During pregnancy, you can find out who the father is. There are also a number of indirect signs by which you can find out from whom the baby was conceived.

15.10.2019

Questions of biological relationship are relevant at all times, and most often there is a need to accurately establish the father of the child. Modern technology allows you to find out who is the father of the child during pregnancy, by conducting DNA research.

This method is the only one that allows determine paternity even before the baby is born... At the same time, its accuracy and reliability does not raise any doubts and is confirmed by successful world practice.

How to find out who is the father during pregnancy

It is possible to carry out a genetic examination after the birth of a child for establishing relationship by DNA testing in a specialized laboratory. To do this, samples of the buccal epithelium from the inner surface of the cheek are taken from the baby and the alleged father. This procedure simple, painless and harmless... After comparing the DNA sections, the expert makes a conclusion about the degree of relationship, the result of such a test is accurate and reliable.

Is it possible and how are biomaterial samples taken if the child is in the womb? Modern technologies make it possible to establish paternity even before the birth of a child... Today, two methods are used for this purpose:

Invasive- involves intervention in the uterine cavity for sampling biomaterial, therefore it carries certain risks for the fetus and mother. These methods include:

Chorionic villus analysis. To establish the relationship and identify genetic diseases, a study of the particles of the membrane surrounding the fetus, which has a genetic identity with the fetus, is carried out. The sample is taken by puncture in the period from 9 to 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Study of amniotic fluid - amniotic fluid. With the help of a long needle, the abdominal wall is pierced and the required amount of fluid is withdrawn. Spend from 14 to 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Cordocentesis - analysis of umbilical cord blood. Using a needle, collect 1-5 ml of blood. Period - from 18 to 24 weeks... The most appropriate time is from 21 weeks.

Non-invasive- performed on the basis of the venous blood of a pregnant woman. This method does not require a biopsy, so it is absolutely safe for mother and child, there is no risk of abortion and complications.

DNA test to establish the father of the child during pregnancy

Thus, by DNA testing using a woman's venous blood, it is possible find out who is the father of the child during pregnancy, without putting the mother and the fetus at risk... High accuracy and safety are the main advantages of such research.

Testing is carried out as follows:

biomaterial samples are taken;
sections of fetal DNA are isolated from the mother's material;
in laboratory conditions, alleles are compared at the loci of the fetus and the male;
an expert opinion is drawn up.

Testing is carried out, from the seventh week of pregnancy... During this period, the child's DNA can be isolated from it. For the analysis, 20.0 ml of a woman's blood will be required. Samples of the buccal epithelium or whatever are taken from the alleged father - skin particles, hair, nails, toothbrush, earwax, battle, etc.

The laboratory carries out a study of SNP markers. If the fetus is male, then the Y chromosome is analyzed, which is passed on to the child from the father. If the fetus is female, then both chromosomes are analyzed to identify identity with the father's markers.

The test results are entered in a special form, with the date, signed by the head of the laboratory and sealed. Research allows to establish the fact of biological relationship with a probability of 99.999%... In the case of a negative result, the probability is 100.0%.

A non-invasive test is not used if the woman or man received a blood transfusion or had a bone marrow transplant six months before the test.

How to find out who is the father of the child during pregnancy in the DTL laboratory

DNA testing is possible only in a certified laboratory with experienced specialists, high-tech equipment and reagents. has all the necessary resources and offers to be tested using advanced, high-precision methods. We guarantee each client an absolute accuracy of the result, confidentiality and affordable price level for our services.

You can donate samples of biomaterial at our Center in St. Petersburg at a convenient time for you. Residents of other cities are invited to visit the official representative offices of our Center. Since we we work with each client individually, you can clarify the details and get a free consultation by phone.

Pregnancy calculators

If you are faced with a difficult choice and want to find out who is the father of your unborn child, the interactive Promptor will help you figure it out.

If you have a short term, then in order to narrow the circle of suspected paternity as much as possible, you will have to remember a few numbers. First, you need to remember when your last period began. And secondly, what is your average cycle (the period between the beginning of the penultimate and the beginning of the last menstruation)... Fill out the form and click "Next".

A bit of theory to better understand the logic of the interactive Prompt.

The most favorable day for conception is the day of ovulation. On this day, an egg is released. And if unprotected intercourse occurs on the day of ovulation, sperm full of strength rush to meet the "fresh" egg.

The life course of an unfertilized egg ends in a couple of days. Therefore, sex two days after ovulation rarely leads to pregnancy. In sperm cells, the strength is also not unlimited, they can "wait" for an egg for five days, no more. For this reason, unprotected intercourse more than five days before ovulation is also considered relatively “safe”. The calendar method of contraception is based on this (not very reliable).

When does ovulation occur?

The average woman begins her period two weeks after ovulation. In other words, ovulation occurs 14 days before your expected period.

Who is the father of the child?

It is absolutely possible to establish whether a man is the father of a child using a DNA test. But this can only be done when the child is born.

How to find out who is the father of a child without a DNA test and even during pregnancy? You can ask your doctor after the next examination or ultrasound.

If you remember the day of the beginning of the last period and the average duration of the cycle, you can yourself try to determine who the baby is from. This method does not give an absolute guarantee, but it often helps to understand the origin of pregnancy.

Questions to the article

Menses, came a day earlier, went 6 days, cycle 27-30 days, after ...

Ovulation on the 17th day of the cycle approximately comes ... the cycle, after all, I have ...

Conception. The last month was 08/28/2017, a cycle of 28-30 days. First...

What is the most likely number that I got pregnant? ...

There was sex with a PP. On which of these days could pregnancy occur!? ...

My period has gone. I have a husband with whom we are planning a child and in ...

In January 2017, I went to the gynecologist for pregnancy tests ...

Monthly, i.e. On the 24th there was intercourse, with a condom, on the 28th there was ...

My partner was the interrupted act of 01.12, and with the second, the permanent one, with ...

Irregular cycle after oral contraceptive, 26-30 days. 04/05/2016 ...

After 19.05 months came. 06/01 was on an ultrasound scan on the issue of cystitis, they put ...

The interrupted act was on 31.03, 2.04, 4 and 5.04. Last months from 14.04. - 20.04 ....

The fact that I cannot remember when the last M was (lost ...

The man was 03/17/16 then intercourse with another young man ...

Menstruation in March was 03/16/16) and sexual intercourse on 04/21/2016. The doctor says that ...

On the same day, she had intimacy with her husband, sex was not protected. these 2 ...

Days). After there was a sexual intercourse with a boy, let's call him M, but 1 ...

Monthly 12-16.05.2016. Cycle 29-31 days. Sexual intercourse was at 13.05; 05/31/2016 Uzi ...

ONE, INTERRUPTED SEX ACT 12.05.2016 WITH ANOTHER, BY WHAT NUMBER OF ...

Could you get pregnant? ...

Measurement of basal temperature. The last M from 06/28/16 to 07/06/16. with...

02.01.2016. CTD by ultrasound from 02/04/2016 8mm, from 03/14/2016 60mm. What number is the most ...

Interrupted intercourse on 15.08., Full-fledged sexual intercourse on 17.08. ...

Who is the father of the child? ...

Delivered 13.1 weeks. ktr 67.8mm. Sexual acts were 04/22/16. and 04/30/2016 ....

17:00, 06/29/2016 intercourse at 12 o'clock in the morning. 07/09/2016 ultrasound of the ovum is not ...

A week. As far as I understand, conception took place at the end of December ...

5.days, 05.06. unprotected sexual intercourse, 23.06. The test showed bright two ...

Menstruation. 8.06 was an unprotected act and 10.06 was an unprotected act ...

The monthly one came 2 days later, it turns out the cycle of 30 days was ...

Pregnancy certificate. In which the last menstruation is indicated ...

There is no question of who can be the father of the child. But with one ...

It was our last meeting, we parted. There was a period in ...

According to words without ending, in the subsequent permanent relationship with ...

I had unprotected intercourse with my boyfriend, 14 ...

And the last one was with a cycle of 29 and 32 days. PPA was 11/17/2015 with one ...

I was with my beloved 5.12. , 7.12., Menses expected 8.12. But it happened ...

There were 10/01/2015 to 10/05/2015, intercourse was 09/26/2015 and 10/03/02/2015 on 03/01/2016 ...

Includes a series of procedures aimed at clarifying the presence of a relationship between a man and a child. There are several main methods of establishing paternity: by external similarity (eye color, facial features), blood type, date of conception, as well as by the results of DNA analysis. The latter method is the most reliable and can be provided as evidence in court. Establishment of paternity is usually carried out by a geneticist.

Paternity Establishment Methods

Methods for establishing paternity differ in the degree of complexity, reliability of the results and the value of the data obtained in terms of the possibility of their use as evidence in court. Below are the most well-known methods of determining paternity:

Determination of paternity by external signs

External signs such as eye color, hair and skin color, facial similarity, etc. cannot serve as a reason for confirming or refuting paternity. This is due to the fact that, although external signs are determined genetically, nevertheless, they can vary and appear to varying degrees from case to case. The inconsistency of the method of determining paternity on the basis of the external similarity of a child and a man is also confirmed by the fact of the existence of so-called doubles - people who do not have any kindred connection, but at the same time are very similar to each other in external data. Thus, it is impossible to determine the relationship between a man and a child on the basis of whether or not a child resembles his alleged father.

Establishing paternity by date of conception and gestational age

The need to establish paternity often arises in cases when a woman has had sexual intercourse with different men during 1 menstrual cycle. In such situations, for a preliminary and inaccurate determination of paternity, you can try to calculate the date on which the maximum probability of conception fell. A man who has had sexual intercourse with a woman shortly before or after this date is most likely the father of the child. It has been determined that in women with a regular menstrual cycle, the maximum probability of conception occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle, that is, approximately 14-15 days after the start of the next menstrual period. However, as practical observations show, for many women, the moment of maximum probability of conception cannot be accurately determined. A detailed description of how to determine the likelihood of pregnancy at different periods of the menstrual cycle is presented in articles and. Determination of paternity based on comparing the possible date of conception with the date of sexual intercourse is greatly complicated by the fact that spermatozoa (male sex cells) can "survive" in a woman's body for 3-5 days after intercourse. This means that conception can occur a few days after sex, and that the father of the child can be a man who had sexual intercourse with a woman several days before the possible date of conception, even if the woman had sex with another man directly on the date of conception. Determination of paternity is also possible on the basis of the term (age of pregnancy). The gestational age can also be set on an ultrasound scan, however, even with the most advanced ultrasound equipment, it is extremely difficult to establish the date of conception with an accuracy of the day. Cm. . Thus, determining paternity based on the possible date of conception or gestational age is completely impossible in cases where a woman has had sexual intercourse with different partners within a short period of time.

Determination of paternity by blood group

Establishing paternity by blood group is a preliminary method for assessing the likelihood of consanguinity between a man and a child. With this method, a negative result is 99% accurate, while a positive result can be quite inaccurate. Due to the fact that the determination of the blood group of the child is carried out mainly after his birth, the method of determining paternity based on the study of the blood groups of the parents and the child is used only after the child is born. The principle of determining paternity by blood group and Rh factor (Rh factor) is that a child's blood group is determined by a set of genes that are passed on to him from his father and mother. Below is a table by which you can determine which blood type a child may have, depending on the blood type of his parents. How to use the table: the mother's blood type is shown vertically, the father's blood type is shown horizontally. In the cell of the table, located at the intersection of the blood groups of the mother and the father, the blood groups that the child may have are indicated.

	Father's blood type

Mother's blood type
I (0)
II (A)
III (B)
IV (AB)

Thus, if the child is a carrier of a different blood group, which is not in the cell at the intersection of the "lines" of the mother and the possible father, the result should be considered negative. This means that the man for whom the data was checked is most likely not the father of the child. Determination of paternity by the Rh factor is less valuable than by the AB0 system. Rh positive parents (Rh +) may have a Rh negative child, but if both parents are Rh negative, then all of their children will also be Rh negative.

	Father's blood type
Mother's blood type
Rh +
Rh-

Determination of paternity based on DNA analysis

The DNA test for determining paternity is currently the most accurate and valuable method, as its results are very accurate and can be presented as evidence in court. The principle of establishing paternity based on a DNA test is as follows: In the DNA of each person there are special sequences of chemicals that are practically unique (that is, individual for each person). During conception, the child receives genetic material (unique sequences) from both parents. DNA analysis allows you to determine if there are unique DNA sequences of a possible father in the DNA of a child. The most accurate DNA test results can be obtained if biological material (for example, a blood sample or cell scraping) of the child, the alleged father and mother is provided to the laboratory for analysis. Nevertheless, if it is not possible to obtain material from the mother, the results will still be sufficiently substantiated and reliable. The accuracy of the DNA test is 100% when a negative result is obtained and 99.9% when a positive result is obtained. For DNA analysis, a negligible amount of biological material is required: as a rule, it is blood from a vein, scraping from the mucous membrane of the inner side of the cheek, hair, or nails. Since these materials can only be obtained from a newborn child, a DNA test using them is carried out after the birth of a child. Typically, a DNA test is carried out within 14 days. If an urgent result is needed, the test is carried out 3 days in advance. Some laboratories provide a home DNA testing service. The data obtained as a result of home DNA analysis cannot be provided as evidence in court, but it will help to dispel, or vice versa, to confirm the doubts of one of the child's parents.

Home DNA test to determine paternity

To conduct a home paternity determination, you need to contact the laboratory that provides this service. From the laboratory, you will be sent a set with the necessary tools for the collection of biological material, as well as detailed instructions for its use. After collection, the biological material is sent by mail to the laboratory, where DNA testing is carried out. As a rule, the results come 3 days after the material is received by the laboratory.

Is it possible to accurately determine paternity before the birth of a child?

In cases where paternity must be established even before the birth of a child, DNA testing is used using biological materials from the fetus, which can be obtained as follows:

Chorionic villus sampling is performed at term. To obtain the biological material of the fetus, the doctor, under the control of an ultrasound machine, inserts a needle through the vagina or the anterior abdominal wall, reaching the fetal membrane (chorion). The risk of termination of pregnancy as a result of this procedure is less than 1%.
Amniocentesis is a procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid) for genetic testing. Amniocentesis can be performed at term. The procedure for taking amniotic fluid is carried out by a gynecologist: under the control of an ultrasound machine, the doctor inserts a long thin needle through the skin of the anterior abdominal wall, penetrates the uterus and takes the required amount of amniotic fluid for examination. The risk of complications and spontaneous termination of pregnancy as a result of amniocentesis is less than 1%.
Cordocentesis is performed at a gestational age of more than -20 weeks. During cordocentesis, fetal blood is taken from the vessels of the umbilical cord. The risk of complications with this method is also less than 1%.

The accuracy of determining paternity before the birth of a child using DNA testing is very high and amounts to 99-100%

Learn about non-invasive prenatal paternity testing options. If you are pregnant and unsure who the baby's father is, you can determine paternity even before the baby is born. In some tests, it is possible to get a sample of the baby's DNA even while in the womb. However, it should be noted that these methods require the father to provide a sample of his DNA (usually a cheek lubricant or a blood sample). Of all the prenatal paternity testing options, non-invasive prenatal paternity (NPP) testing is the least stressful for the child. This test does not involve taking a DNA sample directly from an unborn child. You will most likely need a sample of the mother's blood. The baby's DNA found in the mother's blood is analyzed and compared to that of the potential father.

Learn about invasive prenatal options. There are other options for determining the paternity of a child besides testing by NGOs. However, since some of these procedures require a doctor to enter the uterus with medical devices, they carry small but real risks to the baby, up to and including miscarriage. Because of this, intending to take a penetrating paternity test is a serious decision that cannot be taken lightly. Talk to your doctor before deciding to undergo penetrative paternity testing - even the smallest risks must be considered for the health of the child.

Perform a DNA test when the baby is born. If the baby is soon to be born, do not have a prenatal test. In this case, it is better to wait and take a DNA sample from the newborn baby. Usually, you will need to take a blood sample from the umbilical cord immediately after the baby is born. This will not hurt the baby because the umbilical cord has no sensation.

Perform a DNA test after the baby is born. DNA tests can be performed on people of all ages. If you have already had a child, there is a wide variety of accredited laboratories for him that, for a fee, can conduct a paternity test with a high degree of accuracy using a DNA sample from the child, the father and sometimes the mother. Search online parentage agencies to find out more. Before making a decision, check that the DNA diagnostic center you are using is properly accredited by AABK, the American Association of Blood Banks.

Get your results. After taking DNA samples, they are sent to the laboratory and analyzed by specialists to determine the paternity of the child. It will take several days to weeks to get results. Talk to your test provider - results can be mailed or returned to the test site where you can receive them.

Sometimes there are situations when pregnant women cannot determine from which men their future children are conceived. How do I know who I'm pregnant with? This question is often asked on women's forums. In response, women with a similar problem receive a lot of advice on determining paternity. We have combined the most popular methods and now we will tell you about them.

How to find out from whom a woman is pregnant: ways

The most accurate but expensive method is, of course, a DNA paternity test. It is 99.9% accurate (0.1% left for margin of error). To determine paternity, biomaterials of the child and potential father will be required. They are compared, and if they are similar, paternity is confirmed. If you are under 16 years old, this research requires the consent of those who are in charge of you (parents or guardians).
The second method is imprecise and less reliable, but it allows you to find out who the father is, even before the child was born. This is an obstetric method in which there are many points to consider. Find out when the woman ovulated. To do this, remember the date of the first day of your last menstrual period and count from it 14 days ago. The date calculated in this way, plus or minus 1-2 days, is the most favorable period for conception when you could become pregnant. Also remember that some sperm are able to maintain vital activity in a woman's body for up to 7 days. It turns out that you got pregnant during the week before ovulation - ovulation. The one with whom you had sex at this time is probably the father of your unborn child. But this method, as we said earlier, is very unreliable. The menstrual cycle is very individual, there may be disruptions and delays. Ovulation could well have happened a little earlier or a little later than usual, and you cannot know for sure, therefore, there is a great risk of incorrectly calculating the favorable period for conception.
Another method by which you can find out from whom a woman is pregnant is to conduct research on the estimated date of conception and the expected date of birth. The date of conception is found out on an ultrasound scan at a period of 10-14 weeks. Knowing this date, you can guess who the father of the child is. Also, research on the expected date of birth will help determine the father. When the due date is known, you need to count from it 38 weeks ago. So you will get the date of conception and be able to understand who the possible father of the baby is.
They also try to determine the father by the blood type. So, if the blood groups of the alleged fathers are different, then the child may inherit one of them. However, you should not rely heavily on this method either: the mother's blood also affects the child's blood group. There are also cases when the father, mother and child have completely different blood types, this also happens.
When a child is born, parents and relatives are struggling to find in him external similarities with his father and mother, so many are also considering this method of determining paternity. Of course, such observations and searches for similarities in appearance are very subjective, so this method cannot be trusted.
You can also determine the father by the presence of genetic diseases in the child that the father could have passed on to him. If no such diseases were observed in the mother's family, and they were suddenly detected in the child, then most likely they were transmitted through the paternal line.

Only a DNA test will help to find out exactly who the woman is pregnant with. Therefore, for your own reassurance, it is better to spend money and do quality research.