What is knowledge. Ordinary knowledge: definition and meaning. Knowledge of the world. Life experience

04.05.2019

KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE is the creative activity of the subject, focused on obtaining reliable knowledge about the world. P. is an essential characteristic of the existence of culture and, depending on its functional purpose, the nature of knowledge and the corresponding means and methods, it can be carried out in the following forms: everyday, mythological, religious, artistic, philosophical and scientific. The initial structure of P. is the subject-object relation, where the question of the possibility of adequate reproduction by the subject of the essential characteristics of the object (the problem of truth) is the central theme of epistemology (theory of P.). Depending on the solution to this issue, the positions of cognitive optimism, skepticism and agnosticism are distinguished in philosophy. Truth acts as a universal goal P. At the same time, ideas about truth and ways to achieve it in the context of the historical and philosophical tradition were concretized through the dilution of the fundamental oppositions of "knowledge and opinion" (antiquity), "reason and faith" (Middle Ages), "knowledge and ignorance ”(New time). Understanding the nature of subject-object relations determines the corresponding views on the nature of P. For classical philosophy, the process of P. is contemplation, which presupposes the passive role of the subject in the perception of the absolute and unchanging laws of objective reality outside of him. At the same time, P. itself can be interpreted from two main perspectives: 1) the interpretation of P. as a reminder (theory of anamnesis), which goes back to Plato and is developed mainly in the context of the rational-idealistic tradition; 2) the characteristic of P. as a reflection, most clearly realized in the models of materialism and empiricism. Starting with Kant's "Copernican turn", philosophy departs from contemplative objectivism in epistemology and actualizes the active role of the subject in the cognitive process. For German idealism, the world that opens up in Poland is already a projection of the creativity of a transcendental subject (Kant, Fichte, Schelling) or a product of the activity of a socio-historical subject (Hegel). The interpretation of P. as a creative activity distinguishes contemporary non-classical philosophy. It is characteristic that while emphasizing the creative status of the subject in the cognitive process, modern philosophy has largely abandoned not only the ontologism of classical thought, but also attitudes toward objective truth, which is actually sacrificed to the socio-historical, pragmatic and psychological interests of the subject. The nature of cognitive activity here can be considered in the context of praxeological, semantic and analytical approaches. The emphasis on the practical nature of P. in modern philosophy is characteristic primarily of Marxism and pragmatism. However, if in Marxism P., being a form of anticipatory reflection of reality, acts as the most important aspect of the nature-transforming and socio-historical practice of society, then in pragmatism P., overcoming doubt, provides the subject's psychological confidence in his abilities, thereby allowing him to most effectively implement practical activity. The semantic approach to P. is realized today within the framework of phenomenology and hermeneutics. P. here is a process of making sense, allowing a person to expand the horizons of understanding not so much of external reality as of himself. And, finally, the analytical approach is associated with the currents of neo- and post-positivism and structuralism, focused on considering P. as a scientific analysis of sign structures, more or less adequately describing the existing logical and semiotic invariants, but in no way claiming to truly understand them. In the structure of the cognitive process, sensory and rational levels of psychology are also distinguished, the opposition of which in modern European philosophy led to the emergence of the dilemma of rationalism and empiricism. Sensual P. (its main forms: sensation, perception, and representation) is the result of direct interaction between the subject and the object, which determines the concreteness, individuality and situationality of the knowledge obtained here. Being the basis of cognitive activity in general, the sensory level of P. is of particular importance in art and everyday practice. Rational II. (its forms: concept, judgment and inference) presupposes the possibility of objectification of individual knowledge, their generalization, translation, etc. It is rational P. that ensures the existence of such forms of cognitive creativity as science and philosophy. In addition to the sensual and rational, intuition plays a special role in the cognitive process, which testifies to the special mechanisms of P. at the level of the unconscious structures of the psyche. P. can also be structured depending on P.'s object and the type of knowledge corresponding to it. As the most common objects of P., one can single out nature, society, and man and the natural, social, and humanitarian knowledge associated with them. A special type of P. is self-knowledge, which, since the time of Socrates, has been one of the central themes in philosophy and at the same time represents one of the most essential modes of individual being. P.'s problems are currently being studied by a number of both philosophical (epistemology, epistemology, cultural studies, logic and methodology of science) and special (cognitive psychology, science of science, sociology of knowledge and science, etc.) disciplines.

The latest philosophical dictionary. - Minsk: Book House. A. A. Gritsanov. 1999.

knowledge is:

cognition is the highest form of reflection of objective reality, the process of developing true knowledge. Initially, P. was one of the aspects of the practical activity of people; gradually, in the course of the historical development of mankind, P. became a special activity. In P., two levels are distinguished: sensory P., carried out with the help of sensation, perception, representation, and rational P., proceeding in concepts, judgments, inferences and fixed in theories. Distinguish also the ordinary, artistic and scientific P., and within the framework of the latter - P. nature and P. society. Various aspects of the P. process are investigated by a number of special sciences: cognitive psychology, the history of science, the sociology of science, etc. The general doctrine of P. is given by P.'s philosophical theory.

Dictionary of Logic. - M .: Tumanit, ed. center VLADOS. A.A. Ivin, A.L. Nikiforov. 1997.

Cognition (philosophy) is:

Cognition (philosophy)

Cognition- a set of processes, procedures and methods for acquiring knowledge about the phenomena and laws of the objective world. Cognition is the main subject of the science of epistemology (theory of knowledge).

Types (methods) of cognition

"There are two main stems of human knowledge, perhaps growing out of one common, but unknown to us root, namely sensibility and reason: objects are given to us by means of sensibility, but they are thought by reason." I. Kant

Cognition is not limited to the sphere of science, each form of social consciousness: science, philosophy, mythology, politics, religion, etc., has its own specific forms of knowledge, but unlike all diverse forms of knowledge, scientific knowledge is a process of obtaining objective, true knowledge , aimed at reflecting the laws of reality. Scientific knowledge has a threefold task and is associated with the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality.

There are also forms of knowledge that have a conceptual, symbolic or artistic-figurative basis. In the history of culture, various forms of knowledge that differ from the classical scientific model and standard are assigned to the department of extra-scientific knowledge: parascientific, pseudoscientific, quasi-scientific, anti-scientific, pseudoscientific, everyday-practical, personal, “folk science”. Since the variegated aggregate of non-rational knowledge does not lend itself to a strict and exhaustive classification, there is a division of the corresponding cognitive technologies into three types: paranormal knowledge, pseudoscience and deviant science.

The initial structure of Cognition is the subject-object relationship, where the question of the possibility of adequate reproduction by the subject of the essential characteristics of the object (the problem of truth) is the central theme of epistemology (the theory of Cognition). Depending on the solution to this issue, the positions of cognitive optimism, skepticism and agnosticism are distinguished in philosophy.

Plato

In Book VI of the State, Plato divides everything available to knowledge into two kinds: comprehended by sensation and cognized by the mind. The relationship between the spheres of the sensed and the intelligible also determines the relationship of different cognitive abilities: sensations allow you to understand (albeit inaccurately) the world of things, the mind allows you to see the truth.

The sensed is again divided into two kinds - the objects themselves and their shadows and images. Faith (πίστις) is associated with the first genus, and assimilation (εἰκασία) with the second. By faith is meant the ability to have direct experience. Taken together, these abilities constitute an opinion (δόξα). Opinion is not knowledge in the true sense of the word, since it concerns changeable objects, as well as their images. The sphere of the intelligible is also divided into two kinds - these are the ideas of things and their intelligible similarities. Ideas for their cognition do not need any prerequisites, representing eternal and unchanging essences accessible only to reason (νόησις). Mathematical objects belong to the second kind. According to Plato's thought, mathematicians only "dream" of being, since they use derivative concepts that need a system of axioms that are accepted without proof. The ability to produce such concepts is reason (διάνοια). Reason and understanding together constitute thinking, and only it is capable of cognizing the essence. Plato introduces the following proportion: as essence relates to becoming, so thinking relates to opinion; and so is cognition to faith and reasoning to assimilation.

The allegory of Plato "The Myth of the Cave" (or "The Parable of the Cave") is especially famous in the theory of knowledge.

Epicureans

Philo of Alexandria

Types of cognition

There are several types of cognition:

mythological

the type of cognition characteristic of primitive culture (the type of a holistic pre-theoristic explanation of reality with the help of sensory-visual images of supernatural beings, legendary heroes who, for the bearer of mythological knowledge, appear as real participants in his daily life). personification, personification of complex concepts in the images of gods and anthropomorphism.

religious

the object of religious knowledge in monotheistic religions, that is, in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, is God, who manifests himself as a Subject, a Person. An act of religious knowledge, or an act of faith, has personalistic-dialogical character.
The goal of religious knowledge in monotheism is not the creation or clarification of a system of ideas about God, but the salvation of a person, for whom the discovery of the existence of God simultaneously turns out to be an act of self-discovery, self-knowledge and forms in his consciousness the demand for moral renewal. In the New Testament, the method of religious knowledge is formulated by Christ Himself in the "Beatitudes": "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God" (Matt. 5.8)

philosophical

philosophical knowledge is a special type of holistic knowledge of the world. The specificity of philosophical knowledge is the desire to go beyond the fragmented reality and find the fundamental principles and foundations of being, to determine the place of man in it. Philosophical knowledge is based on certain ideological premises. It includes: epistemology, ontology.
In the process of philosophical knowledge, the subject seeks not only to understand the being and place of a person in him, but also to show what they should be, that is, seeks to create ideal, the content of which will be determined by the worldview postulates chosen by the philosopher.

sensual

is the result of the direct interaction of the subject and the object, which determines the concreteness, individuality and situationality of the knowledge obtained here.

scientific (rational)

presupposes the possibility of objectification of individual knowledge, their generalization, translation, etc. It is rational knowledge that ensures the existence of such forms of cognitive creativity as science and philosophy. Its main forms are: concept, judgment and inference.

What is cognition?

Is knowledge?

Here is the correct definition of KNOWLEDGE.

The cognitive process is the harmonious development of knowledge in different forms and contents. That is, cognition is understood as the movement of the mind towards knowledge, truth, creative activity.

In your own words, cognition is the study of something new in any area. I would call cognition an in-depth study, a kind of inside look. The most important thing in knowledge is the desire to find out for yourself. When a person studies a topic with desire, the information is absorbed much better. We are looking for nuances, trifles and incomprehensible questions with their subsequent solution. All this gives definitely the best knowledge in a particular topic. You can teach and study, but DO NOT KNOW THE MAIN.

-Hedgehog-

The definition of the word knowledge is as follows:

This is the highest degree of reflection of reality, the development of real knowledge, which is achieved by a person through the acquisition of life experience. This is a person's striving for something new, not yet permanent. There are many forms of knowledge. But the main thing is knowledge of the truth.

And here is the definition of the word Logical Dictionary:

88Summertime88

Cognition name such processes and methods by which knowledge about the laws and phenomena of the objective world is acquired. The science of epistemology deals with cognition.

Speaking of cognition, we mean the creative activity of a person. This process includes two levels:

sensual,
rational.

It can also be arbitrary and organized.

Cognition is inherent in man. Cognition is the process of acquiring new knowledge. Throughout his life, a person learns the world. A small newborn child looks around him, makes sounds, thus he learns the world. Then, over the course of our lives, we constantly learn something new. All new knowledge (in any sphere of life) will be cognition.

Said petrov

Cognition is an important part of a person. Thanks to this ability we develop. Knowledge is a type of human activity that is aimed at finding and gaining knowledge about the world. The motives of knowledge are determined by the desire to understand how it works and how to use it. The ultimate goal of knowledge is the achievement of truth.

Cognition- this is information, knowledge, experience and everything that a person knows from science. And at the same time, cognition- this is when the process of acquiring knowledge takes place, when the laws of the objective world are comprehended. And, of course, to the process itself knowledge certain abilities are needed. It is not for nothing that it says:

I understand the word knowledge, as a vivid desire of a person to learn something new for himself. It should be expressed precisely in striving, in the desire of the person himself. Knowledge in any industry helps a person to improve himself, to reach heights. It moves a person, develops him.

Natashau

Cognition is the study by man of various aspects of the sciences, the nature of nature. Obtaining new knowledge. This concept is widely used in philosophy. There are such concepts as knowledge of the surrounding world or knowledge of oneself.

Baraboliy

Everyone in this word sees something of their own ... for someone this is knowledge ... for someone it is experience and wisdom, for someone enlightenment and God. It all depends on the person, on his character and, accordingly, his life position.

Luchiya22

Cognition is the process of obtaining new knowledge by a person, the discovery of the previously unknown. The effectiveness of cognition is achieved primarily by the active role of a person in this process, which causes the need for its philosophical consideration. In other words, we are talking about clarifying the prerequisites and circumstances, the conditions for advancing towards the truth, mastering the necessary methods and concepts for this.

Philosophical problems of knowledge are the subject of the theory of knowledge, or epistemology. “Gnoseology” is a word of Greek origin (gnosis is knowledge and logos is a word, teaching). The theory of cognition answers the questions of what cognition is, what are its main forms, what are the regularities of the transition from ignorance to knowledge, what is the subject and object of cognition, what is the structure of the cognitive process, what is truth and what is its criterion, as well as many others. The term “theory of knowledge” was introduced into philosophy by the Scottish philosopher J. Ferrier in 1854.

Improving the means of knowledge is an integral part of the history of human activity. Many philosophers of the past turned to the development of questions of cognition, and it is not by chance that this problem is brought to the fore and becomes decisive in the development of philosophical thought. At first, cognition appears in naive, sometimes very primitive forms, that is, it exists as everyday cognition. Its function has not lost its significance until now. With the development of human practice, the improvement of the skills and abilities of people in comprehending the real world, science becomes the most important means of not only cognition, but also material production. The principles of scientific knowledge, which formed the basis for the formation and organization of scientific thinking, are revealed. At the same time, general philosophical principles are highlighted that apply both to the world as a whole and to the sphere of knowledge (the relationship of human knowledge to the world), the principles of special scientific thinking and the principles of special scientific theories.

Science has become one of the most powerful factors transforming the life of society in the 20th century (more about science as a form of social consciousness will be discussed in Chapter VIII). This, in turn, made her herself an object of careful and scrupulous study. A wide front of research was developed, in the center of which was the cognitive activity of man and society. The psychology of scientific creativity, the logic of science, the sociology of science, the history of science, and finally, science of science - this is just a short list of special disciplines that study various branches and forms of cognition. Philosophy also did not stand aside, forming a wide sphere called the philosophy of science (including a number of subsections: philosophy of biology, philosophy of physics, philosophy of mathematics).

Please describe. What is unscientific knowledge?

Ray of hope

HUMAN COGNITIVE ACTIVITY.
Knowledge is power, said the English philosopher Bacon. Knowledge is necessary for a person in all types of activities. From the flow of information, a person assimilates only a certain part. This part is the actual knowledge that we have mastered. In general, our knowledge is quite diverse, it is knowledge about objects, about how to use them. A special type of knowledge is made up of our ideas about how knowledge itself is formed, where people get their indisputable ideas. Knowledge does not arise by itself, it is the result of a special process, the cognitive activity of people. Ancient man, hunting, observing the habits of wild animals, acquired useful information that helped him in their further domestication. A child who breaks glass learns that it is fragile, these situations show that cognition can happen involuntarily, woven into the fabric of our daily life. Other examples: a zoologist is conducting research to identify the characteristics of the reproduction of wild animals in captivity. A grown-up child at school studies the properties of solids in physics lessons. Here we are talking about a specially organized cognitive process.
The process of cognition, no matter how it goes, always presupposes the presence of two sides: the cognizing person (the subject of cognition) and the cognizable object (the object of cognition). They relate to each other. A person learns the world through the senses: sight, smell, touch, hearing, taste. Man's sensual knowledge of the world is carried out in such forms as sensation, perception, representation. Sensation is what we perceive with our senses. The impact on the sense organs of an integral image of an object is called perception. The sensory image of objects and phenomena stored in consciousness without their direct impact is called representation. A cognizing person cannot limit himself to sensory knowledge, he penetrates into the essence of things using the ability to think. This is rational knowledge. The process of thinking proceeds due to mental operations: comparison, assimilation, generalization, abstraction. The process of thinking and its formalization in speech form is not two independent, following one after another, but a single one. The form of thought in which something is affirmed or denied through the connection of concepts is called judgment.
In human speech, judgments are linked logically.
A person comes to a conclusion or inference.
SCIENTIFIC AND UNScientific KNOWLEDGE.
Scientific knowledge is based on such sources of knowledge as reason, it is based on the results of science and experiments, the form of scientific knowledge is theory. many laws of science initially arise in the form of hypotheses. Forms of unscientific knowledge can be called myths, practical activities, folk wisdom and common sense.
Sometimes unscientific knowledge is based on such sources as feeling, leading to so-called revelations, or metaphysical insights, an example of unscientific knowledge is faith. There is unscientific knowledge by means of art, which creates an artistic image.

The process of obtaining and updating knowledge, the activity of people to create concepts, schemes, images, concepts that ensure the reproduction and change of their being, their orientation in the world around them. P. develops in the joint and individual activities of people, "relies" on various historical and cultural forms, is carried out in various combinations of living and accumulated experience. Fixing itself in this experience in the form of more or less coordinated components, it acts as knowledge. In this glide difference between P. and knowledge is the difference between process and result. In other words, P. is a dynamic characteristic of a person's spiritual and theoretical assimilation of the conditions of his being, and knowledge is a characteristic that fixes the results of this assimilation, ready for use, "use", and dissemination. If in the historical "dimension" the difference between P. and knowledge does not seem to be fundamentally significant, since it is constantly overcome by the history of people itself, then in specific situations involving combinations of different forms of experience, it turns out to be practically and theoretically very important and requires special fixation. An individual person, mastering the structures of the social world, finds P. in it precisely in the form of knowledge, and his own cognitive activity is realized by working with this form, in the course of using and transforming its elements. His efforts "revive" knowledge schemes, transfer them into a mode of interaction with real problems and, one way or another, reproduce and process them, "return" them to process P. Knowledge, i.e., is actually present in people's lives as a moment of P. , is revealed and realized in the context of P. However, such "turns" are possible when P. is viewed through the prism of functioning knowledge as a replenishment and replenishment of the latter. The formation of an individual P. can be interpreted as a person's adaptation to existing forms of knowledge, which reinforces and preserves them. With this interpretation, the dynamics of P. turns out to be a historical movement of knowledge structures, categories, concepts, symbols, transmitted by people from generation to generation, absorbing their living experience and enriched by it. Thus, consideration of the dynamics of P. with t. Sp., Fixing its results and their systematic form, can give rise to the idea of P. as a kind of superhuman, transpersonal subject, carrying out cognitive activity with the help of people, but without taking into account the energy spent by them and abilities. This view of P. in fact dominates in traditional types of society. In "classical" science and philosophy, similar views also took place. P.'s development was largely interpreted as replenishing the "piggy bank" of knowledge with new theories and concepts, built in accordance with generally valid standards and norms. The standards and norms themselves, theoretical cognitive attitudes and orientations were considered unshakable and independent of the work and creativity of individual cognizing subjects. This was the strength of "classical" science and philosophy as social and cultural institutions that set certain generally valid and, in this sense, objective standards for human interactions, for combining various modifications of human experience. But this was also their weakness, since it was precisely the isolation of standards from living and concrete human experience that made them immune to those transformations of cognitive structures and attitudes that began in science and philosophy in the middle of the 19th century. The "classical" picture of P.'s evolution - apparently clear and harmonious - turned out to be internally contradictory. It poorly combined the idea of generally valid knowledge, its standards and criteria, and the idea of updating knowledge, creating new methods and means of obtaining it. New knowledge required by society for the reproduction and development of its structures, as a rule, did not agree well with the array of scientifically tested experience, and turned out to be under suspicion. For the "classical" painting of P., the problem of creativity, cognitive creativity in particular, remained insoluble. The creative activity of people, creating new concepts, images and concepts, in most cases was characterized as a field of action of irrational, mystical, uncontrollable forces, that is, it turned out to be beyond the action of cognitive norms and standards. The "classical" theories of P. were unable to connect the cognitive activity of an individual subject (subjects) and the evolution of an impersonal, objectified P. with its inherent stereotypes and means of communication. P., that is, in its evolution, it turned out to be divided, as it were, into two streams: the first, in which the living P. of acting people flows, and the second, in which deindividualized knowledge moves, gradually developing due to the transformation of the efforts of individual subjects into non-subject or intersubjective forms. Of course, this duality of P. faced a number of problems caused by the development of practice and science, which showed its weaknesses and limitations. It was necessary to bring the forms of cognitive activity closer to specific spheres of human interactions, to put them in connection with certain tasks and capabilities of people: more and more non-standard practical and research situations arose, the field of P. expanded before our eyes due to natural and social objects that did not lend themselves to standard theoretical cognitive characteristics: physics was faced with problems that go beyond the framework of classical concepts, social sciences faced the need to describe unobservable social qualities and human relationships, classical logic turned out to be inconsistent in explaining ethnographic material reflecting the thinking of people living and living outside the circle of European civilization. The emergence of various new stimuli for P. development required a corresponding interpretation of P.'s dynamics. It was necessary to "build" such interpretations not from the results and the standards that formalize them, but from the subjects collecting and spending the energy of activity, using various objectified means of P., including and standards that form a certain structure and order of the cognitive process (including its value-normative structures). However, this tendency at first did not manifest itself (and, apparently, could not manifest itself) sufficiently. Its implementation was initially designated as a crisis of the "classical" philosophical theories of P., as an awareness of the threat to the development and preservation of European culture, which was losing an important tool for normative regulation of relations between people: emotionally, it was experienced as a state of loss of values and guidelines. In its extreme expressions, this tendency manifested itself as a fundamental denial of universally significant cognitive and cultural norms (see Nihilism), as a radical criticism of P.'s metaphysics and philosophy in general (see Positivism). At this point, it should be emphasized that in terms of the strategic, this tendency did not indicate the elimination of the value-normative structure of P. (and culture), but to its setting in the context of specific forms of communication and "people's activities. The problem of P. standards, respectively," moved "from the logic of subordinating people to standards into the processes of working out and agreeing by people of generally significant interaction schemes. However, philosophy itself was unable to carry out such a strategy, since it did not have sufficient means of justifying it, and lost its former cultural and social authority. The efforts associated with this strategy were now undertaken not so much in philosophy as outside of it: within the framework of the sociology of science and the history of cognition, in social psychology and pedagogy, in culturological disciplines that study specific systems of psychology and thinking. Certain results characterizing the dynamics of P. were obtained in the field of complex studies that identify and describe the social nature of P. Initially, the social nature of P. was outlined in a simplified and approximate manner and was found in the forms of P.'s dependence on dominant political interests, economic and technical benefits, and personal gain. (dogmatic Marxism, pragmatism). This approach has evoked fierce criticism, to a large extent fair, from the traditionally oriented theorists P. By the middle of the XX century. there was a tendency for a more detailed and subtle analysis, which revealed the dominant structures of interactions that determine the orientations of cognitive activity, the work of specific scientists. Philosophical theories of P. were significantly corrected by the data of sociology and the history of science. However, the dynamics of P. was mainly interpreted according to the samples that were revealed in the dynamics of P. scientific. An in-depth study of the problem of obtaining new knowledge and transforming the existing cognitive structures has drawn attention to the personal aspect of cognitive activity ("personal knowledge" - M. Polani). Consideration of personal determinants of P. led to another "turn": the focus of research attention turned out to be ordinary P. with its inherent forms, and in the analysis of scientific P., such aspects of it came to the fore, for example, the organization and productivity of interpersonal communication (D . Price), - which were previously ignored. Of course, this "turn" did not eliminate the border between ordinary and scientific P., but it allowed us to see and take into account in P.'s analysis many important factors of its dynamics associated with the existence of people, their communication, "energy" and the motivation of their activities. It would be a great oversimplification to present the matter in such a way that the impersonal structures of cognitive activity were replaced by subjective orientation and individualized spontaneity of people's behavior; the complexity of the problem was precisely to discover the structure of P. in the processes of joint and individual activity of people, in its not only external, but also "internal" connections. The complication of ideas about the process of P. went along the path of creating "cascade" models that combine the images of the gradual accumulation of knowledge with the concepts of a sharp change in value-normative systems (T. Kuhn), depicting the evolution of P. as a change in historical formations of knowledge ("epistemes" - M. fu "ko). The problem of interaction of different formations, samples," paradigms "of P. from their destruction, the creation of new ones from the destruction of old ones.

Definitions, meanings of a word in other dictionaries:

Dictionary of Logic

Cognition is the highest form of reflection of objective reality, the process of developing true knowledge. Initially, P. was one of the aspects of the practical activity of people; gradually, in the course of the historical development of mankind, P. became a special activity. In P ....

A person without ideas about the world around him cannot exist. Everyday knowledge allows you to combine the wisdom of many generations, to teach everyone how to properly interact with each other. Don't believe me? Then let's take a closer look at everything.

Where did knowledge come from?

Thanks to thinking, people for centuries have improved their knowledge of the reality around them. Any information that comes from the external environment is analyzed by our brain. This is a standard communication process. It is on it that everyday knowledge is built. Any result is taken into account - negative and positive. Further, it connects our brain with the already existing knowledge, thus the accumulation of experience takes place. This process occurs constantly and ends only during the death of a person.

Forms of knowledge of the world

There are several forms of knowledge of the world, and in each name it is clearly traced what is the basis on which everything is built. There are 5 such knowledge in total:

Ordinary. It is believed that it is from him that all other methods of knowing the world originate. And this is perfectly logical. After all, this knowledge is primary and every person has.
Religious knowledge. A fairly large percentage of people get to know themselves through this form. Many believe that through God you can know yourself. In most religious books you can find a description of the creation of the world and learn about the mechanics of some processes (for example, about the appearance of a person, about the interaction of people, etc.).
Scientific. Previously, this knowledge was in close contact with everyday life and often flowed out of it as a logical continuation. At the moment, science has become isolated.
Creative. Thanks to him, knowledge is transmitted through artistic images.
Philosophical. This form of cognition is built on reflections on the purpose of man, his place in the world and the universe.

The first stage of everyday knowledge

Cognition of the world is a continuous process. And it is built on the basis of knowledge that a person receives through self-development or from other people. At first glance, it may seem that this is all quite simple. But this is not the case. Everyday knowledge is the result of observations, experiments and skills of thousands of people. This baggage of information has been transmitted over the centuries and is the result of intellectual work.

The first stage represents the knowledge of a specific person. They can vary. It depends on the standard of living, education received, place of residence, religion and many other factors that directly or indirectly affect a person. An example is the rules of communication in a particular society, knowledge about natural phenomena. Even the recipe that was read in the local newspaper refers precisely to the first step. Knowledge that is passed down from generation to generation also belongs to the 1st level. This is a life experience that has been accumulated professionally and is often referred to as a family affair. Often, recipes for making wine are considered a common property of the family and are not told to strangers. With each generation, new ones are added to knowledge, based on the technologies of the present.

Second stage

Collective knowledge already belongs to this layer. Various prohibitions, signs - all this refers to worldly wisdom.

For example, many signs are still used in the field of weather prediction. Luck / bad luck signs are also popular. But it should be borne in mind that in different countries they can be directly opposite to each other. In Russia, if a black cat crosses the road, then it is considered that it is bad luck. In some other countries, on the contrary, this promises a lot of luck. This is a vivid example of everyday knowledge.

Signs associated with the weather very clearly notice the slightest changes in the behavior of animals. Science knows more than six hundred animals that behave in different ways. These laws of nature have been formed for more than one decade and not even one century. This accumulated life experience is used even in the modern world by meteorologists to confirm their forecasts.

The third layer of worldly wisdom

Everyday knowledge is presented here in the form of philosophical representations of a person. And here again the differences will be visible. A resident of a remote village, who is engaged in farming and thus earns his living, thinks about life differently than a wealthy city manager. The first will think that the main thing in life is honest, hard work, and the philosophical ideas of the other will be based on material values.

Worldly wisdom is built on the principles of behavior. For example, that you shouldn't argue with your neighbors or that your shirt is much closer to your body, and you need to think about yourself first.

There are many examples of everyday knowledge of the world, and it is constantly supplemented by new patterns. This is due to the fact that a person constantly learns something new and logical connections are built by themselves. When you repeat the same actions, your own picture of the world is built.

The properties of ordinary knowledge

The first point is unsystematic. A specific individual is not always ready to develop and learn something new. He may be quite happy with everything that surrounds him. And the replenishment of everyday knowledge will happen sometimes.

The second property is inconsistency. This can be especially clearly illustrated by the example of signs. For one person, a black cat that crosses the road promises grief, and for the second - happiness and good luck.

The third quality is the focus not on all spheres of human life.

Features of everyday knowledge

These include:

Orientation to human life and his interaction with the outside world. Worldly wisdom teaches how to run a household, how to communicate with people, how to properly marry / get married, and much more. Scientific knowledge studies processes and phenomena associated with a person, but the process itself and information are fundamentally different.
Subjective character. Knowledge always depends on the standard of living of a person, his cultural development, field of activity and the like. That is, a specific individual relies not only on what he was told about this or that phenomenon, but also makes his own contribution. In science, however, everything is subject to specific laws and can be interpreted unambiguously.
Focus on the present. Ordinary knowledge does not look far into the future. It is based on the available knowledge, and it is of little interest to the exact sciences and their development in the future.

Differences between scientific and ordinary

Previously, these two knowledge were closely intertwined with each other. But now scientific knowledge differs from ordinary knowledge quite strongly. Let's take a closer look at these factors:

Applied means. In everyday life, this is usually a search for any patterns, recipes, etc. In science, special equipment is used, experiments and laws are carried out.
The level of training. To engage in science, a person must have certain knowledge, without which this activity will be impossible. In ordinary life, such things are completely unimportant.
Methods. Everyday cognition usually does not highlight any specific ways, everything happens by itself. In science, methodology is important, and it depends solely on what characteristics the subject under study contains and some other factors.
Time. Worldly wisdom is always directed towards the present moment. Science, on the other hand, looks into the distant future and is constantly improving the knowledge obtained for a better life for mankind in the future.
Credibility. Ordinary knowledge is not systematic. The information that is presented usually forms a layer of knowledge, information, recipes, observations and guesses of thousands of generations of people. It can only be verified by putting it into practice. No other method will work. Science, on the other hand, contains specific laws that are irrefutable and do not require proof.

Ways of everyday cognition

Despite the fact that, unlike science, worldly wisdom does not have a certain mandatory set of actions, you can still highlight some of the methods used in life:

The combination of the irrational and the rational.
Observations.
Trial and error method.
Generalization.
Analogies.

These are the main methods used by humans. Cognition of the ordinary is a continuous process, and the human brain constantly scans the surrounding reality.

Knowledge dissemination options

A person can get ordinary knowledge in different ways.

The first is the constant contact of the individual with the outside world. A person notices patterns in his life, making them permanent. Draws conclusions from various situations, thereby forming a knowledge base. This information can relate to all levels of his life: work, study, love, communication with other people, animals, luck or failure.

The second is the media. In the age of modern technology, most have a TV, Internet, cell phone. Thanks to these achievements, humanity always has access to news, articles, films, music, art, books and more. Through all of the above, the individual constantly receives information, which is generalized with the already existing knowledge.

The third is getting knowledge from other people. You can often hear various sayings for any action. For example, "don't whistle - there will be no money in the house." Or ordinary practical knowledge can be expressed in the advice that a young girl receives from her mother when preparing food. Both examples are worldly wisdom.

Scientific and everyday life

Ordinary and scientific knowledge about society are closely intertwined with each other. Science "grew" out of everyday observations and experiments. Until now, there is the so-called primitiveness, that is, scientific and everyday knowledge in chemistry, meteorology, physics, metrology and some other exact knowledge.

Scientists can take some assumptions from everyday life and look at their provability in the scientific environment. Also, scientific knowledge is often deliberately simplified in order to convey it to the population. The terms and descriptions used at the present time cannot always be correctly assimilated by ordinary people. Therefore, in this case, everyday and scientific knowledge are closely intertwined, which makes it possible for each individual to develop together with the world and use modern technologies.

On the Internet, you can often find videos where, for example, physics is explained practically "on the fingers", without using complex terms. This makes it possible to popularize science among the population, which leads to an increase in education.

What is cognition?

Here is the correct definition of KNOWLEDGE.

Cognition is the process of acquiring new knowledge by a person, the discovery of something previously unknown. The effectiveness of cognition is achieved primarily by the active role of a person in this process, which causes the need for its philosophical consideration. In other words, we are talking about clarifying the prerequisites and circumstances, the conditions for advancing towards the truth, mastering the necessary methods and concepts for this.

Philosophical problems of knowledge are the subject of the theory of knowledge, or epistemology. Epistemology is a word of Greek origin (gnosis knowledge and logos word, teaching). The theory of cognition answers the questions of what cognition is, what are its main forms, what are the regularities of the transition from ignorance to knowledge, what is the subject and object of cognition, what is the structure of the cognitive process, what is truth and what is its criterion, as well as many others. The term theory of knowledge was introduced into philosophy by the Scottish philosopher J. Ferrier in 1854.

Science has become one of the most powerful factors transforming the life of society in the 20th century (more about science as a form of social consciousness will be discussed in Chapter VIII). This, in turn, made her herself an object of careful and scrupulous study. A wide front of research was developed, in the center of which was the cognitive activity of man and society. The psychology of scientific creativity, the logic of science, the sociology of science, the history of science, and finally, science of science is just a short list of special disciplines that study various branches and forms of cognition. Philosophy also did not stand aside, forming a wide sphere called the philosophy of science (including a number of subsections: philosophy of biology, philosophy of physics, philosophy of mathematics).

Cognition is knowledge of root causes, motives, nature.

The definition of the word knowledge is as follows:

And here is the definition of the word Logical Dictionary:

This is the replenishment of knowledge. An increase in the size of our virtual world and a change in its quality. Knowledge generates knowledge. and knowledge encourages knowledge.

Cognition name such processes and methods by which knowledge about the laws and phenomena of the objective world is acquired. The science of epistemology deals with cognition.

Speaking of cognition, we mean the creative activity of a person. This process includes two levels:

sensual,
rational.

It can also be arbitrary and organized.

The concept of "cognition", its structure and stages

Humanity has always strived to acquire new knowledge. The process of mastering the secrets of the surrounding world is an expression of the highest aspirations of the creative activity of reason, which is the great pride of mankind. Over the millennia of its development, mankind has passed a long and thorny path of cognition from the primitive and limited to an ever deeper and more comprehensive penetration into the essence of being. On this path, an innumerable set of facts, properties and laws of nature, social life and man himself were discovered, there were constant changes in the "pictures" and "images" of the world. Developing knowledge went hand in hand with the development of production, with the flourishing of the arts and artistic creation. The human mind comprehends the laws of the world not for the sake of simple curiosity (although curiosity is one of the driving forces of human life), but for the sake of practical transformation of both nature and man in order to maximize the harmonious life arrangement of man in the world. The knowledge of mankind forms a complex system that acts in the form of social memory, its wealth and diversity are transmitted from generation to generation, from people to people using the mechanism of social inheritance and culture.

Knowledge does not arise by itself, it is the result of a special process - the cognitive activity of people.

So, cognition is the process of acquiring and developing knowledge, its constant deepening, expansion and improvement.

The process of cognition, no matter how it goes, always represents the interaction of a subject and an object, the result of which is knowledge about the surrounding world.

This is the one who wants to gain knowledge about the world around him.

This is what the cognitive activity of the subject is directed to.

V structure of cognition can be distinguished the following items.

Man began to think about what cognition is, what are the ways of acquiring knowledge already in ancient times, when he realized himself as something opposed to nature, as an agent in nature. Over time, the conscious posing of this question and an attempt to solve it acquired a relatively harmonious form, and then the knowledge about knowledge itself took shape. All philosophers, as a rule, one way or another, analyzed the problems of the theory of knowledge. There were two approaches to the question of how a person learns the world: some philosophers believed that we know the world with feelings, others - with reason. The group of the first philosophers is called sensationalists(, F. Bacon, L. Feuerbach), the group of the latter - rationalists(, R. Descartes, B. Spinoza). There is also a third concept of cognition - agnosticism- denial of the possibility of knowing the world (D. Hume).

Modern science considers sensory and rational cognition as two successive stages in the formation of cognition.

Historically and logically, the first stage of the cognitive process is sensory cognition- cognition with the help of the senses. Sensory cognition as a whole is characterized by the reflection of the world in a visual form, the presence of a direct connection between a person and reality, a reflection of mainly external sides and connections, the beginning of comprehending internal dependencies on the basis of an initial generalization of sensory data.

The basic human feelings were described by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle more than two thousand years ago. These are taste, touch, sight, hearing and smell.

Man's sensual knowledge of the world is carried out in three main forms.

Sensations, perceptions and representations in the process of cognition act interconnected and are influenced by rational forms of cognition, logical thinking.

Rational knowledge is most fully reflected in thinking. Therefore, you need to understand well the content of this most important concept. - an active process of reflection of the surrounding world carried out in the course of practice. Human thinking is not a purely natural property, but a function of a social subject developed in the process of objective activity and communication.

So, rational cognition- this is insight into the essence of things, operating with ideal images with the help of logical thinking. The main forms of rational knowledge are:

Sensual and rational cognition are two stages of cognition and do not contradict each other. These two forms of cognition are in constant interaction and form an indissoluble unity of the cognitive process. Rational forms of cognition are impossible without forms of sensory cognition, since from here they get the source material. At the same time, sensory cognition is influenced by the rational. Sensations, perceptions and representations of a person carry the characteristics of all spiritual and intellectual activity of consciousness.

Forms and methods of scientific knowledge

The origin of sciences took place in the ancient world. But they began to take shape from the 16th-17th centuries. In the course of historical science, development has become a major force influencing all spheres of society.

This is a form of human activity aimed at the production of knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth. Science in a broad sense includes all conditions and components of scientific activity:

division and cooperation of scientific labor;

scientific institutions, experimental and laboratory equipment;

research methods;

scientific information system;

the entire amount of previously accumulated scientific knowledge.

Modern science is an extremely ramified set of separate scientific branches. The subject of science is not only the world around a person, various forms and types of motion of matter, but also their reflection in consciousness - that is, the person himself. The main task of science is to identify the objective laws of reality, and its immediate goal- objective truth.

Scientific knowledge is distinguished by the desire for objectivity, i.e. to the study of the world as it is, regardless of man. The result obtained in this case should not depend on private opinions, preferences, authorities. Therefore, scientific knowledge is inherent in following signs:

objectivity;

consistency;

focus on practice;

evidence;

the validity of the results obtained;

reliability of conclusions.

Currently there is next classification of sciences:

natural sciences - study the natural world;

technical sciences - study the world of technology;

humanities - study the human world;

social sciences - study the world of society.

Every science includes four essential ingredients.

A subject of science is a researcher carrying out scientific activities.

The object of science is the subject of research, i.e. what area is this science studying.

A system of methods and techniques characteristic of the study within the framework of this science.

The language of science is its inherent terminology (basic concepts, symbols, mathematical equations, chemical formulas, etc.).

It is necessary to understand that scientific knowledge is an integral, developing system with a rather complex structure. The structure of scientific knowledge includes:

1) factual material obtained experimentally;

2) the results of its initial generalization;

3) fact-based problems and scientific assumptions (hypotheses);

4) patterns, principles and theories;

5) methods of scientific knowledge;

6) style of thinking.

Scientific knowledge is an evolving knowledge system that includes two main interconnected levels.

A form of knowledge, the content of which is what is not yet cognized by man, but what needs to be cognized.

A form of knowledge containing an assumption formed on the basis of facts, the true meaning of which is uncertain and needs to be proven.

The most developed form of scientific knowledge, which gives a holistic reflection of the natural and essential connections of a certain area of reality.

In scientific knowledge, not only its final result should be true, but also the path leading to it, i.e. method... Most common methods of scientific knowledge are:

analysis - the decomposition of an object into its components, which allows you to carefully consider the structure of the object under study;

synthesis - the process of combining into a single whole of properties, attributes, relationships, highlighted through the analysis of the studied phenomena;

analogy - the assignment of similar properties to the studied object, if it looks like a familiar object;

induction - the transition from particular, isolated cases to a general conclusion, from individual facts to generalizations;

deduction - the transition from general to particular, from general judgments about phenomena to particular;

systems approach - a set of methods, techniques and principles of cognition of phenomena as systems.

Methods for studying phenomena can be very diverse, but they must meet one necessary condition - not to contradict each other.

proposed his solution, which is based on the principle of correspondence: truth is the correspondence of knowledge to an object, to reality. R. delusion is not fully known truth. How to distinguish true knowledge from delusion? In other words: what is the criterion of truth? In social science, there are the following criteria of truth:

experimental data;

theoretically based knowledge;

compliance with the surrounding world.

Truth is objective in its content, but subjective in its form of expression. In any knowledge there is a subjective beginning associated with the characteristics of the senses, the nervous system, the activity of the brain, with our abilities, interests, attitude to the world.

Is complete, absolute knowledge possible, in other words - absolute truth? Absolute truth completely exhausts the subject and cannot be refuted with the further development of knowledge. But, in this case, there is no absolute truth, it is always relative, since the world around is infinite and inexhaustible. At the same time, absolute truth can be seen as a model or limit to which our knowledge tends. In this case, the absolute truth appears as an infinite sum of relative truths that humanity formulates throughout the entire history of its development.

Control questions

What is cognition?

Name the types of cognition.

What are the forms of sensory cognition?

What are the forms of rational knowledge?

What kinds of sciences do you know?

What signs are inherent in scientific knowledge?

What are the levels and methods of scientific knowledge?

What is truth and what are its criteria?

Is absolute truth achievable?

What is knowledge. Ordinary knowledge: definition and meaning. Knowledge of the world. Life experience

knowledge is:

Cognition (philosophy) is:

Cognition (philosophy)

Types (methods) of cognition

Plato

Epicureans

Philo of Alexandria

Types of cognition

see also

Links

What is cognition?

Please describe. What is unscientific knowledge?

Definitions, meanings of a word in other dictionaries:

Where did knowledge come from?

Forms of knowledge of the world

The first stage of everyday knowledge

Second stage

The third layer of worldly wisdom

The properties of ordinary knowledge

Features of everyday knowledge

Differences between scientific and ordinary

Ways of everyday cognition

Knowledge dissemination options

Scientific and everyday life