muslims and Africans, because. it is they who make up the bulk of the population of Paris, and perhaps even the whole of France. There is no need to talk about any tolerance on their part. It is believed that only a white-skinned person can offend a dark-skinned person due to racial dislike. But in fact, it's quite the opposite. Let me give you some vivid examples from practice.

I was standing in line at the store, two black drunk madams come up, stand in front of me and wait for the cashier to serve them. I, knowing their manners and speaking French poorly, stand in silence. The cashier says that I was the first and therefore he will serve them only after me. These women raised a cry for discrimination, with the typical cry of “is it because we are black?”. Similar stories happen very often, believe me.

If an African cannot win with physical strength, he will definitely start screaming about discrimination. And if there is a trial, then I'm afraid he has a better chance of proving that he is being offended than a white-skinned person. Another example is that a black man can safely walk in the “white area”, “white” in the “black area” is rare, and it is not safe for him to walk in such an area.

Muslims in Paris are mostly from Arab countries. Their tolerance can be judged by the way they reacted to the fact that two Arab teenagers, fleeing from the police, climbed into a transformer box and died from electric shock. If you remember, in response to this, the Arab population began pogroms in the city, arson. Arabs, as well as Afro-French people, do not pay metro fares in principle. They believe that their grandfathers have worked hard enough building this subway. And they have the right not to pay tolls.

When Muslims pray in the city, they block the sidewalks to avoid being disturbed by passers-by. At the same time, Arabs, blacks, and the French themselves, of course, constantly gather on the steps to the current Sacri Coeur church. Arabic music can be played there, alcohol can be drunk, hashish can be smoked. I wonder if they would have allowed to do the same at their mosque? In general, apart from the financial division, in Paris people are also divided by skin color and religion. Moreover, tolerance is only in words, in fact it is better for whites not to meddle in an area where whites do not live.

In general, "non-tourist" Paris left the impression of a dirty, noisy, criminal city ...

To braid a French braid, follow these steps step by step:

1. Comb your hair, select a wide strand from the hairline at the top of your head. The wider the strand, the more voluminous the braid will turn out.

1. Divide the selected strand of hair into three equal parts. All the following strands involved in weaving should be of the same volume. Shift the strands as when weaving a regular braid: throw the right one on the middle one, and then throw the left one on top.

1. Holding the left strand together with the middle one, grab a new strand of hair from the right side and connect it with the right strand of the main part of the braid.

1. Weave the resulting right part with the middle main part, acting similarly to weaving a simple pigtail.

1. Take with your right hand all three resulting strands.

1. With your left hand, take a new strand of hair from the left side.

1. Weave a new strand of hair with the leftmost strand and throw it over the middle strand of the main part.

1. Repeating the steps above, braid the braid to the base of the neck, then braid the loose hair into a simple braid.

1. Secure the resulting hairstyle with an elastic band or hairpin.

The whole process is shown in more detail in the video below:

The following step-by-step tutorial will show you how to weave a French braid with a bun. In order for the hairstyle to turn out neat, you will need a special bagel for hair.

1. The braid can be braided in any area of ​​​​the head. Having chosen a place on the head, select three equal strands of hair and make several weaves, as in a regular pigtail.

1. As you move along the head, grab additional strands of hair and weave them into the main part of the future braid so that the French braid is fixed on the head.
2. Weave the braid and fasten.

1. Tie the remaining free hair with an elastic band in the tail, putting on it a special roller for the bun.

1. Comb the hair collected in a ponytail and tuck it inside the roller, forming a voluminous bun.

1. Wind the previously braided braid onto the base of the bundle.

Romantic hairstyle is ready!

Weaving "French Falls"

The hairstyle got its name "French Falls" for its similarity with falling jets of water. It is quite simple to perform, after a little training you can easily braid it not only to your girlfriend or daughter, but also to yourself.

Scheme for creating a braid

This hairstyle looks especially impressive on curly hair. Naturally straight hair can be slightly curled at the ends with a curling iron to make the braid more voluminous and voluminous.

Step-by-step instruction

1. Make a deep side parting on the head and separate three equal small strands of hair from the larger combing area.

1. Make several classic braids with the fence of additional strands over the head, after which weave the braid in such a way that the lower strands remain free and do not participate in further weaving. Instead of the released lower strand, take a new one, moving around the circumference of the head.

1. Having reached the ear, take a strand above it and tightly fix the weave with it.

1. Having reached the other side of the head, fix the finished braid with an inconspicuous thin elastic band.

Hairstyle completed!

The finished braid can be decorated with studs with flowers or rhinestones.

The following step-by-step instruction allows you to master the technique of weaving an inverted French braid:

1. Separate a wide strand of hair from the forehead and divide it into three equal parts.
2. Bring the left strand under the middle one, crossing them.
3. Bring the right strand under the left.
4. To the left strand add a thin new strand of hair from the left temple.
5. Similarly, we weave the right strand with an additional one taken from the right temple. Continue weaving until all the hair at the temples is woven into a braid.
6. Finish braiding by tying the remaining loose hair into a ponytail, or weaving it to the very ends.

In more detail, the technique of creating a French braid inside out is presented in the following video:

In the same way, you can make a hairstyle from two inverted French braids at the same time.

Weaving braids diagonally

1. The braid is woven from five strands. We take the beginning just above the right ear and finish under the left. Select a strand of hair and divide it into three equal parts (each strand is numbered in the photo).

1. Throw strand 1 on strand 2. Throw strand number 3 on 1.

1. To the left of the main part, select the fourth strand.

1. Place strand 4 under strand 2, and then draw over strand 3 so that they form a checkerboard pattern.

1. Above the right temple, highlight the fifth strand and draw it under 1 and over strand 4. Thus, the main part will be created by strands numbered 2, 3 and 5.

1. Now bring 2 strands under 3 and over strand 5.

1. Bring the third inverted strand up.

1. On the left, pick up a new strand.

1. Pickup add to 2 strands.

1. Release strand 3. Take a section from strands 2, 4 and 1.

1. Pull strand 4 up.

1. Pick up the new strand on the right and add it to the first section. Bring strand 1 over 2 and under strand 3. Lower section 4.

1. We repeat the steps from the fifth step until all the strands from the head are in the braid.

1. Having completely finished weaving, stretch the sides of the braid for a lace effect until the braid is fixed.

1. Braid the braid to the end and secure with a transparent silicone rubber band. Optionally, it can be additionally decorated with flowers or rhinestones.

french braids

Small French braids tightly fitting to the head, which are also called braids, are one of the varieties of Afro hairstyles. The technique of weaving French braids is no different from creating ordinary spikelets, the difference lies in the width of the braid and its tighter weaving.

Until some time ago, they could only be seen on African hair. Today, this type of braiding is also popular with representatives of other races.

To create French braids, a special material is often used - kanekalon, which is woven together with strands for greater density and long-term hairstyles.

Braids with kanekalon, provided that they are properly cared for, can be worn for up to 1 month, while without them, their wearing period is only 1-2 weeks.

Such braids can be woven with a hair length of 10 cm, while the pattern created by ready-made braids can be absolutely anything - it all depends on the client's imagination and the master's talent.

Braided hair gives the hairstyle neatness and grace, which always attracts admiring glances and the attention of others. Spruce up your everyday look with braided hair and you will feel the difference!

AT interrogative sentence direct order words occur only in the following cases:

• if the question is expressed by intonation: Vous venez?
• if the interrogative sentence begins with qui (who) / qui est-ce qui (who)/ qu'est-ce qui (what) in the function of the subject or quel (what) in the function of determining the subject: Qui a dit cela?
• on turnover est-ce que(usually not translated into Russian): Comment est-ce que vous lisez?
• if the question word is placed at the end of the sentence: Tu t'appelles comment?

In all other cases, the interrogative sentence is characterized by inversion, i.e. reverse word order. Inversion can be simple or complex.

Simple Inversion is done when the subject is expressed by a pronoun. In this case, the pronoun is placed after the verb through a dash. Permutation of the pronoun je is allowed only in some monosyllabic forms of verbs: ai-je? suis-je? disje? dois-je? vais-je? puis-je?

Between the verb (if it does not end in t or d) and the 3rd person singular pronoun, the letter t is placed: Lit-il le journal? Pense- t-il à notre projet?

Complex inversion done if the subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun (other than the personal or indefinite on). In this case, the subject remains in its place and, in addition, is repeated after the predicate in the form of a personal unstressed pronoun of the 3rd person of the corresponding gender and number: Pierre est- il etudiant? Les notres sont- ils Venus?

NB! Direct word order: the subject comes first, followed by the predicate.

Inversion = reverse word order: the predicate comes first, followed by the subject.

General question (question to the whole sentence)

It can be set in three ways:

1) By changing intonation to interrogative. The word order in the sentence does not change: Tu vas au cinéma? — Are you going to the cinema?

2) With the help of an interrogative phrase est-ce que keeping the direct word order after it: Est-ce que tu vas au cinéma? — Are you going to the cinema?

3) Using inversions: Vas-tu au cinema? — Are you going to the cinema?

The words “whether” and “is it”, used in a general question in Russian, are not translated into French:

Does he go to the cinema? = Does he go to the cinema? = Does he go to the cinema? = Est-ce qu'il va au cinema?

Special question

Involves the use of special question words:

where?	ou…?	Où habites-tu? - Where do you live?
where?		Où vas-tu? - Where are you going?
where?	d'où...?	D'où viens-tu? - Where are you going from now?
when?	quand…?	Quand revisions-tu? - When will you be back?
In what time?	à quelle heure...?	A quelle heure reviens-tu? - AToh howto you come back?
as?	comment...?	Comment set enfant lit-il? - How does this child read?
why? why?	pourquoi...?	Pourquoi est-ce que tu es en retard? – Why are you late?

With question words, there are three options for constructing phrases:

Question to the subject

Question to direct object (addition without preposition)

Question to an indirect object (addition with a preposition)

question for definition

		to the subject	to supplement
which?	quel (m.s. sg.) quelle (female unit) quels (m. pl.) quelles (feminine pl.)	+ direct word order Quel parc est beau? - Which park is beautiful?	Quel livre est-ce que tu lis? Quel livre lis-tu? - Which book are you reading?
How many?	combien de…	+ direct word order Combien d'étudiants travaillent ici? - How many students are here?	1) + est-ce que + direct word order 2) + inversion Combien de livres est-ce que tu lis? Combien de livres lis-tu? - How books you reading?