Leather products - let's talk about terms. Types of leather What are leather shoes made from?
PURPOSE
Based on this feature, leather is distinguished for saddlery, shoe leather, and clothing and haberdashery leather.
Saddlery leather is produced mainly from hides from pigs, horses, camels and cattle. Various accessories, belts, and bags are made from such leather. This leather is tough, its main advantages are maximum reliability and high wear resistance. The leather for the bottom and upper of shoes is shoe leather. It comes in two types: leather for soles and insoles is a rigid material that does not bend or shrink. It is obtained from the skins of camels, horses, pigs and cattle. This leather undergoes a special treatment that increases its resistance to moisture and mechanical damage. The second type is leather for the upper of shoes, which should be soft, breathable, and easily stretchable.
For clothing and haberdashery products, leather obtained from small tanning raw materials is used - for example, leather from the skins of pigs or sheep is used for the production of outerwear, and the skin of foals, piglets and goats is sent for the production, for example, of soft women's gloves.
RAW MATERIALS
The most common types of leather are goat leather, pig leather, sheepskin, cattle leather (buffalo, cow, bull) or horse leather.
In this category, one of the most sought after and valuable is leather made from cattle hides (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4) - this is the skin of buffaloes, bulls, cows and calves. Varieties of such skin have many specific names - outgrowth, opoek, bull (Fig. 3), cowhide. Thus, for the manufacture of bags or belts, as well as women's leather jackets or shoes, calfskin is most often used. All these types of leather are valued for their noble texture, elasticity, strength and large area of the resulting skins. This skin is quite thick - up to 2-3 mm.
Nowadays, many methods of processing and painting leather have been developed, which make it possible to achieve a huge variety of colors and textures - for example, by painting and embossing, leather is created that imitates the skin of a fish, monitor lizard, crocodile, ostrich or monitor lizard (Fig. 1, 2, 4).
Pig skin is very different from the described types - thick subcutaneous tissue makes up about 50% of the total mass of the skin, but at the same time, in terms of strength, pig skin cannot be compared with leather from the skins of cattle. Most often, shoe lining, saddlery, and haberdashery are made from pig skin. It is pigskin that turns out to be the cheapest of the natural ones - it is extremely rarely used as the main material, including due to its unpresentable perforated texture.
Sheep skins are usually small in area, but they are very delicate and soft to the touch. That is why sheepskin is especially valued in the production of accessories - for example, bags or gloves, or outerwear - jackets or jackets. This is quite an expensive leather, which comes in several varieties, each of which has its own use: for example, coarse-wooled breeds of sheep produce skin used for making sheepskin coats - it better withstands dense stitching. And from the skins of merino sheep they produce leather called chevrette, which is not very dense and durable, but has good stretch.
A small wave-like pattern and softness are signs of a goat leather product. It is thin, but highly durable - this is chevro, saffiano and other types of durable and thin leather. Unlike sheepskin, goatskin is waterproof and denser, uniform in thickness: the fibers in this leather are parallel to the surface. Goatskin is used to make shoes, clothing, upholstery and haberdashery. Such types of leather as elk and deer are quite rare. Leather made from the skins of young stallions is considered a valuable type of leather.
And the most elite varieties of leather are leather made from the skins of reptiles and fish: crocodile (Fig. 5), python (6), monitor lizard (7), stingray (10), eel (9), pike, carp, etc. Exotic The type of leather is considered to be ostrich (8), and the most expensive is crocodile. The price of the skin of one specimen reaches several thousand dollars.
TANNING
With the help of tanning, bacteria are destroyed - tanned leather will not rot and will not cause any harm to health. The substances themselves with which tanning occurs are harmless to the human body.
The stages of leather production look something like this: the skin is removed, salted - if the skin is not salted, it will begin to rot due to its protein composition. Already in salted form, the skin is transported, then it is washed from the salt and tanned: in each skin, like in our skin, there are pores - they must be filled with a tanning substance, which will give the skin strength and stop the process of decomposition. The tanning process is simple - the leather is placed in a drum, tannin is poured into it, a certain temperature is maintained, and after some time the leather is tanned.
There are several types of tanning.
Vegetable. The word “tanning” itself comes from the name “oak” - willow and oak bark are excellent for tanning leather. This method is popular in haberdashery and shoes (shagreen, morocco).
Animal or fatty. In this case, fats from sea animals and fish (suede) are used.
Chrome plating. Chromium compounds and chromium itself are used. With this processing option, the hide fibers are compressed and the leather becomes denser (velor).
Combined. Synthesis of the vegetable and chrome-plated method - so, this is required by those with obvious defects and wrinkled lamb skins.
COLORING
Leather can have countless color options. For example, leather for piece goods is dyed by hand by immersion in a dye bath. For larger batches of leather goods, dyeing vats with blades are used, and large hides are dyed with brushes. Each leather type has its own dyes and dyeing temperatures. The choice of dye also depends on the desired result - for example, aniline dyes are used for bright colors. And black is painted with natural dyes.
FINISH
Based on finishing methods, leather is divided into smooth, embossed, sanded and varnished. Smooth matte leather is used most often. Leather embossing is used mainly for various imitations - for example, imitation alligator or eel skin. Patent leather is most often found in shoes and haberdashery products, for example, it is often used to sew bags. Sometimes you can find such a method of finishing leather as perforation - perforated genuine leather is most often used to make car seat covers and other accessories.
There are a large number of varieties of leather. Each variety has certain characteristics and features that are worth knowing before purchasing. Thus, some types of leather are short-lived, others require careful care, and others are often counterfeited. In this article I will consider all more or less common types of leather. First, the main features of the skins of different animals will be described, then the different methods of dressing. Finally, let's summarize.
Skins of different animals
Pigskin- the cheapest. Used to make the most budget-friendly shoes and linings. Cheap leather jackets are also made from it. Products made from pigskin are very short-lived, they have increased wetness (they get wet through!). In my opinion, it's better to pay more and get a better quality jacket/shoes.
Cowhide (bovine leather)- also relatively inexpensive. It is very thick, tough and durable; lasts a long time, much longer than pork, and practically does not get wet. Casual belts, some bags, backpacks and jackets are made from it.
Cow's skin costs more, but looks better. True, she is also quite tough. Most inexpensive and mid-price shoes are made from it. The strength is high, but slightly lower than that of calfskin.
Calfskin It is soft and highly durable. This is not surprising, because young animals have softer skin. Calf leather is more expensive than cow leather; shoes, bags, and jackets are made from it. There are practically no creases on it. Often, “crocodile”, “monitor lizard”, “snake” skin is made from calf skin through embossing. This is a kind of fake, but not the lowest level, when crocodile skin is imitated by cheap leatherette.
Sheep leather also soft, durable and expensive. It is used to make bags, jackets, gloves, belts - mostly premium ones.
Sheepskin bag (Chanel)
Goatskin. Soft, dense, durable. Looks great. Also quite expensive. Used to produce expensive gloves, wallets, purses and similar accessories.
Leather of kids and lambs even softer and even more expensive.
Deerskin. Beautiful and noble in appearance; retains heat very well. Very durable, retains its shape well. Soft and pleasant to the touch. But products made from deerskin are expensive and rarely found on sale.
Crocodile skin very expensive, only used for luxury items. Crocodile leather shoes usually cost from $1,000; in Moscow, a more realistic price is 50,000 rubles for one pair and more. The average price is probably already approaching 100,000, but this, as you probably guess, is far from the limit. The advantages of crocodile leather are its excellent and original appearance, as well as a very long service life (products with proper care can serve their owner for decades). Since crocodile skin is very expensive, products made from it are usually of very high quality and are carefully made by hand.
Crocodile leather shoes (Zilli)
Crocodile leather can be divided into several categories: caiman leather (it is the cheapest, but tough and less durable), crocodile leather itself (it is more expensive and better) and alligator leather (even more expensive, truly crazy money). If you think that the leather comes from wild animals, then you are mistaken: crocodiles are raised on special farms. Leather is expensive because, firstly, during its life a crocodile eats a lot of meat (it is expensive to feed it), and secondly, crocodile skin is difficult and difficult to process. And thirdly, such leather is very durable and beautiful, it looks noble. In general, the above reasons determine its luxury.
Snake skin also very expensive, but generally cheaper than crocodile. Snakeskin shoes, if you try, you can buy “only” dollars for 400. Mostly python skin is used, less often cobra skin. The appearance can be described as interesting and original.
Snakeskin bag (Carlos Falchi)
Monitor skin looks great too. (By the way, a monitor lizard is not a snake, but a giant lizard). Rarely used.
Ostrich leather. Very beautiful and original texture, a little voluminous. Ostrich leather is very soft and elastic; it is used to make shoes, jackets, raincoats and luxury accessories. (By the way, ostriches, like crocodiles, are bred on special farms). The quality is the highest, higher than that of crocodile skin.
Ostrich leather bag (Prada)
Finally, it is worth mentioning one more luxury leather - stingray skin. It is distinguished by a very specific pattern. Wear resistance is very high. Products made from stingray leather are quite rare on sale.
Types of leather depending on the processing method
Leathers tanned using different methods can differ greatly from each other. Moreover, leather tanned using the same method, but in different countries, by different companies, may also differ. According to many, leather is best processed in Italy. Here we will not touch on the details of methods and traditions characteristic of different countries, but will consider the main features of leather that has undergone one or another treatment.
Smooth skin. The most common leather, it is from it that most shoes and accessories are made. It is quite easy to care for, it is durable and wear-resistant. Special technologies (used by manufacturers such as Geox and Ecco) make it possible to make shoes made of smooth leather waterproof while maintaining breathability.
Smooth leather shoes (Barker)
Sanded leather, split leather, split leather. It differs from smooth skin in that the very top (surface) layer has been removed. Usually, skins of low quality are used for grinding, with cosmetic defects that are eliminated during the grinding process. Another option is that the removed front layer is used for the production of high-quality goods, and the bottom layer (more precisely, the middle layer) is used for the production of cheap shoes. This leather is less wear-resistant and is used to make budget shoes.
Split leather/brushed leather shoes (ZARA)
Velours- in general, this is polished leather, or more precisely, its subtype with a fine-haired surface. Capricious and very short-lived material. Not resistant to water and dirt.
patent leather. Ordinary smooth leather is coated with a special varnish on top. Patent leather requires special care. Products made from it can only be worn at temperatures from -10 to +25 degrees and only in dry weather. Breathability is low and feet may sweat.
Patent leather shoes (Fabi)
Patent leather shoes usually look beautiful and have a noble shine, but, I repeat, it is very easy to spoil this beauty with improper care. However, if you follow the rules, shoes made of patent leather will last no less than those made of any other.
It is worth remembering that the quality of patent leather shoes directly depends on the quality of the polish itself and the integrity of the manufacturer. Chinese patent leather products are usually much worse than Italian ones. For example, they can scratch easily, but Italian varnish is much stronger.
Antique. Artificially aged leather. It looks very noble. Products made from such leather are expensive.
Nappa. Specially processed cattle leather, which is distinguished by high plasticity, softness and very even coloring. Durable, but not very expensive. For example, leather jackets are made from it.
Nappa leather jacket
Suede. Thin, soft and velvety to the touch. Excellent air permeability, feet in suede boots breathe well. There are different types of suede, they differ from each other in the length and softness of the pile. Suede is a fairly durable material, but delicate: it requires special care and accuracy. On average, suede products last less than smooth leather products. Keep in mind that there are quite a few faux suede shoes and clothing on the market. Also sometimes they pass off velor as suede, which is much worse in quality.
Suede boots (Ecco)
Nubuck. Fine-haired leather from cattle (cow or calf), similar to suede. Also velvety to the touch. Good breathability. Nubuck is strong, but not as durable as classic smooth leather. Requires special care. A special subspecies of nubuck - nubuck-oil— treated with a special impregnation, which makes it resistant to water. Nubuck oil is less capricious and more durable than regular nubuck.
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How to distinguish natural leather from artificial leather? Manufacturers are required to label products, but, unfortunately, labels cannot always be trusted. Modern technologies make it easy to imitate leather. And what if you want to buy a leather item, for example, at a market in Europe or in a small family boutique?
By what signs can you quickly determine what is in front of you: leather or leatherette?
website I have collected the main methods that can be used simultaneously to make the right verdict.
1. Skin retains heat
Artificial material does not retain or transmit heat, but genuine leather will almost immediately warm up in your hands and retain the temperature for some time.
The leatherette may also warm up slightly when touched, but its surface will be slightly damp. The skin always remains dry.
If you hold leatherette and natural leather in your hands, you can almost immediately feel the difference.
2. Unique design
Genuine leather has its own natural and unique pattern, while artificial material is characterized by a repeating pattern and “islands” of the same size. But in this case, there is a risk of confusing leatherette with printed leather - its pattern is also monotonous.
In addition to its special structure, genuine leather has pores, and if you look at it up close or through a magnifying glass, you can always see them. The pores are also randomly located. Modern technologies can already imitate them, but still, if you look closely, you can see that these are just a pattern, not holes.
3. Check the reverse or cut
Not all products can be easily seen on the reverse side, by which one can judge the naturalness of the material. Try to find an exposed cut to see the structure.
Genuine leather is a large number of suede fibers, and the base of the artificial material is natural fabric or synthetics.
In this way, you can distinguish high-quality artificial material - eco-leather - from genuine leather: the appearance can be almost identical, but the base of eco-leather will always be fabric.
4. Weight is an argument
Genuine leather is always heavier than artificial leather. This is noticeable even in small products, and is especially noticeable in the example of leather jackets. Of course, different types of leather can also have different weights - for example, sheepskin weighs less than bovine leather.
But faux leather will still be lighter than any natural leather. Moreover, it can sometimes be lighter even than some fabrics.
5. Smell is the difference
Anyone who has ever bought shoes made from a leather substitute knows what this difference is: new shoes have a pungent chemical odor, which takes quite a long time to dissipate.
Leather items have an unobtrusive and light smell (if we are talking about high-quality material). However, manufacturers may use special fragrances that imitate the smell of leather. But such flavors can deceive the buyer only if the artificial material is of good quality, because the smell of cheap chemical ingredients cannot be overcome by anything.
6. Reaction to moisture
This is a very easy and visual way to distinguish leather from leatherette, but it is quite difficult to use when purchasing. Genuine leather always absorbs moisture. This is especially noticeable on light skin: a dark spot will appear on the product until the moisture has completely evaporated.
Leatherette will not absorb water and will not change color.
7. Tactile sensations
Genuine leather (except patent leather) will never be smooth. The texture may be different, but it is always a little rough to the touch. Artificial material is smooth and slippery.
If you fold the leather, it will change color slightly at the fold, but there will be no crease marks left. Faux leather will not change color, but there will definitely be a mark.
Experts advise paying attention to price:Good quality genuine leather cannot be cheap. But you need to take into account the types of skin.
Budget price segment
Pork, bovine, cow leather - these inexpensive varieties are distinguished by thickness, density and stiffness. For budget shoes and jackets, pig or cow leather is often used, and durable cow leather is most often used to make belts and backpacks.
Middle price segment
Calf, sheep, goat leather are soft and durable varieties. There are practically no creases on them. The leather is thin, but at the same time it is of very high quality and holds its shape perfectly.
High price segment
Rare and expensive types of leather - deer, crocodile, snake, ostrich. Products made from them are distinguished by the highest quality and original appearance, but such an item will cost the buyer a tidy sum.
Classic shoes are made from several types of leather, and the difference between them is sometimes quite significant. In this article we will talk about the main types of leather that are used for sewing men's shoes, with special emphasis on their characteristics, pros and cons.
Smooth calf leather (calf)
Perhaps this is the most common and versatile material with many advantages. Being comfortable, pleasant to the touch and durable, calfskin is not too expensive, although it cannot be called cheap - it is used mainly for shoes in the upper and above-average price segments. More budget shoes usually use cow leather, and sometimes bovine leather, which is thicker, rougher, less pleasant and less elastic.
Michael Anton, author of The Suit, wrote that “good shoes are made of calfskin—wearable but pliable, breathable but retaining warmth and shine.”
It should be noted that smooth calfskin comes in different varieties. A very versatile option is box calf - tanned leather, often black, but sometimes brown or burgundy-brown. It is easy to care for, practical, comfortable and durable. If desired, it can be polished to a shine - for example, by making.
Another popular type of calfskin is bookbinder/polished leather. She has a pronounced shine that not all men like. This type of leather is easy to care for, but it breathes less well than box calf, and can also be a bit harsh. In addition, it differs from box calf tactilely.
Bookbinder leather derby shoes (polished)
The third subtype of calfskin - crust - is leather that is not dyed in the tannery. It is already painted at the factory, during the shoe manufacturing process. Such skin may be vulnerable to harsh external influences (abundance of moisture, dirt, salt and reagents). If it has a patina created at the factory - picturesque stains - then you should not wear such shoes outside on those days when it is humid and dirty, and reagents or salt are scattered everywhere. In addition, you need to be very careful when treating such leather with cream or shoe polish.
Finally, there is fatty calf leather - it is quite smooth, but still differs in appearance from box calf. During the production process, it is saturated with fats, which increases its resistance to moisture and dirt. calls such leather the word Chromex. It is noticeably better suited for bad weather than crust (which, by the way, Berwick refers to as mancalf).
Grain leather
As a rule, this is cow (less often calf) leather, onto which a print is applied using special presses - most often pebblegrain; In addition, during the production process this leather is treated with waxes for greater moisture resistance. In English, the words pebblegrain, Scotch grain, country calf are used to denote such leather. Full grain leather has good resistance to moisture, dirt and other external influences. In addition, it is slightly warmer than smooth calfskin and is therefore better suited for autumn and winter than for summer.
Thanks to its well-defined, slightly voluminous texture, grainy leather harmonizes well with thick and textured fabrics - tweed, flannel, denim, corduroy. But it looks bad with smooth woolen fabrics, as well as with linen. Box calf leather is much more versatile in this regard, because it can be combined with a huge number of fabrics, including all of the above.
Suede
Suede (suede) is considered a material for informal shoes, but suede shoes today are often worn with business suits. Italians especially love this combination, preferring to combine blue suits with brown suede shoes or even boots. Sometimes the result is very impressive, elegant images.
Many people consider suede to be an impractical material and are afraid to buy products made from it. However, there is nothing to be afraid of. Hardy Amies, a British fashion designer and expert on the history of men's fashion, wrote fifty years ago that suede "is equally suitable for city and countryside, since it always looks good when cleaned regularly with a soft brush."
If desired, suede can be treated with waterproof impregnation - and after that, shoes or boots made from it can be worn in bad weather.
It should be emphasized that suede shoes should be either white or brown, but not black. As Bernhard Roetzel (author of one of the most famous books on classic clothing) wrote, “black suede shoes are a contradiction in themselves, probably because the aura of informality emanating from suede shoes is in sharp contrast to the formality of black.” There are a great many shades of brown, and among them there will certainly be one to suit your taste.
Cordovan
Cordovan is obtained from the bottom layer of horse hide, and from only one part of it - from the croup. Cordovan is famous for its wear resistance and durability - with proper care it will last longer than calfskin. Michael Anton claims that “Cordova leather is the toughest leather of all,” but adds that “because it retains heat so well, it is impractical to wear in the summer.” In addition, it is worth adding that cordovan is much more expensive than calfskin, since the process of its production is labor-intensive and very long.
Visually, cordovan differs from calfskin, but the difference is not always obvious. Classic Cordovan has a pronounced noble shine, but sometimes there are options without shine or with minimal shine. However, you can recognize Cordovan by the appearance of creases and folds. Bernhard Retzel said that “the folds in horse leather are formed completely differently from those in calf leather, and after a few years, Cordoba leather shoes acquire a unique, unmistakable patina of time.”<...>areas of greatest stress are lighter, especially in classic red-brown models.” Creases on Cordovan shoes usually have a wavy nature.
Exotic skins
Shoes and boots made of exotic leather are very rare and very expensive. Much more often, stores offer shoes made of calfskin and cow leather, which are printed with a snake, crocodile or some other animal. There are, of course, also items made of leatherette with similar prints. As a rule, they are inexpensive, but their appearance leaves much to be desired, as does their service life.
Good crocodile leather is durable, but is very expensive, and relatively budget leather, being still more expensive than calf leather, can be very mediocre. True, at the same time, unlike some other exotic leathers, crocodile skin looks more or less restrained, and some people perceive it as a symbol of high social status and prestige. The situation may be different with other exotic leathers. For example, as Michael Anton writes, “the flashy and colorful leather of stingray and ostrich is suitable only for cowboy boots, and they should not be combined with a suit, even in Texas.”
Berluti penny loafers in crocodile leather
It is worth noting that ostrich leather generally looks bad. Retzel, describing it, notes that a pair of shoes made from ostrich skin “may attract everyone's attention, which increases the skepticism of a gentleman” and adds: “we could well do without this leather, since its aesthetic properties as a material for shoes are small; Unfortunately, it resembles too much the very enlarged skin of a plucked chicken.”
To properly care for your shoes, you must take into account the material from which they are made, namely leather. We have compiled a list of the main types of leather from which most of the models in our online store are made in order to give you maximum information about the advantages and disadvantages. Also, after reading our article, you will learn the features of each material separately and in the future you will be able to easily select cosmetics designed specifically for a certain type of shoe. We promise that the information will be useful and will be useful to you in your future choice of shoes; you will be able to test each type yourself and give preference to the one you like.
By the way, you can choose original leather shoes from famous world manufacturers in our
1. Smooth partially pigmented skin
This type of smooth leather is completely sanded before dyeing. Having finished sanding, the surface of the leather is tightly covered with several layers of a special opaque topcoat.
Advantages:
Partially pigmented leather is very durable and resistant to bending and scratches. Shoes of a wide variety of colors are made from this type of leather. Shoes made from this type of leather are durable and require special care.
2. Smooth, fully pigmented skin
This type differs from partially pigmented leather only in that a pattern is then applied to it, which fills in problem areas and makes a uniform leather upper. And finally, the skin is covered with a thin layer of topcoat and, thus, consolidates the work done.
Advantages:
The leather structure contains hair sacs that are only half filled with dye, which greatly increases the resistance of the shoe material to scratches. Similar to the previous type of leather, any color scheme is possible.
3. Embossed leather
Any smooth leather can be made into an embossed leather with the right embossing technique. All types of smooth leather are embossed, after which any design is applied to the surface of the material, for example. They draw the skin of a crocodile and use special devices to knock it out. And finally, the skin is covered with a layer of topcoat and protective varnish.
Advantages:
Correctly applied by the embossing method, it conveys all the shades and texture of reptiles so realistically that it is difficult to distinguish them from expensive products, truly made from exotic leathers. Embossed leather is quite resistant to stains and has water-repellent properties. This type of leather expressively emphasizes the main elements of the shoes, and thereby makes them more stylish and original.
4. Washed skin
The production of washed leather involves the process of passing smooth leather or suede through a heated press. But the main secret of such a spectacular appearance lies elsewhere - the material enters the press in wet form, which contributes to the birth of washed skin.
Advantages:
It is good because the inserts that are made from it emphasize the unique design of any shoe. And care does not require anything supernatural, just a few products similar to smooth skin.
5. Patent leather
One of the most delicate types of leather is patent leather, which is made by coating ordinary leather with a layer of polyurethane, after which it is polished and coated with a special protective layer of varnish. Some people make patent leather by lamination, the result is the same, but lamination is a more modern and simpler method.
Advantages:
Of course, let's immediately note the incredible appearance. They look expensive and beautiful. But beauty requires sacrifice, that is, special care and use only at the right time.
6. Aged leather
Specific aged leather is just the result of special painting. The paint is not applied evenly to aged leather and thus creates the impression of scuffs. Sometimes the effect of aging is achieved by embossing the skin, applying a larger pattern to some areas.
Advantages:
The appearance alone is worth it, as real connoisseurs of relief materials will confirm. At first glance, it seems that there is nothing special, but the highlight is that such an unusual look is considered very stylish. The shoes are easy to care for, which adds another plus.
7. Nubuck
This amazing material is made only from selected soft and elastic grain leathers that are treated with aniline dye. Accordingly, after polishing the grainy face of nubuck, a thin, velvety pile is obtained.
Advantages:
Nubuck shoes always look very attractive and expensive. Although, in use, this leather requires careful care with special products.
8. Oiled nubuck
Making oiled nubuck is not much different from making regular nubuck. Simply after the main stage of making nubuck, it is passed through a hot cylinder, where a special layer of a mixture of oils and wax is applied. And leave to cool for 24 hours.
Advantages:
Impregnation with oils and wax makes oiled nubuck more durable, lightweight and water-repellent. In care it corresponds to nubuck.
9. Suede
Suede is another type of delicate full-grain leather that has been coated with aniline dye and buffed with abrasives to create a fuzzy appearance. Manufacturers make suede in two ways:
1. The leather is cut into two layers: the first is used to make smooth leather, and the second is used for suede.
2. The skin is turned inside out and the inside is sanded. This method is called purl because the front layer remains inside.
Advantages:
Suede shoes will attract any buyer with their expensive and luxurious look. Suede as a material is very porous and allows air to pass through well, that is, it allows the shoe to “breathe.” But, as we have already said, the more expensive, the more finicky the material, and especially in care.