Proverbs, sayings, riddles. Their ideological focus and thematic meaning. Folk tongue twisters, jokes, ditties, proverbs and riddles
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Plan: Definition of the genre. Collection, publication and study. Subject and content. Artistic features. Literature: Lazutin S.G. "Metaphor in riddles", M., 1981. Mitrofanova V.V. "Russian folk riddles", L., 1978. "Russian folklore", M., "Fiction", 1985 "Children's literature" Key words: content, artistic form, allegorical character, mythology, folk science, genre, poetic style, personification, juxtaposition, metaphor, rhythm, rhyme , epics, fairy tales, handwritten editions.
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RIDDLES
Riddles belong to small genres of Russian folklore. Riddles have a lot in common with proverbs and sayings in content and in artistic form. However, they also have specific features and represent an independent genre of folklore. The term "riddle" is of ancient origin. In the Old Russian language, the word fortune-telling meant "to think, to reflect." This is where the word "riddle" comes from. In the riddle, a substantive description of some phenomenon is given, for the recognition of which a lot of thought is required.
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Most often, riddles are allegorical in nature. The enigmatic object, as a rule, is not named, but its metaphorical equivalent is given instead. To compose a riddle means to give a metaphorical form of expression to ordinary thoughts and objects. And vice versa, to solve the riddle, replace its metaphorical images with real images. they are not green half-hams, but green leaves.
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A riddle is not just a metaphorically asked question, a very cleverly formulated question. The riddle is not just a metaphor, but some kind of extraordinary, amazing metaphor. So, we are surprised by the hint of a creature that “Without arms, without legs, but can draw” (Frost). It is hard to imagine how it can be "In one barrel - two varieties of wine" (egg), etc. A small number of riddles are found in the works of ancient Russian literature (chronicles, everyday literature, "The Tale of Peter and Theophanes").
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The first records of riddles date back to the 17th century. In the seventeenth century. until the 70s of the 18th century. riddles, together with proverbs and sayings, were included in various handwritten collections. In the last third of the eighteenth century. printed collections appear, in which, along with riddles of literary origin, folk riddles are placed in a directional form.
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A systematic collection of Russian folk riddles begins in the 30s of the 19th century. In 1841 I.P. Sakharov published more than 200 riddles in his "Tales". In 1861, a collection of folklorist-democrat I.A. Khudyakov "Great Russian riddles". The riddles in it are arranged in alphabetical order according to the answers, there are 731 riddles in total. Using all the previously collected materials, D.N. Sadovnikov in 1876 published a large collection of "Mysteries of the Russian People", which included more than 3500 riddles. The location of the material is based on the subject-thematic principle.
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In 1961, the collection "Proverbs, Sayings and Riddles in Handwritten Collections of the 18th-19th Centuries" was published, in which more than 1000 riddles were published, extracted from handwritten collections. In 1968, the Academy of Sciences publishes a collection of riddles, in which 5517 issues of this genre are published, taken from previous publications and archival sources. The material in the collection is arranged according to the subject-thematic principle. Notes provide the ability to set the time and place of recording, as well as the place of publication or storage of options.
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I.A. Khudyakov also believed that the most ancient Russian folk riddles contain features of mythology. However, the majority of those who reached the 19th century. Riddles, in his opinion, are the result of a kind of reflection of the historical life of the people. Riddles, according to Khudyakov's definition, are "folk science" about physical phenomena, about subjects of natural history and folk life. In the article "The meaning of riddles in folk life and poetry", preceded by the publication of the material, I.A. Khudyakov points to various types of riddles, speaking about their connection with other genres of folklore, dwells on the conditions of their existence and functions.
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Each riddle is inherently a tricky question. However, this interrogation of her may have an external form of expression and not have it. Riddles can be formulated directly as a question. For example: "What is more beautiful than white light?" (Sun); "What do we have more often than forests?" (stars). However, most often in riddles the question is not outwardly expressed and they have a metaphorical and descriptive character. For example: "A plate floats across the blue sea" (Month); “There were three brothers: one loves winter, the other summer, and the third doesn't care” (sleigh, cart, man).
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Riddles, like all genres of folklore, are created on the basis of a living spoken language. The language of riddles, as well as the language of all folklore genres, is distinguished by accuracy, color and expressiveness. They widely use common folk epithets like "damp earth", "open field", "dark forest", "green garden", "good fellow", "red maiden", "own mother", etc., as well as some general folklore comparisons, tautological expressions, etc.
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However, the poetic style of riddles also has its own pronounced genre specificity; riddles are characterized by a high degree of metaphor, which pervades all of its stylistic means. Here are examples of metaphorical (mysterious) epithets "blue field" (sky), "water bridge" (ice), "golden stump" (thimble), etc. Sometimes, the riddle is built on metaphorical epithets. For example: “A steel horse, a linen tail” (a needle with an eye), “Meat oven, iron attacks” (horseshoes). "Angelic flowers, and devil's marigolds" (rose hips). Most often, riddles contain their own metaphors, when the comparison of two objects or phenomena does not have an external, grammatical form of expression. For example: “Between two stars I am in the middle one” (nose), “Under the floor, under the floor walks with a stake” (mouse).
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metaphorically compared with living beings and vice versa, living beings - with objects and phenomena of everyday life and nature. This is primarily due to the desire of the riddle to make it as difficult as possible to guess. The widespread use of metaphors in riddles is explained by aesthetic considerations. This is especially evident in cases when in riddles objects of the inanimate world are compared with living beings and we are dealing with the method of personification. Based on the principle of impersonation, the riddles compare the buckets with two brothers who went to the river to swim, a washbasin with a pike whose body is in the water and its tail outward, a canoe with a duck that dived and lost its tail, etc.
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Incarnation, revitalizing and spiritualizing the inanimate world, brings it even closer to man, gives the riddle a special poetry, creates vivid images and pictures in it. For example, a poetic riddle of this kind is created about teeth, "A complete gorenka of geese and swans" (teeth). In riddles, oats are presented as a slender, beautiful girl (“As in a field, on a mound there is a girl with earrings”). In turn, the girl's earrings are compared with dancing swans: “Behind the dark forests, two swans danced” (earrings), etc.
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Comparing the objects made up with objects that perform the functions of a metaphor, the riddle always enlarges the plan of the image, enhances the tone or other sign of some real object, makes it more convex and significant. To draw attention to the fact that the firefly will check at night (and this light is weak, it may not be noticed!), The riddle compares it (albeit in a negative form) with the sun "Not the sun, not fire, but shines."
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Many fairy tales are created on the basis of fairy-tale images: For example: "Baba Yaga, short leg" (plow), "The horse runs - the earth trembles" (thunder), "An eagle bird flies, carries fire in its teeth, in the middle of it human death" (lightning ). And here is a riddle using the adage: "On the sea, on the ocean there is an oak with deaths, damn sprouts, leaves of suitodanovski" (burr).
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In turn, riddles are often included in fairy tales. Let's give just one example. There is a riddle about a boiled goose, in which the objects to be guessed and guessed begin with the same letters "In Pechorsk, in Gorshevsk, Kurlyn Kurlynovich sits near Krynsky." This riddle is variably used in a humorous everyday tale about a greedy old woman ("The Soldier's Riddle").
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Proverbs
Lazubin S.G. "Rhythm, lyrics and rhymes of proverbs." In his book: Poetics of Russian Folklore. M., 1981, str148-6З Mitropol'skaya N.K. "Russian proverbs as a small genre of folklore." Vilnius, 1973 Morozova L.A. "Artistic forms of proverbs". In the collection Questions of genres of Russian folklore, M. 1972, pp. 3-7. "Children's Literature", edited by A.V. Ternovsky, 1977, pp. 19-21.
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A proverb is a small genre of oral folk art, a form of dictum that has entered into speech circulation, which fits into one static and logically complete sentence, often rhythmized and supported by rhyme. She is characterized by the utmost brevity and simplicity. Despite this, it is notable for its content, it is a clear judgment, a clear expression of a certain thought, a generalization, a conclusion from life observations, a conclusion from life observations and the socio-historical experience of the people: "Peace and harmony is a great treasure", "What you sow, then you will reap ". The form of the proverb is perfected and polished. The expression of thought in it, as a rule, is unusual, peculiar: "They treat the bitter, and cripple the sweet", "A man without a homeland is like a nightingale without a song."
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The set of proverbs is much wider than any other genre, it covers the most diverse aspects of reality, while other genres have a certain subject of depiction: epics and historical songs relate to the past, the history of the people, love and family songs - personal relationships of people, etc. Even fairy tales, although they include several genre varieties (animal tales, magic tales, family tales) are much more limited thematically than proverbs.
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The total amount of folklore - traditionality - is also expressed differently in proverbs. They are more stable in their text, they vary less than other genres, although, of course, they obey the general law of connection between oral folk art and life, they change, but their changes are very limited. The people are well aware of the antiquity and tradition of the proverbs: "The old proverb will not break for a century." The basis for the stability of proverbs is the inherent fidelity of life observations, the importance of the thoughts expressed in them, therefore the people appreciate and cherish them. An important reason for the stability of proverbs is the expressiveness and severity of their form, thanks to which they are easy to remember. The stability of proverbs is confirmed by the fact that in the vast majority of cases their texts were registered without any changes in collections of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
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Thanks to the specific expression of the general, the proverb can be applied to many of the same type of phenomena. This generalization method provides a basis for the use of proverbs in a figurative sense. The allegorical nature of proverbs is their characteristic feature. In proverbs, the direct meaning is combined with the figurative: "Let the goat into the garden, he will rip off all the cabbage."
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The collection of proverbs began long ago, but their handwritten collections have come down to us only from the 17th century. The first such collection is "Stories or proverbs of the whole people in alphabetical order." It includes about two thousand eight hundred texts from earlier collections. Peter I read handwritten collections of proverbs at the beginning of the 18th century. From the middle of the eighteenth century. proverbs began to be published in magazines, and then printed collections appeared. N. Kurganov in 1769 published the book "Russian Universal Grammar or General Writing", where he placed about 1000 (thousand) proverbs.
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In 1770, the "Collection of 4221 ancient Russian proverbs" was published, which, according to the assumptions of researchers, was compiled by Professor of Moscow University A.A. Barsov. It included, in addition to proverbs, jokes and sayings. The collection of proverbs was carried out by Professor of Moscow University I.M. Snegirev. He published two collections: "Russian folk proverbs and parables" (1848) and "New collection of Russian proverbs and parables" (1857). F.I. Buslaev in the "Archive of historical and legal information relating to Russia" (1654). "Russian proverbs and sayings."
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On the basis of the Dalevo collection, popular collections of proverbs and sayings were later compiled. Collections of special topics were published: agricultural, legal. I.I. In 1940 Iliustov published in Kiev the book "The life of the Russian people in its proverbs and sayings." It contains rich material that fairly objectively illuminates the views of the people, and provides a detailed bibliography. The study of proverbs should be conducted from M.V. Lomonosov, who collected proverbs and studied them in connection with classes in the Russian language ("Russian grammar", "Rhetoric"). At the beginning of the XIX century. A.Kh. East. In 1816 A.F. Richter published Two Experiences in Literature. Reasoning about Russian proverbs ”, he showed the connection of proverbs with life, the reflection of the views of the people in them.
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For many years, proverbs were studied by I.M. Snegirev. In 1823 he published "Discourse on Russian Proverbs", in 1829 he published an article "Remarks on Russian Proverbs Similar to Greek and Roman", in 1831-1834. published the book “Russians in their proverbs. Reasoning and Research on Russian Proverbs and Sayings ”. In the middle of the 19th century. proverbs were studied by A.N. Afanasyev and F.I. Buslaev. In 1854 F.I. Buslaev published an article "Russian life and Russian proverbs." It contained many observations on the relationship between proverbs and folk life. However, N.A. Dobrolyubov, in his article "Notes and additions to the collection of proverbs by Mr. Buslaev," criticized the collection for insufficient disclosure of popular views, for not distinguishing proverbs and sayings, for the mythological interpretation of proverbs and their separation from popular life.
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At the end of the XIX century. the study of proverbs has taken on a new direction: scientists have taken up the history of proverbs, the formation of their composition, as well as their linguistic research. I. Timoshenko published in 1897 the book "Literary Primary Sources and Prototypes of Three Hundred Russian Proverbs". In the modern period, research has begun to study the problems of proverbs. Considerable attention is paid to the definition of the genre, the ratio of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms and proverbs, the specifics of proverbs as a small genre (A.N. Kozhin, V.S.Gudkov, L.A. Morozov). Researchers have devoted many works to considering the syntax of proverbs, vocabulary features, proper names, numbers. They covered the issues of reflecting history (V.P. Anikin, A.M. Zhigeliev, L.N. Pushkarev).
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The cognitive value of proverbs is determined primarily by the variety of information that they convey. On the whole, a broad picture of Russian life is created, reflected realistically. Proverbs give an idea of the views and views of the people, about their understanding of the phenomena of reality. The cognitive meaning of proverbs is that they typify phenomena, i.e. single out the most revealing among them and note the most significant features in them. So, speaking about the situation of the peasants in tsarist Russia, they will talk about his poverty, and about his landlessness, and about his lack of livestock, and about his debt to pay for land rent. You get a fairly complete and accurate picture.
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The cognitive value of proverbs is reflected in the generalization of the rich life experience of the masses. Observations on nature are exceptionally rich and true: "Mother earth - gives treasure", "Siberia is a gold mine", "A willow will not give birth to pears", "Where there is a flower, there is honey." In addition, proverbs often have, as noted, an expansive meaning, which is emphasized by the generalizing words: "everywhere", "always."
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Proverbs are a philosophical genre. They contain many important general conclusions about the laws of the development of nature and society: "Time does not sleep", "The old grows old, the young grows", "You cannot catch up yesterday, but you cannot leave tomorrow", "Without a reason and a boil will not sit down", "Where there was no beginning, there will be no end." Proverbs serve to educate positive ideals - courage, honesty, a sense of friendship, set an example of highly moral behavior, operate with the concepts of good and evil, honor and dishonor. Teachings and advice are often presented in the form of ridicule of the negative qualities of people.
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There are a lot of proverbs with pronounced morality: "Take care of honor from a young age", "Sow a lie will not grow rye", "Human labor feeds, but laziness spoils", "To fall in love with someone else's husband - to ruin yourself", "Take it together, it will not be overweight", "Without studying, you can't weave a bast shoe." The aesthetic value of proverbs is manifested in many ways. A proverb is a phenomenon of high skill. It embodies the aesthetic principles that are highly valued in art for simplicity, brevity, meaningfulness, expressiveness. The people ironically speak about the verbosity "There are many words, but no stock."
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A proverb, like any genre, is a meaningful form, a structure, the main difference of which is internal artistic unity. In the proverb, this is expressed with surprising clarity. There is a lot of meaning in one sentence. In addition, the proverb reveals its purposefulness. All elements are subordinated to the task - to reveal the thought more accurately, to express it more vividly, due to which the concentration of thought is achieved. The internal unity of a proverb is also determined by its monotony, focusing on one fact or phenomenon. For a proverb, two main forms of construction are characteristic: one-part and two-part. Both forms are bonded according to the rules of communication and coordination the sentence: "Every pine tree makes noise in its forest", "An empty mill grinds uselessly", and the second is distinguished by the inextricable connection of two parts of a complex sentence: "White light is not a suburb, and empty speech is not a proverb" ...
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Finally, a peculiar difference between the proverb is that it completely coincides in form with the stylistic means used in it - comparison and antithesis. In a song, a fairy tale, an epic, these means are only small elements of the structure, and in the proverb they become the basis of her composition: "Behind the old head, like behind a stone wall," - hour "," Bird - wings, man - mind. " In the examples given, it is important to point out that the use of the comparison of antithesis, metonomy in them, on the one hand, serves to convey a certain thought, and on the other hand, preserves the integrity of the proverb.
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As already noted, proverbs generalize the observations, thoughts of the people about the social structure and humanity, refer not to one, but to many objects and phenomena. Proverbs speak about a person's place on earth (“Water for fishes, air for birds, and all earth for a person”), his attitude to other people (“A man is worth a man”), give a person moral recommendations (“Take care of honor from a young age”). Proverbs are widely used in literature lessons. They help students to better understand the general principles of verbal art, comment on works of Russian literature that are similar in theme. In the lessons of the Russian language, proverbs and sayings are the basis of lexical and phraseological work with students, material for the study of various linguistic phenomena.
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SPELLS
Sayings belong to small genres of folklore. In most cases, they are even more concise than proverbs. Like proverbs, sayings are not specially performed (not sung, not told), but are used in live speech for the occasion, by the way. At the same time, sayings differ significantly from proverbs in the nature of their content, in form, and in the functions performed in speech. Sayings have their own specific genre characteristics. If the role of a proverb is expressed in the fact that it draws certain conclusions in speech, then the purpose of the proverb is to decorate this speech, to make it figurative. By its structure, a proverb is simpler than a proverb. Sayings are used only in connection with certain persons and their actions, they have a very specific content. According to A.A. Potebni, the saying is "an allegorical image of a single, quality, action."
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Depending on which particular person or action in speech the saying refers to, the sentence in which it is quoted also changes. By virtue of the above, a proverb, unlike a proverb, does not and cannot compose a complete, complete sentence in speech, but is a part of it. The scientific approach to sayings, as well as to proverbs, first appeared in the articles of I.M. Snegirev, published in the 20-30s of the XIX century. In the works of V.I. Dahl and A.A. Potebnya, a short but deep definition of the genre specificity of sayings is given, their relationship with proverbs is established.
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Of greatest interest is the article by M.A. Rybnikova "Russian proverb", which reveals the content and forms of sayings. According to Rybnikova's correct definition, the main purpose of sayings (as opposed to proverbs) is that they serve as a figurative and emotional characteristic of a person and his actions. The study of the genre specifics of sayings is also devoted to the works of V.P. Anikina, G.S. Gavrina, A.N. Kozhina and others. The overwhelming majority of sayings represent a figurative and emotional characteristic of people. Moreover, this characteristic of people is very multifaceted, and in a speech context it is always concretized and individualized. According to the conclusion of the proverb, in the folk speech “There is a saying for every Yegorka”.
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The artistic functions of sayings are quite diverse. First of all, through proverbs, vivid external portraits of people are created. Portrait characteristics can be positive and negative. An example of a positive portrait: "As red as poppies." Negative portrait: "Oborist like a cow on ice." However, sayings draw not only the external features of people, but also figuratively speak of his inner state of mind. So, about a person who is in a joyful mood they say: "He walks as a mocker, jumps like a goat." About a person experiencing a deep experience, fear, irritation, etc., the proverb says: "The colony reached the white", "Climbs on the wall."
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Sayings figuratively convey certain qualities of a person, features of his character. About a simple, open person: "Soul wide open." About a secretive and hypocritical person: "There is ice on the face of the honey, on the heart." About a soulful, soft person: "Soft as wax." About a callous, soulless man: "Not a soul, but only a handle from a ladle." Sayings give an emotional assessment of various actions and deeds of people: "Not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye", "Pour from empty to empty." In proverbs we find a social characteristic: "He has money, chickens do not peck"
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The main purpose of sayings is to give coloration and imagery to colloquial speech. Sayings also help enhance emotional expression. In the sayings, the figurative means of a living spoken language are very widely used: comparisons ("Goal like a falcon, but sharp as a razor", "Turns like a squirrel in a wheel") metaphors ("Add fuel to the fire", "Stay at a broken trough" ). Sayings, being a figurative expression of lively colloquial speech, often turn into fairy tales.
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TONGUE TWISTERS
A harmless and funny verbal game of older children is the rapid repetition of difficult to pronounce rhymes and phrases. This is a tongue twister. It combines one-root or consonant words: "There is grass in the yard, there is firewood on the grass", "The cap is not sewn in Kolpakov style, it is necessary to repack it and repack it." It is difficult to decide who the creator of these tongue twisters is - children or adults. At least some of them (namely those with an immodest meaning) are hardly created by children. Prokop came, dill boils, And under Prokop dill boils, And Prokop left, dill boils, And without Prokop dill boils.
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Scary
Literature Grechina O.N., Osorina M.V. Contemporary folklore prose of children // Russian folklore. Issue 20. - L., 1981. - S.96-106. Osorina M.V. "The black sheet flies through the city", or Why do children tell scary stories? // Knowledge is power. - 1986. - No. 10. - S.43-45. Mamontova G.I. Cultural-historical and psychological foundations of the genre of horror stories // Siberian folklore. - Novosibirsk, 1981. Loiter S.M. Children's mythological stories / Loiter S.M. Russian children's folklore and children's mythology. - Petrozavodsk: KSPU, 2001. - S. 84-104. Cherednikova M.P. Contemporary Russian mythology in the context of the facts of traditional culture and child psychology. - Ulyanovsk, 1995.
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M. Osorina: horror stories - stories "aimed at causing an experience of fear, which in a knowingly protected and safe situation gives a kind of pleasure, leads to emotional catharsis." Melnikov MN: horror stories - "children's oral stories of a conditionally realistic or fantastic orientation, which, as a rule, have an attitude towards reliability." Leuter S.M.:, “Children's scary stories - one of the genres of the narrative tradition of children: mythological stories about the terrible and terrible (death first of all), which come at the will of creatures, objects and phenomena endowed with supernatural properties and elevated to the rank of demonological powers ; they have a stable structure and are aimed at causing the experience of fear, which is necessary for the self-affirmation of the individual. " Loiter S.M. (P.87): "The main characteristic feature of children's scary stories, which are a story with the same plot collisions and denouement, is that those mysterious and inexplicable events that occur in them are the result of the action of supernatural forces, objects, things." ... A similar situation (i.e., belief in supernatural powers) is observed in the past and bylichs.
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CM. Loiter divides all pests into 2 groups: But these characters function differently in adult and children's folklore. In adults, the story of a meeting with demonic power is necessary to convince the listener of the authenticity of this power. Other archetypal motives and characters: werewolf, aspen stake and cross as amulets, violation of the prohibition, vampirism, chopping, revival, spatial movement, etc.
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The horror story as a genre is distinguished by its artistic design and completeness. Its beginning often repeats the fabulous beginning (“Once upon a time there was a woman, and she had children: a girl and a boy,” “Once a girl lived with her parents,” etc.). The impetus for action is often a violation of the prohibition following the "absence". Under the influence of a fairy tale, horror stories gained clarity of compositional structure: warning / prohibition - violation - retribution / punishment. The plot-compositional rhythm is based on the repetition of the same actions (at night the voice consistently says first to dad, then to mom, then to the girl: "Get up!") Or the cumulative principle of stringing ("In a black-black forest there is a black-black house, in a black-black house is a black-black table ... ")
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Other features of poetics: a small amount of text, elementary plot, stable vocabulary, repetitions of linguistic elements, frequency of verbs. The performing manner of telling horror stories, like a ritual, dictates a number of external conditions: it must be evening, a secluded place, without adults, appropriate intonations, shouts and unexpected grabbing of the listener's hand.
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They are active in the children's environment riddles. Riddles are one of the oldest and most poetic folklore forms associated with. animating the phenomena of nature and everyday objects by people in antiquity. The etymology of this word - in the Old Russian verb "gadati" - think, reflect... Reflection requires the process of guessing - deciphering a figurative, allegorical description of some phenomenon, which gives a riddle: "Small, round, but you can't pick it up by the tail." (Clew.)
Here, the riddle is based on three signs of a familiar object. Guessing must mentally connect them, compare, visually represent the described object - a ball of thread.
The riddle develops in the child quick-wittedness, quick-wittedness... A riddle is made - the person questioned is puzzled over the answer. An allegory transfers an object to a completely different area of the material world. “The little black dog lies curled up; does not bark, does not bite, but does not let it into the house ”- the castle is intricately compared with a little black dog. The allegorical image in the riddle always strikes with its strangeness, unusualness, real incongruity of qualities and properties. Thus, the stove is likened to a maiden, and the smoke is likened to a long maiden braid: “The maiden is standing in the hut, and the braid is in the yard”.
The bolder the invention, the more difficult the riddle is to guess. Improbability gives the images of the riddle a clearly perceived contradiction of reality, and the answer brings order to the confusion: everything falls into place in accordance with the actual qualities of the object being conceived. It turns out that the castle really has something in common with the dog: both of them will not be allowed into the house, they may be of the same color - black, but the fact that the dog does not bark or bite refers only to the castle.
In other words, a riddle indicates special signs and properties that are inherent only in the enigmatic object... It is based on similarity and denial of similarity between objects. This property of the riddle introduces the child into thinking about the connections between the phenomena and objects of the surrounding world, as well as about the features of each object and phenomenon. These mental operations, however, are not important in themselves, but because the child discovers the poetry of the world around him. Composing riddles, as well as solving them - useful exercise for developing imaginative thinking.
The riddle is most often rhythmically organized, often rhymes, consonances, onomatopoeia are found in it, and this makes it a true work of art... High poetry reveals itself in the most prosaic things and subjects. The images in riddles are colorful, sonorous, objects are outlined sharply, clearly:
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In the yard it is a mountain, and in a hut - with water.
Above mother's hut hangs a little bread: the dogs bark, they can't get it.
The red rocker hung over the river.
Two abdomens, four ears.
(pillow)
Hanging pear, you can not eat.
(bulb)
The poor have fat, the rich have thin, always with him.
(shirt)
Small, remote, walked through the ground, found a red cap.
(fly agaric)
Many riddles, ironic, humorous: “Fedosya is standing, his hair is disheveled” (haystack).
Folk riddles as a poeticized game of questions and answers are entertaining for children of all ages. For preschoolers, it is advisable to select the most simple and elementary ones: “Tooth, not bite” (rake), “Two abdomens, four ears” (pillow), “All furry, four legs, the mustache herself” (cat), “In winter and summer, one color ”(spruce, pine), etc.
A child's mastering of speech in all its richness and brilliance is unthinkable without acquaintance with folk proverbs and sayings.
Proverbs and sayings
Proverb- a short figurative saying applied to various phenomena of life, which lives in colloquial speech, decorates, condenses its meaning: "Without corners, a house cannot be built, without a proverb, speech cannot be said."
Usually proverbs consist of two parts that rhyme with each other. A striking example of such a proverb is the phrase "You can't pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty."
The famous collector of folklore and compiler of the collection "Proverbs of the Russian people" V. I. Dal called the proverb "a short parable." In a Russian proverb, he saw "the color of the people's mind, original art", "everyday folk wisdom." About the nationality of the proverb, he expressed himself as follows: “Who wrote it, no one knows; but everyone knows her and everyone obeys her. " Proverbs surprise with the depth and clarity of thought, expressed extremely briefly and simply:
"A friend in need is a friend indeed".
As a rule, proverbial judgments have both direct, literal meaning, and figurative, figurative at the same time:
"What you sow, so you reap", "The quieter you go, the further you will be."
K. D. Ushinsky rightly noted that proverbs are of great importance in the initial teaching of the native language, firstly, because of its form, and secondly, because of its content. There are several hundred proverbs in Native Word. The child hears the first proverbs in the speech of adults, while from the very beginning the meaning of the proverb as a generally accepted teaching is revealed to him first of all. This meaning is all the more understandable because it is expressed graphically, with indisputable obviousness: “Without bowing to the ground, and you won’t pick up the fungus”, “You cannot easily catch a fish from the pond”, “Take care of your nose in a deep frost”.
Proverbial judgments are perceived by the child in their direct meaning, but their generalizing nature is to some extent accessible to his understanding. “And you can't pick up the fungus if you don’t bend over”: the general thought behind this judgment can be understood by him as an expression of the need for labor in any occupation, any business. A more general figurative meaning of proverbs, their polysemy, is not revealed to the child immediately, but as he gains life experience. Each proverb can be cited in many cases: "It is good to be away, but at home it is better", "With whom you will lead, from that you will gain."
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Folk sayings- these are widespread figurative expressions that aptly define any life phenomenon. In everyday life, we often use sayings and do not even think where they came from. Phrases like "Seven Fridays a Week" or "Put Your Teeth on the Shelf" are the proverbs.
Proverbs and sayings belong to the folklore genre. Usually they are placed side by side, but there are clear differences between them. Unlike a proverb, a proverb is devoid of a generalized instructive meaning and is limited to a figurative, often allegorical definition of a phenomenon. However, the saying does not just define a phenomenon, but gives it an expressive emotional assessment. It is one thing to say about someone that he causes us inconvenience with his constant presence, it is another thing to say that he is tired of him like a bitter radish; It's one thing to say that someone came unexpectedly, it's another thing to say that he fell like a snow on his head.
Children's speech, which is emotional in nature, easily comes close to popular proverbial expressions, but the accurate mastering of them is a well-known work for the child, and the educator must monitor the appropriateness and correctness of the use of sayings in the child's speech.
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Riddles, proverbs and sayings about the summer.
The author of the collection: Elena Aleksandrovna Khvostikova, teacher-organizer of the yard club "Ak Zhelken" DDT in Aksu, Republic of Kazakhstan.Work description: Riddles, proverbs and sayings about summer for children of primary and secondary school age. The material will be useful for teachers of additional education, primary school teachers for organizing interesting leisure time for children.
Target: develop attention, logic, intelligence, quick thinking, imagination; Expand words knowledge.
Proverbs and sayings
In June, the sun is high, and from morning to evening it is far away.
White nights are long days.
There is nothing to eat in June, but life is fun: the flowers are blooming and the nightingales are singing.
June with a scythe passed through the meadows, and July ran through the bread with a sickle.
In July, the yard is empty, and the field is thick.
August prepares pickles for the winter table.
In August, summer skips towards autumn.
In August, winter struggles with summer.
What you collect in August, you will spend the winter with that.
In August, before lunchtime - summer, after lunch - autumn.
What is born in summer will come in handy in winter.
Summer day over winter week.
Red summer - green mowing.
Put on a berry, pick up a box.
Prepare the sleigh in the summer and the cart in the winter.
Summer with sheaves, autumn with pies.
Summer is a gathering, winter is a trip.
People are happy to fly, bees are happy to bloom.
Winter is terrible with wolves, and summer with flies and mosquitoes.
A rainy summer is worse than autumn.
In the summertime, dawn and dawn converge.
The singing of mosquitoes can be heard, The time of berries and mushrooms, The lake is warm, Calls everyone to swim ... (summer)
The sun is baking, linden is in bloom, butterflies are flying, when does this happen? (summer)
I am woven from heat, I carry warmth with me. I warm rivers, "Kupa be! "- I invite you. And for this you all love me. I - ... (summer)
From his loud words and from laughter, an echo wanders through the forests between the trunks. Where spring can catch a cold, she is not afraid to take shells from the bottom! (summer)
In the morning I always fall - not a rain, not a star - and I sparkle in burdocks at the edge and in the meadows. (dew)
Someone cried all night in the meadow, how many tears I cannot count. (dew)
In the morning, the beads sparkled, we plugged all the grass with ourselves, and went to look for them in the afternoon, we are looking, we are looking - we will not find it. (dew)
Dawn-charger, red maiden, walked through the forest, dropped the keys, saw a month, did not say, saw the sun - raised. (dew)
Here are the diamonds on the leaves, Along the paths and on the bumps - What are these miracles? Glitters in the morning ... (dew)
The sun goes down in the evening, In the sky he spends it with a brush. Doesn't want to leave in vain. A trace remains - ... (dawn)
As soon as the rain receded, a bridge appeared in the sky, arched brightly, like a golden belt. (Rainbow)
What a miracle - beauty! Painted gates appeared on the way, you can't enter, don't enter! (Rainbow)
Who hung a colored scarf above the ground, as for drying. (Rainbow)
The gates have risen, the whole world is beautiful. (Rainbow)
The painted rocker hung over the river. (Rainbow)
Warm, long, long day, at noon - a tiny shadow. An ear blooms in the field, a grasshopper gives a voice, strawberries ripen. What a month, tell me? (June)
Peonies bloomed in the garden, slopes in the strawberries - hills. The breeze, the coolness of the blow, so that it is not hot ... (June)
Linden tea is aromatic! We could dry at least a whole sack of her colors! Come soon, ... (July)
Hot, sultry, sultry day, even chickens are looking for shade. The mowing of bread began, the time of berries and mushrooms. His days are the peak of summer. What, tell me, is this in a month? (July)
Maple leaves turned yellow, swift-winged swifts flew to the countries of the south. What a month, tell me! (August)
This hot summer month gives everyone its gifts: plums, apples and pears. Cook fruits, dry fruits. He is the last month of summer, autumn is near, close somewhere. (August)
They are waiting for him, they will not wait, but when they see, they will scatter. (rain)
He will cry over the gardens - the garden will be filled with fruits. Even the dusty plantain is happy to wash in the summer ... (rain)
She approached, rumbled, threw arrows to the ground, it seemed to us that she was in trouble, it turned out that it was with water. Passed and spilled, plenty of arable land spilled. (rain cloud)
A bag of water flew over me, over you, it caught on the forest, leaked out and disappeared. (rain cloud)
The sparkling threads could not resist in the sieve and, jumping out into the wild, walked with a cloud across the field. (rain)
The sun is shaded by clouds, the thunder laughs loudly. A streak in the sky of lightning means that it has begun ... (storm)
Lies on the road - you get your feet wet in it. (puddle)
Sister and brother live, everyone sees but does not hear, hears but does not see. (Thunder and lightning)
It sparkles, blinks, shoots fire arrows. (lightning.)
I look like peas. Where I go - a commotion. (hail)
There is a commotion in the yard: peas are falling from the sky. Nina ate six peas, she now has a sore throat. (hail)
Ices flew from the sky, they wanted to beat the spikelets. (hail)
Peas are falling from the clouds, jumping to our doorstep. He rolls off the roof into the garden. What? It - ... (hail)
And in June, the white snow again delighted us all - like a swarm of lazy flies flying off the poplars ... (fluff)
A hot ball shines in the sky. Anyone will notice this ball. In the morning he looks at us in the window, beaming with joy, ... (Sun)
A snake rushes along the hills, carrying moisture to the trees. Washing the shores, flows through the fields ... (river)
They are as light as cotton wool, floating in the sky somewhere. The caravels keep their way from afar ... (clouds)
RIDDLES
The grandmother loved the girl very much.
I gave her a red hat.
The girl forgot her name.
Well, tell me her name.
(Little Red Riding Hood)
Near the forest, at the edge
Three of them live in a hut.
There are three chairs and three mugs.
Three cots, three pillows.
Guess without a clue,
Who are the heroes of this tale?
(Three Bears)
Heals small children
Heals birds and animals
Looking through his glasses
Good doctor ... (Aibolit).
Mixed with sour cream,
It's cold on the window
Round side, ruddy side
Rolled ... (bun).
She is beautiful and sweet
And her name comes from the word "ash".
(Cinderella)
Father had a strange boy
Unusual - wooden.
But dad loved his son.
What a weird
Wooden man
On land and under water
Looking for a golden key?
Everywhere he sticks his nose long.
Who is this? .. (Pinocchio).
Proverbs and sayings
Do not boast in silver, but boast in goodness.
Do good and expect good.
To a kind person and someone else's illness to the heart.
The evil one cries with envy, and the good one with joy.
Peace builds and war destroys
Life is given for good deeds.
If you don’t understand good, don’t do a thin thing.
Honor the good, but do not pity the evil.
A good deed has lived for two centuries.
Good deeds live after death.
To follow good is to climb a mountain, to follow evil is to slide into the abyss.
Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself.
Warm word and warms in frost.
It is bad for someone who does not do good to anyone.
Lullabies
Hush, Little Baby, Do not Say a Word,
Don't lie down on the edge.
A gray top will come
He will grab the barrel
And drag it into the woods
Under the bush.
Do not go to us, top,
Don't wake up our Sasha.
Time to sleep! the bull fell asleep,
I lay in the box on the side.
The sleepy bear went to bed.
Only the elephant does not want to sleep:
The elephant nods its head,
He sends a bow to the elephant.
READERS
A hedgehog came out of the fog
Drank half a glass of vodka
Took out a knife, sausage
Well in the native forest
Quietly sung the song
I cried about the unfulfilled
Looked into an empty glass
And again he went into the fog ...
One, two, three, four, five,
The bunny went out for a walk
Suddenly the hunter runs out,
Shoots straight at the bunny
Bang - bang oh-oh-oh
My bunny is dying.
They took him to the hospital
He refused to be treated,
They brought him home
He turned out to be alive.
Aty-bats
Soldiers walked
Aty-bats
To the bazaar.
Aty-bats
What did you buy?
Aty-bats
Samovar.
Aty-bats
What is the price?-
Aty-bats
Three rubles.
Aty-bats
Who is going out?
Aty-bats
It's me.
Gains
Bunny
I ran across the field
I ran into the garden
I found a carrot
Found a cabbage, -
Sits, gnaws.
Ay, someone is coming!
Turu-turu-turu-ru!
In a damp dark forest
An owl is sitting on an oak tree
Yes plays the trumpet.
Into the pipe, into the pipe:
Boo-boo-boo-boo
The daughter-in-law is standing and spread her legs: the world feeds, she does not eat (plow).
Potap stands on four paws, he drinks water from year to year (nursery).
Bows, bows - he comes home, stretches out (ax).
Kochet ankles, bow much (the same).
Toil, toil - he comes home, stretches out (the same).
The beauty lies with her face in the podlavitsa (the same).
He walks into the forest, looks home; he walks out of the woods, looks into the woods (he is, behind his belt).
Soon he eats and chews finely, she does not swallow and does not give to others (saw).
Pig and flax are dragged through a horse and a cow (the rocking of boots).
A pig walked through a bull on an iron track, a tar tail (the same).
Himself naked (naked), and the shirt in the bosom (candle and lamp).
Day sleeps, night looks, dies in the morning, another replaces (candle).
Who is neither baptized nor born, but lives by the truth? (Steelyard).
Blackie, ogarysh, where are you going? - Be quiet, you dug, and you will be there (beer cauldron and vat).
Borovishche in a black barn (tar in a barrel).
I walk around the field, hammer on one pole (stuffing hoops).
In the hut as a raven, out of the hut as a swan (lutoshka).
Dry Friday gnaws bones (comb, comb).
The woman's craft was overgrown with brushwood (yarn tip).
A gentleman with a beard (comb with a lobe) sits under the front, in front.
I sit on an aspen (linden), I look through a maple, I shake a birch (spinning).
Five, five sheep eat up the embryo; five, five lambs (or: the sixth lamb) run away (the same).
Five, five sheep eat up the embryo; five, five sheep pick up dust (the same).
Five brothers are running along the road, but they are dry; five brothers stand under the odon, but are wet (fingers of both hands while yarn).
Five eat up and five adjust (fingers and yarn).
Four sisters are chasing around; one will not catch up with the other (sparrows, reel).
Whether to fill those riddles - throw them over the garden bed, over the fence, over the master's yard (comb, lobe).
Small, round, but do not lift by the tail (ball).
I trample with my foot, press with my stomach, sniff with my hand, twice the column and start again (weaving).
I rub it with my belly, I’ll prue with my legs, where it opens, and here I will weave (weaving).
A blind pig crawls near the tynu (shuttle).
Wooden legs, at least stand all summer long (weaving mill).
Two ends, two rings, and in the middle there are carnations (scissors).
Little blue, little one gallops around the city, paints all people (a needle).
Little, little blue, cute to the whole world (the same).
Small, light, the whole world dresses (the same).
The blue titmouse has dressed all the white light (the same).
A pig of gold, a bristle, a linen tail, gallops around the world, paints the whole world (or: dresses. A needle and thread).
The animal is about one inch, and the tail is seven miles (the same).
Iron itself, and tailor's tail (needle and thread).
The goby is forged, and the tail is stolen (the same).
Steel horse, linen tail (same).
Iron horse, sloping tail (same).
Iron bull, towed tail (same).
Iron wolf, hemp tail (same).
Sniffing under the gate, sloping beard (same).
A pig is running from St. Petersburg, all pitted (thimble).
On a pit, a pit, a hundred pits with a pit (thimble).
In the fossa, in the fossa, there are one hundred pits with a pit (the same).
The tipyak (picktel) beats, the revyak (millstone) roars, the pipes (wheels) crackle, the waters splash (the mill).
Caps fly and say: our mother has a heart of stone, an iron breast (the same).
Horses flooded in Kirilovskoye field, a dog barked in Muromskoye, a bear roared in Ivanovsky (Romanovsky) (horses - mill pests; dog - flutter; bear - millstone).
Behind the spruce forest, behind the birch grove, the filly neighs, the foal is waiting (the mill).
In the field, the field was trampled by horses, a bear roared at the fair (the same).
A woman is sitting on a yura, her legs dangling into the river (the same).
The Justice Bird looks at the wind, waves its quails, does not move itself (the same).
Without arms, without legs, he crumbles noodles (the same).
Takh-tararah, there is a house on the mountains, water splashes, beard shakes (the same).
Knocking, strumming, a hundred end runs: what is in the neighborhood, he will eat all the bread (same).
The whole world feeds, she does not eat (the same).
A monk lies in the steep mountains; will come out, feed the faithful and the unfaithful (millstones).
Two hogs are fighting, foam falls between them (the same).
The bull grumbles, the old man knocks; the bull will run, the foam will tumble down (millstones).
In a dark hut, the bear roars (same).
Brother's brother rubs, white blood flows (same).
One says - let's run, the other says - we'll lie down, the third says - we'll swing (water, millstone, wheel).
Awl, the reel walked around the undersail, spoke German (crane).
Seven Semionov, one Matryona (pestles and mortar in the mill).
Knocking, strumming, spinning, not afraid of the fear of God (crush).
Quickly without legs, without living strong, without reason cunningly (mill).
I will go into the stamp, look into the laborer, there is a bubble with a trinket (forge).
I ground the headless (brace).
Dry Martin spits far away (gun).
The black one wants to bark (the gun).
Dudka-duda, there is a hole on the pipe; the duda crackles, the dog runs (the gun).
An eagle flies, fire in its mouth, human death (a gun) at the end of the tail.
A raven is flying, its nose is bound: where it pokes, the ore sinks (the gun).
In the field-polische they carry a bootleg: in this bootleg tar, lightness and death are not far off (a gun).
On the mountain-hill lies the boot: in that boot there is tar, lightness and death nearby (a gun on the shoulder).
A thin bird flies, feathers are red and yellow, at the end of its human death (gun, shot).
An owl flew from a red village, an owl sat on four pillars (shot).
In the stove there are three lumps, three geese, three ducks, three apples (a rifle charge).
The grouse flew in the evening, not now, fell into a swan - and now I won't find (bullet).
A small bird rolls across the field, is not afraid of anyone (rifle bullet).
There is a pig from the swamp, all the spoilage (nonsense).
The legs are made of stone, the head is wooden, and he himself is in shabur and walks in the water (lack of a hem).
The yard is full of holes, people say, but they don't tell you to go out (muzzle).
I didn’t ride with a horse, I didn’t drive with a whip, I didn’t burn a stick, I didn’t hit a jackdaw, I cooked it, I didn’t cut it off (to fish for a splinter).
Thieves (fishermen) came, the owners stole (fish), and the house went out of the windows (water into the cells of the net).
I went along here-tukhtu, took a tav-tavta with me, found it on a snoring ottoman; If it wasn't tav-tavta, the snoring-ottoman would eat me (went after the horse, took the dog with him and found it on the bear).
I walked along tyukh-tyukhtyu, ours is currency-tyukhtyu; If this weren’t currency-tyukhtya, it would have eaten me-tyukh-tyukhtya (man, ax and bear).
It grew up in the forest, they carried it out of the forest, cries in their arms, and they jump on the floor (balalaika).
In the forest, something is tyap-tyap, at home it is a blooper, if you take it on your knees, it will cry (balalaika).
He grew up in the forest, hung on the wall, cries in his arms, whoever listens jumps (beep).