Genetic diseases that are inherited. Medical genetic testing. Geneticists say intelligence comes from mother
Head of
"Oncogenetics"
Zhusina
Julia Gennadievna
Graduated from the Pediatric Faculty of the Voronezh State Medical University. N.N. Burdenko in 2014.
2015 - internship in therapy on the basis of the Department of Faculty Therapy of the Voronezh State Medical University. N.N. Burdenko.
2015 - certification course in the specialty "Hematology" on the basis of the Hematological Research Center in Moscow.
2015-2016 – therapist of the VGKBSMP No. 1.
2016 - the topic of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of medical sciences "study of the clinical course of the disease and prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with anemic syndrome" was approved. Co-author of more than 10 publications. Participant of scientific and practical conferences on genetics and oncology.
2017 - advanced training course on the topic: "interpretation of the results of genetic studies in patients with hereditary diseases."
Since 2017 residency in the specialty "Genetics" on the basis of RMANPE.
Head of
"Genetics"
Kanivets
Ilya Vyacheslavovich
Kanivets Ilya Vyacheslavovich, geneticist, candidate of medical sciences, head of the genetics department of the medical genetic center Genomed. Assistant of the Department of Medical Genetics of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education.
He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry in 2009, and in 2011 - residency in the specialty "Genetics" at the Department of Medical Genetics of the same university. In 2017 he defended his thesis for the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences on the topic: Molecular diagnosis of copy number variations of DNA segments (CNVs) in children with congenital malformations, phenotype anomalies and/or mental retardation using SNP high-density oligonucleotide microarrays»
From 2011-2017 he worked as a geneticist at the Children's Clinical Hospital. N.F. Filatov, scientific advisory department of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Medical Genetic Research Center". From 2014 to the present, he has been in charge of the genetics department of the MHC Genomed.
Main areas of activity: diagnosis and management of patients with hereditary diseases and congenital malformations, epilepsy, medical genetic counseling of families in which a child was born with a hereditary pathology or malformations, prenatal diagnostics. During the consultation, an analysis of clinical data and genealogy is carried out to determine the clinical hypothesis and the required amount of genetic testing. Based on the results of the survey, the data are interpreted and the information received is explained to the consultants.
He is one of the founders of the School of Genetics project. Regularly makes presentations at conferences. He lectures for geneticists, neurologists and obstetricians-gynecologists, as well as for parents of patients with hereditary diseases. He is the author and co-author of more than 20 articles and reviews in Russian and foreign journals.
The area of professional interests is the introduction of modern genome-wide studies into clinical practice, the interpretation of their results.
Reception time: Wed, Fri 16-19
Head of
"Neurology"
Sharkov
Artem Alekseevich
Sharkov Artyom Alekseevich– neurologist, epileptologist
In 2012, he studied under the international program “Oriental medicine” at Daegu Haanu University in South Korea.
Since 2012 - participation in the organization of the database and algorithm for the interpretation of xGenCloud genetic tests (http://www.xgencloud.com/, Project Manager - Igor Ugarov)
In 2013 he graduated from the Pediatric Faculty of the Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov.
From 2013 to 2015 he studied in clinical residency in neurology at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Scientific Center of Neurology".
Since 2015, he has been working as a neurologist, researcher at the Scientific Research Clinical Institute of Pediatrics named after Academician Yu.E. Veltishchev GBOU VPO RNIMU them. N.I. Pirogov. He also works as a neurologist and a doctor in the laboratory of video-EEG monitoring in the clinics of the Center for Epileptology and Neurology named after A.I. A.A. Ghazaryan” and “Epilepsy Center”.
In 2015, he studied in Italy at the school "2nd International Residential Course on Drug Resistant Epilepsies, ILAE, 2015".
In 2015, advanced training - "Clinical and molecular genetics for practicing physicians", RCCH, RUSNANO.
In 2016, advanced training - "Fundamentals of Molecular Genetics" under the guidance of bioinformatics, Ph.D. Konovalova F.A.
Since 2016 - the head of the neurological direction of the laboratory "Genomed".
In 2016, he studied in Italy at the school "San Servolo international advanced course: Brain Exploration and Epilepsy Surger, ILAE, 2016".
In 2016, advanced training - "Innovative genetic technologies for doctors", "Institute of Laboratory Medicine".
In 2017 - the school "NGS in Medical Genetics 2017", Moscow State Scientific Center
Currently, he is conducting scientific research in the field of epilepsy genetics under the guidance of Professor, MD. Belousova E.D. and professor, d.m.s. Dadali E.L.
The topic of the dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences "Clinical and genetic characteristics of monogenic variants of early epileptic encephalopathies" was approved.
The main areas of activity are the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy in children and adults. Narrow specialization - surgical treatment of epilepsy, genetics of epilepsy. Neurogenetics.
Scientific publications
Sharkov A., Sharkova I., Golovteev A., Ugarov I. "Optimization of differential diagnostics and interpretation of results of genetic testing by XGenCloud expert system in some forms of epilepsy". Medical Genetics, No. 4, 2015, p. 41.
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Sharkov A.A., Vorobyov A.N., Troitsky A.A., Savkina I.S., Dorofeeva M.Yu., Melikyan A.G., Golovteev A.L. "Surgery for epilepsy in multifocal brain lesions in children with tuberous sclerosis." Abstracts of the XIV Russian Congress "INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN PEDIATRICS AND PEDIATRIC SURGERY". Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics, 4, 2015. - p.226-227.
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Dadali E.L., Belousova E.D., Sharkov A.A. "Molecular genetic approaches to the diagnosis of monogenic idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy". Abstract of the XIV Russian Congress "INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN PEDIATRICS AND PEDIATRIC SURGERY". Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics, 4, 2015. - p.221.
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Sharkov A.A., Dadali E.L., Sharkova I.V. "A rare variant of type 2 early epileptic encephalopathy caused by mutations in the CDKL5 gene in a male patient." Conference "Epileptology in the system of neurosciences". Collection of conference materials: / Edited by: prof. Neznanova N.G., prof. Mikhailova V.A. St. Petersburg: 2015. - p. 210-212.
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Dadali E.L., Sharkov A.A., Kanivets I.V., Gundorova P., Fominykh V.V., Sharkova I.V. Troitsky A.A., Golovteev A.L., Polyakov A.V. A new allelic variant of type 3 myoclonus epilepsy caused by mutations in the KCTD7 gene // Medical genetics.-2015.- v.14.-№9.- p.44-47
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Dadali E.L., Sharkova I.V., Sharkov A.A., Akimova I.A. "Clinical and genetic features and modern methods of diagnosing hereditary epilepsy". Collection of materials "Molecular biological technologies in medical practice" / Ed. corresponding member RANEN A.B. Maslennikova.- Issue. 24.- Novosibirsk: Academizdat, 2016.- 262: p. 52-63
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Belousova E.D., Dorofeeva M.Yu., Sharkov A.A. Epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis. In "Brain Diseases, Medical and Social Aspects" edited by Gusev E.I., Gekht A.B., Moscow; 2016; pp.391-399
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Dadali E.L., Sharkov A.A., Sharkova I.V., Kanivets I.V., Konovalov F.A., Akimova I.A. Hereditary diseases and syndromes accompanied by febrile convulsions: clinical and genetic characteristics and diagnostic methods. //Russian Journal of Children's Neurology.- T. 11.- No. 2, p. 33-41. doi: 10.17650/ 2073-8803-2016-11-2-33-41
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Sharkov A.A., Konovalov F.A., Sharkova I.V., Belousova E.D., Dadali E.L. Molecular genetic approaches to the diagnosis of epileptic encephalopathies. Collection of abstracts "VI BALTIC CONGRESS ON CHILDREN'S NEUROLOGY" / Edited by Professor Guzeva V.I. St. Petersburg, 2016, p. 391
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Hemispherotomy in drug-resistant epilepsy in children with bilateral brain damage Zubkova N.S., Altunina G.E., Zemlyansky M.Yu., Troitsky A.A., Sharkov A.A., Golovteev A.L. Collection of abstracts "VI BALTIC CONGRESS ON CHILDREN'S NEUROLOGY" / Edited by Professor Guzeva V.I. St. Petersburg, 2016, p. 157.
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Article: Genetics and differentiated treatment of early epileptic encephalopathies. A.A. Sharkov*, I.V. Sharkova, E.D. Belousova, E.L. Dadali. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 9, 2016; Issue. 2doi:10.17116/jnevro20161169267-73
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Golovteev A.L., Sharkov A.A., Troitsky A.A., Altunina G.E., Zemlyansky M.Yu., Kopachev D.N., Dorofeeva M.Yu. "Surgical treatment of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis" edited by Dorofeeva M.Yu., Moscow; 2017; p.274
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New international classifications of epilepsy and epileptic seizures of the International League against epilepsy. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. C.C. Korsakov. 2017. V. 117. No. 7. S. 99-106
Department head
"Genetics of predispositions",
biologist, genetic consultant
Dudurich
Vasilisa Valerievna
- Head of the Department "Genetics of predispositions", biologist, genetic consultant
In 2010 - PR-specialist, Far Eastern Institute of International Relations
In 2011 - Biologist, Far Eastern Federal University
In 2012 - FGBUN SRI FCM FMBF of Russia "Genodiagnosis in modern medicine"
In 2012 - Study "Introduction of genetic testing in a general clinic"
In 2012 - Professional training "Prenatal diagnosis and genetic passport - the basis of preventive medicine in the age of nanotechnology" D.I.
In 2013 - Professional training "Genetics in clinical hemostasiology and hemorheology" of the Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery
In 2015 - Professional training within the framework of the VII Congress of the Russian Society of Medical Genetics
In 2016 - School of Data Analysis "NGS in Medical Practice" FGBNU "MGNTS"
In 2016 - Internship "Genetic Counseling" FGBNU "MGNTS"
In 2016 - Took part in the International Congress on Human Genetics, Kyoto, Japan
From 2013-2016 - Head of the Medical Genetic Center in Khabarovsk
From 2015-2016 - Lecturer at the Department of Biology at the Far Eastern State Medical University
From 2016-2018 - Secretary of the Khabarovsk branch of the Russian Society of Medical Genetics
In 2018 – Took part in the seminar "Reproductive potential of Russia: versions and counter-versions" Sochi, Russia
Organizer of the school-seminar "The era of genetics and bioinformatics: an interdisciplinary approach in science and practice" - 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
Experience as a genetic consultant - 7 years
Founder of the Tsaritsa Alexandra Charitable Foundation to help children with genetic pathology alixfond.ru
Area of professional interests: myrobiome, multifactorial pathology, pharmacogenetics, nutrigenetics, reproductive genetics, epigenetics.
Head of
"Prenatal Diagnosis"
Kyiv
Yulia Kirillovna
In 2011 she graduated from the Moscow State Medical and Dental University. A.I. Evdokimova with a degree in General Medicine Studied in residency at the Department of Medical Genetics of the same university with a degree in Genetics
In 2015, she completed an internship in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Medical Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "MGUPP"
Since 2013, he has been conducting a consultative appointment at the Center for Family Planning and Reproduction, DZM
Since 2017, he has been the head of the Prenatal Diagnostics department of the Genomed laboratory
Regularly makes presentations at conferences and seminars. Reads lectures for doctors of various specialties in the field of reproduction and prenatal diagnostics
Conducts medical genetic counseling for pregnant women on prenatal diagnostics in order to prevent the birth of children with congenital malformations, as well as families with presumably hereditary or congenital pathologies. Conducts interpretation of the obtained results of DNA diagnostics.
SPECIALISTS
Latypov
Artur Shamilevich
Latypov Artur Shamilevich – doctor geneticist of the highest qualification category.
After graduating from the medical faculty of the Kazan State Medical Institute in 1976, for many years he worked first as a doctor in the office of medical genetics, then as head of the medical genetic center of the Republican Hospital of Tatarstan, chief specialist of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, teacher at the departments of Kazan Medical University.
Author of more than 20 scientific papers on the problems of reproductive and biochemical genetics, participant in many domestic and international congresses and conferences on the problems of medical genetics. He introduced methods of mass screening of pregnant women and newborns for hereditary diseases into the practical work of the center, performed thousands of invasive procedures for suspected hereditary diseases of the fetus at different stages of pregnancy.
Since 2012, she has been working at the Department of Medical Genetics with a course in prenatal diagnostics at the Russian Academy of Postgraduate Education.
Research interests – metabolic diseases in children, prenatal diagnostics.
Reception time: Wed 12-15, Sat 10-14Doctors are admitted by appointment.
Geneticist
Gabelko
Denis Igorevich
In 2009 he graduated from the medical faculty of KSMU named after. S. V. Kurashova (specialty "Medicine").
Internship at the St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal Agency for Health and Social Development (specialty "Genetics").
Internship in Therapy. Primary retraining in the specialty "Ultrasound diagnostics". Since 2016, he has been an employee of the Department of the Department of Fundamental Foundations of Clinical Medicine of the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology.
Area of professional interests: prenatal diagnosis, the use of modern screening and diagnostic methods to identify the genetic pathology of the fetus. Determining the risk of recurrence of hereditary diseases in the family.
Participant of scientific and practical conferences on genetics and obstetrics and gynecology.
Work experience 5 years.
Consultation by appointmentDoctors are admitted by appointment.
Geneticist
Grishina
Christina Alexandrovna
In 2015 she graduated from the Moscow State Medical and Dental University with a degree in General Medicine. In the same year, she entered residency in the specialty 30.08.30 "Genetics" at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Medical Genetic Research Center".
She was hired in the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Complexly Inherited Diseases (Head - Doctor of Biological Sciences Karpukhin A.V.) in March 2015 as a research laboratory assistant. Since September 2015, she has been transferred to the position of a researcher. He is the author and co-author of more than 10 articles and abstracts on clinical genetics, oncogenetics and molecular oncology in Russian and foreign journals. Regular participant of conferences on medical genetics.
Area of scientific and practical interests: medical genetic counseling of patients with hereditary syndromic and multifactorial pathology.
Consultation with a geneticist allows you to answer the following questions:
Are the child's symptoms signs of a hereditary disease?
what research is needed to identify the cause
determining an accurate forecast
recommendations for conducting and evaluating the results of prenatal diagnosis
everything you need to know about family planning
IVF planning consultation
field and online consultations
Geneticist
Gorgisheli
Ketevan Vazhaevna
She is a graduate of the Faculty of Medicine and Biology of the Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov in 2015, defended her thesis on the topic "Clinical and morphological correlation of vital indicators of the state of the body and morphological and functional characteristics of blood mononuclear cells in severe poisoning." She graduated from clinical residency in the specialty "Genetics" at the Department of Molecular and Cellular Genetics of the aforementioned university.
took part in the scientific-practical school "Innovative genetic technologies for doctors: application in clinical practice", the conference of the European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) and other conferences dedicated to human genetics.
Conducts medical genetic counseling for families with presumably hereditary or congenital pathologies, including monogenic diseases and chromosomal abnormalities, determines indications for laboratory genetic studies, interprets the results of DNA diagnostics. Advises pregnant women on prenatal diagnostics in order to prevent the birth of children with congenital malformations.
Geneticist, obstetrician-gynecologist, candidate of medical sciences
Kudryavtseva
Elena Vladimirovna
Geneticist, obstetrician-gynecologist, candidate of medical sciences.
Specialist in the field of reproductive counseling and hereditary pathology.
Graduated from the Ural State Medical Academy in 2005.
Residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Internship in the specialty "Genetics"
Professional retraining in the specialty "Ultrasound diagnostics"
Activities:
- Infertility and miscarriage Vasilisa Yurievna
She is a graduate of the Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Faculty of Medicine (specialty "Medicine"). She graduated from the clinical internship of the FBGNU "MGNTS" with a degree in "Genetics". In 2014, she completed an internship at the clinic of motherhood and childhood (IRCCS materno infantile Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy).
Since 2016, she has been working as a consultant doctor at Genomed LLC.
Regularly participates in scientific and practical conferences on genetics.
Main activities: Consulting on clinical and laboratory diagnostics of genetic diseases and interpretation of results. Management of patients and their families with suspected hereditary pathology. Consulting when planning a pregnancy, as well as during pregnancy on prenatal diagnostics in order to prevent the birth of children with congenital pathology.
In the period from 2013 to 2014, she worked as a junior researcher at the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology of the Rostov Cancer Research Institute.
In 2013 - advanced training "Topical issues of clinical genetics", State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Rost State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia.
In 2014 - advanced training "Application of the real-time PCR method for gene diagnostics of somatic mutations", FBSI "Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor".
Since 2014 – geneticist at the Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Rostov State Medical University.
In 2015, she successfully confirmed the qualification of "Medical Laboratory Scientist". He is an active member of the Australian Institute of Medical Scientist.
In 2017 - advanced training "Interpretation of the results of genetic studies in patients with hereditary diseases", NOCHUDPO "Training Center for Continuing Medical and Pharmaceutical Education"; "Actual Issues of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics and Laboratory Genetics", Federal Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of Rostov State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia; advanced training "BRCA Liverpool Genetic Counseling Course", Liverpool University.
Regularly participates in scientific conferences, is the author and co-author of more than 20 scientific publications in domestic and foreign publications.
Main activity: clinical and laboratory interpretation of the results of DNA diagnostics, chromosomal microarray analysis, NGS.
Area of interest: application of the latest genome-wide diagnostic methods in clinical practice, oncogenetics.
What is inherited from parents?
Text: Evgenia Keda, consultant - Alexander Kim, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Honored Professor of Moscow State University
One day, the famous English writer Bernard Shaw was approached with an unusual request - a fan urged him to make her a child. “Just imagine, the baby will be as beautiful as me and as smart as you!” she dreamed. “Madame,” Shaw sighed, “what if it turns out the other way around?”
Of course, this is a historical anecdote. But surely modern science can predict with a high probability what exactly is inherited from parents, what a son or daughter will inherit - the ability to do mathematics or music.
What is inherited: the role of chromosomes
From the school curriculum in biology, we remember exactly that the sex of the child is determined by the man. If the egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying the X chromosome, a girl is born, if the Y chromosome is a boy.
It has been proven that X chromosomes carry genes that are more responsible for appearance: the shape of the eyebrows, facial contours, skin and hair color. Therefore, it is logical to assume that boys with one such chromosome are more likely to inherit their mother's appearance. But girls who received it from both parents can equally be similar to both their mother and father.
Expert commentary: “Actually, the X chromosome that boys get is just one of the 46 found in the genetic code. And in all 46 chromosomes there are genes responsible for a variety of traits. So boys don't necessarily look like their mother."
With a high probability are inherited: height, weight, fingerprints, predisposition to depression.
With a small probability are inherited: shyness, temperament, memory, food addictions.
What is inherited: does the strong win?
In the same textbook it is clearly written: genes are divided into dominant (strong) and recessive (weak). And every person equally has both.
For example, the brown-eyed gene is dominant and the light-eyed gene is recessive. Brown-eyed parents are more likely to have the same dark-eyed child. However, one should not think that the appearance of a blue-eyed descendant in such a family is completely excluded. Both mom and dad can carry the recessive light-eyed gene and pass it on at the time of conception. Chances are, of course, small, but they are. Moreover, not one gene, but a whole group, is responsible for each trait on the part of the parent, and the combinations here are multivariate.
Strong, most often inherited genes include dark and curly hair, large facial features, a massive chin, a hooked nose, and short fingers. For two blonds, the little one is likely to be blond. But the brunette and the blond have dark blond (the average color between mom and dad). Sometimes, quite unexpectedly, the traits of distant relatives are inherited by the child. There is nothing surprising in this; probably, in previous generations, these genes lost in an unequal struggle, but here they turned out to be dominant and won.
Does the baby look nothing like you? Take a closer look. Perhaps he has your facial expressions: he also wrinkles his forehead when he thinks, protrudes his lip when he is offended. Tell me, is he copying you? Yes and no. It has been observed that blind children who have never seen their relatives nevertheless quite accurately repeat their gestures and facial expressions.
Probably, many have noticed that the same parents have the first child - the spitting image of dad, the second - unusually similar to mom, and the third - a copy of grandfather. In this case, we are talking about the splitting of genes. The environment and family are the same, but the combinations of genes received by siblings are completely different.
Expert commentary: “Parents themselves are unlikely to be able to figure out what will be inherited by the child. It is not at all necessary that dark-haired mothers and fathers will have the same dark-haired child, and fair-haired - fair-haired. In this case, the genealogy of a person, the history of ancestors on both sides, has a great influence. A specialist geneticist will help to figure it out, but he will also have to seriously delve into the family tree. ”
What is inherited: the appearance of the child
Growth is also difficult to predict. If the parents are very tall, the baby, most likely, will also reach the Kolomna verst. Dad is big and mom is petite? The child will probably stop at the average. However, proper nutrition also has a big impact. and sufficient sleep of the child, and active sports, and even climate.
Expert commentary: “Human height is determined not only by genes, but also by many other factors. An important role is played by the environment in which the parents themselves grew up. Equally important are the conditions for the development of the child himself.
What is inherited: the nature of the child
But it's all about looks. And the character? It certainly combines heredity and upbringing. An adopted child often takes on the traits of the parents who took him into the family. So try to show your best qualities in communicating with offspring. It is passed down to the inheritance, of course, not the nature of the child. a type of nervous system. For example, irascibility and irritability may be due to a weak type of nervous system, its inability to withstand even the most common stimuli. But if parents from the birth of the crumbs pay attention to this, the problem can be solved.
Passed on by inheritance and the ability to draw, dance, music, sports, and even taste and color preferences. But why then do they say: “Nature rests on the children of a genius”? Yes, talent can be inherited, but it still needs to be developed. And brilliant, enthusiastic parents often have too little time for their children.
Expert commentary: “Character traits are determined by the interaction of genes with the type of nervous system and the influence of society. If one of the parents has pronounced abilities, for example, in art, most likely, the children will inherit them. But deprive a potential Raphael of the opportunity to pick up a pencil and paint, and the talent will be buried in the ground. Any talent first of all needs attention and development.”
10 traits that are inherited
What a person will be depends on the environment and on heredity. Genetics affects the development of intelligence. height, weight, eye color, abilities. But there are other, less obvious influences of genes.
stress in children. with stress in parents - it happens to all people of different ages. And how the younger generation copes with it depends on genetics. Stress sits in the hippocampus (the part of the brain that is responsible for emotions and the transition from short-term memory to long-term memory). When a person experiences a stressful situation, their hippocampus increases or decreases. The more risk genes a person has, the more this part of the brain shrinks. And this has a negative effect on the experienced situation. If a person has few risk genes, then stress can affect a person positively. In addition, prenatal memory affects the child's susceptibility to stress. If the mother was prone to stress during pregnancy. then the child will be predisposed to them.
WISH TO TRAVEL
Some people are ready to spend the last money on a dress or shoes, while others are ready to travel. The desire to change places is inherent in the DRD4-7R gene. It is he who regulates the need for a person to travel. And, oddly enough, according to statistics, it is present only in 20% of the population.
It would seem that driving a car is difficult? Just don't hit people and don't crash into other cars. But the ability to drive a car is also related to genetics. The researchers found that driving skills depend on BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), which is responsible for memory, reaction speed and other communication between brain cells.
Bad habits are a problem of society of any nationality. Whether a person will be susceptible to drugs depends on 50% of heredity, to smoking - 75%. Moreover, genes decide 60% whether a person will be addicted to tobacco, and 54% whether he can quit smoking.
VIOLENCE
Aggression in children can be caused by both external factors and heredity. Scientists from Finland conducted a genetic analysis of about 900 criminals and found two genes responsible for aggression. Carriers of this set of genes are prone to violence 13 times more than ordinary people.
Absolutely all people are lazy. Sometimes it is appropriate - after all, we are not robots and we need rest. But some people are more lazy than others. And thanks to genetics. Genes for laziness exist, and this has been proven by scientists. They collected two groups of rats - more active and more passive. And then they found out that they have differences at the genetic level.
The best way to lose weight after childbirth and generally get in shape is the advice of a geneticist. No diets - trust heredity. General weight loss tips do not help everyone, but diets based on genetic characteristics will definitely be effective.
Scientists have found that musical taste is partly formed on the basis of heredity. The musical preferences of people under 50 years of age are influenced by genetics by 55%, and after 50 the figure drops to 40 and the environment has a greater influence.
Maybe love at first sight exists, but it also has an imprint of heredity. The choice of a partner is influenced by a group of MHC genes (major histocompatibility complex). Thanks to him, we choose lovers with the opposite MHC, which gives a better chance of having healthy children.
Children's fears have age gradation. If in infancy the crumbs are afraid to be alone, then after the child goes to school and begins to communicate with a large number of people, he develops social phobias. But some fears can be inherited. Scientists conducted an experiment on mice. With the help of an electric current, they instilled in them a fear of the smell of cherries. Then the experimental mice began to breed, and their offspring were also afraid of cherries from birth.
Sourced from toptenz.net
Genetic diseases that are inherited
How often, after the birth of a child, we hear "The baby has mother's eyes" or "The child has all gone to dad." We are accustomed to the fact that parents genetically transmit their external features, eye and hair color, birthmarks, and even character and habits to the baby. But besides this, parents can pass on to their baby a lot of different genetic diseases. Recently, parents who are serious about planning a pregnancy turn to a geneticist to immediately identify their genetic “potential”. A geneticist can fully demonstrate your genetic health, moreover, genetic analysis can reveal hereditary diseases that you carry from your ancestors, but which have never manifested themselves in the course of your life and the life of your parents. In this article, we will discuss the importance of medical genetic diagnosis, as well as talk about the most common diseases that are inherited.
What is genetic inheritance?
Each gene of our body contains a unique DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid. In addition, each gene carries a kind of code for a particular trait. The genes of the father and mother are paired, while one gene in the pair can be suppressive (dominant), the other suppressed (recessive). If a mother or father carries a pathological gene, then it is necessarily transmitted to the child. Moreover, if only the mother or only the father is the carrier of the diseased gene, then the risk is halved in comparison if both parents carry this diseased gene.
In accordance with the above, if the diseased gene is suppressive, then the child will get a hereditary disease, if the gene is suppressed, then the child will simply be a carrier and will pass it on to his future children. Moreover, if in the future the carrier meets a partner who is also just a carrier, the chance of “rewarding” the child with a diseased gene is already 50%. Therefore, very often some diseases do not manifest themselves for several generations, and then suddenly appear.
In reality, the risk of developing a genetic disease in a child is only 3-5%. However, it is worth noting such factors as poor ecology, poor nutrition, stress, hormonal disorders, etc. – all this can cause a genetic error.
Unfortunately, there are genetic diseases that appear in almost every generation, i.e. always have a suppressive gene. Such diseases include diabetes, psoriasis, obesity, hyper- and hypotension, epilepsy, schizophrenia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, etc.
There are also diseases that appear delayed, i.e. not immediately after birth, but after 30-40 years.
Today there are more than 3,000 genetic diseases that are inherited, and very often it is hereditary diseases that lead to miscarriages in the first trimester. 60% of spontaneous miscarriages are due to the hereditary factor. Therefore, many women have been trying to get pregnant for many years, but either it doesn’t work, or the pregnancy always ends in a miscarriage. Long-term examinations do not give any results until the woman turns to a geneticist.
It is worth noting that hereditary diseases can be of different types depending on the type of chromosomes - recessive, dominant, multifactorial, X-chromosomal recessive and chromosomal. Accordingly, the disease will manifest itself under certain conditions, for example, if both hereditary genes are recessive, or, conversely, dominant.
What diseases are inherited?
These are just a few of the diseases we can pass on to our children. Be sure to think about the health of your child and the health of his children, and before you get pregnant and give birth, go through a medical genetic examination.
Medical genetic examination
The examination begins with a consultation with a geneticist - he is interested in your pedigree, which of your relatives, what sickness, he also examines future parents for external signs (some genetic diseases manifest themselves this way).
Prenatal diagnosis may also include genetic testing. Depending on the stage of pregnancy, doctors perform amniocentesis, placentocentesis, cordocentesis, biopsy. Here, either amniotic fluid cells, blood from the umbilical cord, villi or chorionic epithelium are taken for analysis.
Is cancer hereditary?
It is unlikely that there will be a family that has not had deaths from cancer in any generation. This raises a reasonable question - how high is the probability of transmitting this disease to a child? Unfortunately, there is still no answer to this question. Doctors still cannot understand the true nature of the origin and development of this disease, since in addition to hereditary factors, external factors are of great importance, for example, an elementary viral infection or conventional immunostimulants can provoke cell degeneration. It is worth remembering that literally everything can affect the development of this disease - genetic predisposition, ecology, chemical exposure, hormones, viruses, radiation of various kinds (ultraviolet, x-ray, microwaves, etc.), etc. Protect yourself from cancer, in fact until it is possible.
Summarize
The process of genetic testing does not take much time. Your blood is enough for analysis.
Genetic diseases that are inherited. Medical genetic examination
Causes
Our genes tend not only to accumulate information, but also to change it, acquiring new qualities. This is the mutation. It occurs quite rarely, about 1 time in a million cases, and is transmitted to descendants if it occurs in germ cells. For individual genes, the mutation rate is 1:108.
Mutations are a natural process and form the basis of the evolutionary variability of all living beings. They can be helpful and harmful. Some help us to better adapt to the environment and way of life (for example, the opposed thumb), others lead to diseases.
The occurrence of pathologies in the genes is increased by physical, chemical and biological mutagenic factors. Some alkaloids, nitrates, nitrites, some food additives, pesticides, solvents and petroleum products have this property.
Among the physical factors are ionizing and radioactive radiation, ultraviolet rays, excessively high and low temperatures. The biological causes are rubella viruses, measles, antigens, etc.
genetic predisposition
Parents influence us not only by education. It is known that some people are more likely to develop certain diseases than others due to heredity. A genetic predisposition to diseases occurs when one of the relatives has an abnormality in the genes.
The risk of a particular disease in a child depends on his gender, because some diseases are transmitted only through one line. It also depends on the race of the person and on the degree of relationship with the patient.
If a child is born to a person with a mutation, then the chance of inheriting the disease will be 50%. The gene may well not show itself in any way, being recessive, and in the case of marriage with a healthy person, its chances of being passed on to descendants will be already 25%. However, if the spouse also owns such a recessive gene, the chances of its manifestation in descendants will again increase to 50%.
How to identify the disease?
The genetic center will help to detect the disease or predisposition to it in time. Usually this is in all major cities. Before taking the tests, a consultation is held with the doctor to find out what health problems are observed in relatives.
Medico-genetic examination is carried out by taking blood for analysis. The sample is carefully examined in the laboratory for any abnormalities. Expectant parents usually attend such consultations after pregnancy. However, it is worth coming to the genetic center during its planning.
Hereditary diseases seriously affect the mental and physical health of the child, affect life expectancy. Most of them are difficult to treat, and their manifestation is only corrected by medical means. Therefore, it is better to prepare for this even before conceiving a baby.
Down syndrome
One of the most common genetic diseases is Down syndrome. It occurs in 13 cases out of 10,000. This is an anomaly in which a person has not 46, but 47 chromosomes. The syndrome can be diagnosed immediately at birth.
Among the main symptoms are a flattened face, raised corners of the eyes, a short neck, and a lack of muscle tone. The auricles are usually small, the incision of the eyes is oblique, the irregular shape of the skull.
In sick children, concomitant disorders and diseases are observed - pneumonia, SARS, etc. Exacerbations may occur, for example, hearing loss, vision loss, hypothyroidism, heart disease. With Downism, mental development is slow and often remains at the level of seven years.
Constant work, special exercises and preparations significantly improve the situation. Many cases are known when people with a similar syndrome could well lead an independent life, find work and achieve professional success.
Hemophilia
A rare hereditary disease that affects men. Occurs once in 10,000 cases. Hemophilia is not treated and occurs as a result of a change in one gene on the sex X chromosome. Women are only carriers of the disease.
The main characteristic is the absence of a protein that is responsible for blood clotting. In this case, even a minor injury causes bleeding that is not easy to stop. Sometimes it manifests itself only the next day after the bruise.
Queen Victoria of England was a carrier of hemophilia. She passed on the disease to many of her descendants, including Tsarevich Alexei, the son of Tsar Nicholas II. Thanks to her, the disease began to be called royal or Victorian.
Angelman syndrome
The disease is often called Happy Doll Syndrome or Parsley Syndrome, as patients have frequent outbursts of laughter and smiles, chaotic hand movements. With this anomaly, a violation of sleep and mental development is characteristic.
The syndrome occurs once in 10,000 cases due to the absence of certain genes in the long arm of the 15th chromosome. Angelman's disease develops only if the genes are missing from the chromosome inherited from the mother. When the same genes are missing from the paternal chromosome, Prader-Willi syndrome occurs.
The disease cannot be cured completely, but it is possible to alleviate the manifestation of symptoms. For this, physical procedures and massages are carried out. Patients do not become completely independent, but during treatment they can serve themselves.
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Secrets of genetics: what children inherit from their parents
Now, if it were possible to sort out parental genes during pregnancy! Good ones - take them, bad ones like potato noses - discard them. And yet&hellip How to live without secrets and the ability to create your own life, regardless of even genes?
The famous American geneticist Robert Plomin said: Each of us is an absolutely unique spiritual and genetic experiment that will never happen again. This cannot but flatter and cause a desire to pass on their best genetic uniqueness to future offspring. Let's figure out what exactly our children can inherit from us, how to properly develop their hereditary abilities.
My light, mirror, tell me!
With everything related to the appearance of a child, the math is simple. There are two types of genes - dominant and recessive. The first type neutralizes the effect of the second. That is, if dad's eyes are brown, and mom's are blue, then, most likely, the baby will go to dad with the color of the eyes! Dominant traits of genetics also include dark skin, freckles, a round face, dimples on the chin and cheeks, thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, a hooked nose, plump lips, and so on & hellip If both dad and mom are carriers of a recessive trait, for example, blue and gray eyes, then the winner will be determined in the course of a fair fight. Unfortunately, the outcome of this fight cannot be predicted.
It is interesting! If there were no red-haired relatives in the family, and then, for no apparent reason, a red-haired baby is born, do not immediately remember the joke about the neighbor. Nature makes exceptions!
Geniuses are not born!
According to Richard Nisbett, professor of social psychology at the University of Michigan, the IQ value depends on heredity by less than 50%. That is, no one will guarantee that the genes of brilliant parents will be inherited by their offspring. And if, nevertheless, they are transmitted, then it is not a fact that they will manifest themselves: the influence of the environment in which the child is brought up is too great. The environment, by the way, is divided into two types: family-wide (makes family members look like each other) and individual (makes family members look different from each other).
Wednesday and IQ
Numerous studies show that in childhood, the general family environment has the greatest influence on the child's intelligence. Starting from preadolescence, the influence of genetics and individual environment increases significantly. That is why in early childhood communication with a child is of great importance, even if the baby himself does not yet know how to talk.
It is interesting! Women who exercise during pregnancy are more likely to have a gifted baby! Breastfeeding also stimulates an increase in intelligence quotient (by about six units).
legacy talent
Pythagoras was right when he said: Not every tree can carve Mercury. The converse is also true: even the most unique genes can simply wither and wither if a person gets into an inadequate environment. Scientists insist that each of us has genes for some kind of giftedness. The main thing is to provide them with the right soil for growth. The famous German musician Johann Sebastian Bach had 10 children, and they all played music. But Bach is one!
It is interesting! According to the conclusions of scientists, the creative abilities of a person depend least of all on heredity. That is, every person has the opportunity to discover in himself any abilities and develop them, regardless of whether his parents were artists or not.
character building
If character were inherited, then sisters and brothers in behavior would be like each other like two drops of water, right? Congenital shyness or the makings of a leader from the cradle - all this, of course, happens in life. But neither the first nor the second quality is an unchanging constant for the rest of your life. For example, the famous comedian Jim Carrey admitted: I know it's hard to believe, but in my youth I was extremely timid and shy. To madness. The most terrible year for me was my first year at the university, when I was an absolute outsider and no one, I repeat, no one even wanted to talk to me. If it weren't for painstaking work on myself, on my character, I'm not sure if I could have done anything in this life.
Accept and love your child for who they are. And do not forget that the genes of a quiet grandfather are not a sentence at all.
It is interesting! The period of intrauterine development affects the character of a person. If at this time mommy surrounds the baby with good mood and warmth, talks to him, and even better - sings, then the child, therefore, will be born more harmonious.
Health and heredity
Scientists have long confirmed the existence of hereditary diseases (these include, for example, manic syndrome, schizophrenia, dementia and mental retardation). Such diseases are caused by various chromosomal and gene mutations. This is bad news. But there is also a good one: a hereditary predisposition to a certain disease does not always develop into a disease. Geneticists say that under favorable conditions, a mutated gene may not show its aggressiveness. It is important to remember that a healthy lifestyle is the best prevention! This law is also valid for cases where parents have good health. Even with such a seemingly ideal heredity, the baby's health can be undermined if you do not follow his lifestyle.
Scientists believe that intellectual abilities are 50–70% determined by genes, and the choice of profession is 40%. At 34%, we have a tendency to be polite and rude. Even the desire to sit in front of the TV for a long time is 45% a genetic predisposition. The rest, according to experts, is determined by upbringing, social environment and sudden blows of fate - for example, diseases.
A gene, just like an individual organism, is subject to natural selection. If, for example, it allows a person to survive in harsher climates or to endure physical activity longer, it will spread. If, on the contrary, it provides the appearance of some harmful trait, then the prevalence of such a gene in the population will fall.
During the fetal development of a child, this influence of natural selection on individual genes can manifest itself in a rather strange way. For example, genes inherited from the father are "interested" in the rapid growth of the fetus - since the paternal organism obviously does not lose from this, and the child grows faster. Maternal genes, on the other hand, promote slower development—which ends up taking longer, but leaving the mother with more energy.
Prader-Willi syndrome is an example of what happens when mom's genes "win". During pregnancy, the fetus is inactive; after birth, the child has a developmental delay, a tendency to obesity, short stature, drowsiness and impaired coordination of movements. It may seem strange that these apparently unfavorable traits are encoded by maternal genes - but it must be remembered that normally the same genes compete with paternal ones.
In turn, the “victory” of paternal genes leads to the development of another disease: Angelman syndrome. In this case, the child develops hyperactivity, often epilepsy and delayed speech development. Sometimes the patient's vocabulary is limited to just a few words, and even in this case, the child understands most of what is said to him - it is the ability to express his thoughts that suffers.
Of course, it is impossible to predict the appearance of the child. But you can say with a certain degree of certainty what the main features will be. Dominant (strong) and recessive (weak) genes will help us with this.
For each of its external and internal characteristics, the child receives two genes. These genes may be the same (tall, full lips) or different (tall and short, plump and thin). If the genes match, there will be no conflict, and the child inherits full lips and tall stature. Otherwise, the strongest gene wins.
A strong gene is called dominant, and a weak gene is called recessive. Strong genes in humans include dark and curly hair; baldness in men; brown or green eyes; normally pigmented skin. Recessive traits include blue eyes, straight, blond or red hair, and lack of skin pigment.
When a strong and a weak gene meet, the strong one usually wins. For example, mom is brown-eyed brunette, and dad is blond with blue eyes, with a high degree of probability we can say that the baby will be born with dark hair and brown eyes.
True, brown-eyed parents may have a newborn with blue eyes. Thus, the genes received from the grandmother or the grandfather could affect. The opposite situation is also possible. The explanation is that it turns out that not one gene from each parent, as was previously believed, is responsible for any trait, but a whole group of genes. And sometimes one gene is responsible for several functions at once. So a number of genes are responsible for the color of the eyes, which each time are combined in a different way.
Hereditary diseases transmitted by genes
A baby can inherit from his parents not only appearance and character traits, but also diseases (cardiovascular, oncological, diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's).
The disease may not manifest itself if elementary safety measures are taken. Tell the gynecologist in detail about serious health problems not only for you and your husband, but also for close relatives. This will help protect the baby in the future. Sometimes completely healthy parents give birth to a baby with a hereditary disease. It was laid down in the genes and manifested itself only in the child. This usually happens when both parents have the same disease in their genes. Therefore, if a child is planned, according to experts, it is better to undergo a genetic examination. This is especially true of a family in which children with hereditary diseases were already born.
A weak gene may not be detected in one or many generations until two recessive genes from each parent meet. And then, for example, such a rare sign as albinism may appear.
Chromosomes are also responsible for the sex of the child. For a woman, the chances of giving birth to a girl or a boy are equal. The sex of the child depends only on the father. If an egg meets a sperm with an X sex chromosome, it will be a girl. If U - a boy will be born.
What else can depend on genes:
Gender - 100%;
Height - 80% (for men) and 70% (for women);
Blood pressure - 45%;
Snoring - 42%;
Female infidelity - 41%;
Spirituality - 40%;
Religiosity - 10%.
There are also genes responsible for the development of certain conditions, such as depression or a tendency to uncontrolled eating.
The level of mutations in men is 2 times higher than in women. Thus, it turns out that humanity owes its progress to men.
All representatives of the human race are 99.9% identical in DNA, which completely sweeps aside any basis for racism.
Scientists believe that intellectual abilities are 50–70% determined by genes, and the choice of profession is 40%. At 34%, we have a tendency to be polite and rude. Even the desire to sit in front of the TV for a long time is 45% a genetic predisposition. The rest, according to experts, is determined by upbringing, social environment and sudden blows of fate - for example, diseases.
A gene, just like an individual organism, is subject to natural selection. If, for example, it allows a person to survive in harsher climates or to endure physical activity longer, it will spread. If, on the contrary, it provides the appearance of some harmful trait, then the prevalence of such a gene in the population will fall.
During the fetal development of a child, this influence of natural selection on individual genes can manifest itself in a rather strange way. For example, genes inherited from the father are "interested" in the rapid growth of the fetus - since the paternal organism obviously does not lose from this, and the child grows faster. Maternal genes, on the other hand, promote slower development—which ends up taking longer, but leaving the mother with more energy.
Prader-Willi syndrome is an example of what happens when mom's genes "win". During pregnancy, the fetus is inactive; after birth, the child has a developmental delay, a tendency to obesity, short stature, drowsiness and impaired coordination of movements. It may seem strange that these apparently unfavorable traits are encoded by maternal genes - but it must be remembered that normally the same genes compete with paternal ones.
In turn, the “victory” of paternal genes leads to the development of another disease: Angelman syndrome. In this case, the child develops hyperactivity, often epilepsy and delayed speech development. Sometimes the patient's vocabulary is limited to just a few words, and even in this case, the child understands most of what is said to him - it is the ability to express his thoughts that suffers.
Of course, it is impossible to predict the appearance of the child. But you can say with a certain degree of certainty what the main features will be. Dominant (strong) and recessive (weak) genes will help us with this.
For each of its external and internal characteristics, the child receives two genes. These genes may be the same (tall, full lips) or different (tall and short, plump and thin). If the genes match, there will be no conflict, and the child inherits full lips and tall stature. Otherwise, the strongest gene wins.
A strong gene is called dominant, and a weak gene is called recessive. Strong genes in humans include dark and curly hair; baldness in men; brown or green eyes; normally pigmented skin. Recessive traits include blue eyes, straight, blond or red hair, and lack of skin pigment.
When a strong and a weak gene meet, the strong one usually wins. For example, mom is brown-eyed brunette, and dad is blond with blue eyes, with a high degree of probability we can say that the baby will be born with dark hair and brown eyes.
True, brown-eyed parents may have a newborn with blue eyes. Thus, the genes received from the grandmother or the grandfather could affect. The opposite situation is also possible. The explanation is that it turns out that not one gene from each parent, as was previously believed, is responsible for any trait, but a whole group of genes. And sometimes one gene is responsible for several functions at once. So a number of genes are responsible for the color of the eyes, which each time are combined in a different way.
Hereditary diseases transmitted by genes
A baby can inherit from his parents not only appearance and character traits, but also diseases (cardiovascular, oncological, diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's).
The disease may not manifest itself if elementary safety measures are taken. Tell the gynecologist in detail about serious health problems not only for you and your husband, but also for close relatives. This will help protect the baby in the future. Sometimes completely healthy parents give birth to a baby with a hereditary disease. It was laid down in the genes and manifested itself only in the child. This usually happens when both parents have the same disease in their genes. Therefore, if a child is planned, according to experts, it is better to undergo a genetic examination. This is especially true of a family in which children with hereditary diseases were already born.
A weak gene may not be detected in one or many generations until two recessive genes from each parent meet. And then, for example, such a rare sign as albinism may appear.
Chromosomes are also responsible for the sex of the child. For a woman, the chances of giving birth to a girl or a boy are equal. The sex of the child depends only on the father. If an egg meets a sperm with an X sex chromosome, it will be a girl. If U - a boy will be born.
What else can depend on genes:
Gender - 100%;
Height - 80% (for men) and 70% (for women);
Blood pressure - 45%;
Snoring - 42%;
Female infidelity - 41%;
Spirituality - 40%;
Religiosity - 10%.
There are also genes responsible for the development of certain conditions, such as depression or a tendency to uncontrolled eating.
The level of mutations in men is 2 times higher than in women. Thus, it turns out that humanity owes its progress to men.
All representatives of the human race are 99.9% identical in DNA, which completely sweeps aside any basis for racism.
There are a few months left before meeting with the baby, and you can’t wait to find out who he will look like: his blue-eyed, fair-haired dad or dark brown-eyed mom? What if he "gets" the famous grandfather's nose or all the grandmother's moles?! You will get the answer to these questions on the baby’s birthday, because our appearance depends on the random distribution of the genes of our parents. True, this lottery still has its own laws.
The story of any of us begins with the meeting of the egg and sperm. Each of these cells has its own luggage of 23 chromosomes, from the fusion of which a unique creature with a set of 46 chromosomes appears. Each of them resembles a necklace a meter long, and only a few billionths of a millimeter wide - experts call it DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. This necklace consists of hundreds of "pearls" - genes. They encode our physical characteristics: blue or brown eyes, thin or plump lips, short or medium height. It's just impossible to predict which genes a child will inherit! Judge for yourself: the egg contains only half of the mother's genetic "capital" - 23 of the 46 chromosomes that she owns. The same thing happens with the "luggage" of the future dad. In such confusion, it is impossible to predict where the gene for curly hair and the gene for blue eyes will end up, will they fall into the part that the child received, or will they remain on the sidelines? Moreover, the first round of the lottery will be followed by the second one! After the meeting, the genes are crossed - this is how new qualities appear. For each of his physical traits, the baby receives two genes: one from the father, the other from the mother. These genes can either carry the same information (“blue” for eye color, “straight” for hair, “humped” for nose), or different (“blue” and “brown”, “straight” and “curly”, “humped” and "smooth"). In the first case, there is no problem: a child with two "blue" genes will have blue eyes. But if they are different - "blue" and "brown" - that gene that is stronger will win!
WHO WILL WIN?
Our genes have different properties: those that prevail and always appear are called dominant, and those that are “silent” are called recessive. The former are usually responsible for darker colors and features. They can suppress the action of genes responsible for light colors and neutral traits. For example, we can safely assume that the combination of a dark-haired dad with a hump nose and a blonde mom with a straight, even profile will be dominated by the characteristics of the father. And yet this confident assumption does not mean that it will be so. After all, it is thanks to the variety of possible combinations of genes that your child will be unique in the truest sense of the word. Let's see how inheritance laws work in different situations.
I dream of a girl with blue eyes, like my husband. Is there any hope for me if I myself am the owner of brown eyes?
The blue eye gene is recessive. In other words, in order to manifest itself, it must be present in the baby's chromosome set in duplicate: one from dad, the other from mom. Your husband has blue eyes, which means that both genes responsible for their color are “blue” in his “luggage”. But do you have such a gene? If the dominant gene “brown eyes” appeared in your set, this does not mean that you do not have one more, hidden for the time being, “blue”. So, the first hypothesis: you have both genes "brown". Then everything is decided: your "brown" will win the "blue" husband.
The second hypothesis: you are a carrier of a hidden "blue" gene. In this case, there is a chance to give birth to a girl with blue eyes.
We have only girls in our family. Does this mean that I, as a future mother, have no choice?
It is known that spermatozoa with the Y chromosome are more mobile than their X counterparts, but they do not live long. This means that conception close to the time of ovulation is likely to give birth to a boy. If you made love 3-4 days before or after ovulation, you are more likely to give birth to a girl.
We are both musicians. Will the child inherit our abilities?
The controversy about congenital and acquired has been going on for a long time. The researchers were able to establish that the auditory cortex of musicians (the so-called part of the brain that processes sounds) is better developed than that of other people. But this fact does not explain anything. Does a person become a musician because he inherits a developed auditory cortex? Or does the auditory cortex develop because of an addiction to music? And although experts do not have an exact answer to these questions today, they consider it proven that not all human traits are inherited and our brain is influenced by the environment. This means that life in a family of musicians can instill in a child a love of music!
I am small and my husband is tall. Does this mean that our child will be of average height?
Of course, the genes we receive affect our growth. It is clear that for parents of small stature, the child is likely to be short, while for tall ones, the opposite is true. But a combination of opposite signs can give an unpredictable result: either the baby will inherit the data of the mother or father, or “turn out” somewhere in the middle. It's impossible to guess! Meanwhile, do not forget that each new generation is higher than the previous one - this feature is associated with a change in our diet.
Is it possible to know in advance the blood type of a child?
It is rather difficult to do this. One can only be sure that parents with blood group IV (AB) cannot have a child with group I (O). And the owners of group I (O) will definitely have a baby with the same “indicator”. In all other situations, nothing definite can be said. For example, a mother with group I (O) and a father with group IV (AB) may have a baby with group II (OA) or III (OB). Experts also determined the relationship of blood groups among themselves: I (O) - recessive in relation to II (OA) and III (OB).
My husband and I have plump lips. Can our baby be thin-lipped?
Yes, if you are both carriers of the recessive "thin lips" gene and both of these genes meet. By joining their "efforts", they will reveal a feature that until now was hidden.
One of my cousins has Down's disease. Does this mean that our family has such a gene?
Down syndrome is not a hereditary disease, it is caused by an error in cell division. In this case, the egg (in 90% of cases) or sperm (10% of cases) turns out to be a carrier of two chromosomes 21 instead of one - and the child receives three such samples instead of two. I must say that the risk of transferring an extra chromosome increases with age. If among 20-year-old expectant mothers this happens in 1 case out of 2000, then for 40-year-olds - in 1 out of 100. Fortunately, modern diagnostic methods make it possible to determine Down's disease, starting from the first trimester of pregnancy using chorionic biopsy (this is the name of the study tissues of the future placenta) at 10-12 weeks of pregnancy, amniocentesis (analysis of amniotic fluid) at 16-20 weeks, cordocentesis (analysis of umbilical cord blood) at 20-24 weeks. The reason for examining the expectant mother is her age (from 35 years old), changes in the level of "serum markers" in the blood, the results of ultrasound, or rather, the thickening of the baby's collar zone.
My sister has a child with cystic fibrosis. Should I be worried or not?
If your family has cases of the development of genetic diseases, then before planning a pregnancy, you need to turn to genetics.
Cystic fibrosis most often occurs unexpectedly, that is, there are no such patients in the father's family or in the mother's family. This circumstance is explained by the fact that cystic fibrosis is a recessive disease, that is, a person can be a carrier of an "altered" gene and not know about it. Such a person is called a "healthy carrier".
Unfortunately, if either parent passes the broken gene on to the child, the child will develop cystic fibrosis. In a situation where both parents are healthy carriers, the risk of having a sick child is 25%, however, as well as a healthy one; in the remaining 50%, the baby will be a healthy carrier, like mom and dad. If the father of the child is a healthy carrier of the “altered” gene, and the mother does not have it at all, the baby will “go” either to the father or to the mother.
There are several cases of color blindness in my family. Is this trait inherited?
Color blindness is a genetic “breakdown” carried by the X chromosome. Contrary to popular belief, color blind people do not confuse green and orange, but perceive both colors as gray. There are many more color blind boys (8%) than girls (0.5%). This fact is explained by the fact that they have two X chromosomes, which means that if the baby receives a broken chromosome from one of the parents, the second, “healthy”, will compensate for it. Boys - carriers of one X and one Y chromosome - do not have a duplicate to correct the anomaly.
We have a mixed, Afro-European couple. What color will our children's skin be?
Any option is possible: from the lightest to the darkest. The fact is that skin color is encoded not in one, but in several genes. Usually, the mixture of signs of African and Caucasian races gives the child's skin a shade of coffee with milk. Although the final result also depends on the genealogy of the parents. If the child's father is an African in several generations, the baby's skin color will be darker, but if he is mulatto, the child will "turn out" fair.
I have always been full. Will my child have weight problems?
The baby may inherit a predisposition to be overweight, but even in this case, his weight will depend on many circumstances, including nutrition. In addition, in order to answer your question, you need to take into account the heredity and physique of the future dad.