Study of the influence of family composition on the personality of the child. Family as a social institution. Characteristic features of family education
Modern family: specifics, trends
The family as a social institution is very closely connected with the changes taking place in society. First of all, these changes are recorded in family attitudes, values \u200b\u200band behaviors. What kind of changes have occurred in the family over the past decades? It is obvious that the changes are so large and numerous that we, due to our limited capabilities, cannot give them an appropriate assessment. We will restrict ourselves to characterizing the main trends in this area, which will allow us to understand the specifics and reasons for the changes taking place.
In the period of transition from pre-industrial to industrial, and then to post-industrial society, the following trends in the development of the family were noted.
1. A typical pre-industrial family had many children and numerous relatives: grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. Such large extended families were good for slowly developing agrarian societies. But they weren't tailored for the fast growing industrial communities. Industrialism attracted a large workforce and required the rapid movement of workers and their families to new places where work appeared. The extended family gradually got rid of "extra" people in order to be more mobile. New nuclear the family became an attribute of an industrial society. There has been a transition from the kinship-family principle of organizing life, including the economic one, and the values \u200b\u200bof kinship and kindred collective to economic interests that are realized by individuals outside the family and not in the circle of relatives. In connection with urbanization and population migration, there is a process of "family contraction", the so-called law of "contraction" (compression), i.e., the number of its members decreases. This process is called nuclearization, the transition from an extended, large family to a simple, small, nuclear one.
2. Agrarian society, which had the main economic unit of the household and in which they worked not for pay, but for themselves, was replaced by an industrial one, in which there was a division of family and non-family activities, as well as a more noticeable gender-role division of labor. Men began to earn money outside the home, while women continued to do unpaid household work. The later involvement of women in non-family production activities did not affect their family employment, which did not decrease. This phenomenon is called "double employment" of women: one for money, the other unpaid for themselves and their families.
3. An extended large family is increasingly being replaced not only by a nuclear family, but also by a family with few children. The withering away of having many children as the norm of family life is a global process reflecting fundamental changes in the economic, social and demographic conditions of society. The need for birth control in developed countries is explained by a complex of factors, both objective and subjective (economic, environmental, medical problems, as well as a change in the structure of life values \u200b\u200bin women and men). Greater independence and autonomy of the individual was a logical and inevitable consequence of competitiveness in the system of market relations; the child (children) as the meaning of the family's life began to compete with the values \u200b\u200bof social status, free choice of lifestyle, professional and personal self-identification. The term "family planning" appears, that is, spouses decide when and how many children.
The function of procreation is separate from the sexual function. The latter is of independent importance today, and its implementation is not associated with the implementation of reproduction.
4. The decision to marry is increasingly being replaced by the free expression of the will of women and men and their inner motivation to replace the previously existing regulation of this process by their relatives and parents.
5. Social regulators of marriage are becoming more liberal. Freedom of marriage is logically complemented by the antithesis - freedom of divorce. Public opinion, the Church, including the Catholic Church, as well as legal norms are gradually becoming more and more tolerant of divorce, which affects the statistics of divorces in registered marriages and the emergence of alternative marriage forms. The increased economic independence of women and an increase in their educational level makes their requirements for marriage and family relations higher. Therefore, when the marriage relationship ceases to satisfy them, they initiate a divorce. Today working women do this more often than men, even though many of the consequences of divorce, as shown by empirical studies, are more adverse for women than men. The lowest readiness for divorce is noted among residents of rural areas; for women who are dependent on their husbands or have low earnings.
6. Alternative forms of marriage appear. Their emergence is associated with the so-called sexual revolution of the 1960s, that is, a radical breakdown of the traditional system of sexual stratification, which caused changes in the social and cultural spheres. Those who experiment in marriage are a minority of the population. However, these innovations are socially visible. Among them are remarriages, which are already becoming commonplace; actual cohabitation (marriages without legal registration); trial marriages (cohabitation before official registration); open marriages (with the mutual consent of partners allowing adultery); swingers (exchange of married couples with their partners, a way of spending joint sexual leisure by two or more established couples); synergamous marriage (close to bigamy and double marriage); visiting marriage, or guest marriages; homosexual marriages, etc.
Traditional and new forms of marriage and family do not exist in isolation, but are interconnected. For example, parents live in an “ordinary” family, and adult children “try out” something new. R. Sieder assesses this situation as a historically new competition of life models.
7. New models of family relations are also emerging. These are step, or binuclear, families (typical for the United States), in contrast to the mononuclear family, which has one nucleus, there are two new families of parents in which there may be children from a broken marriage; communes (as, for example, residential communities in Germany in the early 1970s, kibbutz in Israel).
There are more foster families, as well as incomplete families (in which there is only one parent), etc. The spread of incomplete families is associated with a large number of divorces, an increase in widows and childbirths outside of a registered marriage.
8. The processes of democratization of life in society, the focus on the need to protect the rights of each person determine the change in marriage and family relations, which are increasingly becoming equal, take into account the interests of women and men, adults and children. The family in an industrial society is viewed not as an organization for the reproduction of labor, but as a community in which people can self-actualize, reveal themselves as individuals.
These trends mainly reflect the institutional changes in the family. But many sociologists reasonably believe that the essence of the changes affecting the family is connected most of all with the loss of formal institutional features in the form in which they were inherent in the family earlier, with the strengthening of the positions of informal ones, and therefore, it is necessary to analyze the private sphere as an integral part of any society ...
In its essence, the process of changing the family is twofold: on the one hand, it is adaptive for the individual creating an informal family, and on the other hand, it is not adaptive for the family itself and the society in which it functions. In modern society, each family community independently sets for itself norms, boundaries of rights and obligations.
The society does not participate in this process as an intermediary. This circumstance and these conditions ensure an increase in the prestige of the family as a small social group, which is preserved as the most important value in life.
So, the family as a socio-psychological integrity is constantly evolving, but today the changes taking place are more obvious than ever before. Social life is becoming more and more dynamic, the structure of the personality is becoming more complex, and these processes inevitably affect the interaction of individuals and their life in marriage and family. The destruction of traditional forms of family relations entailed a transformation of family roles, but these new positions have not yet found social legitimation and cultural symbolic consolidation.
The specifics of the modern family in Russia (although our families are very heterogeneous) is determined by at least four features.
- 1. The modern family is a union based on love, emotional acceptance and support. This does not mean that this was not the case before, but now it has become the main criterion. A modern girl is unlikely to be able to marry or marry without her will. Article by AF Filatova, associate professor of Omsk State Pedagogical University, board member of the Omsk branch of the PPL: Features of the modern family [Electronic resource]. - 2013. - Access mode http://www.omsk-ppl.narod.ru/Stat/SovrSem.htm. - Date of access: 18.09.13.
- 2. Transition from an extended family to a nuclear one (parents and children). This situation is the result of the realization of the needs for freedom and independence of young people. But the separation of young families reduces or makes it impossible for grandparents to participate in raising grandchildren. At the same time, against the background of the dominance of the nuclear type of family, we often encounter “geographically extended” families. As a rule, young spouses do not yet have their own living space, they have not yet acquired full financial independence, live in the same apartment with their parents and rely heavily on their help.
- 3. The modern family system is quite open - today it is easy to get married and also easy to divorce. Legal, ethical, religious and socio-psychological barriers to both the creation and dissolution of a marriage are minimized.
- 4. In the modern family, parenting plays a special role. A fundamentally new, humanistic position is the attitude to the child as to a person who deserves respect and the right to free choice. Today, emotional and spiritual closeness and empathy are of particular importance in parent-child relationships.
The phenomenon of paternity should be especially noted. The modern father is characterized by an earlier inclusion in upbringing - in infancy or even in prenatal development ("schools of the fathers", childbirth together, etc.). Father's love is now equated with mother's love. The “father of the 21st century” more often takes the child in his arms, walks with him more, communicates, and with pleasure, thus, we see the father's unconditionally accepting love. Also important are the responsibility and plasticity of modern fathers, the willingness to redistribute roles in the family.
In addition to the above features, such trends in the development of a modern family can be identified.
- 1. Fall in fertility, decrease in the number of children in the family. And the growth of one-child families means the impoverishment of the emotional sphere and social and communication ties of the child.
- 2. The emergence of the so-called "two-career" families, where both spouses set themselves the tasks of a professional career, growth and self-realization. In two-career families, the issue of the distribution of roles and power in the family, the issue of leadership, interchangeability in the distribution of family roles, the commonality of family and personal values, as well as the availability of resources to support the family in raising children and helping in the domestic sphere are of particular importance.
- 3. Polarization of the age of marriage - either very early (16-17 years old), or after 30 years. In the case of an increase in the age of marriage, young people, as a rule, deliberately do not rush to create a family before more or less established professional, financial and economic basis. The result is often that they are left alone forever, especially women. There are fewer men (97 men per 100 women), there will not be enough of them for all women, especially worthy ones.
- 4. More and more frequent cases (although “unequal marriages” were widespread earlier) of an increase in the age difference between spouses up to 15-20 years, and also to the side - the wife is older.
- 5. The problem of widowhood. It is decided if the wife is older. Basically, women worry about their spouse. The average life expectancy for men is more than 10 years less than for women.
- 6. A lot of divorces. Approximately 1/3 of all families have experienced divorce. And in terms of stress, divorce ranks second after the death of a loved one. Complete psychological rehabilitation of the individual and overcoming the negative emotional consequences of a divorce are ascertained only 1-3 years after the divorce.
- 7. An increase in the number of remarriages - people are still looking for their half. Hence the problem of step children.
- 8. Increase in the number of foundlings, street children, abandonment of children in maternity hospitals. The growth of orphanages, boarding schools, etc. Article by AF Filatova, associate professor of Omsk State Pedagogical University, board member of the Omsk branch of the PPL: Features of the modern family. [Electronic resource]. - 2013. - Access mode http://www.omsk-ppl.narod.ru/Stat/SovrSem.htm. - Date of access: 18.09.13.
- 9. The growth of family and household "criminal" situations, crimes. Usually - on the basis of drunkenness.
- 10. Increase in the number of childless families. "Delays" are often caused by difficulties in youth - financial, economic, housing, as well as the tasks of completing an education or pursuing a career. However, in the end, spouses in such families come to the realization of insufficient self-realization and a deep personal crisis. It should also be noted an increase in the number of women (and more recently men) who are unable to have children for medical reasons.
- 11. “Overseas” marriages are becoming more common. However, those who often went abroad for family happiness do not find it there either, due to personal characteristics, as well as the unusual mentality of “abroad”. In addition, nostalgia for the homeland, separation from friends, relatives, native nature, culture, etc. are inevitable.
- 12. “Exotic” families (same-sex marriages, swingers, etc.) are still rare in Russia, but they already exist.
- 13. An increase in the number of persons who prefer alternative forms of marriage: a) loneliness; b) "civil" marriages; c) maternal families - as a conscious decision of a woman. “Mother and child” is common now. And some modern women can even raise several children without a husband.
Thus, given the large number of divorces, the growth of people of mature age who do not marry, the emergence of other forms of relationships - all this gives the supporters of the theory of family breakdown to make gloomy predictions about the degeneration of the family as a social institution.
However, for last years there has been a clear, undoubtedly positive shift in favor of choosing a family as the optimal form of partnership in order to provide the necessary conditions for personal growth and self-development.
If we generalize the smallest units of society - families - we can single out the most characteristic features and problems of modern kinship relations. Russian sociologist A. Antonov, in particular, identifies 10 features of the current family.
1. The superiority of personal ambitions over general
If in a traditional society the values \u200b\u200bof the clan, the communities were above all, in modern world the needs of the individual and his immediate environment prevail over everything else. In Russia, this trend is not as noticeable as in the West. Rather, we can talk about a mixture of related, national and individual needs.
2. Clear separation of income and household
Very few people live on their own. Moreover, the general level of consumerism has reached the point that there is no big difference between the basket of a rural dweller and a city dweller, a family person and a single person. At the same time, the roles of men and women also continue to change. However, there is a certain bias towards the double burden of a woman - she earns on an equal basis with her partner, but at the same time it is implied that she alone should look after the household.
Some men's participation in family life is limited to getting home on time and taking out the trash regularly. As a result, there is nothing surprising in the desire of women to be independent. And that is why single women with a child are no longer something exceptional - such a situation completely satisfies her.
3. A clear separation of family relationships and friendships
Colleagues, friends, friends and relatives are less and less involved in the life of a single family. A modern husband and wife may well exist without involving society in internal affairs.
4. Great horizontal and vertical mobility
The very notions of dynasty and predetermination of the future have practically ceased to exist since birth. The child is completely independent in choosing his own path and does not need to inherit social status. This gives rise to the ease of transition from one stratum to another and greater geographic mobility - modern people are not tied to a home and family nest.
5. Personal achievements and own "I"
It means much more family responsibility, raising children, caring for elders, uncritical perception of parents. In today's family, relationships depend on individuals, not vice versa. Modern man and woman understand that they can survive without family ties. Good or bad - time will tell.
1. To study the characteristic features of the image of the parental family in senior students.
2. Consider the peculiarities of marriage and family ideas of high school students.
In the experiment, we used D.Kh. Olson (see Appendix 1). Also, schoolchildren were asked to write an essay on the topic "My future family."
3.2 Research results
See Appendix 2 for diagnostic results.
After analyzing the answers of schoolchildren to the questions of the Olson questionnaire and the content of the essays, we received the following results.
As the most significant values, senior pupils identified “relatives and friends”, “health”, “friends.
Schoolchildren were asked to add the phrase: "Love is: ...". It was noted that the most common responses were the following: "Love is a complex feeling that defies description", "Joy for two and the need to be together." Moreover, it was interesting that 40% of the girls answered that love is pain, self-sacrifice. Apparently, such an assessment of love is associated with an unrequited feeling, which is characteristic in general for a given age, and especially for girls. Most of the young men answered that love is mutual understanding, tenderness, "the meeting of two hearts and the merging of two bodies."
Girls clearly understand the chain: love - parents and children - parents - life together - trust - support - confidence. Boys write less about trust and understanding. Moreover, if the number of positive assessments of the family among girls grows with age, then among boys it decreases. This is probably due to the fact that girls, growing up, increasingly identify themselves with the image of the family, while boys, leaving behind the ideal image of the family, seek out-of-family socialization.
The perception of jealousy as one of the manifestations of love is observed in a significant number of respondents. Apparently, at this age, the manifestation of jealousy has approximately the same value as love, while with age, jealousy is perceived more as a manifestation of pride than love.
When studying such an aspect as the attitude of young people to sex, the following data were obtained. The presence of intimacy in love is considered mandatory by 48% of the respondents, and in the group of boys this indicator is almost 2 times higher than in the group of girls (61 and 35%, respectively); 35% of the respondents indicated that the presence of intimacy depends on the strength of feelings (girls gave such an answer 1.5 times more often). A regularity was found that among those who do not live sexually, the majority is guided by the principle that “intimate intimacy is determined by the strength of feelings,” and 2/3 of respondents who are sexually active consider the presence of sexual intimacy optional. The majority of the respondents had their first sexual intercourse at the age of 14-15, and young men begin to have sex on average 1.5-2 years earlier than girls.
An analysis of the data presented allows us to conclude that the ideas of young people about love and marriage differ from those of the older generation. Thus, 71% of respondents consider it possible to have sex before marriage, and this indicator does not depend on gender. This conclusion is also illustrated by the fact that 1/3 of the respondents consider registering their relationship to create a family not at all obligatory, 35% admit such a possibility in the presence of certain circumstances, the rest (40%) adhere to the traditional point of view.
Among the criteria for choosing a partner, two were named as the main ones: personal characteristics (73%) and external charm (67%). It is indicative that despite the increasing role of money in the lives of Russians, most young people value personal qualities rather than material conditions.
When answering the question: "What role does the opinion of parents play when creating a family?" 62% of the respondents chose the option “does not matter” and only for one tenth the opinion of the parents is decisive. In our opinion, this circumstance is directly related to the fact that relations in the parental family do not coincide with the ideas of young people about a happy family life. Only 16% of respondents would like their future family life to be similar to that of their parents.
Thus, based on the data obtained, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Love and marriage are still one of the main life values \u200b\u200bof today's youth.
2. Changes in the views of young people on love and marriage, introduced by the transformation of socio-cultural norms and traditions, have significantly reduced the degree of influence of parents on the formation of their ideas about love and marriage.
3. The greatest differences in ideas about love and marriage depend on the gender of the respondents.
4. Young people are looking for support and support in the family of their parents in the process of socialization, and they are ready to build their future family on the basis of humanistic and moral principles, but at the same time experience a huge lack of psychological knowledge and skills.
Having studied marital and family ideas among senior schoolchildren, we consider it necessary to recommend the implementation of special correctional and educational programs for schoolchildren for extracurricular activities. Such programs should assist in social adaptation and preparedness for marriage. The implementation of the program should create conditions for obtaining psychological knowledge and skills that are necessary for the organization of optimal interpersonal communication and interaction.
One of the forms of the program implementation is the “Family Day”, which, to one degree or another, affects all aspects of family relations. The forms of holding can be modified in accordance with the social needs of the youth environment, but some issues must be discussed without fail. These include: the ability to plan family budget; solving conflict situations; practical skills in household chores; knowledge of the characteristics of male and female psychology; attitude to things and clothes; the ability to verbally express emotions (declaration of love).
The training program should be multifaceted and provide for the acquisition of knowledge and skills at a theoretical, practical and emotional level.
Conclusion
The position of young people in society, trends and prospects of its development are of great interest and practical importance for society, primarily because they determine its future. Here, a significant place is occupied by the attitude of young people towards marriage and the family as the basic unit of society.
The stability of marriage and family relations depends on the readiness of young people for family life, where readiness for marriage is understood as a system of social and psychological attitudes of the individual that determines an emotionally positive attitude towards the family lifestyle.
Willingness to marry is of particular importance at the present stage of development of society, when the number of de facto marriages is increasing in comparison with the number of marriages. Here we can see the peculiarities of social attitudes and motives that were formed in young people relatively recently under the influence of changed social conditions and norms.
Nevertheless, a study of the value orientations of student youth over the past four years shows that the family remains the main value for young people. At the same time, both the family of the parents, in which they belong, and their own future family are considered.
When creating an ideal image of a family and, above all, one's own, mutual understanding, love, harmony in relationships, successful sex and having children are named as the main values. At the same time, there is a wide range of social and psychological factors that raise doubts about the possibility of successful creation and functioning of a young family.
In the process of life itself, children adopt from older generations a lot of knowledge about relationships to a person of the opposite sex, about marriage, about a family, and they learn norms of behavior. All this is important, but at the current pace of life, the "natural" mechanism for the transfer of such knowledge is no longer sufficient. Therefore, psychologists and teachers need to purposefully deal with schoolchildren, preparing them for their future family life. At the same time, it is necessary to focus the attention of schoolchildren on the following information:
1. the ethical side of family life. A teenager should respect his father and mother, be friendly to brothers and sisters, know about the culture of intimate feelings, correctly imagine the "ideal" husband and wife, learn responsibility, honesty, restraint, kindness, compliance, understand the moral foundations of family relations;
2. the legal side of family life. The student must be introduced to the basics of legislation on marriage and family, with the most important provisions of family law, with the responsibilities of spouses in relation to each other, to children, to society;
3. the psychological side of family life. The student must understand the basics of marriage and family life, the psychology of other people, must take into account the development of feelings, must have communication skills;
4. the physical and hygienic side of family life. The student should receive knowledge about the physiological characteristics of male and female organisms, truthful information about sexual relations in accordance with age;
5. the economic and economic side of family life. From an early age, a teenager should be introduced to domestic work, taught to fulfill family responsibilities. Children need to be taught to spend leisure time with their families, to relax on weekends with their parents. The responsibilities of a boy and a girl around the house can be separated.
But special attention should be paid to the psychological side of family life. Experience has shown that the family breaks up more often where there is a psychological immaturity of the spouses.
For girls, this manifests itself in the fact that they want to be like guys. In childhood, they are constantly next to the boys, playing only with them. In adolescence, they are "shirts-guys", can smoke, drink. This creates disharmony in the maturation of the human psyche. The male version of mental immaturity is expressed differently. The young man tries to remain a child longer. In the future, he will turn into a burden for his wife.
From childhood, a child needs to develop respect for the opposite sex. It is useful for a young man to instill the idea that it is immoral to leave a woman expecting a child from him. To a girl - that it is immoral to behave too invitingly, to expose herself, to be excessively naked and to be painted.
When raising children, it is necessary to instill in them the following traits: patience, sensitivity, tact, inadmissibility of evil ridicule. The child needs to be taught to be able to build his relationships with people who live with him. A child raised in this way will be much easier to endure family difficulties. It will be easier for him and with him. The ability to live happily in a family is a rare quality. But he can and should be brought up in children.
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Appendix 1
Questionnaire D.Kh. Olson's for Teenagers
FULL NAME._____________________________________________
Age____________________________________________
Research Date__________________________________
Instructions:
Option A. Please describe your family (you, your parents).
Read the statements written in the table and rate them using the answers provided.
| Statement | Almost never | Occasionally | Almost always |
||
| 1. Our family members turn to each other for help | |||||
| 2. When solving problems, the child's suggestions are taken into account | |||||
| 3. We treat friends of other family members with approval. | |||||
| 4. When establishing the rules of conduct, the opinion of the child is taken into account. | |||||
| 5. We enjoy doing things with the whole family | |||||
| 6. In our family, the leader (ie the main person) can change | |||||
| 7. Our family members are closer to each other than to strangers. | |||||
| 8. The way we do things in our family can vary. | |||||
| 9. Our family members love to spend their free time together | |||||
| 10. Punishments are discussed by parents with children | |||||
| 11. Our family members feel that we are very close people to each other. | |||||
| 12. In our family, children can make independent decisions | |||||
| 13. When a family gets together somewhere, none of us misses it. | |||||
| 14. The rules in our family can change | |||||
| 15. It's easy for us to imagine what the whole family can do. | |||||
| 16. Household responsibilities can pass from one family member to another | |||||
| 17. We consult each other when making decisions | |||||
| 18. It's hard to say who is the most important in our family | |||||
| 19. Unity is very important to our family. | |||||
| 20. It is difficult to say what responsibilities in the household are assigned to each family member. |
Option B. Now, please describe the nicest family you dream of.
| Statement | Almost never | Occasionally | Almost always |
||
| 1. Our family members would turn to each other for help | |||||
| 2. When solving problems, the child's suggestions would be taken into account | |||||
| 3. We were supportive of friends of other family members | |||||
| 4. When establishing the rules of behavior, the opinion of the child was taken into account | |||||
| 5. We would love to do something with the whole family | |||||
| 6. In our family, the leader (ie the main person) could change | |||||
| 7. Our family members would be closer to each other than to strangers | |||||
| 8. The way we do things in our family might change. | |||||
| 9. Our family members would love to spend their free time together | |||||
| 10. Punishments would be discussed by parents with children | |||||
| 11. Our family members would feel that we are very close people to each other. | |||||
| 12. In our family, children could make independent decisions | |||||
| 13. When a family gets together somewhere, none of us would miss it. | |||||
| 14. The rules in our family could change | |||||
| 15. It would be easy for us to imagine what the whole family can do. | |||||
| 16. Household responsibilities could pass from one family member to another | |||||
| 17. We would consult with each other when making decisions | |||||
| 18. We would know for sure who is the most important in our family | |||||
| 19. Unity would be very important to our family | |||||
| 20. We would always know what responsibilities in the household are assigned to each family member. |
Appendix 2
Diagnostic results
| Test no. | Questionnaire D.Kh. Olson for adolescent children. Option A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 11 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 13 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 14 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 15 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 16 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 17 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 18 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 19 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 20 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 21 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 22 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 23 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 24 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 25 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 26 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 27 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 28 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 29 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 30 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 31 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 32 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 33 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 34 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 35 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Test no. | Questionnaire D.Kh. Olson for adolescent children. Option B |
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| 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 11 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 13 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 14 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 15 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 16 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 17 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 18 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 19 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 20 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 21 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 22 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 23 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 24 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 25 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 26 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 27 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 28 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 29 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 30 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 31 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 32 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 33 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 34 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 35 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
11. At the end of the study, we re-diagnosed to reveal the reliability of the hypothesis. 2.2 Analysis of the results of pedagogical research to identify the role of the family in the formation of the need for self-affirmation of a rural schoolchild In the period of pre-graduation practice, I conducted a study
The specificity of the modern family is determined by at least four "characteristics:
1. In the modern family, parenting plays a special role. In ancient history, the intrinsic value of children and childhood was extremely low. I.S. Cohn (1988) cites, as an illustration, confirming this position, the periodization of the development of parent-child relations in the history of society by A. Lloyd-Demosa. From the point of view of the author of the “psychogenic theory of history”, six stages of the development of parent-child relations can be distinguished, each of which determines the specifics of parenting as an institution of primary socialization of a person: infanticide, “abandoning” the style of upbringing, ambivalent style, “obsessive” style, socializing and helping style of upbringing. Examples of infanticide as a mass phenomenon of infanticide, we find in biblical stories - the beating of babies. In ancient times in ancient Sparta practiced "culling" physically disabled children who could not become good warriors. In the Middle Ages, children were brought up outside the family - hence the very name of the parental upbringing style - "throwing style". The lower social strata gave children to people - to learn crafts in workshops, to get their "daily bread", power and wealth immediately after birth handed children over to the hands of wet nurses, sent them to monasteries to receive education, sent them to be raised to distant relatives and friends, etc. The emotional closeness and love of parents for their children was not at all considered a virtue or value. "Domostroy", as the main guide for the upbringing of children of that time, did not impose on parents the obligation to love children, although children were required to show unquestioning obedience, respect and love for their parents. The ambivalent style of upbringing reflected a change in attitudes towards the child - although it was recognized that soul, but the child himself was metaphorically considered a "blank slate", which means an easy prey for the devil. The main pedagogical method was the "molding" of the child's soul according to the model adopted by the parents. The "obsessive" style of education, inherent in the 18th century, is characterized by an obsessive desire for total control in upbringing, where not only behavior, but also the consciousness of the child, the inner world of his experiences became the subject of intervention and dictate on the part of the parents.Socializing style of upbringing is a transition to a new system of upbringing children, where the main task of parents is to prepare the child for independent life and upbringing and training qualities and abilities necessary for the transition to a new status position - the position of an adult. A helping parenting style marks the transition of parents to a fundamentally new humanistic position. The attitude of the parents towards the child is transformed into an attitude towards a person equal to himself, deserving respect and the right to free choice of his life path. A radical restructuring of the social purpose of education and the meaning of parenting is the conquest of the second half of the 20th century. Emotional and spiritual closeness, empathy, parental love are of particular importance here, becoming a priority value in family life.
In modern society, in conditions when the period of childhood is lengthening, it is the parents who are responsible for the upbringing and education of children. Parents bear legal, material and moral responsibility for their children up to the acquisition of the status of society by children - until the end of school, and in certain aspects, until the completion of higher education.
2. Love, emotional acceptance, and support are at the core of marital union in the modern family. Back in the 19th century, spouses considered love desirable, but by no means an indispensable condition for concluding a family union and lived according to the principle "endure - fall in love", agreeing that "marriages are made in heaven." Today, spouses view a family without love as the greatest misfortune, personal unfulfillment and, not wanting to put up with this, are ready - another extreme of the modern family - to break family ties even with a relatively well-functioning family and the presence of children in the family. Interestingly, in a significant number of cases, the initiators of the dissolution of marriage are women, although it is for women that the probability of remarriage is relatively small.
Z. The family system is quite open, in modern society it is easy to get married, but also easy to divorce. Legal, ethical, religious, social and psychological barriers to divorce have been reduced to a minimum today. Spouses have the right to freely determine the future fate of the family, based on their priority system of values. The freedom and responsibility of the individual for making decisions on the creation and preservation of a family is increasing, the fate of the family is fully determined by the personal choice of each of the spouses.
4. The modern family has also changed in composition - there has been a transition from an extended family to a nuclear one. The nuclear family - parents and children - is becoming the most typical variant of the family system. At the same time, in a number of regions of Russia, the predominance of the extended family still persists. The extended family - multigenerational - includes not only spouses and their children, but also grandparents, as well as other relatives. The specific boundaries of the extended family are determined mainly by ethnic and cultural characteristics. Against the background of the dominance of the nuclear type of family, we often encounter “geographically extended” families. As a rule, young spouses do not yet have their own living space, they have not yet acquired full financial independence, live in the same apartment with their parents and rely heavily on their help.
It is also possible to identify a number of trends in the development of the family, which have clearly emerged over the past decades in European and North American societies:
An increase in life expectancy, an increase in the number of elderly people (unfortunately, this trend does not apply to our country) against the background of a decrease in the birth rate, is very characteristic of modern Russian society. Thus, in a family for one child there are four grandparents - grandparents. This circumstance shifts the "center of gravity" of family concerns - parents have to take care of their own elderly parents. The peculiarity of the situation of the family in our country is the reciprocity of help and care in the family: retired grandparents help working children in raising grandchildren, housekeeping, etc.
The disproportion in the life expectancy of men and women. In old age and old age, there is a significant predominance of the female population, there are many widows. A special psychological problem arises - the solution of the problem of experiencing the loss of a spouse and a woman's self-determination in conditions of widowhood. In our society, such self-determination often lies in the plane of the grandmother's assertion in a new role - an “irreplaceable member of the family” of her children - the informal head of the family, the main educator of grandchildren, the organizer of everyday life and the “housekeeper” and the mistress of the house, etc. family roles, traditionally performed by the spouses themselves, leads to blurring of the boundaries of the family system (or family subsystems) and disruption of the role functioning of the family.
Increased divorce rate - approximately 1/3 of all families have experienced divorce. The psychological "cost" of divorce is unusually high. In terms of stress, divorce ranks second (!) After the death of a loved one. Full psychological rehabilitation of the individual and overcoming the negative emotional consequences of a divorce is ascertained only 1 to 3 years after the divorce;
An increase in the number of children brought up without a family or in conditions of deprivation of communication with drivers and close adults: orphans, inmates of boarding schools, round-the-clock kindergartens, street children, etc. This tendency is typical for Russian society, as well as for countries with a low standard of living; experiencing significant social upheavals, wars, coups, revolutions.
The growing number of underage parents is teenage parenting. In a number of countries, for example in the United States, the state and public organizations provide significant social and psychological support to pregnant minors and teenage mothers. In Russia, the first steps are still being taken towards the development of a special social and psychological support service for underage parents. Because of this, we have a lot of "abandoned children", ie. children, whose responsibility for the upbringing of which mothers refuse even in maternity hospitals.
Increase in the number of crimes on family and domestic grounds. Acts of violence and aggression in the family cease to be extraordinary phenomena, and often turn into a horrifying reality of the daily existence of the family. The spouses reject the principle “It is better to part humanly than not to be together humanly,” and, having crossed the Rubicon from love to hate, move on to open manifestations of aggressiveness and violence. The problem of domestic violence, especially parental violence against a child, has led to the appearance in the English language literature of the term "chl1d abused" - a child who has been abused. The question of what exactly to include in the concept of "ill-treatment" remains open. Depending on the degree of well-being of society, psychologists propose to classify a wide range of manifestations of parental behavior as abusive treatment: from direct physical aggression, sexual violence, failure to satisfy the basic vital (vital) needs of the child to the cold attitude of the parent to the child, lack of emotional closeness and attachment to the child. In the latter case, a controversial question arises as to whether the lack of love of the parent for the child is an act of violence? It is known that a parent who does not feel a feeling of love for a child often suffers deeply from feelings of guilt, consciousness of his “inferiority and inferiority” and himself needs psychological help and support, being fully a victim of his “dislike” for the child.
An increase in the number of childless families in which the status of “family without children” is a conscious choice of spouses. Often, the delayed decision of spouses to have children, due to the tasks of completing vocational education, pursuing a career, difficult financial and economic conditions for the existence of a family or housing problems, develops into a final decision to live without children, “for their own sake”, ultimately leads to a consciousness of insufficient self-realization and deep spouses have to solve completely different problems, for medical reasons are not able to have children - the problems of long-term and far from always effective treatment for infertility, adoption of children, upbringing of foster children.Note that the development of reproductive medicine largely contributes to the solution of these above problems.
The last tendency, which is not yet so clearly expressed in Russian society, but which is gaining momentum more and more, is the phenomenon of so-called "two-career" families, i.e. families where both spouses, and not just the husband, as in a traditional family, set themselves the tasks of a professional career, growth and self-realization. In two-career families, the issue of the distribution of roles and power in the family, the issue of leadership, democracy and interchangeability in the distribution of family roles, the community of family and personal values, the availability of resources to support the family in solving a number of issues - raising children, implementing household functions families, etc.
Along with the objectively existing trends in the development of the family, reflecting the need to revise the role of women in modern society, take into account the contribution to overall social practice, demographic changes and the progressive development of cultural norms and values \u200b\u200bin relation to personality and communication, there is a mythologization of the family and the processes of its development. “Myths about the family” contained in the public consciousness distort and inadequately interpret the ongoing changes in the family as a socio-cultural institution, lead to the devaluation of the family and, therefore, represent a known hindrance to the consciousness and functioning of a harmonious family. The most widespread myths: caused by the temporary destabilization of the family are the myth of "the collapse of the family as a social institution", the myth of "degeneration of real men" (Obozova AN, 1984) and the myth of "masculinization of women".
1. "The family has outlived itself as a social institution" - the myth of the collapse of the family is based on the facts of the family's gradual transfer of its functions to other social institutions and the increasing effectiveness of the implementation of family functions by each of the spouses separately, independently of each other. Indeed, the household function can now be successfully carried out independently by each of the spouses, the upbringing function is implemented by mothers (or less often by fathers) with the help of the social education system, and, if lucky, even with the real participation of the grandparents, the taboo on free sexual relations has disappeared and a spouse ceases to be the only sexual partner for each other, communication is realized, in the circle of colleagues in the profession and like-minded people, and even the reproductive function can be successfully realized even in the absence of a spouse by means of artificial conception or attracting a “mother” donor. It seems that there is not a single function of the family that could not be realized in the absence of a conjugal union with other partners. The increase in the number of divorces, the growth of persons of mature age who do not marry, give rise to supporters of the theory of family breakdown to make gloomy forecasts about the disappearance of the family as a social institution. In contrast to the family, other forms are offered. relations between partners - the so-called “free union” - civil marriage, or the version of “Sunday Pope.” However, in recent years there has been a clear, undoubtedly positive shift in favor of choosing the family as the optimal form of partnership in order to ensure the necessary conditions for personal growth and The value of the family increases, the rating of the family increases.
The two subsequent myths feed from the same source, are closely related, mutually complementing each other. “Real men have died out,” say the representatives of the beautiful half of humanity. “Women are no longer women, they are rather men in skirts - neither tenderness, nor tolerance, nor care,” the representatives of the stronger sex echo them. Confirmation of this common opinion is the creation of a new fashion image in clothing, hairstyle, behavior, lifestyle, habits and preferences: the image of unisex, fundamentally making no distinction between men and women, boys and girls. The reason for the birth of myths about the blurring of boundaries between the sexes is the inadequate opposition of masculinity and femininity, up to their direct opposite. In reality, "purely feminine" or purely masculine personality types do not exist. The personality is androgynous - combining feminine and masculine qualities in various proportions. The modern woman, pushing the boundaries of the social space traditionally allotted to her and asserting herself in new social roles, forces society to reconsider the old system of ideas about the "destiny and destiny" of women.
The myths about the decline and collapse of the family reflect the inability of certain strata of society to see behind the negative external symptoms of changes in family life the essence of the changes taking place - the formation of qualitatively new relations within the framework of the institution of the family, due to a change in the place and role of women in production and society, relations based on respect for the rights of everyone from spouses to individuation and full personal self-realization in professional and social life. The development of the family is going through a crisis at this historical stage, the resolution of which will lead to the birth of a new type of family, the distinctive features of which will be a new functional hierarchical structure and a new type of relationship between spouses.
The modern family, in various variants of its life activity, reveals negative symptoms of the crisis, which served as the basis for the creation of the myth of the "collapse" of the family. Examples of such “deviations” in the functioning of the family, which, nevertheless, do not go beyond the social “norm of“ existence ”of the family as a family institution, are the following observed phenomena: In a sufficiently large number of cases, the family budget does not exist as such, the spouses carry out their expenses apart, according to the income of each family member. There is no common “family wallet,” although financial assistance from a better-off spouse to a less well-off is practiced in the same way as the targeted allocation of money for raising a child is practiced. Another example is parenting "postponed" "for an indefinite time or a family without children, where the most important function of the family is unclaimed by spouses. Finally, an example of" non-standard "family behavior that rejects the most important family function - sexual-erotic, can be the so-called" open " family. An "open" "family, that is, a family with indefinite blurred boundaries of the family system, is a family in which there are no restrictions on extramarital sexual relations, where there are lovers and mistresses recognized by the spouses. Obviously, in this case, adultery is of an ordinary nature, and therefore extramarital affairs as such are not considered adultery by spouses and are not in such a family either a reason for divorce or a reason for family conflicts The development of reproductive science allows spouses individually to successfully solve another traditionally important function of the family - the function of procreation. All these facts lead to the conclusion that if all the listed functions are “subtracted” from the functions of the family, then the basis of the life of the family will be the function of emotional support and acceptance, as well as the function of raising children, of course, subject to their presence in the family, These two functions will determine, throughout the probabilities of the specifics of the family in the near future.