Gemstones of the Russian crown. Shine and splendor of the imperial crown - what beautiful
The jewelry of the Russian Imperial Crown was divided into the sad fate of the treasury of the largest European monarchies - English (until 1848), French and Austria-Hungarian, irrevocably lost in the Vorther wars and revolutions.
In 1719, according to the decree of Peter I, a special premises were organized for special storage of "state owned" - "Rentrerey", where government regalia was kept, ordinance signs, parade jewelry. Since 1839, this storage has become referred to the diamond room.
Russian emperors and empress, competing in luxury with monarchs of other European countries, sought to increase the wealth and pomp of their yard. With the court in St. Petersburg, many outstanding jewelers were worked in St. Petersburg, father and sons Duval, L. Pfisterer, Eckart. Precious stones were acquired on the treasury, some of them came in the form of gifts. In addition to the imperial regalia, the corona jewels included various jewelry and decorations.
For the coronation of Catherine the second, asking for the throne as a result of the state coup. A large imperial crown was made. Already on July 8, 1762, for the tenth day after massacre with Peter III, there was a decree signed by Catherine, according to which 50 thousand rubles for Coronation expenses were released for the costs of coronation, including the payment of jewelers. The development of the crown sketch was instructed by Jelemi's jewelery (Jeremiah) Position (1716-1779), a succession from Switzerland.
The main court jeweler Georg-Friedrich ECART idea Pozia rejected. Having received gold from the treasury, he produced an openwork frame crown. But decorated with the crown stones yet pose. "I chose between things all the biggest stones that are not suitable for fashionable decoration, partly diamond, partly color, - later recalled POSE in his" notes ". "Despite all the precautions, made by me to make the crown easily and consumed only the most necessary materials to keep stones in it, it turned out five pounds of weight."
Pozone perfectly coped with the task of selection of stones, revealed their beauty, very successfully found the transitions from one color to another and skillfully used the flickering of pearls. Estimated the crown of two million rubles - the amount for those times astronomical. We add that this masterpiece of jewelry of the XVIII century was created in just two months.
The crown of the Russian Empire looks traditionally for this symbol of state power. It consists of two openwork silver hemispheres, covered with Indian diamonds of various sizes - they have 4936 pieces (total weight - 2858 carats). In the lower part of the crown, large white and pink diamonds alternate.
The only color spot is a big dark red spinel on the top of the crown, under a diamond cross. This spinel weighing 398.72 karat is one of the seven historical stones stored in a diamond fund. She was bought in 1676 by the Russian envoy in Beijing Nikolai Spafarium.
The total weight of the crown is 1.907 kg. The length of the lower circumference of the crown is 64 cm, the height with the cross is 27.5 cm. Regardless of the size and complexity of the composition, it is elegant and easy. This is a true masterpiece of the XVIII century jewelry.
Along with the crown for coronation of Catherine II, other imperial regalia were manufactured - Power and Skiptere.
Power - polished hollow ball, crowned with a cross, is made of the so-called "red gold". The ball is surrounded by two rows of large diamonds, sapphire on top weighs approximately 47 carats. The golden scepter is made in strict forms; It consists of three smooth parts separated by diamond belts, and is crowned with a double-headed eagle, decorated with black enamel and diamonds. Below the eagle, reinforcing the parade of the scepter, the famous diamond "Orlov" (189.62 karat) was strengthened.
The so-called small imperial crown is stored in the diamond foundation today was made in 1801 by the brothers Duval for Elizabeth Alekseevna, Alexander I spouse. The weight of it is 378 g, the crown is decorated with 48 large (from 2 to 9 carats) and 200 minor diamonds. This crown, originally intended for coronation, and later served for particularly solemn cases, made as an elegant female decoration.
Historical reference
Scandal broke out. Foreign newspapers wrote that some European entrepreneurs and banks are used by the Soviet government for currency transactions with leveled gold, diamonds and church values. To drown out the outrage, at the end of 1925, an exhibition of corona jewels was organized in Moscow, which was supposed to show the world that they were intact and unharmed.
The noise raised in the press, apparently, ripped up the preparing deal for the sale abroad through the manchuria of all the relics of the former diamond room, which included the meeting of the imperial crown, the imperial scepter with the diamond "Orlov", the Power, the collection of diamond suspension and diadem, diamond ordinaries Signs and chains, gift gold cups, a collection of fans and rings, the imperial Easter eggs of Faberge and much more.
However, most of these items were still sold out in 1920-1930.
Some later showed out in private collections of the United States and Europe, for example, the marriage crown of Russian Empress, made from the Diamond belt of Catherine II, - in the fall of 1926, she (along with the Diamond sword of Paul I, the decoration of Catherine's coronation dress, the second of the bunch of Brazilian diamonds and Indian Emeralds, Diamond Tobaccoque Empress Elizabeth, a collection of imperial Easter eggs Faberge) was sold by the new owners of the country to the American merchant Norman Weisu.
The location of some other items is unknown so far (among them - several eggs of Faberge, the diamond sign of the Order of Andrei First-Called, owned by Alexander II, the icon "Introduction of the Virgin in the Temple" in the precious salary of Faberge, etc.).
Yes, the crown of the widow of Peter the Great was dismantled, devoid of jewels, which were allowed into a further turn. A frame of gold-plated silver is preserved in the Armory Chamber. The crown of Peter II was kept in the execution of the year, after which it was turned into a set of stones and a valuetallic scrap. Anna Ioannovna retained the imperial crown, but the solarded Elizabeth ordered to make a new crown. In addition to the fact that the tradition has not yet developed, the elegant daughter of Peter could not delete, so that her adorable head was laid heavy, old-fashioned thing, suitable only for a man's cousin. And he received an adorable openwork crown for coronation. But he was disassembled.
Twenty years there was no need to invent something, but after the death of Elizabeth Petrovna, the wife of the new emperor, Ekaterina Alekseevna, ordered the funeral crown. She was made by Swiss ECART, but was mistaken. Corrected the mistake of the French Pozone, consolidating the crown with screws on the pillar of the deceased and not more than the possibility to protest the empress. The skills of both jewelers will be useful after a few months, when a coup in June 1762 will be held. Bezzka, one of the conspirators, hinted by Catherine on his special role in her acceleration, received as mercy responsibility for everything that will be on the Empress during coronation. And undertook to work. Having ordered Ecart and Pozone to make a new, unprecedented, big crown, Betskaya resolved endless disputes of two jewelers, supplied hundreds of treasures hundreds of gems and dozens of pearls, found a golden and silver scrap. It was he who suggested crowned the crown by an unprecedented Lalom, brought from China with Alexei Mikhailovic. Stone was considered Ruby, but it is close to him noble spinel. Anyway, it is unbelievable.
Coronation portrait of Catherine II. Stefano Torelli, between 1763 and 1766
Jewelers and the troubled bezki presented the Empress masterpiece. The finest loving, rapid laurels and oak branches, stones and pearls, skillfully built into openwork design, - all this turned a large crown into a symbol of a new reign, which promised to be light, vigorous and reasonable. Compared to predecessors, its weight was small - about two kilograms. Oddly, the continuity and heredity of this attribute of the authorities approved Pavel Petrovich. And twice. He was not only married by the crown made for the Mother unloved to them, but also posthumously crowned the deplorable Catherine Father. Since then, the Russian emperors have been crowned with the same big crown. The last time it was seen on the head of the autocrat in the opening of the First State Duma. During the Great War, her together with other jewels were evacuated from Petrograd to Moscow.
Treasures were divided into "historically valuable" and other
But here is a revolution ... In 1920, the decree of Lenin is created by the State Storage of Values \u200b\u200b- Gokhran. In the same year, the sale of jewels abroad is organized by another decree. But this is still requested, "not royal", gold-diamonds. In 1922, under the leadership of the famous professor of mineralogy, Alexander Fesman, a commission works describing the contents of the boxes brought in 1914 to the Armory Chamber. There is a big crown.
At the same time, the treasures were divided into "historically valuable" and others that could be sold out. In 1923, part of values \u200b\u200bturns out to be in Chita. Much disappears. The collection is thinned in two directions: state clearance and theft. And there are not passionate monarchists and not agents of foreign intelligence, as cute is shown in the final film of the trilogy about "elusive avengers". There, the cunning headquartane Ovechkin (Artist Gigarkhanyan) prevents the watchmaker, then a cheeky, then the proletter and kidnaps the crown of the Russian Empire.
But even more sliced \u200b\u200bDanka - Xanka - Yashka - Valerka with the help of a repeated recidivist Naryshkin return the treasure to the people. No, stole and sold real proletarians and security officers. In 1925, the collection of royal jewels had a more seven objects, in 2017 there were less than two hundred ... A large imperial crown survived. Finding at the exhibition of 1925, she did not leave for Armandha Hammer, in no ultra-native collection. She just disappeared from the people who was solemnly declared her owner. Since 1967, the crown can again be seen in the diamond fund. That's better. I hope she will not have any head.
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Big imperial crown. Currently, the large imperial crown is located in the diamond fund of the Russian Federation. The big imperial Corooner Russian Empire is the main symbol of the Russian monarchs.
This is impossible due to a number of reasons: the diamonds of the royal crown have outdated cut. The majestic drawing of the crown is not only beautiful, but also filled with deep meaning. The crown is depicted at the foot of the Empress in the ensemble of the monument of Catherine II in the square of the Alexandrin theater in St. Petersburg.
Catherine II, having risen on the throne after Peter III did not have time to confuse, ordered the famous major imperial crown, which in the future all its descendants are crowned (now in the diamond fund). Until the revolution, only 2 of these crown remained. In addition, the "wedding crowns" of brides were also similar to a certain period, although then one preserved was stacked.
The imperial wedding crown (1840/1884) is a diamond wedding crown of the work of the famous St. Petersburg firm "Bolin". Crown Elizabeth Petrovna (1742) - was performed by Jeweler I. G. The karto, who helped Russian and foreign masters and students.
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The coat of arms crowned the Finnish Crown. This crown does not really exist, but due to the highest command of 1857, she had to be depicted in the coat of arms of the Finnish provinces and the city of Helsingfors (now Helsinki). But in the Finnish essays, the emblem of the Grand Duchy was represented by the crown of the Western European Great Principles. T. LXX. - St. Petersburg., 2013. - P. 102-114; Bykov Yu. And .. On the question of the authorship of the coronation regalia of the Empress Anna John // Moscow Kremlin in the state life of Russia.
Part of the exhibits for the project is provided by the Russian archives and the largest museums, including the Hermitage, but the main mass of them left the Armory Chamber for the first time in a few decades. The crown crowns a rare gem bright red - a noble spinel of 398.72 karat. It is not surprising that this crown became the main imperial regalia - all Russian emperors were crowned. In the crown of 1393 diamond, the total weight of 586.92 carats, as well as 2167 diamonds of the rose cut, silver 256.96 g, the gold of 2.26 is now presented and the meeting of the Russian Diamond Fund.
As well as the crown, the Power was made for the coronation of Empress Catherine II Great Court Jeweler Georg-Friedrich Ekarta. Momomakh hat is the main regalia of Russian great princes and kings. Symbol-crown autocracy in Russia.
It was made in 1682 for the "duet" wedding of the young Peter I on the kingdom - the real hat of Monomakh was on his head of his brother Ivan V. Apparently, no one used this cap. In the center of each "town" - a large gem or a big pearl. Below to the crown is attached to the sobular fur, traditional for this type of crown - "hats".
Today, this crown marches the coat of arms of Astrakhan. It was redone from the silver crown of Peter I, in which the jewelers mounted about 2500 diamonds, rubies. The Empress Elizabeth Petrovna was crowned in the same crown 20 years later. In 1822, the Barma was found by the royal archaeologists and are given to the Armory Chamber.
A copy made by Smolenic Diamonds in 2012. The authors did not set the task to repeat the original. The bottom of the hemispheres cover the laurel branches - the symbol of power and glory, and in the figure of the garlands between the hemispheres are placed oak leaves and ramps, which symbolizes the fortress and strength of power. In the Russian kingdom, the caps of the Russian kingdom were used, in particular, for coronations - the Cap of Monomakh.
Also in the Russian Empire used an ancient royal crown, which does not actually exist. It is included in the large imperial crown. The big imperial crown is made in the form of a headdress. It is composed of two silver hemispheres, personifying the union of the East and West in the territory of the Russian Empire.
The main regalia confirming the power of monarchs is considered a crown or crown. The rulers, competing in the magnificence and luxury of the symbols of power, decorated their crowns made of gold and silver, rare and very expensive stones. In this review - the most famous crowns of the world, to determine among which the very much is not so simple.
The crown of kings and emperors of the Sacred Roman Empire has several names, one of the most famous - the crown of Karl the Great, and it is made at the end of the 10th century. 
Crown of kings and emperors of the Sacred Roman Empire.
This oldest jewelry masterpiece, unlike other crowns, the original shape in the form of an octahedron, decorate 144 gems and pearls. Initially stored in Nuremberg, in the event of a threat to the seizure of this city by the troops of Napoleon, who sought to get it for his coronation, the crown transported to Vienna and hid there. In the museum of Vienna, she is now stored.
Crown of the British Empire.
The famous jewel made in 1911 is not the ownership of the Queen, and belongs to the state, and its main storage is the Tower Museum Fortress, and the ruling queen of Elizabeth II puts on the crown only on the occasion of the annual opening ceremony of the Parliament or other state celebrations. And although the crown has a relatively low weight, 910 grams, the queen to get used to it and do not cut down at the ceremony, puts on the crown in advance and walks in it for several hours. These rare days you can see the Queen with the magnificent crown on the head at the home atmosphere or watching newspapers.
Big Crown of the Russian Empire.
This jewel, eclipsed by its brilliance and magnificence the crown of all foreign rulers, was conceived by Catherine II for his coronation in 1762. Famous jewelers who worked on its creation, just two months managed to create this miracle.
An openwork frame of an elegant form in the form of two hemispheres (symbolizing East and West) from gold and silver, resembling an eastern headdress, made the main court jeweler ECART. But the selection of stones for the crown and her decoration of the ECART entrusted to the jeweler Pozone, who handled him brilliantly. The rows of matte pearls should not be emphasized by the sparkling of the plague of diamonds, and the crown is crowned with a real treasure - a rare mineral, a bright red rubber shock with a weight of about 400 karat, brought back in the 16th century from China. Today it is a national heritage exhibited in the famous diamond fund. 
Diamonds and pearls are a big crown.
Red spinel big crown.
Crowns and Crowns of Russia
At the time, when Europe was crowned with their rulers with luxurious crowns, in Russia they were replaced by the headers-the crowns, the most famous of which is the Momoma hat. First, Ivan Grozny was crowned for the reign.
Famous monomacha hat.
The transition to the imperial crowns in Russia occurred thanks to Peter I. The Wedding Hat of Monomakh himself, he ordered to manufacture the first Russian crown of gold-plated silver, the owner of which was lucky to become his wife Ekaterina I. 
The first Russian crown.
Empress Anna Joanovna ordered a new crown for his coronation, and it was performed in accordance with its tastes and wishes, many precious stones were used from Catherine I. 
Crown Empress Anna Joanovna.
Starting from 1872 to the fall of the Empire, all Russian emperors crowned the famous large imperial crown. And for the coronation of the king, several copies of this crown of smaller sizes were made, but only one was preserved. 
Small imperial crown.
Nicholas II with his wife in the imperial crowns.
Crown of the Russian Empire
(from Lat. Corona - Crown) - A special precious coronation headdress of the Imperial Yard of Russia, symbolizing the highest step in the hierarchy and being the emblem of the Supreme Power - the sign of the monarch of the monarch; big Imperial Crown of the Russian Empirewhich was pinned on the head of the new autocrat.
Priambula
Encyclopedic certificate of Russian crowns from the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
"The crown is called a headpiece or headpiece, which serves as a sign of the famous power and the form of its defining title, San, title, and sometimes the merits of the face to whom it belongs. Undoubtedly, the origin of his K. is obliged to a wreath or a crown, representing his variety itself.
Currently in the Moscow Armory Chamber are stored by the following k.:
1).
Vladimir Saint;
2).
Kazanskaya, ordered by John Grozny for the Baptism of the Kazan Tsar of Emergency and sent after the death of the latter in Moscow;
3).
Astrakhan, made in 1627 by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich;
4).
Siberian (Altabasnaya Cap) made of golden brocade; Ordered in 1684;
5).
Tauridic or so-called monomach hat of the second category, made in 1682 for the coronation of Peter the Great;
6).
Diamond K. Peter the Great, German work, decorated with in front of two two-headed eagles;
7).
Diamond K. John Alekseevich.
In the seals, from the time of Mikhail Feodorovich, K. European form meet, but in reality they did not yet exist. The first K. European sample was made in 1724 for the coronation of Catherine I. This K. Peter II crowned. The arc separating to K., he ordered to decorate with a big ruby, bought by decree Alexei Mikhailovich in Beijing, from the Chinese Godman, the ambassador Nicholas Spafaria; A diamond cross was attached to the top. For the coronation, Anna John was ordered by K. by the same sample, but still luxurious and more; The number of stones decorating it reaches 2605 pieces. Ruby was placed on the arc, shot from C. Peter II. This C. Since 1856 is called Polish and in the state coat of arms placed on the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Polish. The same K., a little converted, crowned Elizabeth Petrovna. Catherine II ordered for his coronation to court jeweler a new K., on the decoration of which went 58 very large and 4878 small diamonds, big ruby \u200b\u200band 75 large pearls; She weighed to 5 pounds. For the coronation of Paul I, this K. was somewhat expanded and 75 pearls were replaced with 54 large; It also crowned all subsequent emperors. "
History
For the first time, the transition from traditional inacked by gems of the caps to the crowns of the European sample occurred when Catherine I Coronate - for it, a crown of gold and silver was made, a set of diamonds were filled with a variety of diamonds.
The large imperial crown of the Russian Empire was made for coronation in 1762 by the famous jewelers by Georg-Friedrich Ekarta, who was the author of sketches and a carcass, and also led the work and Jeremia (Jeremiah: In Russia, he was given to Eremem Petrovich) Pozone, who was engaged in the selection of stones. The work was carried out at the special order of Catherine II. It was only one condition for the famous masters - the crown was supposed to weigh no more than 5 pounds (2 kilograms).
The archives have preserved the names of talented gold masters who participated in the "crown case" - Ivan Evstigneev and Ivan Lipman, and still artisans of the court diamond workshop. For the works of all jewelers from the treasury paid 8,200 rubles. The jewelry miracle was created in just two months. It was the most famous Crown of the Russian Empire before the monarchy was sunset by the Supreme Power in Russia. The magnificent crown is not inferior to the most magnificent samples of European royal houses.
Because of the hostility of these two jewelers, the name of Georg-Friedrich Ekarta for a long time was known to be a limited circle of persons. In their notes, I did not mention Ecart and all of the fame for many years got only by Zheremi himself.
After the October Revolution, the young Communist State of the Councils of Workers and Peasants needed finances needed a dilapidated and ruined bands "Bolsheviks". The government was looking for loans and appealed to Michael Collins, Minister of Finance of Ireland. Royal jewels were used as the property collateral of the Soviet Republic with a loan of $ 25,000. The transfer of values \u200b\u200band money was carried out in New York, between the head of the Soviet Bureau, the Soviet ambassador in America, Ladvig Martens, and the Irish ambassador to the United States, Harry Boland. After returning to Ireland, Bolland kept the jewel in the house of his mother - Kathleen Boland O "Donovan), who lived in Dublin. The entire period of the Irish war for the independence of the jewel was kept from Mother Boland. Mrs. Bolland O "Donovan handed over the jewel of Russia to the government of the Irish Republic in the face of Imon de Valera, only in 1938, which were kept in the safes of government buildings and which for a while forgot.
In 1948, the values \u200b\u200bwere discovered by the decision of the new government of Ireland, led by John A. Kostello (John A. Costello), made a decision to sell the mortgage royal jewelry of Russia at the public auction in London. However, after consulting on the legal status of collateral values \u200b\u200band negotiations with the Soviet ambassador, the decision to sell was canceled. Values \u200b\u200bwere to be returned to the Soviet Union in exchange in the amount of $ 25,000, originally issued to $ 1920. The jewels returned to Moscow in 1950.
Description
The crown of the Russian Empire is made in the form of a headdress of Eastern traditions ("Türban of Indian Sultanov, Higher Casta Raji and Ottoman clergy") It consists of precious metals - silver and gold: two silver hemispheres, covered with diamonds separated by a diamond garland and two rows of pearls bonded by a low crown, consisting of a large spinel that is among the number of 7 historical stones, and a cross from 5 huge diamonds. The master recited in silver 4936 diamonds with a total weighing of 2,858 carats and 72 Indian pearls, stressing the sparkling of the diamond lace with two rows of large matte pearls. The height of the crown with a cross is 27.5 cm. The most famous of the crown's gems is Ruby (spinel) on the arc weighing in 398.72 carats, separated by two halves of the crown. The stone was purchased in 1676 from the Chinese Emperor Kansi (Kit. 康熙, Pinyin Kangxi. (Kangxi), own name Xuania, whale. 玄燁, 4 May 1654 - December 20, 1722), and delivered to Russia with a scientist and writer Nikolai Spaphyrian, who was on the diplomatic service at Queen Alexei Mikhailovic in Beijing (China) from 1675 or 1678. This famous Ruby nomaded from one crown to another and originally decorated with the imperial headdress Elizabeth Petrovna. On top of the ruby \u200b\u200bcross from five large diamonds. The majestic drawing of the crown is not only beautiful, but also filled with deep meaning.
Two hemispheres personify the union of the East and West on the territory of the Russian Empire and uniting two continents in the victory over Ottomans. Connected to the base of the crown and framed by pearls, they depict the Latin letter "V" (Victoria - Victory). The bottom of the hemispheres cover the laurel branches - the symbol of power and glory, and in the figure of the garlands between the hemispheres are placed oak leaves and ramps, which symbolizes the fortress and strength of power.
Three large gems dominant in government regalia of the Russian Empire - Red Spinel (in crown) , Blue sapphire (in power) and blue-white diamond (in skipper) - Included in the color of the Red-Blue and White Russian Flag.
By decree of the king, an accurate copy of the crown of smaller sizes was made, which was used for the coronation of the king. In 1900, Faberge made a one-piece set of accurate copies of the imperial regalia (large and small imperial crowns, power and scepter) in a miniature of silver, gold, diamonds, sapphires and rubies on a marble basis; Work is in the Hermitage Collection.
Coronation
According to the Byzantine tradition, the king was put on the head of the imperial crown as a symbol of the Most High Government given by the Almighty. Noble parties from all over the world and noble representatives of their country were invited to coronation. During the solemn ceremony, an oath was read on loyalty to the people and the Motherland, as well as prayer to the glory to the Lord; The emperor accepted the symbols of state power.
The last time the Crown of the Russian Empire was used in 1906 at the opening ceremony of the Russian State Duma.
Crowned a big crown:
- 1762 Ekaterina II Great
- 1797 Paul I.
- 1801 Alexander I.
- 1826 Nikolai I.
- 1855 Alexander II.
- 1883 Alexander III
- 1896 Nicholas II.
Value
By the beginning of the 1880s, the jewelry value of the ECARTA product and pose exceeded 1 million rubles (gold). Currently, the large imperial crown is located in the diamond fund of the Russian Federation.
Use in Heraldry
The imperial crown is found in large coat of arms of the imperial male surname, in the personal coat of arms of His Majesty and in the coat of arms of the provinces. Small coat of arms of the imperial house have a heraldic crown, representing nothing else as the Severogrmangian noble crown. If the pearl crown is crowned with crosses, then it gets the name of the ancient royal and is used in the coat of arms of the regions. A wall crown is placed in the coat of arms of cities, and the antique crown usually serves for the wedding of heraldic figures. In the coat of arms of the nonetitular nobility of the Crown, the helmet marched, but before the coat of arms and without the crown were approved; The latter sometimes placed on a shield or in the air over the helmet. In the baronish coat of arms of the Crown or straight over the shield, or on a helmet, crowned shield. In the coat of arms of the Count Crown is placed on the shield; In addition, if there are several helmets, then the average is sometimes crowned with the same crown; The rest are covered by the nobility and Baron, if the last title had the owner of the coat of arms. The princely hat is usually placed over the mantle, but can also wander a shield and helmet.
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From December 20, 2000, the Imperial Crown of the Russian Empire is depicted again on the coat of arms revived after the collapse of the USSR of the state - the Russian Federation.
In art
- Adventure feature film "Crown of the Russian Empire, or no longer", 1971 (USSR)
- Picture of Borovikovsky (1757-1825) "Portrait of Paul I" (1800-1801)
Commercial use
The Crown of the Russian Empire had many unofficial uses for promotional purposes and on labels of various products, especially various brands of vodka and caviar. Some varieties of expensive original champagne (Champagne, France) also have an image of state symbols of the Russian Empire on Labels.
Notes
- Keogh, Dermot, (2005), "Twentieth Century Ireland", (Revised Edition), Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, p. 208, ISBN 0-7171-3297-8
- THE IMPERIAL CROWN OF RUSSIA (1763).
- The price of the cow to medium-sized dignity was 5-10 rubles by assignments (state and porous - up to 20). On the Karaganda coal specks by the end of the 19th century, earns of miners ranged from 70 kopecks to 1 rubles 40 kopecks for 12-14-hour working days.
additional literature
- Symbols of the Russian Empire
- Books with reference to the crown of the Russian Empire in the search engine
Links
- Diamond Fund Treasures
- Collection with historical accuracy presents the best jewelry exposed in the building of the State Armory of the Moscow Kremlin
- The female crown of the Russian Empire (the crisis of the inheritance of the Romanov dynasty ended with the "golden age" of Catherine Great)