Microflora of healthy skin. Microflora of healthy skin Microflora on human skin which is useful

Isaeva Regina

Microflora of human skin and the effect of various types of soap on it

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Research work on the topic:

"Skin microflora and effect

on her various sorts of soap "

Prepared

Student of grade 4A

schools - gymnasiums №139

Isaeva Regina

Supervisor:

Shaikhutdinova V.I.

Scientific consultant:

Ph.D. Isaeva G.Sh.

Kazan - 2009

1. Introduction

1.1. Skin structure and microflora

1.2. Permanent skin microflora and its role

1.3. Transient microflora

1. Purpose and course of research
2. Results.
3. conclusions
4. Conclusion. Hand processing rules.

Introduction. The world around us is inhabited by a huge number of microorganisms. It is impossible even to imagine the endless variety that the world of microbes conceals: they can be found almost anywhere on the planet - in soil, air, hot springs and waters of the Dead Sea, and even in the Arctic ice. However, the human body is similar to an inhabited planet inhabited by hundreds of species of microorganisms. Recent studies give every reason to say that human skin has a complex and multifaceted microbial flora.

The structure of the skin and microflora.Human skin consists of three layers - epidermis , dermis and hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue. The protective function of the skin is mainly carried out epidermis - the top, constantly updated layer. Surface epidermis layer - horny, consists of dead, constantly exfoliating cells. This layer is designed to to protect the body from the penetration of pathogenic microbes.

The skin is inhabited by various microbes. According to modern research, microorganisms living in the skin and other tissues of the body outnumber the cells of the human body by tens of times. They form communities that are able to regulate our development, resistance to infection, and nutrient absorption. According to the researcher of the diversity of microbial microflora Julia Segre of the National Institute for Genomic Research (USA):"People are an amalgam of human and bacterial genomes."... Bacteria and fungi that can multiply on human skin are conventionally divided into two groups: permanent flora, consisting mainly of cocci (globular bacteria) and propionic bacteria (anaerobic rods that reproduce only in the absence of oxygen), which do not have a pathogenic effect on the host organism , and a transient flora that can cause various diseases.

Permanent microflora and its role.Normal flora is constantly present on the surface of the skin and, as a result of competitive interactions between multiplying microorganisms, prevents the development of transient flora on it. Permanent microflora lives in the stratum corneum (surface microflora) and in the ducts of the sebaceous, sweat glands, in the hair follicles (deep microflora). It is represented by staphylococci (spherical bacteria in the form of a bunch of grapes), streptococci (globular bacteria in the form of chains), micrococci (single globular bacteria), corynebacteria (sticks), fungi of the genus Candida and other species. On the skin you can find hundreds of species of bacteria, the total number of which reaches trillions. The colonization of the skin with microorganisms begins from the moment the child is born and continues throughout life. The role of normal microflora is to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, as well as to participate in the processing of skin proteins, free fatty acids and sebum. Own microflora can also become pathogenic, that is, under certain conditions, for example, with a decrease in immunity, with microtrauma, these microorganisms can cause purulent skin lesions. For example, propionic bacteria together with staphylococci can cause acne formation. There is a lot of evidence in favor of the influence of the state of microflora on the development of a number of non-infectious skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, rosacea, psoriasis and acne.

Transient microflora.Transient microflora gets on the skin upon contact with various objects, the ground, when shaking hands, communicating with animals, etc. It is represented by sarcins, bacilli, mycobacteria, molds, etc. But under the action of the bactericidal properties of the skin and constant microflora, these microbes do not stay for a long time and are removed from the skin surface. Transient microorganisms can cause various diseases, for example, E. coli - an intestinal infection. In case of skin damage, pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate deep into the skin and cause diseases such as dermatomycosis (scab, trichophytosis, microsporia), tetanus, gas gangrene, etc.

The composition of microflora and its amount depends on various factors: temperature, humidity, age. Also important factors are gender, and the state of a person's immunity, and even the activity with which he uses various cosmetics and from performing hygiene procedures. When washing the skin, the upper stratum corneum is exfoliated from it. And together with it, microbes, including pathogenic ones, are removed. The amount of normal microflora is quickly restored due to the intake from the deep layers of the skin.

The purpose our research was to study the effect of different types of soap on the normal microflora.

Research progress.The study was conducted on volunteers from a medical university. First, the skin of the hands was washed with a swab soaked in sterile saline, then after washing the hands with soap, a second wash was made. We sowed both washings on a nutrient medium and grew the crops in a thermostat at a human body temperature of 37 ° C. The next day we counted the number of colonies that had grown. (A colony is formed when one bacterial cell divides).

results are presented in the table.

Table. The number of microorganisms before and after washing hands

Detergent	CFU * before washing hands	CFU after washing
"Children's"	2864	1704
Nivea	2248	1432
"Tar"	1178
Nika (medical)	3000
Amway (antibacterial.)	3000
Water (control)	1004

* CFU - Column Forming Unit

When using baby and Nivey soap, the number of bacteria decreased slightly - approximately 1.5 times. When using soap with antibacterial additives, the number of microbes decreased by 20-60 times. In the control, when washing hands without soap only with tap water, the number of microbes did not change.

Conclusions.

Thus, we can conclude that for permanent use, you can recommend the use of baby soap, because it does not significantly affect the normal microflora of the skin. When using antibacterial soap, the number of microbes decreases tenfold, then with its constant use, the protective role of normal microflora decreases, which can lead to increased reproduction of pathogenic species. Therefore, antibacterial soap should be used only when necessary, for example, when pustules and acne appear on the skin. And washing your hands with tap water alone does not remove germs from your skin.

Conclusion. In recent years, ideas about the skin microflora have begun to change. Usually, bacteria living on the skin were considered only as a potential source of infection. This formed the idea of ​​skin hygiene, one of the basic rules was the desire to disinfect it in every possible way. However, today the views have changed. One should not strive for the complete destruction of microflora on the skin, by this we open the way for pathogenic pathogens. For the prevention of diseases transmitted through dirty hands, the following handwashing rules must be observed.

1. Hygienic treatment of hands is carried out:

• before eating or before handling food;
• after using the toilet;
• with any contamination of hands.

To wash your hands in public places you need to:

1. Liquid dosed neutral soap or individual disposable soap in bars. Opened liquid or bar soap, reusable non-individual soap quickly becomes infected with microbes.
2. Disposable wipes 15x15 cm in size, clean for getting hands wet. The use of a towel (even an individual one) is not advisable, since it does not have time to dry out and, moreover, is easily contaminated with microbes.

1. Hand processing rules:

All jewelry and watches are removed from the hands, since they make it difficult to remove microorganisms. Hands are soaped, then rinsedwarm flowing water and everything repeats from the beginning... It is believed that the first time you soap and rinse with warm water, germs are washed off the skin of your hands. Under the influence of warm water and self-massage, the pores of the skin open, therefore, with repeated soaping and rinsing, microbes are washed away from the opened pores.

Warm water makes soap more effective, while hot water removes the protective grease layer from the surface of your hands. Therefore, you should avoid washing your hands with too hot water.

List of used literature.

1.Nobl. W.C. Microbiology of human skin. - M.: Medicine, 1986 .-- 496 p.

2. Ivanov A.A. Microecology of human skin and its relationship with the immune status of the body. // Materials of the scientific-practical conference "Human skin microflora - clinical and diagnostic value". - M. - 1989. - P.3-11

3. Klemparskaya N.N. Changes in the microflora of the skin under the action of exogenous and endogenous factors. // Materials of the scientific-practical conference "Human skin microflora - clinical and diagnostic value". - M. - 1989. - p. 12-23.

4. Petrovskaya V.G., Marko O.P. Human microflora in health and disease. - M., -1976. - S. 104- 111

5. Polyansky O.S. Home for bacteria, or what we know about the skin microflora. - "Cosmetics and Medicine" - 2008. - No. 6.

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With this edition we continue the series “Lecture notes. To help the student ", which includes the best lecture notes on the disciplines studied in humanitarian universities. The material has been brought in line with the curriculum of the course "Medical Microbiology". Using this book in preparation for the exam, students will be able to systematize and concretize the knowledge acquired in the process of studying this discipline in the shortest possible time; focus on basic concepts, their signs and characteristics; formulate an approximate structure (plan) of answers to possible exam questions. This book is not an alternative to textbooks for obtaining fundamental knowledge, but serves as a guide to successfully passing exams.

Question 9. Normal microflora of the skin and upper respiratory tract

1. Normal skin microflora

Due to constant contact with the external environment leather most often becomes a habitat transit microorganisms. Nevertheless, there is a stable and well-studied permanent microflora, the composition of which is different in different anatomical zones depending on the oxygen content in the environment of the bacteria (aerobes - anaerobes) and proximity to mucous membranes (mouth, nose, perianal region), secretion characteristics, and even the clothes of a person.

Particularly abundantly populated with microorganisms are those areas of the skin that protected from light and drying out:

Armpits,

Interdigital spaces

Inguinal folds

Crotch.

In this case, the microorganisms of the skin are affected by bactericidal factors of the sebaceous and sweat glands.

V the composition of the resident microflora of the skin and mucous membranes contains:

Staphylococcus epidermidis,

Staphylococcus aureus,

Micrococcus spp.,

coryneform bacteria,

Propionibacterium spp.

V as part of the transit:

Streptococcus spp.,

Peptococcus spp.,

Bacillus subtilis,

Escherichia coli,

Enterobacter spp.,

Acinetobacter spp.,

Lactobacillis spp.,

Candida albicans and many others.

In areas where there are accumulations of sebaceous glands (genitals, outer ear), there are acid-resistant non-pathogenic mycobacteria. The microflora is the most stable and at the same time very convenient for studying. forehead area.

The vast majority of microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, do not penetrate through intact skin and die under the influence bactericidal properties of the skin... Among such factors that can have a significant impact on the removal of unstable microorganisms from the surface of the skin, relate:

Acidic reaction of the environment,

The presence of fatty acids in the secretions of the sebaceous glands and the presence of lysozyme.

Neither profuse sweating, nor washing or bathing can remove the normal permanent microflora or significantly affect its composition, since microflora quickly recovers due to the release of microorganisms from the sebaceous and sweat glands, even in cases where contact with other areas of the skin or with the external environment is completely terminated. That's why increased contamination of a particular area of ​​the skin as a result of a decrease in the bactericidal properties of the skin can serve as an indicator reducing the immunological reactivity of the macroorganism.

2. Normal microflora of the eye

V normal microflora of the eye (conjunctiva) the dominant microorganisms on the mucous membranes of the eye are diphtheroids (coryneform bacteria), Neisseria and gram-negative bacteria, mainly of the genus Moraxella. Staphylococci and streptococci, mycoplasmas are often found. The amount and composition of the conjunctival microflora is significantly influenced by the lacrimal fluid, which contains lysozyme with antibacterial activity.

3. Normal microflora of the ear

A feature of normal ear microflora is that microbes are not normally contained in the middle ear, since earwax possesses bactericidal properties. But they can still enter the middle ear through eustachian tube from the throat. In the external auditory canal there may be skin dwellers:

Staphylococci,

Corinebacteria,

Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas are less common,

Mushrooms of the genus Candida.

4. Normal microflora of the respiratory tract

For normal microflora of the upper respiratory PU tei is characterized by an almost complete absence of microorganisms from the external environment, since most of them are retained in the nasal cavity, where they die after a while.

The own microflora of the nose is presented:

Corinebacteria (diphtheroids),

Neisseria,

Coagulase-negative staphylococci,

Alpha hemolytic streptococci.

As transient types, there may be:

Staphylococcus aureus,

Escherihia coli,

Beta-hemolytic streptococci.

Microbiocenosis throat even more diverse, since the microflora of the oral cavity and airways are mixed here. Resident microflora representatives are:

Neisseria,

Diphtheroids,

Alpha hemolytic,

Gamma hemolytic streptococci,

Enterococci,

Mycoplasma,

Coagulase-negative staphylococci,

Moraxella,

Bacteroids,

Borrelia,

Treponema,

Actinomycetes.

The upper respiratory tract is dominated by:

Streptococci and Neisseria,

Besides:

There are staphylococci,

Diphtheroids,

Hemophilic bacteria

Pneumococci

Mycoplasma,

Bacteroids.

The mucous membrane of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and all underlying departments remains sterile due to the activity of their epithelium, macrophages, as well as the production of secretory immunoglobulin A. Imperfection of these protective mechanisms in premature babies, impairment of their functioning as a result immunodeficient conditions or during inhalation anesthesia leads to the penetration of microorganisms deep into the bronchial tree and, accordingly, can be one of the causes of severe respiratory diseases.

5. Population of newborns with microorganisms

Several hundred types of microorganisms are currently described in the composition of the normal microflora of the oral cavity and digestive tract. Already when passing through the birth canal, contamination the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and pharynx of the child. 4-12 hours after childbirth, greening (alpha-hemolytic) streptococci are found in the microflora of the oral cavity, which accompany a person throughout his life. In the child's body, they probably come from the mother's body or from the attendants. To these microorganisms already in early childhood are added:

Staphylococci,

Gram-negative diplococci (Neisseria),

Corinebacteria (diphtheroids)

Sometimes lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli).

During teething, mucous membranes settle:

Anaerobic spirochetes,

Bacteroids,

Fusobacteria

Lactobacillus.

More the rapid formation of normal intestinal microflora contribute earlier attachment to the breast and breast-feeding.

The superficial layer of the epidermis (the top layer of the skin) is completely replaced every 2 weeks. Every day, up to 100 million skin flakes are exfoliated from healthy skin, of which 10% contain viable bacteria. Skin microflora can be divided into two large groups:

I. Resident flora

II. Transient flora

Resident microflora

Microorganisms representing the resident (normal, permanent, colonizing) flora, constantly live and multiply on the skin. About 10-20% of them can be found in the deep layers of the skin, including the sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles.

The greatest number of resident microbes on the hands is found around and under the nails and, to a lesser extent, between the fingers.

Resident microorganisms are almost impossible to completely remove or eradicate with routine hand washing or even antiseptic procedures, although their numbers can be significantly reduced.

Sterilization of the skin of the hands is not only impossible, but also undesirable: normal microflora prevents skin colonization by other, much more dangerous microorganisms, primarily gram-negative bacteria.

Transient microflora

These are microorganisms that are acquired by medical personnel as a result of contact with infected patients or contaminated environmental objects. Transient flora can be represented much more epidemiologically dangerous microorganisms (E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. And other gram-negative bacteria, S. aureus, C. albicans, rotaviruses, etc.), including hospital strains of pathogens of nosocomial infections.

Transient microorganisms remain on the skin of the hands for a short time (rarely more than 24 hours). They can easily be removed with routine hand washing or destroyed with antiseptics. As long as these microbes remain on the skin, they can be transmitted to patients by contact and contaminate various objects. This circumstance makes the hands of personnel the most important factor in the transmission of nosocomial infection.

If the skin is damaged (including as a result of the use of inadequate methods of washing and antiseptics of hands), transient microorganisms can colonize and infect the skin for a long time, forming a new, much more dangerous resident (but not normal) flora. In these circumstances, the hands of medical workers can be not only a factor in the transmission of infection, but also a reservoir for it, and the sanitation of such carriers (which can only be detected with a special bacteriological examination) is very difficult, if not possible at all.

Traditionally, there are three levels of hand processing (decontamination):

1. Social level (hygienic hand washing with soap and water to remove impurities and reduce the number of microorganisms)

2. Hygiene level (hand treatment with skin antiseptics)

3. Surgical level (a special sequence of manipulations when processing hands, followed by putting on sterile gloves)

Skin microflora- beneficial microorganisms, our permanent "cohabitants" are perfectly adapted to their native environment and help to maintain biological stability, purity of the skin and protect it from pathogenic microorganisms. How does the system of protection of our skin and the body as a whole work?

The microflora of healthy skin is an ecosystem that is quite resistant to external influences. Human skin microflora is largely regulated by the acidity (pH) of the skin. An acidic pH is one of the main factors that make the skin "unattractive" to bacteria. Usually, the skin temperature is slightly below normal body temperature, its surface is slightly acidic and mostly dry, while for most bacteria a neutral pH, a temperature of 33 ° C and high humidity are optimal for reproduction.

In general, cutaneous antimicrobial protection includes mechanical rigidity (stability) of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, reduced moisture content, stratum corneum lipids, lysozyme, pH 5. The fact that normal skin surface pH plays a beneficial role with respect to local immunity is now considered undeniable.

Acidity and microflora of the skin

The theory is widespread according to which acidity of the skin(pH) plays an important role in its antimicrobial protection. The normal condition of the skin is acidic, it is maintained by the secretion of sweat glands, sebum and the breakdown of fatty acids by staphylococcus epidermidis. Therefore, it is believed that the resident microflora of the skin (i.e. normal flora) also partially maintains the acidic pH of the skin.

Normal (resident) flora grows best at acidic pH, while pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus prefer a neutral pH. Thus, a more acidic pH protects the skin from colonization by non-resident and pathogenic bacteria.

The acids produced by the resident microflora (normal flora) are also part of the local defense mechanisms and depend on the normal microflora. For example, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Pityrosporum ovale, Corynebacteria produce specific lipase and esterase enzymes that break down triglycerides into free fatty acids - this leads to a decrease in the pH of the skin surface and thus creates unfavorable conditions for pathogenic microorganisms with which a person contacts daily.

The normal flora also acts as a barrier and serves to prevent the invasion and growth of pathogenic bacteria. Healthy growth and retention of resident flora effectively prevents transient bacteria from colonizing the skin, including - Escherichia coli(Escherichia coli), Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus), Сandida albicans.

We and "they": a map of skin microflora

The microflora of the facial skin is different from, say, the flora of the hands or the rest of the body. The composition of bacterial strains on the skin varies depending on the area of ​​the skin (table). The table below shows a kind of map of human skin microflora, where you can see that each part of the body is characterized by a certain type of microorganism.

Region	Bacterium
Upper torso	Staphylococcus epidermidis
Face (bridge of the nose)	Staphylococcus hominis
Head	Staphylococcus capitis
Forehead / inner side of elbow	Staphylococcus saccharolyticus
Crotch	Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Forearms	Micrococcus luteus
Armpit, conjunctiva	Corynebacterium xerosis
Axillary folds	Corynebacterium minutissimum
Axillary folds	Corynebacterium jeikeium
Sebaceous glands, forehead	Propionibacterium acnes
Sebaceous glands, forehead, armpits	Propionibacterium granulosum
Armpit	Propionibacterium avidum
Armpit	Brevibacterium spp.
Forearm	Dermabacter spp.
Dry areas	Acinetobacter spp.
The surface of the follicles of the sebaceous glands	Pityrosporum spp.

A high density of bacteria is found in areas of the skin with less acidic pH: genitals, anaus, folds under the mammary glands, armpits. Relatively dry and open skin areas have a lower pH and lower microbial density. For example, the inner surface of the forearms has a bacterial population (in colony-forming units) of 102-103 cfu / cm 2, compared to 105 cfu / cm 2 in the armpits.

Artificial occlusion (wrapping) of the forearm leads to a significant change in skin pH, composition and density of bacterial strains. For example, in one study, before occlusion, the skin pH was 4.38, and after 5 days of occlusion it increased to 7.05. Similarly, in the case where the number of bacteria before occlusion was 1.8 x 102 cfu / cm 2, it increased to 4.5 x 106 cm 2 after 5 days of occlusion. It follows from this that the moist environment of the skin promotes bacterial growth and colonization. In the folds of the skin, where the pH is slightly higher, there is an increased density of bacteria.

Normal skin microflora: acidic pH - stability

As already mentioned, the acidity of the skin surface affects the growth of both permanent and pathogenic microorganisms. The presence of an acidic membrane is one of the key factors in skin immunity. On the contrary, fluctuations in pH violate the quantitative and qualitative composition of the normal flora and can become a predisposing factor for the development of dermatological pathologies.

• The acidic pH of the skin (pH 4.0-4.5) helps the resident bacterial flora to remain in a certain physiological zone in a stable amount and prevents the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms.
• Alkaline pH (8.9), on the other hand, promotes the dispersion of permanent microflora through the skin.
• The less acidic pH promotes the growth of microorganisms, especially gram-negative and propionic bacteria.
• High pH in the axillary folds promotes accelerated bacterial growth, which is associated with the development of unpleasant odor.
• An acidic pH increases the activity of antibacterial lipids and peptides. The acidic pH of the skin facilitates the production of natural antimicrobial peptides, promotes and regulates keratinization and desquamation.
• The normal microflora of human skin is also a source of antibacterial components (proteins, lipids, peptides). For example, bacteriocins are a group of specific proteins that are produced by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus epidermidis: bacteriocin is partially active against other staphylococci, it is especially effective in inhibiting growth Staphylococcus aureus.

Relationship between pH, microflora and skin pathologies

Changes in skin pH and other organic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of skin pathologies, in their prevention and treatment.

Acne

Propionibacterium acnes associated with acne is a classic example of how a slight increase in skin pH facilitates the transition of a resident bacterium to a pathogenic one. At normal pH 5.5 growth Propionibacterium acnes is minimal, however, a slight shift to the alkaline side makes the environment more comfortable for these microorganisms, resulting in growth Propionibacterium acnes is rapidly increasing.

Recent studies have shown the consequences of changes in skin pH in atopic dermatitis, especially disruption of the functioning of the skin barrier and increased colonization Staphylococcus aureus... The same thing happens with atopic eczema, moreover, not only growth is enhanced Staphylococcus aureus but also the production of exotoxin, which can induce the spread of eczema to other, more distant areas.

Candidiasis

A change in skin pH from acidic to alkaline is also a risk factor for the development of fungal infection (). An interesting study in which a suspension was applied to the right and left forearm, the pH of which had previously been changed to 6, 0, and 4.5, was applied Candida albicans and occluded for 24 hours. It has been shown that more pronounced inflammation occurs at high pH. This proves that the pH level is related to local immunity - the ability of the skin to defend against infections. These data allow us to conclude that a change in skin acidity is a risk factor for the development of candidiasis (thrush).

Hygiene and care: in tune with microflora

Height Brevibacterium epidermidis associated with unpleasant body odor can only be slowed down if the pH is lowered to 5.0 or lower. It is noteworthy that washing with tap water at a pH of about 8.0 can increase the acidity of the skin and keep it in this state for up to 6 hours. At the same time, daily bathing for several weeks or stopping washing for the same period of time did not lead to excessive growth of pathogenic flora or to a significant imbalance in the composition of friendly bacteria.

The use of synthetic detergents with an acidity similar to that of the skin surface led to an increase in the pH of the skin surface for a short time, and these changes were limited to the superficial layers of the stratum corneum.

It is important to understand that regular use of alkaline cleansers (milk, tonic, and even more so - soap), detergents that damage the normal flora, and even "hard" alkaline water (pH 8.0) will adversely affect the natural pH of the skin and disrupt its microflora. To maintain the microflora of the skin of the face and body normally, you need to use cosmetics and care products that do not violate the normal pH of the skin.

Human skin microflora is a collection of living organisms and bacteria that live on the surface of human skin. Among the various types of microflora, they are distinguished: constantly present in the habitat, and non-permanently present. Human skin has a permanent microflora. It has a constant number of bacteria, the composition of which is constantly changing, depending on the area of ​​human skin.

Problems associated with the microflora of the skin

1. Flabbiness, dryness, and an unhealthy-looking skin;
2. The appearance of acne, rash, oily sheen (face).

Causes of problems with the microflora of the skin

Symptoms such as laxity, dryness, and an unhealthy-looking skin can occur in several cases. Either with problems with the intestinal microflora, or with improper skin care, or in the event of a severe stressful situation.

The intestinal microflora and the skin microflora are closely interconnected. In case of failure, or improper nutrition, the body develops a lack of nutrients. Skin problems are also common in people with dysbiosis.

Often, problems with the microflora of the skin arise from improper care, here we are talking about both excessive skin care and a lack of skin care. Frequent skin care with the use of peels, masks, causes a large imbalance (bacteria that form microflora die off, and it does not have time to recover). Microflora is a kind of skin immunity that protects it from the harmful effects of the environment. But if a malfunction occurs in the microflora system, then it becomes more difficult for it to resist external factors, and a large number of problems arise.

With a lack of skin care, namely, with a lack of skin cleansing, allergic reactions, itching, and inflammation may occur. This is due to the fact that the pores on the human body (through which the process of saturating the skin with oxygen takes place) becomes clogged with dust, dirt, and causes so. Pore ​​problems are most common among residents of large cities, where there are problems with a lack of clean air, due to the huge number of cars and industries.

The integrity of the skin can also be compromised by means not intended for caring for it. Some types of soaps and alcohol-containing lotions can destroy the skin microflora, and its restoration is a rather long process.

In stressful situations, all the forces of the body are usually aimed at maintaining life and fighting stress, in such a situation a big blow is dealt to the microflora of the human skin.

Ways to restore skin microflora

If you have problems with your skin, first of all, you should definitely contact a dermatologist. Only a professional can determine the cause of the problems and find the most optimal way to restore microflora.

If you are sure that skin problems have occurred precisely because of improper nutrition, or a violation of the intestinal microflora, then there are several ways to correct the situation. First, it is a constant balanced diet. For the body, deviation from the diet is a kind of stress, which leads to disruption of metabolic processes in the intestines. You should abandon strict diets, eat fresh fruits and vegetables more often, they contribute to the development of beneficial microorganisms.

Should take:

1. Probiotics (bifidobacteria, lactic bacteria),
2. Prebiotics (environment for the development of beneficial microorganisms),
3. You can choose drugs that combine these two types, they are called synbiotics.

For you, you should include in your diet fermented milk products (yogurt, fermented baked milk, natural yoghurts).

People living in metropolitan areas need to buy certain funds. But the microflora should not be injured by the frequent use of chemicals. For certain areas of the skin, a complex of products should be chosen, necessarily hypoallergenic. Instead of frequent use of scrubs and peels, masks of natural origin (yeast, clay, wax) should be applied.

In the event of a severe stressful situation resulting in a malfunction of the normal functioning of the skin, first of all, you should consult a psychologist. Having coped with the stressful situation, the body will return to its usual work, and the skin microflora will recover without any intervention.

If you find allergic reactions on the skin, first of all, you should contact an allergist-immunologist. The doctor will be able to find the cause of the reaction, as well as develop a diet, or prescribe a comprehensive treatment to restore the skin microflora, and its further proper functioning.

It should be remembered that the key to the health of microflora is an active lifestyle, as well as proper and rich nutrition.