What problems are moral. Moral problems of modern Russian society. Modern morality and religion
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Problems of morality in the works of Russian literature Arguments for the composition
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Morality - This is a system of rules for the behavior of a person, first of all, answering the question: what is good and what is bad; what is good and what is evil. This system is based on values that a given person considers important and necessary. As a rule, such values include human life, happiness, family, love, welfare and others. Depending on what kind of values a person chooses for himself, it is determined what the person's actions will be - moral or immoral. Therefore, morality is an independent choice of a person.
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Problems of morality: The problem of a person's moral quest is rooted in ancient Russian literature, in folklore. It is associated with such concepts as: honor, conscience, dignity, patriotism, valor, honesty, mercy, etc. Since ancient times, all these qualities were appreciated by a person, they helped him in difficult life situations with a choice. To this day, we know the following proverbs: "In whom is honor, that is true", "Without a root and a blade of grass does not grow", "A man without a homeland is a nightingale without a song", "Take care of honor from a young age, and a dress for a dream." The most interesting sources on which modern literature relies are fairy tales, epics, stories, stories, etc.
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Problems of morality In literature: There are works in literature that touch on many problems of morality.
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The problem of morality is one of the key problems in Russian literature, which always teaches, educates, and not just entertains. "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy is a novel about the spiritual quests of the protagonists, reaching the highest moral truth through delusions and mistakes. For the great writer, spirituality is the main quality of Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Andrei Bolkonsky. It is worth listening to the wise advice of the master of the word, learning the higher truths from him.
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The problem of morality in the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's yard". The main character is a simple Russian woman who “did not pursue a purchase”, was trouble-free and impractical. But these, according to the author, are the righteous on whom our earth is held.
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The problem of a person's attitude to his homeland, small homeland The problem of attitude to his small homeland is raised by V.G. Rasputin in the story "Farewell to Matera". Those who truly love their native land protect their island from flooding, and strangers are ready to outrage the graves, burn down huts, which for others, for example, for Daria, are not just a dwelling, but a home where parents died and children were born.
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The problem of a person's relationship to his homeland, small homeland The topic of homeland is one of the main in the work of I.A. Bunin. After leaving Russia, he wrote only about her until the end of his days. The work "Antonov apples" is imbued with sad lyricism. The smell of Antonov's apples became the personification of the homeland for the author. Russia is shown by Bunin as diverse, contradictory, where the eternal harmony of nature is combined with human tragedies
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The problem of loneliness in F.M. Dostoevsky's It seems to me that sometimes the person himself is guilty of loneliness, having set himself apart, like Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of Dostoevsky's novel, by pride, a desire for power or a crime. You have to be open, kind, then there will be people who will save you from loneliness. Sincere love of Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov, gives hope for the future.
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The problem of mercy, humanism. Pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be merciful to those who, due to various circumstances or social injustice, found themselves at the bottom of their lives or in a difficult situation. For the first time in Russian literature, the lines of AS Pushkin's story "The Stationmaster", which tells about Samson Vyrin, showed that any person deserves sympathy, respect, compassion, no matter at what level of the social ladder he is.
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The problem of mercy, humanism in the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man". The soldier's eyes "sprinkled with ashes" saw the grief of the little man, the Russian soul did not harden from the innumerable losses and showed mercy.
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The problem of honor and conscience In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better. For example, in the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev goes through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author prefaces the story with the epigraph: "Take care of honor from your youth."
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The problem of honor and dishonor In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov challenged Dolokhov to a duel, defending his honor and dignity. While dining at the table with Dolokhov, Pierre was very tense. He was worried about the relationship between Helen and Dolokhov. And when Dolokhov made his toast, Pierre's doubts began to prevail even more. And then, when Dolokhov snatched out a letter intended for Bezukhov, there was a challenge to a duel.
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The problem of honor, conscience The problem of conscience is one of the main ones in the story "Live and Remember" by VG Rasputin. Meeting with her husband - a deserter becomes for the main character, Nastya Guskova, both joy and torment. Before the war, they dreamed of a child, and now, when Andrei is forced to hide, fate gives them such a chance. Nastena, on the other hand, feels like a criminal, because the pangs of conscience cannot be compared with anything, so the heroine commits a terrible sin - she rushes into the river, destroying both herself and the unborn child.
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The Problem of the Moral Choice Between Good and Evil, Lies and Truth The hero of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, Rodion Raskolnikov, is possessed by a diabolical idea. "Am I a trembling creature or have I the right?" he asks. In his heart there is a struggle between dark and light forces, and only through blood, murder and terrible spiritual torment does he come to the truth that not cruelty, but love, mercy can save a person.
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The problem of the moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment", is a purchaser, a businessman. This is a scoundrel by conviction, who prioritizes only money. This hero is a warning to us living in the 21st century that oblivion of eternal truths always leads to disaster.
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Problems of cruelty, betrayal in the modern world The heroine of the story by V.P. Astafieva "Lyudochka" came to the city to work. She was brutally abused, and a close friend betrayed and did not protect. And the girl suffers, but finds no sympathy either from her mother or from Gavrilovna. The human circle did not become salvation for the heroine, and she committed suicide.
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The problem of the cruelty of the modern world, people. The lines of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment teach us a great truth: cruelty, murder, “blood according to conscience,” invented by Raskolnikov, is absurd, because only God can give life or take it away. Dostoevsky tells us that to be cruel, to transgress the great commandments of kindness and mercy is to destroy your own soul.
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The problem of true and false values. Let us recall the immortal lines of "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, when Chichikov at the governor's ball chooses whom to approach - to "fat" or "thin". The hero strives only for wealth, and at any cost, therefore joins the "fat", where he finds all the familiar faces. This is his moral choice that determines his future destiny.
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The problem of kindness, sincerity in the work of L.N. Tolstoy Kindness in a person must be brought up from childhood. This feeling should be an integral part of the personality. All this is embodied in the image of the main character of the novel "War and Peace" Natalya Rostova.
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The problem of the moral soul, the inner spiritual world The moral qualities of a person make the inner world truly rich and complete. Man is part of nature. If he lives in harmony with her, then he subtly feels the beauty of the world, knows how to convey it. Andrei Bolkonsky in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace".
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The problem of self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy Sonya Marmeladova, the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is the embodiment of humility and Christian love for one's neighbor. The basis of her life is self-sacrifice. In the name of love for her neighbor, she is ready for the most unbearable suffering. It is Sonya who carries the truth to which Rodion Raskolnikov must come through painful searches. With the power of her love, the ability to endure any torment, she helps him to overcome himself and take a step towards resurrection.
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Problems of self-sacrifice, love for people; indifference, cruelty In the story of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" the image of Danko is striking. This is a romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the sake of people. He led people through the forest with calls to conquer the darkness. But weak people on the way began to lose heart and die. Then they accused Danko of mismanaging them. And in the name of his great love for people he tore open his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame a difficult road, forgetting their hero, and Danko died.
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Problems of fidelity, love, devotion, self-sacrifice. In the story "Garnet Bracelet" A.I. Kuprin consider this problem through the image of Zheltkov. His whole life was in Vera Sheina. As a token of his fiery love, Zheltkov gives the most precious thing - a garnet bracelet. But the hero is by no means pathetic, and the depth of his feelings, the ability to self-sacrifice deserves not only sympathy, but also admiration. Yolkov rises above the entire society of the Sheins, where true love would never arise.
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Problems of compassion, mercy, self-confidence The heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Sonya Marmeladova with her compassion saves Rodion Raskolnikov from spiritual death. She tries to get him to confess, and then goes with him to hard labor, helping Rodion with her love to find the lost faith.
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The problem of compassion, mercy, fidelity, faith, love Compassion and mercy are important components of the image of Natasha Rostova. Natasha, like no one else in the novel, knows how to give people happiness, love selflessly, giving all of herself without a trace. It is worth remembering how the author describes it in the days of separation from Prince Andrey: "Natasha did not want to go anywhere and, like a shadow, idle and sad, walked through the rooms ...". She is life itself. Even the endured trials did not harden the soul, but strengthened it.
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The problem of callous and soulless attitude to a person The main character of A. Platonov's work "Yushka" was subjected to cruel treatment. He is only forty years old, but to those around him he seems to be a deep old man. An incurable disease has aged him ahead of time. Callous, soulless and cruel people surround him: children laugh at him, and adults, when they have trouble, take out their anger on him. They mercilessly mock a sick person, beat him, humiliate him. Scolding for disobedience, adults frighten children by the fact that when they grow up, they will become like Yushka.
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The Problem of Human Spirituality Alyoshka, the hero of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in Ivan Denisovich", is just an example of a spiritual person. He went to prison because of his faith, but did not give up on it, on the contrary, this young man defended his truth and tried to convey it to other prisoners. Not a single day of his passed without reading the Gospel, copied into an ordinary notebook.
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Problems of bribery, philistinism A vivid example is the heroes of Nikolai Gogol's comedy "The Inspector General". For example, the mayor Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky, a bribe-taker and embezzler, who deceived three governors in his lifetime, was convinced that any problems could be solved with the help of money and the ability to "show off"
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Modern society is in a global crisis. Every day there are media reports about political confrontation and military conflicts, terrorist attacks and environmental, man-made disasters, bankruptcy of not only individual companies, but entire countries. And it seems that there is no end to it. What's the matter? What is at the heart of this global crisis? The answer to these questions should be sought not in economics or politics. The roots of the crisis are much deeper - in the sphere of the spiritual and moral life of society and each individual.
In what case it becomes possible for a person to pour waste with toxic substances into water bodies; produce products with unhealthy components and counterfeit medicines that cannot help a person in a difficult situation; bomb civilian objects, knowing that there are civilians, children? There is only one answer - in the case of a low level of morality. This is precisely the main reason for the global crisis, which has engulfed almost all countries of the world and all aspects of society.
The ideology of a consumer society, when the main value is money and power, leads to the substitution of false values for universal values that were professed in different epochs, among different peoples, and to the distortion of basic basic concepts. In a society dominated by the ideology of consumption, exorbitant desires are inflated, which lie mainly in the sphere of material goods, a thirst for pleasure. Profit becomes the main priority of people, and elementary concepts are interpreted with the opposite meaning. As a result, modern society is not so much evolving (in individual areas) as degrading as a whole.
Famous historians, political scientists and political figures V.E. Baghdasaryan and S.S. Sulakshin in his monograph examines the value factors that strengthen the Russian state, and also identify the factors that have a destructive effect on it, the so-called anti-values, which are focused not on the strengthening and life of any state, but, on the contrary, on its weakening and even death.
The conclusion reached by the authors is disappointing: “... Russia at the beginning of the XXI century. is in a state of not just a crisis, but a civilizational catastrophe. The erosion of the country's values is one of its factors. For many of them, the level of historical minimum has been reached. The way out, accordingly, is seen in the development of the country's vital potentials, which ... correspond to the highest values of the state ”.
And not only scientists and politicians understand this. More and more ordinary people, citizens of Russia and other countries, understand the importance of raising the level of morality in society, considering this process as an effective mechanism for the evolutionary development of society. There is a tendency of more and more active involvement of Russians and citizens of other countries in actions aimed at reviving morality in the world, overcoming the magic of anti-values. One of such examples is the activity of the International Public Organization "FOR MORALITY!", Which includes members from 50 countries of the world. Participants of the Morality! Movement they do not just start with themselves and strive to lead a moral lifestyle, they meet with people, talk about the problems of morality in society, and also try to include the leadership of their countries in solving this problem. In particular, the participants of the Movement developed the program document "The Doctrine of High Morality" (hereinafter - the Doctrine), which is a look at the causes of the current state of society, determines the main value orientations, gives a definition of basic concepts, suggests ways out of the ideological crisis. The doctrine contains the concept of the ideology of a highly moral society, which can serve as a basis for the formation of state policy, improvement of the legal field, as well as for the development of targeted programs in the field of improving morality.
The existing deformations in the spiritual and moral sphere are clearly manifested when comparing the understanding of the basic basic concepts, such as God, man, the physical world, society, freedom, power and others, presented in the Doctrine. Their consideration will help, in our opinion, to see a way out of the current crisis situation.
The concept of "God". In a consumer society, this concept is no longer perceived as a source of absolute values that determine a person's entire life. Instead, fetishism is implanted - a religious worship of material values, the cult of money dominates. The psychology of "fast food" is also evident in matters of faith. Often worship of God is formal in nature, associated only with the observance of rituals.
Objectively, God is the Supreme Law that governs the Universe. Everything is subject to this Law. Following it allows the individual to develop spiritually and morally.
The question of the existence of God is gradually moving from the field of religious and philosophical reasoning to the field of scientific research. So, in the world there are a large number of fundamental physical constants (gravity, electromagnetic force, nuclear interaction, the ratio of the Earth's radius to the distance to the Sun, and others). Results of research of mathematicians, The Problem of Morality and the global crisis of the society of physicists and astrophysicists from different countries of the world - I.L. Rosenthal, V.A. Nikitin, S. Weinberg, R. Breuer, F. Dyson, D. Polkinhorn, D. Barrow, F. Tripler, D. Gene and others - indicate that the slightest change in any of them would lead to the destruction of the universe. Scientific research in this area has allowed scientists to conclude that there is a Supermind that controls the Universe.
The greatest physicist of the 20th century, Arthur Compton, a Nobel laureate, says: “Faith begins with the knowledge that the Supreme Reason created the Universe and man. It is not difficult for me to believe in this, because the fact of the existence of a plan and, consequently, of Reason is irrefutable. The order in the Universe, which unfolds before our gaze, itself testifies to the truth of the greatest and most sublime statement: "In the beginning is God."
Similar statements were made at different times by: Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Charles Darwin, K. Flammarion, N.I. Pirogov, Jules S. Duchesne, F. Crick, A.D. Sakharov, P.P. Garyaev and many other scientists of the world.
The concept of "Physical world". In modern society, there is an idea that there is only the physical world that can be seen, touched, studied, decomposed into its component parts, therefore all activity is limited to this world.
However, scientists have proven that the physical world is only the “tip of the iceberg”. The Nobel laureate, the Italian physicist C. Rubbia, claims that visible matter makes up only one billionth of the entire Universe. The universe is much wider, and scientists provide evidence of new levels of existence of life in it. The discovery by the Russian scientist S.V. Zenin of the information-phase state of matter, the development by the English physicist D. Bohm of the theory of the holographic nature of the Universe, the discoveries of Russian scientists G.I. Shipova and A.E. Akimov in the field of the theory of physical vacuum and torsion fields indicate the multilevel and the existence of intelligent control of the Universe.
The concept of "Man". In a consumer society, a person is seen as part of the material world. It has a "beginning" (birth) and "end" (death) - just as any object or process of the physical world has its origin and destruction. And since, according to the ideas of the majority, a person lives only once, then you must live your only life in the enjoyment of all its benefits. It is impossible to become perfect in one life, so there is no point in striving for high morality, which provides for internal limitations and self-discipline.
However, if we take into account that the Universe is the most complex multi-level system of existence of different planes of existence, therefore, such a complex living organism as a person is also multidimensional. Computer GDV-graphics technologies developed by K.G. Korotkov and based on the Kirlian effect, they clearly show that a person has an energy component - a biofield, which reflects his thoughts and feelings.
The problem of morality and the global crisis of society
Apart from the mortal part, man also has an immortal part, which evolves over many incarnations. Over the course of many of his lives, a person accumulates experience, develops his best qualities, and, according to the cause-and-effect relationship, reaps the consequences of his actions, committed not only in one life, but in all previous existences. If a person knew that he lives more than once, he would think deeply before committing an immoral act. He would understand that if he offended and humiliated, deceived and killed someone in the previous incarnation, then in the subsequent reincarnation he himself would be offended and humiliated, deceived and killed.
A scientific approach to the study of reincarnation that has been developing since 1960, the organization in 1980 of the International Association for Therapy for the Study of Past Lives, which includes scientists from Great Britain, Germany, the USA, Russia and other countries, have made it possible to document thousands of cases of memories of past lives. For example, the American physician, Professor I. Stevenson, for 40 years studied 3000 cases of children's memories of past lives.
Teaching in kindergartens and schools only two Laws of the Universe: about causality and about the rebirth of the immortal part of a person - in one or two generations would radically change society and direct it along the moral path.
Having considered in detail the first three concepts, we will briefly consider the rest.
"Society" - in a consumer society, inequality is assumed to be racial, property, religious and others. In a highly moral society, humanity is a brotherhood of peoples.
"Freedom" - in a consumer society is manifested in non-observance of the Supreme Law. Permissiveness, abuse to satisfy desires and get pleasure. In a highly moral society, freedom is a conscious need to follow the Highest Law that exists in the Universe. Unlimited freedom to act within the framework of this Law.
"Power" - in a consumer society, power is aimed at keeping the masses in obedience, follows the political situation, generates corruption and the struggle for power. Posts are bought. In a highly moral society, power is an honorable duty. The best representatives of society hold leadership positions in accordance with their moral qualities.
"Finance" - in the consumer society act as a means of management, manipulation, control, enslavement. In a highly moral society, finance is a temporary phenomenon at a certain stage in the development of society (as an equivalent of exchange, a means of accounting and distribution).
"Labor" - in a consumer society is a way to make money. In a highly moral society, work is the highest joy, a way of a person's creative self-realization.
“Wars” in a consumer society are a means of fighting for power, control, wealth and natural resources. In a highly moral society - a world without wars. Implementation of the principle of non-violence in international, social and interpersonal relations.
"Medicine, health care" - in the consumer society, treatment and drugs are used as a means of profit. There is no interest in keeping the person healthy. In a moral society, their goal is the health of every person. The basis of health is harmony with Nature.
"Education" in a consumer society is a means of reproducing labor force and educating citizens of the qualities necessary for the state. In a moral society, each person should receive the most versatile education as a means of revealing the inner potential of the individual.
“Mass media” - in a consumer society, it is a source of manipulation of mass consciousness. They fulfill the social order of those in power. Contribute to the stupidity of the population. In a moral society, they contribute to the broadening of the horizons of each member of society. Expand and deepen knowledge.
“Art” is regarded in the consumer society as a commercial product of mass consumption. Reflects the immorality of society. In a highly moral society - it gives samples of high morality and ethics, raises the consciousness of people.
"Science" - in the consumer society serves the interests of the financial elites. Scientific discoveries are used for profit, for military purposes. In a moral society, science studies the laws of the construction of the Universe and helps humanity to follow them. All scientific achievements and developments are aimed at improving human life.
“Family” - in the consumer society there is a degeneration of the family: same-sex marriages, single-parent families, sexual perversions. In a moral society, the family is the support of society and the state.
"Free time" - in the consumer society is used for pleasure and entertainment. In a moral society, it is used for education and self-improvement.
The authors of the Doctrine of High Morality believe that the revival of morality should become a national program, national ideology, propagandize at all levels, in all possible ways. Only in this case is a way out of the global moral crisis of modern society possible.
States built on moral principles have always had a social, economic and political advantage, which led them to prosperity and growth in well-being. Therefore, the only way out of any crisis is to improve the morality of the people. When a person becomes more and more moral, he automatically begins to give up what is immoral.
Nowadays modern media are adjusting to the lowest desires of people, promoting low standards: rudeness, smoking, violence, sexual abuse and perversion, and others. The Problem of Morality and the Global Crisis of Society However, the state found the strength at the highest level to launch a campaign against smoking and alcoholization of the population. The next step should be to penetrate television screens, on radio, on the pages of publications of higher, more moral, beautiful examples of art and culture, which should gradually oust (not by banning) vulgarity, rudeness and violence from the consciousness of the people, and therefore from all areas of state life. It is necessary to instill in the minds of the people the understanding of God as the Highest Moral Law that exists in the Universe. It is necessary at the state level to promote moral concepts such as honor, sincerity, kindness, modesty, benevolence and others. Russia must become the bulwark of morality in the world!
Every person in his life has come across the concept of morality more than once. However, not everyone knows its true meaning. In the modern world, the problem of morality is very acute. After all, many people lead the wrong and dishonest way of life. What is human morality? How is it related to concepts such as ethics and morality? What behavior can be considered moral and why?
What does the concept of "morality" mean?
Very often morality is equated with morality and ethics. However, these concepts are not entirely similar. Morality is a set of norms and values of a particular person. It includes the individual's ideas about good and evil, about how one should and should not behave in various situations.
Each person has his own criteria for morality. What seems completely normal to one person is completely unacceptable to another. So, for example, some people have a positive attitude towards civil marriage and do not see anything bad in it. Others consider such cohabitation immoral and strongly condemn premarital relationships.
Principles of moral conduct
Despite the fact that morality is a purely individual concept, there are still common principles in modern society. First of all, these include the equality of the rights of all people. This means that there should be no discrimination against a person on the basis of gender, race or any other basis. All people are equal before the law and the courts, all have the same rights and freedoms.
The second principle of morality is based on the fact that a person is allowed to do everything that does not run counter to the rights of other people and does not infringe on their interests. This includes not only issues regulated by law, but also moral and ethical standards. For example, cheating on a loved one is not a crime. However, from the point of view of morality, the one who deceives inflicts suffering on the individual, which means that he infringes on his interests and acts immorally.
The meaning of morality
Some people believe that morality is just a prerequisite for going to heaven after death. During life, it absolutely does not affect the success of a person and does not bring any benefit. Thus, the meaning of morality lies in the cleansing of our souls from sin.
In fact, this opinion is erroneous. Morality is necessary in our life not only for a specific person, but also for society as a whole. Without it, arbitrariness will ensue in the world, and people will destroy themselves. As soon as the eternal values disappear in a society and habitual norms of behavior are forgotten, its gradual degradation begins. Theft, debauchery, impunity flourish. And if immoral people come to power, the situation is aggravated even more.
Thus, the quality of human life directly depends on how moral it is. Only in a society where basic moral principles are respected and upheld can people feel secure and happy.
Morality and morality
Traditionally, the concept of "morality" is identified with morality. In many cases, these words are used interchangeably, and most people do not see a fundamental difference between them.
Morality represents certain principles and standards of human behavior in various situations, developed by society. In other words, it is a social point of view. If a person follows the established rules, he can be called moral, if he ignores, his behavior is immoral.
What is morality? The definition of this word differs from morality in that it does not refer to society as a whole, but to each individual person. Morality is a rather subjective concept. What is normal for some is unacceptable for others. A person can be called moral or immoral, based only on his personal opinion.
Modern morality and religion
Everyone knows that any religion calls on a person to virtue and respect for basic moral values. However, modern society puts at the head of all freedom and human rights. In this regard, some of God's commandments have lost their relevance. So, for example, few people can devote one day a week to serving the Lord because of the busy schedule and fast pace of life. And the commandment "do not commit adultery" for many is a restriction of the freedom to build personal relationships.
The classical moral principles concerning the value of human life and property, help and compassion to others, condemnation of lies and envy remain in force. Moreover, now some of them are regulated by law and can no longer be justified by supposedly good intentions, for example, by fighting the Gentiles.
Modern society also has its own moral values that are not indicated in traditional religions. This includes the need for constant self-development and self-improvement, dedication and energy, the desire to achieve success and live in abundance. Modern people condemn violence in all its forms, intolerance and cruelty. They respect human rights and their desire to live as they see fit. Modern morality focuses on human self-improvement, transformation and development of the whole society as a whole.
The problem of youth morality
Many people say that modern society has already begun to decay. Indeed, crime, alcoholism and drug addiction are flourishing in our country. Young people do not think about what morality is. The definition of this word is completely foreign to them.
Very often, modern people put at the head of everything such values as having pleasure, an idle life and fun. At the same time, they completely forget about morality, being guided only by their selfish needs.
Modern youth has completely lost such personality traits as patriotism and spirituality. For them, morality is something that can hinder freedom, limit it. Often people are ready to commit any act in order to achieve their goals, completely without thinking about the consequences for others.
Thus, today the problem of youth morality is very acute in our country. To solve it, it will take more than one decade and a lot of efforts on the part of the government.
In the modern period of a new socio-historical turn in the life of people, when society is absorbed in the problems of developing market relations, economic instability, political difficulties, social and moral foundations are increasingly destroyed. This leads to a regression of humanity, intolerance and bitterness of people, disintegration of the inner world of the individual, a vacuum of spirituality.
In other words, modern Russian society is experiencing not so much an economic crisis as a spiritual and moral crisis, the consequence of which is that the set of value attitudes inherent in consciousness (and primarily in children and youth) is in many respects destructive and destructive in terms of personality development. family and state.
Notions of higher values and ideals have disappeared in society. It became the arena of unbridled selfishness and moral chaos. The spiritual and moral crisis aggravates the crisis phenomena in politics, economy, social sphere, interethnic relations.
Russia faced a real threat of destruction of national self-identification, deformations of its cultural and informational space arose.
The most vulnerable were such spheres as moral health, culture, patriotism, spirituality. The loss of a person, especially a young person, of life guidelines is often used by various kinds of extremists and opposition forces to solve destructive tasks.
Modern society has lost its traditional moral values, and has not acquired new ones. All this makes it impossible for people to clearly distinguish between the concepts of good and evil, truth, dignity, honor, conscience; distorts and replaces traditional ideas about a person and the meaning of life. In this regard, in modern culture, the traditional understanding of "morality" as good behavior, agreement with the absolute laws of truth, dignity, duty, honor, and conscience of a person is changing.
The appeal of the state and the education system to the idea of spiritual and moral education as the main condition for the revival of modern Russian society and man is not accidental. Moral degradation, pragmatism, the loss of the meaning of life and the cult of consumption, adolescent drug addiction and alcoholism - these are the characteristics of the state of modern society and man, which testify to the spiritual crisis of society and the loss of the spiritual health of the individual.
On the one hand, a spiritual crisis is a global phenomenon that is associated with the prevailing nature of the civilizational development of mankind. The modern post-industrial society, focused on the maximum consumption of material goods and the transformation of the surrounding world for their fuller satisfaction, has given rise to a special type of technocratic personality - "cybernetic man" (E. Fromm), intellectually developed and technically educated, but incapable of truly human relations and spiritually alienated from the natural world and human culture. The consequences of this phenomenon are clearly manifested in the system of social, interpersonal relations, in the ecological crisis, which is a vivid indicator of the spiritual limitations of a modern technocrat, who is often deprived of a sense of responsibility and awareness of his human duty to the world around him.
On the other hand, a spiritual crisis, characterized by lack of spirituality and immorality, is a domestic phenomenon, which has become especially evident since the 90s. XX century. This is connected not only with the realities of social life, but above all with the loss of the previous foundations and values of upbringing, generated by long years of ideological uncertainty and an axiological crisis.
Of course, the search for those ideals and guidelines that would serve as the basis of education was carried out throughout all these years. Various conferences and seminars were repeatedly held where the problems of spiritual and moral education were discussed, there were many different programs of spiritual and moral education. In the 90s, various religious denominations were actively involved in this process. The good news is that today, firstly, this problem has ceased to be the business of a small group of enthusiasts, that the formation of the spiritual and moral culture of the younger generation has become one of the priorities of the state educational policy. Secondly, this problem ceases to be primarily a matter of various, sometimes alien to us, confessions and destructive sects. It is encouraging that its resolution is carried out in cooperation, combining the efforts of the state, the public, the education system and the Orthodox Church.
The current situation is a reflection of the changes that have taken place in public consciousness and public policy. The Russian state has lost its official ideology, and society has lost its spiritual and moral ideals. The spiritual and moral teaching and educational functions of the current education system turned out to be reduced to a minimum.
| I | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| What is conscience? | Conscience is the ability to independently formulate moral obligations for oneself, demand from oneself to fulfill them and make a self-assessment of the actions performed. | |
| V.G. Korolenko "Frost" A cart rushes along the forest road. The driver and the travelers sitting in the carriage see a thin smoke not far from the road, but they do not stop, but drive on. And only at night in a dream the hero realizes that there, in the forest, there was a man, wakes up with a groan and sees above himself the face of his companion, distorted by pain, who shouts: "Conscience is frozen!" The heroes of the story, having shown inattention, did not come to the aid of a person who needed it. Obviously, at this moment they thought more about themselves, about their comforts. The realization of guilt came much later. The awakened conscience forces the travelers to make a self-assessment of their deed and pushes Ignatovich, although this is life-threatening and really leads him to death, to go in search of a person freezing in the forest. | ||
| V. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" All her life Daria lived as her father bequeathed to her before her death: "To have a conscience and not to endure from conscience." And in difficult moments of life, the heroine wants to preserve her conscience in front of the house, in front of her own graves, in front of people and herself. All the rest follow from this feeling: hard work, patriotism, heroism, responsibility for what is happening around. Conscience allows old woman Darya to understand the truth that the meaning of life is "in need" for people. This is how Daria lived her entire life: people have always needed her. | ||
| D.S. Likhachev "Letters about good" For his conversations with readers D.S. Likhachev chose the form of letters. In them, he says that the most valuable thing in a person is an unaccountable spiritual need to do good, to do good to people. But this need is not always inherent in a person from birth, but is brought up in a person by himself - his determination to live in a good way, according to the truth, that is, according to the dictates of his conscience. According to Academician Likhachev, conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, conscience "gnaws" a person and is never false. | ||
| III | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| What is honor? | True honor is always in accordance with conscience. | |
| Examples from literature (argumentation) | ||
| A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" As an epigraph to the story by A.S. Pushkin took the words: "Take care of honor from your youth." The problem of honor in the work is closely related to the image of Peter Grinev, who lives and acts at the behest of his heart, and his heart is subject to the laws of honor. The hero several times has to choose between honor and dishonor, and in fact, between life and death. After Pugachev pardoned Grinev, he must kiss the hand of the fugitive Cossack, that is, recognize him as tsar. But Peter did not. Pugachev arranges a compromise test for Grinev, trying to get a promise "at least not to fight" against him. However, the hero remains faithful to honor and duty: "Just do not demand that which is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience." | ||
| D.S. Likhachev "Honor and Conscience" In this article, D.S. Likhachev talks about what external honor and internal honor are. Inner honor is expressed in the fact that a person keeps his word, behaves decently, does not violate ethical standards. Honor, according to the author, obliges a person to think about the honor of the social institution that he represents. There is a worker's honor: to work without marriage, to strive to create good things. The honor of the administrator is manifested in the ability to keep his word, to fulfill the promise, to listen to the opinions of people, to be able to admit his mistake in time and correct the mistake. The honor of a scientist: not to create theories that are not fully confirmed by facts, not to appropriate other people's ideas. The concept of honor is closely related to the concept of dignity. Inner dignity is manifested in the fact that a person will never stoop to pettiness in behavior, in conversation, and even in thoughts. | ||
| III | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| What is dignity? | Dignity is the wise power to control oneself. | |
| Examples from literature (argumentation) | ||
| A.P. Chekhov "Death of an Official" The hero of the story accidentally sneezed in the theater, and the spray fell on the general sitting in front of him. And now the official starts to apologize. At this moment, Chervyakov suffers not from humiliation, but from the fear that he may be suspected of unwillingness to humiliate himself. He is unable to control himself, unable to rise above fear and stop humiliating himself. In the finale of the story, Chervyakov is no longer ridiculous and pathetic, but terrible in that he has finally lost his human face and dignity. The general cannot stand the official's importunity and shouts at him. Worms dies. The word "official" in the title of the story gives it a generalizing meaning: we are talking not only about a specific Chervyakov, but also about the slavish psychology of people who do not want to recognize a person who does not have a sense of their own dignity. | ||
| V. A. Sukhomlinsky "How to Raise a Real Man" In one of the chapters of the book V. A. Sukhomlinsky talks about the dignity of the individual. He argues that the root of human dignity is in noble beliefs and thoughts. In the most difficult circumstances, even when life seems impossible, according to the author, one cannot cross the line beyond which the rule of reason over our actions ends and the dark element of instincts and selfish motives begins. The nobility of the human person is expressed in how a person subtly and wisely managed to determine what is worthy and what is unworthy. | ||
| III | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| What is a person's duty? | Duty is one of the manifestations of the greatness of the human spirit. | |
| Examples from literature (argumentation) | ||
| G. Bocharov “You will not die” In the story “You will not die” the doctor, in order to save the child's life, begins a direct blood transfusion, that is, gives his blood. The author interrupts the flow of the story with a discussion of what duty is. Bocharov describes an incident that took place in the city of Omsk. An appeal was heard from the television screens: the injured person urgently needs blood. And then 320 people arrived at the hospital in 30 minutes. People abandoned the warmth and comfort of their apartments, abandoned their affairs and rushed to help a person in trouble. Reflecting on why they did this in this situation, Bocharov comes to the conclusion that all these people acted from their moral ideas about duty, that their supreme controller was conscience. And a doctor who gave blood to a child had a moral duty many times strengthened by a professional duty. | ||
| V. A. Sukhomlinsky "How to Raise a Real Man" Sukhomlinsky writes in his book that life would turn into chaos if there was no such thing as human duty. A clear understanding and strict observance of duty to other people is for a person his true freedom. Sukhomlinsky argues that the moral devastation and corruption of a person begins with the fact that a person does not do what should be done. If a person does not keep his desires in check and does not submit them to duty, then he turns into a weak-willed being. Debt acts as a wise ruler in the most seemingly insignificant actions of everyday life, such as whether a person will give up a seat in an elevator or a bus to an elderly person and up to great responsibility for the fate of another person, for the fate of the Motherland. Forgetting duty in small matters can lead to forgetting in matters significant and large, and this can lead to great human grief. | ||
| IV | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| In what and how is a person's mercy manifested? | Mercy is the willingness to help someone or forgive someone out of compassion, philanthropy. | |
| Examples from literature (argumentation) | ||
| A. Kuprin "Wonderful Doctor" Lack of livelihood, illness of a child, inability to help the closest, dear people in any way - such tests fell to Mertsalov's lot. Despair seized him, and the thought of suicide appeared in his head. However, a miracle happened in the life of Mertsalov and his family. This miracle was performed by a casual passer-by - a man with a sensitive heart and an attentive gaze turned to other people. Doctor Pirogov, after listening to the story of Mertsalov, who was in trouble, showed mercy. He came to his aid both in word and deed. And although examples of such "miracles" in real life are quite rare, they give up hope for support from others and suggest that you must not lose heart, you must fight the circumstances and, at the first opportunity, reach out to someone who is worse off than you. | ||
| G. Bocharov "You will not die" This essay describes dramatic events. The boy fell from a great height onto the river bank. Various people come to the aid of Vita, who is in trouble: the driver of the huge "Colchis", the doctor who donates his blood. The noble deeds of these people speak of their mercy. According to G. Bocharov, mercy does not exist by itself, it is "melted" from other human feelings. Mercy is the sum of such qualities as kindness, nobility, determination, will. Without these components, there is and cannot be mercy, but there is only beautiful and helpless compassion. In our energetic age, mercy is above all action. An action aimed at saving someone who is in trouble. | ||
| V | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| The problem of human moral responsibility. | A person is responsible for his actions and for everything that happens on Earth. | |
| Examples from literature (argumentation) | ||
| M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" One of the most important problems raised by M.А. Bulgakov in the novel, is the problem of a person's moral responsibility for their actions. It reveals itself most vividly through the image of Pontius Pilate. The Roman procurator has no desire to ruin the life of a wandering philosopher. However, the fear born of the need to follow the interests of the state, and not the truth, ultimately determines the choice of Pontius Pilate. Having departed from Yeshua, the procurator destroys both himself and his soul. That is why, driven into a corner by the need to put a wandering philosopher to death, he says to himself: "Perished!" Pontius Pilate perishes together with Yeshua, perishes as a free person. He is punished by the memory of mankind and languishes in solitude for twelve thousand moons. | ||
| G. Baklanov "Responsibility" G. Baklanov in his article writes that a person endowed with talent bears a huge responsibility for what is given to him by nature. He has no right to squander his abilities and must increase them by his labor. And then the writer reflects on the fact that there are discoveries that from the very beginning pose the question to the scientist: "What are you bringing people good or destruction?" Thus, G. Baklanov asserts that scientists are responsible to humanity for their inventions. Each person, according to the writer, is responsible for the air that surrounds our planet, for the oceans, for forests and rivers, for everything that lives in them. A person cannot transfer this responsibility to anyone, since only he alone is endowed with a higher power: the power of reason, which means that his actions must be reasonable and human. One should not assume that responsibility comes to a person only together with the work entrusted to him. Responsibility must be cultivated in oneself, starting from childhood, otherwise you will not learn this feeling even in adulthood. | ||
IV. Workshop: "Writing an essay"
Lesson number 1. How to work with the text when writing an essay?
There are many techniques to help you with your essay writing. We offer one of the options for preparatory work with the text.
I. Read the text.
(1) Clutching a pitchfork in her hand, Maria threw back the manhole cover and recoiled. (2) On the earthen floor of the cellar, leaning against a low tub, sat a live German soldier. (3) In some elusive moment, Maria noticed that the German was frightened by her, and realized that he was unarmed.
(4) Hatred and hot, blind anger overtook Mary, squeezed her heart, and rushed to her throat with nausea. (5) A scarlet fog covered her eyes, and in this thin fog she saw a silent crowd of farmers, and Ivan swaying on a poplar branch, and the bare feet of a hair dryer hanging on a poplar, and a black noose on Vasya's child's neck, and their executioners - fascists, dressed in gray uniforms with a black ribbon on their sleeves. (6) Now here, in her, Mary's, cellar, lay one of them, a half-crushed, unfinished bastard, dressed in the same gray uniform, with the same black ribbon on the sleeve, on which the same strange, incomprehensible, hooked letters were silvered. ..
(7) This is the last step. (8) Mary stopped. (9) She took another step forward, the German boy moved.
(10) Maria raised her pitchfork high, slightly turned away so as not to see the terrible thing that she had to do, and at that moment she heard a quiet, stifled cry, which seemed to her like thunder:
Mama! Ma-a-ma ...
(11) A faint cry of a multitude of red-hot knives bit into Mary's chest, pierced her heart, and the short word "mother" made her shudder from unbearable pain. (12) Maria dropped the pitchfork, her legs gave way. (13) She fell to her knees and, before losing consciousness, close-up saw the light blue, wet with tears, boyish eyes ...
(14) She woke up from the touch of the damp hands of the wounded. (15) Choking with sobs, he stroked her palm and said something in his own language, which Mary did not know. (16) But by the expression on his face, by the movement of his fingers, she understood that the German was talking about himself: that he had not killed anyone, that his mother was the same as Maria, a peasant woman, and his father had recently died near the city of Smolensk, that he himself, having barely finished school, was mobilized and sent to the front, that he had never been in a single battle, only brought food to the soldiers.
(17) Mary silently cried. (18) The death of her husband and son, the hijacking of the farmers and the death of the farm, the days and nights of martyrdom in the corn field - everything that she experienced in her heavy loneliness broke her down, and she wanted to cry out her grief, tell about it to a living person, the first, whom she has met in all the last days. (19) And although this man was dressed in a gray, hated enemy uniform, he was seriously wounded, moreover, he turned out to be quite a boy and - apparently from everything - could not be a murderer. (20) And Mary was horrified that a few minutes ago, holding a sharp pitchfork in her hands and blindly obeying the feeling of anger and revenge that gripped her, she could kill him herself. (21) After all, only the holy word "mother", the prayer that this unfortunate boy put into his quiet, choking cry, saved him.
(22) With a careful touch of her fingers, Maria unbuttoned the bloody shirt of the German, slightly torn it, bared her narrow chest. (23) There was only one wound on the back, and Maria realized that the second fragment of the bomb did not come out, stuck somewhere in the chest.
(24) She squatted down next to the German and, supporting his hot nape with her hand, gave him milk to drink. (25) Without releasing her hand, the wounded man sobbed.
(26) And Mary understood, could not help but understand that she was the last person whom a German doomed to death sees in his life, that in these bitter and solemn hours of his farewell to life in her, in Mary, everything else is connects him with people - mother, father, sky, sun, native German land, trees, flowers, the whole vast and beautiful world, which is slowly leaving the consciousness of a dying person. (27) And his thin, dirty hands stretched out to her, and a fading look full of supplication and despair - Mary understood this too - express the hope that she is able to defend his passing life, drive away death ...
(According to V. Zakrutkin)
II. Find key phrases that will help you identify the issue raised by the author in the text and his position.
Write down these phrases, for example:
1) ... hatred and blind malice ...
2) ... a weak scream with many knives dug into the chest ...
3) ... after all, only the holy word "mother" ...
4) ... sat down next to ... gave milk to drink ...
III. Analyze your notes. Think about the problem the author raises in the text you read. Formulate and write down this problem, for example: Revenge or refusal to take revenge?
IV. Determine the position of the author, that is, his opinion on the raised issue. From the fifth (5) sentence of the text, it is clear that the desire for revenge is a feeling that is difficult to resist. This is one of the views of the author, but gradually he brings the reader to the idea that a defeated enemy has the right to a humane attitude. Make a note with the position of the author.
Vi. Think about what kind of introduction you can use. The most advantageous is the analytical introduction. It immediately declares you as a person who can think logically competently. The essence of such an introduction is reduced to the analysis of the central concept of the topic of the essay.
Vii. Make a plan. Try to keep it detailed and help you write your essay. For example:
Introduction:
What is revenge?
Main part:
1) "Kill the murderer" "in the name of the highest justice."
2) A short word "mom" ...
3) The humanistic choice of Mary.
Conclusion:
Revenge or refusal to take revenge?
VIII. Based on the outline, write your essay.
Here is a sample of such an essay. Of course, it can be completely different for you. It all depends on your point of view, as well as reading and life experience.
Introduction
What is revenge?
Insulted human dignity, cruelty can cause a response - revenge. What is revenge? This is a deliberate infliction of evil in order to repay an insult, an offense. But not everything is so simple, because revenge is the most complex and contradictory phenomenon in the life of society.
Main part
1) "Kill the killer" "in the name of the highest justice."
Revenge or refusal to take revenge - this is the main problem of the text I read.
“A scarlet fog covered her eyes, and in this thin fog she saw ... Ivan swaying on a poplar branch, and Fen and a black noose around Vasyatka’s child’s neck, hanging bare feet on the poplar”. After reading this sentence, I understand that the author considers the desire to avenge the death of loved ones a feeling that is difficult to resist. And his heroine raises the pitchfork ...
2) The short word "mom" ...
But at the last moment Maria hears a strangled cry: "Mom!" Why did the author put this word in the mouth of the wounded German? Of course, this was not done by accident. Only a scared boy can scream like that. At the same time, Mary, hearing the word "mother", understands that there is a helpless person in front of her, and she must be merciful.
3) Humanistic choice of Mary.
And the heroine makes a choice. And this choice coincides with the position of the author: a defeated, and therefore no longer dangerous, enemy has the right to a humane attitude.
This position is close to me even from the time when I read Leo Tolstoy's book "War and Peace"
Russian soldiers warm and feed Rambal and Morel, and they, embracing them, sing a song. And it seems that the stars are happily whispering to each other. Perhaps they admire the nobility of the Russian soldiers, who chose sympathy for the defeated enemy instead of revenge.
However, it should be noted that the problem of revenge is not only related to military events and exists not only in the adult world. Revenge or refusal to take revenge is a choice that each of us can face. In this regard, I recall the story of V. Soloukhin "The Avenger". In the soul of the hero-narrator, there is a struggle between the desire for revenge and the unwillingness to beat the gullible friend. As a result, the hero manages to break the vicious circle, and his soul becomes easy.
Conclusion
Revenge or refusal to take revenge?
So take revenge or refuse revenge? I think that a defeated, obedient enemy should be forgiven, remembering that "drying one tear is more valor than shedding a whole sea of blood."
IX. Remove the points of the plan from the text of the essay. Reread the essay. Make sure that you have got a logically connected text of the essay and you managed to prove your ideas, formulate a conclusion. Check the literacy of the text you have written. Rewrite the essay cleanly. Check again what has been written, pay attention to the observance of grammatical, punctuation, lexical norms.
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